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'., . .. · . o,. ,<'~-. j' ' ' -' 7'' ,. -'~ , . ' : ' ....! -5.'"-! -v '- >>,:--:,. ~ .~-~_~_ '. 5;::. ::~<..~,': (NASA-T~-X-65939) THE GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION N73-22777/'":.' OF T.E MOON (NASA): 67 p HC $5.50 ,, %;_~ fi~-,~ CSCL .03.B ~,.~ ,,~_ ;.",;:. , .....~ ?' Unclas ':' :. "i i :~-".\ .,' d>l , __ .~ G3/30 ..697~5 >.:.~. ........ _. , · , .....:-~ .....~.,¢. ,- ~ ....- . .~-~..., ,6~'w-'~. ~ .,:' . -.-,--, . 5.',,- .~. ., .- ,: ., ~ . , ., ,, . · ......~,, ..... , ,..'5/.~: ~ ......... _ [.'~. ~'>~. ( '~-? ' ..... ,- . ,..:~--=-- ~' ' " ~'~'-. ' -. ,-",~'~- ..... T-~ .,-:',~ '-~' ...., OJ-" ,~ /,,~'.~. '~'0, ~,.'., ' . ' '' ..... ,c ~;'.~;.. ; . , _,: C y.~' !' :' ' ' ' ":~I-. * -'"'k - ~ .... L ~'-' * ' '-> ":, '. , )- ".", -'....r.. , ./~,.. ,c..[~..~- ~' ~,oP../,x. .'6;;,, . ,-' "~,~I -~ ;=- -' .' ,, ,-q: , ?'. fG'-.+' t-.'<.:'ox.-.~ --.--__< .7" .-'.;.5-~., , ~ . .'-~--.Xc-' ". - 4'-.- ;' ~,.u--~.,r',~_ .'x:',\ ,~.~.~-.? ~., :..:.~j~Q-',~' .- '~- --h!"[ 'l .:~./? L >. 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' GENTER:'; - :.~' '- X:.>C :~W.~..~.'-, .-~'. ,:: ~:' .,:'7: ? -.': ::..::,,:C,:,:--; · ,-',.>.-'." .... ;:~ :.'(' ,.:~.<':: :' ' · %. :'.~:--~'~,,. !~; ; ~ ~ .... " ~ "-r ; ' :: >' '~ / ~ , ',>'~.71.::;k' L -.-4_-::2':"- / ) "~' ~ ~ ' ,-,--.. 'Y ' / . ,, - - '. - · '. ~_ .,, .~-.I,*Rubl:,shed,'~oornbl-j, ,,.,./.-~.--.-.,_ _:~. -- ~,.:t(,,.:>:., .;.,. ~- t,,, ":,~.~-"%. , ~'-'-,'<2 p':125-1.6~-.~".: ~.,. ~ ""~' -.. ' .... ,--- ~, ' 6f Geo 'oa'~,;:"M'ar~l.i/'19Z2:-,.V -80.:No 4"~,,~-%' .'~ .. .... <:,. ~1~ ',- ./- ;:-:" ,.,,_. ':/,~.' :--->_',,. ,. '..'~ ~r,'~, .,. v. '5 ;' .~ ).'i:' '~..}. -./'-,; ~,_- ', ,.v-..;' ,,--.,:u/".o-' ~-3' ,>V~4... .., . .. .- ~ -'-: *~ ..... · < / ~ - , %~. ~ , -, ~ .~. - ,.r '~_ , ~ T.L_ ~.~ ,/ . , ' -- /...N~C.... -..~ I,.., -- ,. ', .. ,. / .' , '.- / '~, ,- ~ -~ --.'. ....' .... ' ...~L' , . , \ '. ,., ~-~-.~-'/~> ,,_52. .-. - ~>." . "-:x.~:. .... .,.~,.-:,.'-.I ' : :~'- ~ ' ~,. ,- - ~, ~ r ,~/· ,~ :,' ..',, ,~ v. ' . ~<'-~ :{.:~}~- :: ,,.~> ' '~'.'~. .'.- ..... : -,~:'x-. ..... .~.~.,', , .'.,,:.~:z'; - ".-~. ' .-~-',~ --~_..r"*'X..-,.-:', ~':~ ,'~> : :~''-04.' ~- ~"~' '~ .- X~''~>~ r, ,.' - -,'-~:,':'--<,. '~.*-":',~- '. T\ , 'A~ ~ "~~./,. :.'. .,, t..- ', .-v- ~ , :" , .".... '..>.~' %'.-~::-- : 0;., \--~.' ,.. ~ '. ?~r '- ....~ '~'.' ~,) I.. .< ~.'-... , ....-~ ' .'~ :~- -~.-.-', -', ' THE GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF THE MOON* (Revised Version) Paul D. Lowman, Jr. Goddard Space Flight Center October, 1971 GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Greenbelt, Maryland *Published, Journal of Geology, March, 1972, V. 80, No. 2, p. 125-166. \ . PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED THE GEOLOGIC EVOLUTION OF THE MOON (Revised Version) Paul D. Lowman, Jr. Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland A/ ABSTRACT This paper is a synthesis of pre- and post-Apollo 11 studies to produce an out- line of the moon's geologic evolution from three lines of evidence: (1) relative ages of lunar landforms and rock types, (2) absolute ages of returned lunar sam- ples, and (3) petrography, chemistry, and isotopic ratios of lunar rocks and soils. It is assumed that the ray craters, circular mare basins, and most in- termediate circular landforms are primarily of impact origin, although many other landforms are volcanic or of hybrid origin. The moon's evolution is di- vided into four main stages, each including several distinct but overlapping events or processes: Stage I (4.7 billion years ago) - Origin of moon by unknown means, followed immediately by heating of outer 500km to at least 10000 C; Stage II (4.6 to 3.7 b.y. before present) - First differentiation to form highland crust, by eruption of high-alumina basaltic magma and minor quantities of dif- ferentiation products such as anorthosite and felsite; infall of small circum- terrestrial bodies to form old highland craters; formation of circular mare ba- sins by infall of large circum-terrestrial bodies; formation of Archimedes-type craters; highland vulcanism; Stage III (3.7 to 3.2 b.y. before present) - Second differentiation of moon, by generation and eruption of iron-rich basaltic magmas to form maria; Stage IV (3.2b.y. ago to present) - Sporadic impacts by asteroid belt meteoroids and comet nuclei to form ray craters; local vulcanism and gas venting from deep sources; minor faulting; continual slow landscape degradation by small impacts and other agents. The moon now appears relatively cold and rigid to depths of about 500 kilometers. Major unsolved problems include the composition and origin of the highland crust, the role of vulcanism in formation of ray craters, the nature of the lunar interior, the cause of assymetric mare distribution, and the relation of the moon to the earth. Preceding page blank iii...... PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FED CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................ ..... · · · · · · · 1 EVIDENCE BEARING ON THE MOON'S EVOLUTION 2 ORIGIN OF LUNAR LANDFORMS ......... EVOLUTION OF THE MOON. ........... .7 ........ 14...... Stage I (4.7-4. 6 billion years ago) ...... ........ 20...... 7 Stage II (4. 6 to 3.7 billion years ago) ..... 14 ........ 22...... Stage III (3.7 to 3.2 billion years ago) .... 20 Stage IV (3.2 billion years ago to the present) . .~~~~22 SUMMARY ................... .... .~~~~25.......... 25 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............. .... .~~~~26.......... 26 REFERENCES ................. .... .~~~~27.......... 27 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page
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