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IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Carroll J. Halva a Thesis Submitted To A geochemical investigation of "basalts" in southern Arizona Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Halva, Carroll Joe, 1938- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 09:11:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/553953 A GEOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF "BASALTS" IN SOUTHERN ARIZONA by Carroll J. Halva A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements . For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1961 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests of permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in their judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR This Thesis has been approved on the date shown below: \ Paul E. Damon Professor of Geology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank several people who greatly aided and assisted in the technical work during this investigation and others who contributed their time and knowledge of the general geology of southern Arizona for their part in this report. This investigation was sponsored by a research assistantship in geochemistry which was supported in part by the Atomic Energy Commission under contract A T (11-1)-689 and by the Research Corporation. This work was done under the direction of Dr. P. E. Damon. X would like to thank Dr. P. E. Damon for his excellent and able guidance during this investigation which consisted in part of many helpful suggestions concerning the work along with technical advice in neutron activation and radiometric work. Professors J. F. Lance and J. V. Anthony of the University of Arizona also contributed many suggestions which were of value in this investigation. Professors M. H. Wittmeyer and T. W. Fern of the Nuclear Engineering Department aided greatly in the initiation and successful completion of the neutron activation work. Their able assistantship and general interest in the program is greatly appreciated. Dr. J. Fuchs of Arizona State University at Tempe made it possible to perform the emission spectrographic work by allowing the investigator to use his excellent laboratory facilities. Mr. Carl Hedge of the geochemistry laboratories did most of the flame photometric work as well as aiding in the development of the E.D.T.A. method of analysis. The author is grateful for his aid and assistance. The members of the geochemistry laboratories also contributed greatly with timely suggestions and helpful crit­ icisms of this investigation. t a b l e o f c o n t e n t s Page Chapter I - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Location of Area Under Investigation ....... 1 1.2 Purpose of the Investigation.................... 1 1.3 Previous Investigations ........................ 1 1.4 Present Investigation ........................... 7 Chapter II - GEOLOGIC SETTING 2.1 General G e o l o g y ................................ 11 2.2 Stratigraphy and Late Volcanic Sequence ........ 11 2.3 General Description of Sample Areas .......... 16 2.4 Mineralogy and Petrology of the B a s a l t s ........ 20 Chapter III - GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF MAJOR ELEMENTS 3.1 Chemical Analysis of Major E l e m e n t s ............ 24 3.2 Radiometric Studies ............................ 33 3.3 Location of Potassium in Bas a l t s ............... 42 Chapter IV - GEOCHEMICAL STUDY OF TRACE ELEMENTS 4.1 Emission Spectrographic Studies ................ 48 4.2 Neutron Activation Studies ...................... 52 Chapter V - CONC L U S I O N S .................................. 57 Appendix A - A SEMI-MICRO ANALYSIS OF SILICATE ROCKS FOR Ca, Mg, Fe and A1 EMPLOYING E.D.T. A. .... 61 Appendix B - RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POTASSIUM IN SILICATE ROCKS ........... .......... 67 Appendix C - NEUTRON ACTIVATION STUDIES OF B ASALTS........ 73 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................. ........ 86 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Fig. 1.1 Location of Area Under Study .................... 2 Fig. 1.2 Location of Samples in Southern A r i z o n a ........ 9 Fig. 2.1 Sequence Correlation of Late Volcanics in Southern Arizona ................................. 13 Fig. 3.1 Calcium Oxide Content vs. Potassium Content for Southern Arizona "Basalts" ........ ............ 32 Fig. 3.2 Potassium Content vs. Alpha Activity for Volcanics of Southern Arizona .................. 38 Fig. 3.3 Potassium Content vs. Alpha Activity for "Basalts" 41 Fig. 4.1 Neutron Activation Curves for Southern Arizona Volcanics........ ............................... 55 TABLES I Chemical Analysis of Major Elements in Southern Arizona "Basalts" .................................. 25 II Comparison of Data for Potassium Determination . 26 III Variations in CaO Content within a Single Flow . 26 IV Chemical Analysis of Basic Rocks .................... 28 V Radiometric Analysis of Volcanic Rocks .............. 34 VI Radiometric Variations within a Single F l o w ........ 36 VII Potassium Content of Plagioclase and Pyroxene in Basaltic Rocks ..................................... 46 VIII Spectrographic Data Obtained for Various Volcanics . 50 IX Artificial Produced Long Lived and Common Stable Isotopes of the Elements Commonly Found in Basalts . 76 X Average Compositions of Various Type Basalts .... 81 XI Sensitivity Limits for Elements Commonly Found in Basalts .......................................... 84 INTRODUCTION 1.1- Location of Area Under Investigation This report concerns a study of "basalts” and some associ­ ated volcanic rocks in southeastern Arizona. This area includes the counties of Pinal, Pima, Graham, Greenlee, Santa Cruz and Cochise. The basaltic rocks under consideration are those of post- Cretaceous age. These "basalts” outcrop quite widely over this area and samples have been collected from several localities. Fig. 1.1 shows the outline of the area under consideration. 1.2- Purpose of the Investigation The purpose of this investigation was two-fold. First, an investigation to determine the chemical makeup of the "basalt" flows has been conducted in order to understand more fully the geochemical nature of the samples. Secondly, an attempt has been made to combine this geochemical investigation with a geological investigation in order to correlate or otherwise relate these volcanics in time and space. 1.3- Previous Investigations The "basalts" in southern Arizona, except in a few cases, have not been thoroughly studied from a specific viewpoint. Much 1 MOHAVE COCONINO NAVAJO APA CHE Y A V A P A I 6 I LA MAR I C 0 P A YUMA P I N A L G RA HAM COCHISE MAP OF ARIZONA l"=50Mi SANTA CRUZ \ \ \ AREA UNDER STUDY i \ \ V Fig. l.l Location of area under study. 2 3 of the previous literature, in which the basalts were studied, was generally concerned with other topics and the basalts were only mentioned because of their proximity to the particular subject of interest. This does not imply, however, that there is not a great deal of material in the literature concerning the basaltic rocks. Many studies of geologic interest in this area have mentioned basalts as an accessory to the main line of study. Though alone this material does not mean much, when several studies are examined some characteristic features concerning basalts become apparent. Perhaps the earliest work concerning basalts in this area was done by Tolman (1909). Tolman discusses the geology of Turaamoc Hill. He determined that there were five separate basalts in the Tumamoc sequence including three flows and two basaltic intrusions. The basalt flows are the youngest igneous rocks extruded or intruded into this area. These flows overlie an older andesite and rhyolite flow in the same vicinity. His report includes a section on folding and faulting as well as a petro­ graphic study of the various flows. He considers the sequence to be Quaternary in age. Smith (1927) describes a basalt intterbedded with valley fill which he claims is Quaternary in age in his study of the Commonwealth Mine. According to Smith the basalt is the youngest rock present in this area and is underlain by two different series of flows. The oldest series consists of flows of andesite while 4 the middle series consists of rhyolite, basalt, obsidian and rhyolite in this order. A chemical analysis of two basalt sections was made by Smith and is presented below. It is of interest to note the high potash content of the two basalts. Oxide Turkey Creek Hills Section Gibbon Hills Sectii % Z Si02 51.32 49.74 AI2O3 15.87 16.67 Fe2°3 3.87 6.24 FeO 8.37 3.08 MgO 6.88 5.22 CaO 8.21 9.84 k 2° 2.36 3.03 NaO 1.03 1.37 h 2o 1.08 2.61 Higdon (1935), in his study of the Sunshine mine, describes a basalt composed mainly of feldspar with a glassy groundmass. The basalt invades Cretaceous rocks and is thus post-Cretaceous in age. Hasor (1937) describes an olivine basalt in the Tombstone area which he suggests is a ring dike. No age relationships are mentioned. The basalt is composed of nlagioclase, olivine and augite. Harshroan (1939), in his description of the Superior area, makes note of the fact that the basalts are the latest igneous rocks in this area. He assigns these basalts to the late Tertiary or early Quaternary period for two reasons.
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