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Archaeology at La Pointe-Krebs Plantation in Old Spanish Fort Park (22JA526), Pascagoula, Jackson County, Mississippi

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Archaeology at La Pointe-Krebs Plantation in Old Spanish Fort Park (22JA526), Pascagoula, Jackson County, Mississippi Archaeology at La Pointe-Krebs Plantation in Old Spanish Fort Park (22JA526), Pascagoula, Jackson County, Mississippi Edited by Bonnie L. Gums and Gregory A. Waselkov With contributions by Kevin S. Gibbons, Cameron Gill, Karen L. Leone, Maran E. Little, and Elizabeth J. Reitz Funded by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History with a grant from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development and Mississippi Development Authority Archaeological Report 35 Mississippi Department of Archives and History Jackson, Mississippi 2015 Archaeological Report No. 35 Mississippi Department of Archives and History Katie Blount Director Pamela Edwards Lieb Series Editor Chris Goodwin Managing Editor Gregory A. Waselkov and Bonnie L. Gums Technical Editors Cover Illustration: Historic American Buildings Survey—James Butters, photographer, April 24, 1936. FRONT (SOUTHEAST ELEVATION)—Old French Fort, Pascagoula, Jackson County, MS. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. ISBN-13: 978-0-938896-01-2 Copyright © 2015 Mississippi Department of Archives and History P.O. Box 571, Jackson, MS 39205-0571 [email protected] i Abstract In 2010 the Center for Archaeological Studies at the University of South Alabama received grant funding from the Mississippi Department of Archives and History for archaeological research at Old Spanish Fort Park (site 22JA526), in Pascagoula, Jackson County, Mississippi. This project involved analysis and write-up of 1995 salvage excavations and new archaeological investigations at Old Spanish Fort Park, as well as an archaeological survey for historic American Indian sites in the Pascagoula River delta. Among the earliest colonial settlements in the Pascagoula River delta was the ca. 1718 land concession granted to French Canadian Joseph Simon de la Pointe, who with slave labor created a successful plantation within a decade. In 1741 one of his daughters, Marie Josephine La Pointe, married Hugo Ernestus Krebs, under whose management the plantation continued to flourish and was held for nearly two centuries by the Krebs family. The four-acre Old Spanish Fort Park encompasses only a small portion of the large La Pointe-Krebs plantation. Preserved in the park is La Pointe-Krebs House, a French colonial-style structure built in the mid-1770s, and now the oldest standing structure in Mississippi. Center for Archaeological Studies staff conducted salvage excavations in 1995 adjacent to the La Pointe-Krebs House in response to house restoration activities that were damaging intact archaeological deposits. In 2010 the Mississippi Department of Archives and History funded large-scale excavations in four areas of Old Spanish Fort Park deemed significant based on a 1995 shovel test survey. During the 2010 excavations, 96 features were discovered, including a brick foundation, midden deposits, pits, postholes, and construction trenches. The 1995 and 2010 artifact assemblages from La Pointe-Krebs House and Plantation site are large and diverse, representing nearly 300 years of occupation. The artifacts reflect the wealth and status of the La Pointe-Krebs family and attest to the complexity of this important archaeological site. Well-preserved faunal and plant remains yielded significant information on resource exploitation, domestication, and food consumption at a colonial Gulf Coast plantation. The historic American Indian pottery assemblage is remarkable, with most dating to the colonial period, including an impressive number of decorated potsherds and Colonowares, many of which can be attributed to the Pascagoula and Choctaw Indians. Another component of the La Pointe-Krebs Plantation project was historical research and archaeological survey for Historic-period Native American village sites in the Pascagoula River delta and along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Three previously recorded sites were revisited and one newly discovered site was shoveled tested. Several other known sites and potential locations for Historic Indian village sites were identified. This limited survey is presented in a separate report (Gill and Gums 2012). ii Acknowledgments The 2010 La Pointe-Krebs Plantation archaeology project at Old Spanish Fort Park (22JA526) was accomplished with the help of many individuals. We thank Pamela Lieb (Chief Archaeologist), Greg Williamson (Archaeologist), and other staff at the Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH) for administering the project grant and providing other support and guidance. Funding was provided through MDAH by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the Mississippi Development Authority. Bonnie Gums served as project director and Dr. Greg Waselkov as principal investigator. Edmond Boudreaux, an expert on colonial settlement along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, freely shared his knowledge and information with us. Others who offered information or helped in the field were Tony Boudreaux (Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University), Kelsey Lowe (archaeologist with Coastal Environments, Inc.), Aaron Vogel and Baxter Mann (archaeologists with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security), Carla Hadden (PhD candidate, University of Georgia), Jack Dickinson (local supporter), Tommy Wixon (local author and history enthusiast), and Walter Mansfield (archaeology enthusiast and dedicated volunteer). We appreciate the support and interest in our work shown by members of the Jackson County Historical and Genealogical Society. Genealogists Sherry Owens and Renee Hague provided assistance with the Local History and Genealogical Library collections in the Pascagoula Library, Jackson-George Regional Library System. We thank City of Pascagoula Parks and Recreation personnel Darci Crews, Ann Burgo, and Kevin Hall for assisting with project logistics, as well as those city workers who helped build and maintain the water-screen sump. Bruce Knott (Public Relations, City of Pascagoula) coordinated project publicity with the local news media, and Mike Dumas with the Mobile Press-Register wrote an informative news article about the La Pointe-Krebs Plantation excavations. Dr. and Mrs. Brunt graciously allowed us to survey their property adjacent to Old Spanish Fort Park. Likewise Robert and Betty Oswald, Mimi Holland and Sam St. John, Michael Lee and Fredna Vice, Jack and Catherine Womack, and Richard Womack kindly permitted us to survey their lands to search for Historic Native American village sites and to assess other archaeological resources. Crew members for the 1995 salvage excavations at La Pointe-Krebs House (discussed in this report) consisted of University of South Alabama, Center for Archaeological Studies (CAS), staff and student assistants Jody Badillo, Amy Carruth, Warren Carruth, Katy Gamble, Bonnie Gums (field supervisor), Catherine Henderson, Ray Keene, Debi Lawrence, Sarah Mattics, David Sanders, Tammy Shaw, and George Shorter. Field investigations took place at La Pointe-Krebs Plantation from June 1 until September 22, 2010. Field personal consisted primarily of CAS staff and student assistants, including Katies Bates, Brandi Cauley, Raven Christopher, Joe Formichella, Lindsey Gorum, Bonnie Gums (field supervisor) Lindsay LaGrange, Sarah Mattics, Erin Stacey, Chad Waltman, Greg Waselkov, and Chelsey Wilson. CAS archaeologist Cameron Gill (assisted by Erin Stacey, Chad Waltman, and iii volunteer Walter Mansfield) conducted research and field survey for Native American sites in the Pascagoula River delta. Artifact processing and analysis of the 1995 salvage excavation and 2010 excavation collections was accomplished by CAS staff and student assistants. Faunal remains were analyzed by Kevin Gibbons and Maran Little, assisted by Carol Colaninno-Meeks, Sarah Bergh, and Carla Hadden, under the supervision of Dr. Elizabeth J. Reitz, director of the University of Georgia’s Zooarchaeology Laboratory. Botanical remains were analyzed by Karen Leone (Leone Consulting, Ltd.), who has analyzed plant remains for us from many prehistoric and historic sites on the Gulf Coast. Over 50 volunteers from four states (Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia) participated in Saturday digs in July and August, despite extremely hot weather. With their hard work we were able to complete more excavations than we expected. We thank them all. In particular we acknowledge the assistance of a group of homeschoolers and their parents who visited us one Saturday: Kaylee Cloninger, Brenan Fitzgerald, Madelaide Fitzgerald, Cheryl Holbrook (mom), Kaleb Holbrook, Kyle Holbrook, Elizabeth Knowles, Kim Wright Knowles (mom), Taylor Lintz, and Amanda Wilson. Special thanks go to Walter Mansfield, Debbie Parker, and Barb Hester for their intense interest and dedication, and for their generous donation of time and labor to our excavations. They remained steadfast to the end and made a huge contribution to the success of the project. It has been a pleasure to work with you all. Bonnie L. Gums and Gregory A. Waselkov Center for Archaeological Studies University of South Alabama iv Volunteers excavating Trench 1 in Area 1 at La Pointe-Krebs Plantation. Volunteers for the 2010 Excavations at La Pointe-Krebs Plantation Randy Belinski Barb Hester Alexander McNish Shelly Boyd John and Kristi Hicks Debbie Parker Martin Britt Elizabeth Hoffer Tim Reidy Lynn Chilton Morgan Horne Elizabeth Ross Jack Dickinson Thomas Horne Joe Seward Angela Dobson Gabriel Hull Dale Speetjens James Edwards Mallory Hull Amira Speetjens Mary Ellen Edwards Paul Jordan David Thomer, Jr. Joni and Bill
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