Dipartimento Di Filologia Letteratura E Linguistica Long Walk to Freedom

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Dipartimento Di Filologia Letteratura E Linguistica Long Walk to Freedom View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Archive - Università di Pisa Dipartimento di Filologia Letteratura e Linguistica Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Letterature Moderne Euroamericane TESI DI LAUREA Long Walk to Freedom: un autoritratto policromatico del Mandela uomo e leader politico Relatrice: CHIAR.MA PROF.SSA LAURA GIOVANNELLI Candidata: MARTINA MORI ANNO ACCADEMICO 2014-2015 1 INDICE INTRODUZIONE ...............................................................................................................p. 4 CAPITOLO PRIMO: Un lungo cammino verso la “normalità”: letteratura e autobiografia in Sudafrica ............................................................................................................................ p. 14 1.1 La tradizione orale .......................................................................................................... p. 15 1.2 Le prime testimonianze scritte ..................................................................................... p. 18 1.3 Il dominio imperialistico e il nuovo profilo nazionale .......................................... p. 20 1.4 Il Modernismo e gli incroci transnazionali ............................................................... p. 23 1.5 Dagli anni dell’apartheid al presente .......................................................................... p. 25 1.5.1 Le principali tappe storiche ....................................................................................... p. 25 1.5.2 La letteratura afrikaans dal 1948 al presente ........................................................... p. 29 1.5.3 Scrivere contro l’apartheid......................................................................................... p. 34 1.6 Ulteriori messe a fuoco .................................................................................................. p. 38 1.7 Letteratura femminile ..................................................................................................... p. 44 1.8 I percorsi dell’io: l’autobiografia ................................................................................ p. 46 CAPITOLO SECONDO: L’impianto autobiografico in Long Walk to Freedom ................................... p. 51 CAPITOLO TERZO: A tu per tu con il testo ................................................................................................ p. 62 3.1 Le radici rurali e l’esperienza metropolitana ........................................................... p. 62 3.2 L’impegno totalizzante e la clandestinità ................................................................. p. 71 CAPITOLO QUARTO: Free Mandela! ............................................................................................................... p. 84 4.1 Strade impervie e traguardi di libertà ................................................................... p. 84 2 CAPITOLO QUINTO: Il mito di Mandela nel mondo cinematografico e musicale ......................... p.120 5.1 Goodbye Bafana (Il colore della libertà) ........................................................ p. 127 5.2 Invictus, l’invincibile (2009) ............................................................................... p. 133 5.3 Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom ...................................................................... p. 137 5.4 L’omaggio in musica .............................................................................................. p. 144 Conclusioni……………………………………………………………...................................... p. 150 Bibliografia.................................................................................................................................. p. 154 Ringraziamenti………………………………………………………………………………... p. 159 3 INTRODUZIONE I DUE VOLTI DI NELSON MANDELA: L’UOMO E L’EROE “If I had my time over, I would do the same again. So would any man who dares call himself a man.”1 “No one is born hating another person because of the color of his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate,, and if they learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.” 2 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (1918-2013) è stato ed è sicuramente una delle icone più rappresentative della storia recente a livello mondiale. La sua esemplare lotta contro le ingiustizie dell’apartheid ha segnato profondamente la storia del suo paese, il Sudafrica, e ha ridisegnato le sorti dell’essere umano in maniera definitiva, riconferendo dignità e valore al postulato etico dell’uguaglianza tra i popoli che abitano la Terra. Nella sua corposa autobiografia Long Walk to Freedom (1994), scritta segretamente nei lunghi anni di prigionia, emergono in modo consistente tematiche e contesti centrali nel panorama sudafricano di numerosi decenni, e Mandela non esita a descrivere a chiare lettere i soprusi compiuti dai bianchi nei confronti della “sua” gente. Quando ci troviamo davanti ad una testimonianza tanto personale, quanto documentaria e epocale come è l’autobiografia mandeliana, viene da chiedersi se si sia davvero all’altezza di poterla interpretare; l’identificazione emotiva o psicologica con i personaggi coinvolti nelle vicende, con le situazioni più difficili, con la quotidianità di un popolo devastato dalle politiche razziste, a volte non è sufficiente a penetrare fino in fondo 1 Mandela pronuncia queste parole in occasione del discorso tenutosi davanti alla vecchia sinagoga di Pretoria nel novembre 1962. Il suddetto intervento mirava a rispondere alle accuse di incitamento allo sciopero dei lavoratori e abbandono illegale del Paese. 2 Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, Little Brown & co, London 1994, p. 662. 4 in quella realtà. Tuttavia, l’istinto è quello di “affidarsi” alle parole di questo grande uomo, il cui profilo morale resta inattaccabile, lasciandoci condurre per mano attraverso le pagine della sua vita, provando a coglierne ogni piccolo particolare. Personalmente, ho avuto l’opportunità di conoscere, studiare ed appassionarmi a questa storia, e cercherò qui di interpretare la vita di Mandela da due prospettive, non necessariamente contrastanti: il Mandela uomo e il Mandela eroe del suo popolo. È anzitutto opportuno precisare che la vita di Mandela è sempre stata “adattata” e “tradotta” fin dall’inizio della sua carriera, rendendolo un punto di riferimento e un catalizzatore di desideri e sogni di libertà democratica. Quello che trapela sin dai primi momenti della sua storia è il fortissimo attaccamento alla famiglia, alle radici della sua terra; Mandela nasce a Mvezo, un villaggio del Transkei lontano dalla caotica Johannesburg, in una famiglia importante in seno a quella comunità xhosa, ma di fatto in una casa molto modesta e in un panorama ancora “vergine” rispetto agli eventi e alle trasformazioni sociopolitiche successive. Nonostante questo, il suo talento non tarda ad affiorare: mostra infatti un precoce interesse verso la storia, ereditato dal padre Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela, e ama trascorrere molte ore della giornata a riflettere, in solitudine, nei terreni sconfinati del veld, la campagna sudafricana che circonda il villaggio di Mvezo. La stessa solitudine diverrà successivamente per il Mandela consacrato, nei momenti di isolamento forzato vissuti in carcere, un buon motivo per spingerlo all’azione, fino al difficile dialogo con il nemico. Mandela discute con i suoi carcerieri, si lamenta delle condizioni igieniche e alimentari, fa valere il suo dissenso alle regole e si erge a portavoce per tutti i detenuti. La figura materna, Nonqaphi Nosekeni, simbolo di sicurezza, protezione e complicità, lascia spazio alla sua morte a quella della moglie, in particolar modo la seconda moglie, la combattiva Winnie (Nomzamo Winnifred Madikizela), che condivide con lui successi e fallimenti, compresa la messa al bando. Emergeranno pure le fragilità emotive di un uomo “pubblico” quale Mandela diventa nel corso della sua maturità, specialmente quando si toccano tasti delicati come la lontananza dai luoghi e dai familiari o gli ostacoli che rischiano di aggravare l’esito dei processi a suo carico. In parallelo a questo, però, c’è in lui una grande consapevolezza delle proprie capacità, una costanza e una partecipazione sempre crescenti agli eventi che scuotono il paese, che egli si trovi fuori o dentro il carcere: sceglie anche di autodifendersi al processo di Rivonia, forte dei suoi 5 studi da avvocato, e le sue arringhe risultano coinvolgenti, al punto da indurci a trattarle come parte integrante della sua personalità. Riesce persino a ritagliarsi uno spazio per i suoi passatempi, come la coltivazione di un piccolo orto o la rappresentazione teatrale dell’Antigone di Sofocle, in cui interpreta niente meno che il ruolo di Creonte, l’intollerante e crudele re di Tebe, colpevole di anteporre le ragioni di stato agli affetti umani e alle leggi divine. Raccontando con piglio deciso tutti questi avvenimenti, intervallandoli anche a aneddoti più “leggeri” e divertenti, Mandela decide di mettersi a nudo, presentandosi apparentemente in tutte le sue sfaccettature, anche se intorno a lui permane sempre un’aura di straordinarietà che lo rende affascinante e “non categorizzabile”. Viene così a profilarsi un uomo, un leader e un eroe che, d’altro canto, resta umanamente umile e che, nonostante le provocazioni, non decide mai di rispondere al razzismo con un contro-razzismo, che usa il dialogo come un’arma estremamente potente e non
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