DOCSLIB.ORG

Konteks Dan Kearifan Lokal Permainan Shogi Pada

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Konteks Dan Kearifan Lokal Permainan Shogi Pada KONTEKS DAN KEARIFAN LOKAL PERMAINAN SHOGI PADA MASYARAKAT JEPANG NIHON SHAKAI NI OKERU NIHON BUNMYAKU TO JIMOTO NO CHIE NO SHOGI SKRIPSI Skripsi ini diajukan kepada panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan untuk melengkapi salah Satu Syarat ujian sarjana dalam bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh: M RIZKI FAUZI NST 180722015 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG EKSTENSI FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2020 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KONTEKS DAN KEARIFAN LOKAL PERMAINAN SHOGI PADA MASYARAKAT JEPANG NIHON SHAKAI NI OKERU NIHON BUNMYAKU TO JIMOTO NO CHIE NO SHOGI SKRIPSI Skripsi ini diajukan kepada panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan untuk melengkapi salah Satu Syarat ujian sarjana dalam bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Dosen Pembimbing Dr. Siti Muharami Malayu, M.Hum. NIP: 196106282006042001 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG EKSTENSI FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2020 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Disetujui Oleh : Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Medan, 31 Januari 2020 Departemen Sastra Jepang Ketua Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, MS.,Ph.D NIP. 198507041984121001 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA PENGESAHAN Diterima Oleh : Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan Untuk Melengkapi Salah Satu Syarat Ujian Sarjana Dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Pada Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Pada : Pukul 09.00 WIB Tanggal : 31 januari 2018 Hari : Jumat\ Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Dekan Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S NIP. 196008051987031001 Panitia Ujian : No. Nama. Tanda tangan 1.. Dr. Siti Muharami Malayu,M.Hum (……………….) 2. Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, M.S, Ph.D (……………….) 3. Alimansyar., M.A., Ph.D (……………… UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdulillah, puji dan syukur saya sampaikan kepada Allah SWT serta selawat penulis ucapkan kepada Nabi Muhammad saw karena berkat rahmat dan karunianya penulis bisa menyelesaikan Skripsi yang berjudul ―Konteks Dan Kearifan Lokal Permainan Shogi Pada Masyarakat Jepang‖. Skripsi ini dapat disusun dan terlaksana karena adanya bantuan dan bimbingan dan dukungan dari banyak pihak, Pada kesempatan ini dengan kerendahan hati penulis mengucapkan terimakasih kepada : 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, M.Si. selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, Ph.D selaku Ketua Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara, yang dengan tulus dan ikhlas telah membimbing, memeriksa dan memberikan pengarahan dengan telah banyak mengorbankan waktu dan tenaga dalam rangka perbaikan dan penyempurnaan Skripsi ini. 3. Ibu Dr. Siti Muharami Malayu, M.Hum., selaku Dosen Pembimbing I yang dengan tulus dan ikhlas telah membimbing, memeriksa dan memberikan pengarahan dengan telah banyak mengorbankan waktu dan tenaga dalam rangka perbaikan dan penyempurnaan Skripsi ini. 4. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, Ph.D selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang telah membantu dan membimbing penyempurnaan Skripsi ini. 5. Kepada seluruh Dosen dan Staf pengajar Program Studi Sastra Jepang Ekstensi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara penulis mengucapkan terimakasih telah memberikan ilmu kepada penulis selama masa perkuliahan. i UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 6. Penulis ucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada orang tua tercinta yaitu mama saya Arnety Anwar. dan ayah tercinta Abdul Khalik Nst yang telah memberikan semangat, dukungan, doa, serta kasih sayang yang begitu besar kepada saya. Terima kasih kepada Abang, kakak saya, Indrianti Rahmi Putri Nst S.Kom, Maulana Idham Nst, M. Fahru Rozi Nst yang telah memberikan semangat dan doa dalam pengerjaan skripsi ini. 7. Terima kasih juga epada teman-teman tersayang Fullah Afrah Walid, Mira Praptiningsih, Gita Putri Desiana Daulay, Salmi Sari, M. Ray Shiddiq, dan teman setambuk saya Ekstensi Sastra Jepang 2018 yang selalu menyemangati saya untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini 8. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu-persatu telah memberi bantuan dan doa dalam penyelesai skripsi ini saya ucapkan terima kasih. Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih jauh dari kata sempurna disebabkan keterbatasan kemampuan penulis. Penulis mengharapkan saran dan kritik demi kesempurnaan skripsi ini, akhir kata penulis berharap skripsi ini dapat menambah pengetahuan bagi para pembacanya. Medan, 31 Januari 2020 Penulis, M. RIZKI FAUZI NST NIM: 180722015 ii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR…………………………………………………………….………. I DAFTAR ISI………………………………………………………………………………. IV BAB I PENDAHULUAN………………………………………………………….………. 1 1.1 Latar Belakang…………………………………………………………….…….. 1 1.2 Rumusan Masalah…………,,,,……………………………………….…………. 3 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan………………………………………….…….…… 4 1.4 Tujuan Pustaka Kerangka Teori…………………………………….…………… 4 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian……………………………………..…………… 7 1.6 Metode Penelitian………………………………………………….……………. 8 BAB II TINJAUAN UMUM TERHADAP SHOGI…………………………….….…… 10 2.1 Pengertian Shogi………………………………………………........……….…. 10 2.2 Sejarah Permainan Shogi………………………………………………..………11 2.3 Permainan Shogi Di Jepang ……………………………………..……………. 14 2.3.1 Alat Permainan Shogi……………………………………………... 14 2.3.2 Peraturan Permainan Shogi………………………………………... 19 2.3.3 Cara Memainkan Bidak Shogi…………………………………….. 20 2.4 Perbedaan Shogi Dengan Catur Di Negara Lain……………………………… 23 2.4.1 Catur di Indonesia…………………………………………...…….. 23 2.4.2 Catur di india……………………………………………..……….. 27 2.4.3 Catur di cina…………………………………………………….… 30 2.4.4 Catur di korea………………………………………………..……. 35 BAB III KONTEKS DAN KEARIFAN LOKAL PERMAINAN SHOGI PADA MASYARAKAT JEPANG………………………………….……..…..……….. 41 3.1 Konteks Permainan Shogi………………………………………..……..……… 41 3.3.1 Membantu Kecerdasan Berpikir………………….……..….……...…. 41 3.3.2 Mempererat Suatu Komunikasi…………………………..….………...42 3.2 Kearifan Permainan Shogi Dalam Masyarakat Modern………….…..……….. 42 3.2.1 Pendekatan Dengan Manusia…...………………………..….………. 43 3.2.2 Dapat Membentuk Kepribadian…………...……………..….……..... 46 iii UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan……………………………………………………...…….………. 48 4.2 Saran……………………………………….……………………….………….. 48 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ABSTRAK iv UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Manusia disebut juga sebagai makhluk yang berbudaya, yang dimana menciptakan suatu kebudayaan yang dapat berguna bagi diri sendiri dan banyak orang. Budaya adalah suatu pola hidup menyeluruh. Budaya bersifat kompleks, abstrak, dan luas. Banyak aspek budaya turut menentukan perilaku komunikatif. Unsur-unsur sosial-budaya ini tersebar, dan meliputi banyak kegiatan sosial manusia. Kebudayaan sangat erat hubungannya dengan masyarakat. Melville dan Bronislaw (1997) mengemukakan bahwa segala sesuatu yang terdapat dalam masyarakat ditentukan oleh kebudayaan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat itu sendiri. Istilah untuk pendapat itu adalah Cultural-Determinism. Setiap kebudayaan manusia tumbuh berkembang dengan memiliki ciri khas tersendiri yang membawa unsur budaya suatu suku, daerah atau negara tertentu, kebudayaan itu dinamakan dengan kearifan lokal ( local wisdom ) atau dikenal juga dengan local genius. Menurut Ayatrohaedi (1986:40-41) unsur budaya daerah potensial disebut sebagai local genius karena telah teruji kemampuannya untuk bertahan sampaisekarang. Budaya merupakan sesuatu bidang ilmu yang didalamnya terdapat nilai kepercayaan, unsur adat istiadat, pengetahuan, dan kesenian, nilai moral,dan masih banyak lagi. Ada beberapa pengertian budaya ataupu kebudayaan oleh para ahli, seperti Koentjaraningrat (2000: 181) menjelaskan budaya berasal dari bahasa sansekerta yaituBuddhaya yang berarti bentuk jamak dari kata Buddhi yang artinya segala sesuatu yang sangat erat sekali kaitannya dengan budi dan akal manusia. Budaya juga sangat berkaitan dengan bahasa ataupun cara berkomunikasi, yaitu diantara di suatu daerah atau juga adat istiadat. Jadi dari paparan diatas Koentjaraningrat mendefinisikan bahwa budaya sebagai ―daya budi‖ yang terdapat didalamnya cipta, karsa dan rasa, sedangkan kebudayaan hasil dari cipta, karsa, dan rasa itu tersebut. Koentjaraningrat menambahkan bahwa kebudayaan dapat dibagi atas tiga wujud yaitu; wujud kebudayaan sebagai sebuah kompleks dari ide-ide, gagasan, nilai- nilai, norma- norma, peraturan dan sebagainya, wujud kebudayaan sebagai suatu kompleks aktivitas serta 1 UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA tindakan berpola dari manusia dalam suatu masyrakat, wujud kebudayaan sebagai benda- benda hasil karya manusia. Menurut Liliweri (2002: 8) kebudayaan merupakan pandangan hidup dari sekelompok seseorang atau grup dalam bentuk simbol-simbol yang semuanya diwariskan oleh leluhur mereka terdahulu atau dari generasi ke generasi lain yang mereka terima tanpa sadar, nilai, kepercayaan, dan juga perilaku. Menurut, Taylor dalam Liliweri (2002: 62) yang mendefinisikan kebudayaan secara tersusun oleh kategori-kategori kesamaan gejala umum yang disebut adat istiadat yang mencakup estetika, moral, hukum, kesenian, pengetahuan, kepercayaan, teknologi, rekreasional dan kemampuan lainnya serta kebiasaan-kebiasaan yang didapatkan manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat. Dengan kata lain, kebudayaan mencakup semua yang didapatkan atau dipelajari oleh manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat. Jepang adalah sebuah negara kepulauan di Asia Timur. Letaknya di ujung barat Samudra Pasifik, di sebelah timur Laut Jepang, dan bertetangga dengan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, Korea, dan Rusia. Pulau-pulau paling utara berada di Laut Okhotsk, dan wilayah paling selatan berupa kelompok pulau-pulau kecil
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bibliography of Traditional Board Games
    Bibliography of Traditional Board Games Damian Walker Introduction The object of creating this document was to been very selective, and will include only those provide an easy source of reference for my fu- passing mentions of a game which give us use- ture projects, allowing me to find information ful information not available in the substan- about various traditional board games in the tial accounts (for example, if they are proof of books, papers and periodicals I have access an earlier or later existence of a game than is to. The project began once I had finished mentioned elsewhere). The Traditional Board Game Series of leaflets, The use of this document by myself and published on my web site. Therefore those others has been complicated by the facts that leaflets will not necessarily benefit from infor- a name may have attached itself to more than mation in many of the sources below. one game, and that a game might be known Given the amount of effort this document by more than one name. I have dealt with has taken me, and would take someone else to this by including every name known to my replicate, I have tidied up the presentation a sources, using one name as a \primary name" little, included this introduction and an expla- (for instance, nine mens morris), listing its nation of the \families" of board games I have other names there under the AKA heading, used for classification. and having entries for each synonym refer the My sources are all in English and include a reader to the main entry.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15, New Pieces
    Chapter 15 New pieces (2) : Pieces with limited range [This chapter covers pieces whose range of movement is limited, in the same way that the moves of the king and knight are limited in orthochess.] 15.1 Pieces which can move only one square [The only such piece in orthochess is the king, but the ‘wazir’ (one square orthogonally in any direction), ‘fers’ or ‘firzan’ (one square diagonally in any direction), ‘gold general’ (as wazir and also one square diagonally forward), and ‘silver general’ (as fers and also one square orthogonally forward), have been widely used and will be found in many of the games in the chapters devoted to historical and regional versions of chess. Some other flavours will be found below. In general, games which involve both a one-square mover and ‘something more powerful’ will be found in the section devoted to ‘something more powerful’, but the two later developments of ‘Le Jeu de la Guerre’ are included in this first section for convenience. One-square movers are slow and may seem to be weak, but even the lowly fers can be a potent attacking weapon. ‘Knight for two pawns’ is rarely a good swap, but ‘fers for two pawns’ is a different matter, and a sound tactic, when unobservant defence permits it, is to use the piece with a fers move to smash a hole in the enemy pawn structure so that other men can pour through. In xiangqi (Chinese chess) this piece is confined to a defensive role by the rules of the game, but to restrict it to such a role in other forms of chess may well be a losing strategy.] Le Jeu de la Guerre [M.M.] (‘M.M.’, ranks 1/11, CaHDCuGCaGCuDHCa on ranks perhaps J.
    [Show full text]
  • 200 Játék a Sakktáblán
    sakkvaransokUJ.qxd 10/11/2006 12:47 PM Page 1 Birkás György 200 játék a sakktáblán ÕRÜLET FEKETÉN-FFEEHHÉÉRREENN Magyar Sakkvilág, 2006 sakkvaransokUJ.qxd 10/11/2006 12:47 PM Page 2 Magyar Sakkvilág könyvei sorozat VII. kötete 200 játék a sakktáblán Birkás György, 2006 Mûszaki szerkesztõ: Maros Gábor ISSN 1787-3568 ISBN Kiadó: Magyar Sakkvilág sakkvaransokUJ.qxd 10/11/2006 12:47 PM Page 3 3 Fejezet cím Elõszó Kr.u. 500 körül Indiában jelent meg az elsõ sakkra emlékeztetõ játék, a csaturanga. Nyugat felé terjedve az általunk ismert sakká változott, észak felé terjedve a kínai sakk (xiangqi) és a japán sakk (shogi) alakult ki. A janggi Korea, a makruk Thaiföld, a sittuyin Burma nemzeti sakkja. A nyugati sakknak is több mint ezer változata ismert. A változatok a hagyományostól eltérhetnek a tábla méretével, új figurákkal, új szabá- lyokkal, vagy többszörös lépéslehetõséggel, esetleg a véletlen szerep- hez juttatásával. Sok változatot találtak ki a sakktábla méretére: bonyolították a játékot nagyobb táblán (pl. az Aljechin-sakk 14x8-as táblán új figurákkal; egyik ezek közül egyesíti a bástya és huszár lépéslehetõségeit), vagy egyszerû- sítették a játékot kisebb táblán. Egészen új lehetõséget ad a játéknak az, ha nem négyzet alakú mezõ- kön játsszák. A legelterjedtebb ezek közül a hexasakk, több Európa-baj- nokságot rendeztek már. A tábla 30 fehér, 30 fekete és 31 szürke mezõ- bõl álló szabályos hatszög alakú tábla. Könyvemben csak a hagyományos, 8x8-as táblán, hagyományos figurákkal játszható sakkváltozatokkal foglalkozom. Reményem sakkvaransokUJ.qxd 10/11/2006 12:47 PM Page 4 200 játék a sakktáblán 4 szerint ezek közül is a legérdekesebbeket, legszórakoztatóbbakat sike- rült összegyûjtenem.
    [Show full text]
  • L'inde, Microcosme Ludique ?
    L’inde, microcosme ludique ? Michel Van Langendonckt, Sciences et techniques du jeu, Haute Ecole de Bruxelles – Haute Ecole Spaak L’Inde est-elle un microcosme ludique ? Autrement dit, les principaux jeux du monde sont-ils indiens ou originaires d’Inde ? Y sont-ils pratiqués aujourd’hui ? A défaut, quelles seraient les spécificités des jeux indiens ou originaires d’Inde, que nous dit l’ethno-ludisme du subcontinent indien ? Telles sont les questions que nous nous posons. Quelques éléments de réponses apparaitront au cours d’un survol socio-historique des jeux inventés ou adoptés en Inde. D’une compilation des recherches antérieures consacrées aux jeux indiens et d’un relevé personnel émergent des évocations littéraires, des représentations et du matériel de jeux. Ils sont plus particulièrement issus de six sources : 1° Les jeux de dés et de course (ou de parcours symboliques) évoqués dans les textes sanskrits. 2° Les représentations sculptées de Shiva et Pârvâti jouant (IIe – XIe siècle, Inde centrale) . 3° L’album de croquis « Vie et coutumes indiennes » (fin du XVIIIe siècle, nord de l’Inde). 4° Les tabliers de jeux gravés dans le sol au Karnataka (VIIIe-XXe siècle, sud de l’Inde). 5° Un coffret multi-jeux du milieu du XIXe siècle (Mysore, sud de l’Inde). 6° Le relevé des pratiques de jeux traditionnels sur plateau réalisé en 1998-1999 dans l’ensemble de l’Inde, sous la direction de R.K Bhattacharya, I.L. Finkel et L.K. Soni (publié en 2011) Attitude ludique et créativité indienne Fig. 2 – Colloque « Jeux indiens et originaires d’Inde » (Haute Ecole de Bruxelles, 13 décembre 2013) En ce qui concerne l’attitude ludique et les jouets en général, la créativité dans la fabrication des objets de jeu demeure une constante de la culture indienne.
    [Show full text]
  • Sjakkspillet Fylogenetisk Analyse Av Sjakkspillet
    3. Analyse av de eldste sjakkspillene og 4. Konklusjon Fra foredraget til Nikolas Axel Mellem under det Åpne NM – Fagernes 18. april 2011. Sjakkspillet Fylogenetisk analyse av sjakkspillet: 1. Trekk for trekk spill? A Ja B Ikke i begynnelsen C To og to trekk D Nei 2. Sjanseelement? A Nei B Ja (noen varianter av europeisk middelaldersjakk) 3. Utgangsposisjon? A Ja B Manipulerte åpningstrekk C Ja, men så kan brikkene ommøbleres D Kun noen av brikkene E Nei 4. Dropping? A Nei B Ja 5. Symmetrisk spill? A Ja B Nei 6. To eller flere spillere? A To B Flere 7. Pass mulighet? A Nei B Ja 8. Brettet 1 A Felt B Punkter C Felt og sirkulært 9. Antall felt/punkter A 8x8 B 9x9 C 9x10 D 10x8 E 10x10 (Hiashatar) F 12x8 G 12x12 H 13x13 I 15x15 J 19x19 K 4x16 L (10x10)+4 (Shatranj al husun) M (11x10)+2 felt (Shatranj ul kebir) N Pentagon (3x36)+27 = 135 felt 10. Kongen A Ortogonalt og diagonalt B Ortogonalt C Begrenset område D Hopp (med eller uten slag) E Rokade F Konge som går som dronning (Qiquo xq) 11. Kongens ære A Kan ikke slås B Kan slås som andre brikker 12. Kongenes relasjon A Samme linje B Kongene står ikke ovenfor hverandre i utgangsstillingen (Chaturanga, Batak) C Ikke fastsatt kongestilling (kan velges som i Hiashatar) D Kongeopponering endrer resultatet (Janggi) E Kongeopponering ulovlig (Xiang qi) 13. Matt A Vinner alltid B Noen brikker forbys (Hiashatar og andre) C Mer komplisert (Senterej og Makruk) 2 D For at matt skal føre til seier må den enten gis direkte av Bers eller tårnet (Shak som også innkluderer springer!), eller av elefanten og bonden gitt at sjakkserien inneholder Shak.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants
    THE CLASSIFIED ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHESS VARIANTS I once read a story about the discovery of a strange tribe somewhere in the Amazon basin. An eminent anthropologist recalls that there was some evidence that a space ship from Mars had landed in the area a millenium or two earlier. ‘Good heavens,’ exclaims the narrator, are you suggesting that this tribe are the descendants of Martians?’ ‘Certainly not,’ snaps the learned man, ‘they are the original Earth-people — it is we who are the Martians.’ Reflect that chess is but an imperfect variant of a game that was itself a variant of a germinal game whose origins lie somewhere in the darkness of time. The Classified Encyclopedia of Chess Variants D. B. Pritchard The second edition of The Encyclopedia of Chess Variants completed and edited by John Beasley Copyright © the estate of David Pritchard 2007 Published by John Beasley 7 St James Road Harpenden Herts AL5 4NX GB - England ISBN 978-0-9555168-0-1 Typeset by John Beasley Originally printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn Contents Introduction to the second edition 13 Author’s acknowledgements 16 Editor’s acknowledgements 17 Warning regarding proprietary games 18 Part 1 Games using an ordinary board and men 19 1 Two or more moves at a time 21 1.1 Two moves at a turn, intermediate check observed 21 1.2 Two moves at a turn, intermediate check ignored 24 1.3 Two moves against one 25 1.4 Three to ten moves at a turn 26 1.5 One more move each time 28 1.6 Every man can move 32 1.7 Other kinds of multiple movement 32 2 Games with concealed
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese Chess Federa- Tion Rules Established After World War II, but They Are by No Means Universal for This Game
    About this Booklet How to Print: This booklet will print best on card stock (110 lb. paper), but can also be printed on regular (20 lb.) paper. Do not print Page 1 (these instructions). First, have your printer print Page 2. Then load that same page back into your printer to be printed on the other side and print Page 3. When you load the page back into your printer, be sure that the top and bottom of the pages are oriented correctly. Permissions: You may print this booklet as often as you like, for personal purposes. You may also print this booklet to be included with a board game which is sold to another party. You may distribute this booklet, in printed or electronic form freely, not for profit. If this booklet is distributed, it may not be changed in any way. All copyright and contact information must be kept intact. This booklet may not be sold for profit, except as mentioned above, when included in the sale of a board game. To contact the creator of this booklet, please go to the “contact” page at www.AncientChess.com Pawn Promotion Notice the long diagonals creating a large “X” across the playing surface. These lines mark the promotion squares. When a pawn (nè) moves onto one of these lines, on his opponent’s side of the chessboard, the pawn may be promoted to a Sittuyin queen (sit-ke), only if the queen has been captured and is out of play. If a player has a pawn standing on one of these promotion squares , not yet promoted, he may choose to promote the pawn at any time, as long as the pawn is on the pro- motion square and the queen is available, off of the board.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 29, India and the Rest of Asia
    Chapter 29 India and the rest of Asia [This final chapter on regional and historical variants considers Asian games outside the xiangqi and shogi traditions. Be it noted that while most of these four chapters merely summarize material that is available elsewhere, with Burmese Chess and to some extent with Indian Chess David believed he was tapping sources which had not hitherto contributed to Western chess literature.] 29.1 Indian chess on the 8x8 board Indian Chess. ‘There is no Indian game of game as near as the surrounding circle of chess. Rather there are three, and the two most natives permitted, and I followed well the played have varying rules. Some play moves with the help of a small opera-glass’. European chess .... some the ancient four- Native writers have been the principal source handed game and a few Great Chess.’ Thus of information. Often quoted are Lala Raja W. S. Branch (Chess Amateur, July 1917). Babu and Trevangadacharya Shastree, ‘the Murray, too, recognizes three main games Brahmin’, who was said never to have lost a which he calls Hindustani, Parsi (S. India) and game at chess, except one, in which he Rumi (N.W. India). Modern historians are less allowed himself to be beaten by a lady. (The dogmatic. A. Goswami observes that ‘The Brahmin had not miscalculated - the lost game indigenous chess is played in this country in a secured him a bullock contract.) variety of ways and styles...’ (Bulletin of the Summarized are the features in common of Correspondence Chess Association of India, the mainstream games.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction I am an enthusiast of historical chess variants; I was very delighted to hear about the chessvariants , history.chess.free.fr , Wikipedia articles , Chinese Chess History , zillionsofgames as well as various other interesting sites that explained ancient variants & rules of playing them. My interest began in learning how to play these games; then I wanted a clear comparable set of rules on how to play them. This inspired me to start this small exercise of writing the rules of major historical chess variants that was played on familiar board sizes (i.e. 8x8 or slightly larger). I started writing the rules of Chaturanga, the assumed ancestor of all chess variants, & then wrote about the various other descendants. I resorted heavily on the above mentioned sites as well as other information that I’ve searched on the Internet. I tried to the best of my efforts to capture all the rules that are mentioned & crossed checked them with all the available information that I was able to gather. The result was this document, which I later tried to give it more flavor by adding some historical details as well as some insightful speculations, which I inferred from reading various authorities on the subject. Again all the information I’ve gathered were Internet based information. At the end, I also decided to add an Appendix to explain the ancient Indian spiral race board game called Ashtapada , which historians believe that its board was used to develop Chaturanga . I’ve reconstructed the rules from a similar old Indian race game called Ashta-Kashte .
    [Show full text]
  • 18 the Beginnings of Chess Michael Mark
    Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen 18 The Beginnings of Chess Michael Mark In this paper a survey is offered of four interrelated questions The evidence concerned with the beginnings of the game of chess. Where The available evidence is partly documentary, partly did chess begin? How did chess begin? When did it begin? archaeological, and partly internal, to be derived from the From what did it develop? nature of the game itself insofar as we are able to work out The principal problem that arises in examining these how it was first played. questions is that chess historians tend not to be experts in Documentary evidence presents problems both because of ancient Indian or Persian history or philology, nor indeed are its sparsity and because the oldest surviving texts are, or they archaeologists, and their views are based at best on purport to be, copies or quotations made centuries after the second- or third-hand information about those subjects. In original works were composed. It is necessary to bear in mind addition, information may well be out of date, and often that there are cases where an author has deliberately sought appears, on further examination, to be suspect. I propose to to give his own writings greater authority by putting his own report and comment on the theories which have been put words into the mouth of a respected author of antiquity.2 forward by others and to highlight what appear to me to be There are also cases where old stories have been modified to the strengths and weaknesses of those theories.
    [Show full text]
  • 007 Chess 7.3 10X10 Chess (Sosnovsky) 15.2 2000 A.D. 17.9 3
    Index 007 Chess 7.3 Alice (Alician) Chess 11.1 Aristocratic Chess 31.4 10x10 Chess All The King’s Men 18.4 Arithmetical Chess 3.5 (Sosnovsky) 15.2 All-Angle Chess 16.4 Arlequin 18.4 2000 A.D. 17.9 All-In Castling 8.6 Armageddon Chess 5.2 3 Dimensional Chess All-In Chess 7.1 Arrow Pawn Chess 15.2 (Carney) 25.2, All-In En Passant 3.5 Arthur Bliss’s Chess 13.5 (Mind Games) 25.2 All-Mate Chess 3.1 Artificial Intelligence 32.1 3-D Chess Allegiance Chess 37.3 Asha, The Game of 12.11 (Enjoyable Hour) 25.3 Allergy Chess 4.2 Assassin Chess 17.2 3-D Space Chess Alliance Assassin Kriegsspiel 2.1 (Dimensional Enterprises) (Liptak and Babcock) 34.3 Assizes 26.1 25.6 Alliance Chess Asteryx Chess 22.1 4-6-10 Chess 24.3 (Bathgate) 35.2, Astral Battle 37.2 4D 23.5 (Paletta) 19.6 Astral Chess 38.12 Allthought Chess 14.4 Astro (Lauterbach) 38.10 Abdication 19.6 Almost Chess 14.1 Astro Chess (Wilkins) 38.3 Abolition of castling 8.6 Altenburg Four-Handed Astronomical Chess 38.13 Absolute Checkless Chess 4.1 Chess 35.1 Asymmetric Chess 14.4 Absolute Rettah Chess 19.1 Alternating Chess Athletic Chess 12.9 Absorption Chess 18.1 (Marseillais) 1.1, Atkinson’s Three- Abstract Chess 18.2 (Poniachik) 4.3, dimensional Chess 25.6 According to Pritchard 38.11 (rotation) 12.3 Atomic Chess Acedrex de las Diez Casas Alternation Chess 34.2 (Benjamin) 17.4, 26.2 Amazon Chess 14.1 (originator unknown) 3.3, Active Chess 13.3 Amazon Queen 14.1 (Taher) 33.2 Actuated Revolving Centre Ambassador Chess 18.2 Atranj 29.2 8.4 Amber, The Royal Game of Attama, The Game of see Actuated
    [Show full text]
  • Chaturanga Through the Ages: a Game of Elephants, Generals, and Madwomen
    Chaturanga Through the Ages: a Game of Elephants, Generals, and Madwomen The turn based strategy game is a time honored format of competition which has been enjoyed for millenia, and through those millenia there have been no more iconic, influential, or widespread games of this genre than those of the Chaturanga family. Played by king and pauper alike, this family of games has always been greatly respected and deeply cherished by every culture it has touched. In those instances where a version has fallen out of style, it is almost always because of the rising popularity of another game of the same family, and more often than not it will be periodically revived every couple hundred years in small pockets of enthusiasts. In this work I have attempted to provide an overview of the games of the Chaturanga family as they moved through history, interacting with, influencing and being influenced by the many cultures they touched as they grew, evolved, and entranced. As such, I have provided my entries in as chronological an order as the uncertainties of millenia-old accounts will allow. Chaturanga – Four Arms 5th Century CE The name Chaturanga comes from a compound of the Sanskrit catuh (four) and anga (arm) and is often poetically synonymous with “army”. The original usage comes from the Mahabharata, in which it refers to the four major divisions of the army, these being the infantry, chariots, cavalry, and elephants. The passage specifically speaks of a military formation called an 'akshauhini' consisting of 218,700 units, these being 21,870 chariots and as many elephants, 65,610 horses, and 109,350 infantry1 the ratio between chariots, elephants, horses, and infantry being 1:1:3:5.
    [Show full text]