Elazığ Yöresi Erken Demir Çağı Ve Muşkiler Sorunu

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Elazığ Yöresi Erken Demir Çağı Ve Muşkiler Sorunu ELAZI~~ YÖRESI ERKEN DEMIR ÇA~I VE MUSKIELER SORUNU VELI SEVIN Önce Keban ve sonra da Karakaya baraj gölü alanlar~nda ya- p~lan kurtarma kaz~lar~~ ile bunlarla ili~kili yüzey ara~t~rmalar~, son 20 y~lda Elaz~~~ yöresini Anadolu'nun arkeolojik yönden en iyi ara~- t~r~lm~~~ bölgesi durumuna getirmi~; önceden son derecede sm~rh bil- gilere sahip oldu~umuz bu yöre hakk~nda bildiklerimiz bugün birçok konuda doyurucu boyutlara ula~m~~t~r. Son olarak 1985-1987 y~l- lar~~ aras~nda bizim, özellikle baraj gölü alanlar~~ d~~~nda gerçekle~tir- di~imiz yüzey taramalanyla eksik kalm~~~ kimi halkalar da tamam- lanarak, bölgenin arkeolojik s~radüzeninin tümlenmesi hemen hemen sa~lanm~~t~r'. Bütün bunlara kar~~n bölge tarihinin de eksiksiz ola- rak ö~renildi~i söylenemez. Sözgelimi, a~a~~da de~inilecek olan, Er- ken Demir Ça~fn~n yörede nas~l ve hangi nedenlerle ba~lad~~~~ gibi sorunlar~n çözümleri hala bulunabilmi~~ de~ildir. Hitit imparatoru I. ~uppiluliuma'ya ili~kin yaz~l~~ belgelerde bir krall~k olarak beliren, IV. Tudhalia zaman~nda ise tümüyle Hitit Im- paratorlu~u'na ba~lanan ve ihiwa denen bu yörede 2. biny~lda Hur- ri kökenli bir halk~n oturdu~u iyi bir biçimde bilinmektedir 2. Alt~nova'da Tepecik 2a-2b 3, Nor~untepe 111 4, Korucutepe J 5, Malatya yöresinde Arslantepe 111 6, Pirot IV 7 ve Imiku~a~~~ 8.-7. ya- Yüzey ara~t~rmalar~= büyük çapta 0.D.T.Ü. Tarihi Eserleri Kurtarma ve De~erlendirme Ara~t~rma Merkezi, Türk Tarih Kurumu ve Istanbul Üniversitesi Ede- biyat Fakültesi'nin maddi katk~lar~yla gerçekle~tirilmi~tir. Ilgili kurum yetkilileri- ne te~ekkiirü bir borç bilirim. 2 Geni~~ bilgi için bk. Klengel 66 vdd.; Guterbock a 135 vdd.; Guterbock b 127 vdd. 3 Esin a, lev. 8/1-2; Esin b 109 vdd., lev. 92/T. 69-1449. Hauptmann a 72 vd., lev. 56/1-6, 57/2-3; Hauptmann b 34 vd., Abb. 4; Ha- uptmann 91 vdd.; Hauptmann d 73. 3 Van Loon - Buccelati 84, ~ekil 8; Griffin 74 vdd., pl. 18-24. Pecorella 8 vdd., 35 vdd., fig. 7-10. 7 Karaca a 71 vd., res. 11; Karaca b 106. 52 VELI SEV~N p~~ katlar~ndan 8 sa~lanan veriler, Hitit Imparatorluk Ça~~~ ya da bir ba~ka deyi~le Son Tunç II döneminde bölge kültürünün pek çok yö- nüyle Hititlile~ti~ini göstermektedir. Örne~in bu dönemin bölge se- rami~ini, gerek teknik ve gerekse biçim aç~s~ndan Orta ve Güney Ana- dolu'nun büyük Hitit merkezlerinde bulunanlardan ay~rdetmek he- men hemen olanaks~zd~r (Res. 1/1-9). Buna kar~~l~k Hitit Imparatorluk Ça~~~ ile ça~da~~ merkezlerin hemen tümünde, söz konusu iskan yerlerinin y~k~l~~~n~~ izleyen y~llar- da, e~er ~ss~zla~mam~~sa, farkl~~ özellikleriyle dikkati çeken yeni kül- tür elemanlar~n~n ortaya ç~kt~~~na tan~k olunur. Bunlardan en be- lirgini ise, 2. biny~l~n erken dönemlerinde bölgede hiç görülmeyen ye- ni bir seramik türünün yayg~n bir biçimde kullan~ ma girmi~~ olu~u- dur. Eskinin çok h~zl~~ dönen çark~n~n aksine, hemen daima elde ya da çok a~~r dönen bir çarkta yap~lm~~, ço~u kez koyu k~rm~z~~ ya da kahverenginde kal~n bir astarla kaplanm~~~ ve iyi açk~lanm~~~ olan bu seramiklerin en belirgin özelli~i, keskin profilli çanaklar ve çömlek- lerin a~~z kenarlar~ndan boyun ya da omuzlar~na de~in uzanan ke- simlerinin yatay yivlerle bezenmi~~ olu~udur (Res. 2-6). Bölgede ilk kez kar~~la~~lan ve kimi de~i~imlere u~rayarak I. Ö. 8. yüzy~l~n içle- rine dek kullan~lacak olan 9 bu türde serami~i, yukar~da sözünü et- t"~imiz, Hitit Imparatorluk Ça~~'n~n çok h~zl~~ dönen bir çarkta bi- çimlendirilmi~~ ve ince astarl~~ kaplar~yla teknik ve biçim aç~s~ndan k~yaslamaya olanak yoktur. F~rat ~rma~~n~n bat~~ k~y~s~ndan uzak- la~t~kça giderek azalan ve Orta Anadolu'ya tümüyle yabanc~~ olan bu türün Elaz~~~ bölgesinde yo~un olarak kullan~ld~~~~ anla~~lmakta- d~r. Korucutepe K ", Nor~untepe II il, Tepecik le ve belki de 2a 12, Elaz~~ /De~irmentepe 13, biraz daha geç evreye ait olmakla birlikte 8 Sevin b 94 vd., res. 4; Sevin - Köro~lu 167 vd. 9 Elaz~~-Bingöl yöresindeki Urartu merkezlerinde bulunmu~~ bu türde seramik için bk. Sevin c 285 vd., res. 14/1-4, 21-25; Sevin d 5 vdd., res. 45. " Winn 155 vdd., pl. 51-59. 11 Hauptmann b 54 vdd., Abb. 16-19. 12 Esin a 153, lev. 7/9. Tepecik Erken Demir Ça~~ seramiklerini bizzat gorme- me olanak tan~yan Prof. Dr. Ufuk Esin ve Dr. Sava~~ Harmankaya'ya te~ekkuru zevk- li bir görev sayar~m. 13 Duru 39 vdd., lev, 61-63. ELAZIG YORES~~ VE MUSK~LER SORUNU 53 ~ Kö~kerbaba IV 14, imiku~a~~~ 6. yap~~ kat~~ (Res. 2/1-9) 15 gibi kaz l- ~ ~ m~~~ höyüklerin yan~nda, Elaz~~'~ n 13 km. kadar güneybat s nda, Han- kendi yak~n~ndaki Dilektepe Höyü~ü (Res. 3 /1-14) bu türde sera- ~ ~ mi~in en iyi biçimde temsil olundu~u merkezler aras~ ndad r; Alt n- ova'da Könk/Yenikap~~ (Res. 4/1-4), Vertetil/Yaz~konak (Res. 4/ 5-6) ve Tülintepe (Res. 4/7) "; Elaz~~~ yak~n~nda Tad~ m (Res. 5 /1), Hinsor/Örençay (Res. 5 /2-6) ", Tilenzit/Uçanku~~ (Res. 5/7-9), Çu- hadar (Res. 6/1-4); Kovanc~lar ilçesi yak~n~ ndaki Ç~naz I (Res. 6/5) ile Karakaya baraj gölü alan~ndaki Maltepe 18, K~rasa Tepesi ", Gi- rik Tepesi 20, Kale III 21 ve Kale 11 22 Erken Demir Ça~~~ türünde se- ramik veren merkezleri olu~tururlar. Ancak Karakaya baraj gölü ala- ~~ n~ndaki son sayd~~~ m~z be~~ merkezin Orta Demir Ça~~'na ait olmas olas~l~~~n~~ da göz önünde bulundurmak gerekir. Çünkü bu merkez- lerde bulunan türde yivli çömleklere, t. O. 8. yüzy~l~n ortalar~nda kuruldu~u anla~~lan Habibu~a~~~ Urartu karakolunda da rastlanmak- tad~r (Res. 6/6-13) 23. Elaz~~—Malatya yöresinde Son Tunç II türü seramik bulunan merkezleri Tepecik 2a-2b, Nor~untepe III, Korucutepe J, Imiku~a- ~~~ 8-7, Arslantepe IV—ili, Pirot IV ve bizzat yapt~~~m~z yüzey ta- ~ ramalar~na göre, Yar~mtepe 24, Tilenzit, Vertetil ve Ç naz I höyük- leri olu~turmaktad~r 25. Bu kar~~la~t~rmadan anla~~laca~~~ üzere, Elaz~~—Malatya yöre- ~ sinde Erken Demir Ça~~ malzemesi veren höyüklerin say~s~, ku kulu 14 Bilgi, res. 147/1. 15 Sevin a 139 vd., res. 7. ~ ~ ~nda, 18 Tülintepe örne~i, 1956 y l nda Prof Dr. Afif Erzen'in yüzey toplamas höyü~ün y~k~nundan önce ele geçirilmi~tir. 17 Ayr~ca bk. Russel a, fig. 18/282.10. 18 Ozdo~an, lev. 70/2. 19 Ozdo~an, lev. 73/1. 20 Ozdo~an, lev. 73/3. 21 OZdO~all, lev. 73/4. 22 Ozdo~an, lev. 74/4. ~ ~ ~ ,~ nda kayal~~~ n 23 Habibu~a~~~ örnekleri 1980-1981 y llar ndaki gezilerimiz s ra doru~unda ele geçirilmi~tir. 24 üzdo~an 34. ~~nda isuva Ülkesi 25 Geni~~ bilgi için bk. G. Umurtak, Hitit imparatorluk Ça ~~~ Çanak Çömle~i Üzerine Bir Ara~t~rma (Istanbul 1988), yaymlanmam doktora tezi, 19 vdd. 54 VELI SEV~N olanlar bir yana b~rak~ lsa bile, Son Tunç II malzemesi verenlere k~- ~ yasla % 50 oran nda bir art~~~ göstermektedir (Res. 7). Bu durum Er- ken Demir Ça~~'nda nüfusun da artm~~~ olabilece~i yolunda bir kan~t olarak de~erlendirilebilir. Bu yeni ve öneüsüz geli~ im ile olas~~ nüfus art~~~n~n nedenleri ko- nusunda ayr~nt~l~~ bir de~ erlendirmeye gidilmi~~ de~ildir. Yaln~zca C.A. Burney 26 bu yeni kültürün ~ Mu kiler ile ili~kili olabilece~ine i~aret etmekle yetinmi~ ~~ tir. Çünkü Assur kral I. Tukulti-apil-E~arra (I. Ö. ~ 1114-1076), Güneydo u Toroslar'~ n güneyindeki Kadmuhu bölge- sinde yapt~~~~ bir sava~ ~ ta, 50 y ldan beri Alzi'de oturan Mu~kiler'i ye- nilgiye u~ratt~~~n~~ ~ yazmaktad r 27 ki, Alzi'nin Elaz~~~ yöresiyle e~it- li~ i ve hatta Iguwa ya da Igua bölgesinin bir birimi oldu~u yolunda fazla bir ku~ kuya yer yoktur 28. Bu belgeden, 2. biny~l~n son yüzy~- l~ na do~ru Elaz~~~ ~ ~ yöresinde Mu ki ad n~~ ta~~yan bir halk~n oturdu~u anla~~lmaktad~r. Görülüyor ki, hem yaz~l~~ belgeler ve hem de arkeolojik bulgu- lar, söz konusu tarihlerde Elaz~~~ yöresinin bölgeye yabanc~~ bir hal- k~ n güçlerine sahne oldu~una i~aret etmektedirler. 2. biny~l~ ~ ~ ~ n son yüzy l na do ru Elaz~~~ yöresinde kültür de~i~imi ve nüfus art~~ ~ lar na neden olan geli~imler bölgeye yap~lan göçlerle aç~ klanacak olursa bu, akla hemen yeni göçmenlerin nereden gelmi~~ ~ oldu u sorusunu da beraberinde getirecektir. Ancak bu sorunun çözü- müne yarayacak doyurucu malzemeye sahip oldu~umuz da söylene- mez. Biz burada genel ya da daha yanda§ bulmu~~ inan~~~n aksine, ~. Ö. 8. yüzy~ ~ ~ l n ikinci yar s~na ili~kin Assur yaz~l~~ belgelerinde kar- ~~m~za ç~kan Mu~kulu ~ Mita'n n Phryg kral~~ Midas ile e~itli~i görü- ~ünden yola ç~ karak, bu halk~n, ~. Ö. 1200 y~llar~ndaki büyük göçler s~ras~ nda, tüm öteki Thrak kabileleri gibi, Bo~azlar üzerinden Ana- dolu'ya girip, Do~ ~ u ve Güneydo u Anadolu'ya de~in uzanm~~~ olabi- lecekleri say~ ~ m ileri sürecek de iliz 29.
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