A Review on Maha Paishachika Ghrita - an Ayurvedic Formulation Used in Psychiatric Disorders

A Review on Maha Paishachika Ghrita - An Ayurvedic Formulation Used in Psychiatric Disorders

DR. UMAKANT N. RABB1, DR. AMOL DESAI2, DR. DHIRAJ K. PATIL3 1 Associate Professor, Department of Dravyaguna Vijnana, Acharya Deshbhushan Ayurveda Medical College and Hospital, Shamnewadi -Bedkihal, Tal: Chikkodi, Dist: Belagavi, Karnataka, India. 2 Assistant Professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, Acharya Dheshabhushan Ayurved Medical College and Hospital, Shamnewadi-Bedkihal, Tal: Chikkodi, Dist: Belgavi, Karnataka India. 3 Prof. Dept of Kayachikitsa Acharya Deshbhushan Ayurved Medical College and Hospital, Shamnewadi- Bedkihal, Tal: Chikkodi, Dist: Belgavi, Karnataka, India.

Abstract- Ayurveda is not only a science of longevity attempt is made to highlight the formulation, but also have spiritual aspects. The equilibrium of ingredients, their botanical source, preparation, its health is achieved by the proper acquaintance of administration. The Maha Paishachika Ghrita is Tridosha, Sapta Dahatu, Trimalas and proper co- advised to consume daily with warm milk to avoid ordinance with sense organs and Manas. Here the psychological disorders. Manas refers the mind. The clarity of the mind is achieved by the balance in the Satva, Raja and Tama Indexed Terms- Ayurveda, Manas, Triguna, Maha Gunas. The imbalance in these attributes leads to Paishachika Ghrita, Manasa Rogas, Psychological psychological as well as somatic diseases. In disorders etc. Ayurveda the psychological disorders refer to Manasa Rogas. Viz; Unmada, Apasmara, I. INTRODUCTION Chittodvega, Atatvabhinivesha, Vishada, etc. This imbalance in the attributes leads to Dhi, Dhriti and A healthy mind and healthy body is constitutes healthy Smriti Vibhramsha ie the mind unable to recognize well being. The mind is also termed in classics as the which is good and which is bad. To attain the Satva. It is synonyms of Manas(Mind)[1]. The Satva is Samyak Jnana. Ayurveda enumerated various kinds of three types viz; Pravara- Strong will power who of formulations. In these formulations most of them can sustain the and endure the pain full situations. It is are Ghrita preparations. Because the Ghrita crosses predominated by Satva Guna. The second one is the blood brain barrier,and gives the desired effect. Madhyama Satva- Has moderate will power and Among these Ghrita preparation the Maha moderate capacity to tolerate the disease. It is Paishachika Ghrita is majorly used by our ancestors. predominated by Rajo Guna. The third one is Avara The main ingredients of these Ghrita are; Jatamansi, Satva- Has weak mental capacity and unable to endure Haritaki, Bhutakeshi, Carati(Kumbhi), the pain and situations. It is predominant by Tama Markati(Shoka Shimbhi), Vacha, Trayamana, Guna. The mind is responsible for the thinking pattern Jaya(Jayanti), Veera(Ksheera Kakoli or and activity. The disequilibrium of the Satva, Raja and Shalaparni), Choraka, Katuka Rohini, Tama attributes affects the mental health. Kayastha(Sookshma Ela), Shukari(Varahikanda), Chatra(Madhurika), Atichatra(Shatapushpa), As per Acharya Sushruta [2] the mental health is Palankasha(Guggulu), Mahapurusha Prasannata of the mind ie healthy mind with Danta(Shatavari), Vayastha(Bramhi), Nakuli, emotional well being, appropriate thinking and Gandhanakuli(Rasna), Katambara (Katabhi), behaviour along with proper coordination with Vrischikali, Shalaparni. The prepared Ghrita is Indriya(Sense organs), and Atma(Soul). A Satvik well administered with milk and also administered as being person whose Dhee(Intellect), Dhriti(Patience), Nasya ie through nasal route and through the rectal and Smriti(Memory), and who is able to differentiate route in the form of medicated enema. Here an the right and wrong, wholesome and unwholesome,

IRE 1702524 ICONIC RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING JOURNALS 10 © NOV 2020 | IRE Journals | Volume 4 Issue 5 | ISSN: 2456-8880 who has proper control over the Indriyas(Sense mid are Krodha(Anger), Shoka(Sorrow), Bhaya(Fear), organs), Chintya(Thinking pattern), Uhya(Proper Harsha(Happiness), Vishada(Depression), reasoning), Dhyeya(Determination) and Irsha(Jealousy), Abhyasa(Continuous efforts), Sankalpa(Strong will power). The abnormal Dainya(Dejection), Matsarya(Cruelty), Kama(Lust), condition of the mind leads to impairment of mental Lobha(Greed), Maana(Pride), Mada(Neurosis), functions, like improper coordination with sense Moha(Ignorance and Dellusion), organs, thinking pattern, analyzing capacity, Buddhi, Amarsha(Intolerance), Dambha(Sense of boosting), Smriti(Retention capacity), Sense perception Karpanya(Unable to take decisions), Udvega(Anxiety Chesta(Activities or functions), and also on life style. neurosis), Roudra(Short temperament). Acharya This causes Alpa Satva(Weak will power), and 20Charaka enumerated the description of Manasika psycho-somatic disorders. Therefore Mind is regarded Vikara like Unmada(Psychosis), as Ashraya(Substratum) of diseases along with Apasmara(Convulsive disorders), Sharira(The body) [3]. Atatwabhinivesha(Psycho neurosis), Personality disorders. II. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES V. GENERAL PATHOGENESIS OF MANO • Preparation of the Maha Paishachika Ghrita. VIKARA • To Study the role of Maha Paishachika Ghrita in Manasa Rogas. Due to Mithya Ahara Vihara and Alpa Satva there will be Sharirika and Manasika Dosha Prakopa. Which III. MATERIAL AND METHODS leads to Manovaha Stroto Vaigunya. This leads to further impairment in Mano Karma causes Mano • Preparation of Maha Paishachika Ghrita as per Vikaras. Ayuvedic standards. VI. SYMPTOMS OF MANO VIKARA [9]- IV. DISCUSSION The symptoms of Manovikara are categorized under The mind is an instrument or the factor by which one two groups viz; Udvega Lakshana(Hyper active can perceive the knowledge [4]. The mind is the symptoms) and Vishada Lakshana(Hypo active constituent of the subtle body and it is under the symptoms). control of Atma. Due to Atma mind is active and conscious. The properties of mind is Repulsion and The Hyper active symptoms are Bhaya(Fear), Attraction and it is concerned with Jnanendriyas and Asthairya(Lack of resolution), Vepathu(Tremors), Karmendriyas. Therefore it is called as Ubhayatmaka Hritkampa(Palpitation), Sheeghra Kopa(Short Manah.(Concern with both sensory and motor temper), Sweda Bahulata(Excessive perspiration), centers). The action of mind[5] are perception and Tritbahulata(Excessive thirst), motor control, Swanigraha( Self control), guessing, Mukshashosha(Dryness of mouth), thinking, control over sensory and peripheral Galashosha(Dryness of throat), organs,ability to differentiate between right and Vakshoparodha(Chest congestion). The Hypo active wrong, possibilities and non possibilities, acceptable symptoms includes Vishada(Depression), and non acceptable. The factors responsible for Utsahanasha(Lethargy), Shoka(Greif), Asha abnormal functions of the mind are impairment in the Bhanga(Loss of expectation leads to mental faculties, Alpa Satva, vitiation of Sharirika frustration/depression), Apravartana(Lack of and Manasika Doshas. Vitiation of Manovaha Strotas motivation), Anannabhilasha(Lack of interest in food due to Raja and Tama Doshas, which impairs mental intake), Alpavak(Reduces speech), faculties like Dhi(Power of intelligence[6], Alpachestha(Reduces activity), Anidra(Loss of sleep), Dhriti(Power of retention[7] and Smriti(Power of Saada(Fatigue). recall)[8]. Acharya Sushruta [8] enumerated entities of

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VII. TREATMENT OF MANO VIKARA [9]- 8. Jaya(Jayanti) ref raja nigha (Sesbania aegyptiaca Pers, Fabaceae)[17] - Jayanti is Tikta • Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa- Spritual Therapy Katu in Rasa, Ushna Veerya, Vatahara(Subsides • Satvavajaya Chikitsa- Psychotherapy Vata Dosha), It is specifically indicated in • Yukti Vyapashraya Chikitsa- Logical Treatment Galaganda The administration of Maha Paishachika Ghrita in 9. Veera-Ksheera Kakoli [18] is Madhura(Sweet), Manovikarasa comes under logical treatment. Guru(Heavy), and Sheeta Veerya(Cold in potency). It alleviates Vata Dosha, VIII. INGREDIENTS OF MAHA PAISHACHIKA Daha(Burning sensation), GHRITA- Asrapitta(Haemorrhagic diseases), Shosha(Emaciation), Trishna(Thirst), The main ingredients of Maha Paishachika Ghrita are; Jwara(Fever). 1. Jatamansi(Nordostachys jatamansi Dc, 10. Choraka(Angelica glauca Edgew, Vallirianaceae)[10]- The Jatamansi acts as Umbelliferae)[19]- Choraka is Laghu(Light), Medhya(Brain Tonic), Twachya(Good for skin), Teekshna(Penetrating), Katu(Pungent), Kanti Vardhana(Improves complexion). Tikta(Bitter in taste), Katu Vipaka(Pungent in 2. Haritaki(Terminalia chebula Retz, post digestive effect), Ushna Virya(Hot in Combretaceae) [11]- Haritaki is Medhya(Brain potency). It acts as Medhya(Brain tonic), tonic), Vayasthapana(Anti oxidant), and Deepana(Appetizer), Pachana(Digestive), Deepana(Appetizer). Jwargna(Cures fever), Kusthagna(Skin 3. Bhutakeshi(Vitex negundo Linn Verbenaceae) diseases). [12],[13]- Nirgundi or Bhuta Keshi is 11. Katuka Rohini(Picrorrhiza kurrao Royle ex Krimighna(Anti helmenthic), Benth, Scrophulariaceae)[20]- Katuka Rohini is Shophagna(Reduces edema), Kustha(Skin Tikta(Bitter), Katu Vipaka(Pungent in post diseases), Vatahara. It promotes digestive effect), Ruksha(Dry), Sheeta(Cooling), Smriti(Memory), Keshya(Good for hair), and Laghu(Light), It is Bhedini(Softens the hard eyes. stools), Deepana(Appetizer), Hridya(Good for 4. Carati(Kumbhi)- (Careya arborea Roxb, heart and pleasant when consumed), Subsides Barrangtoniaceae)[14]- It helps in diseases of Kapha, Pitta and Jwara, Prameha(Urinary Prameha(Urinary diseases including diabetes), diseases including diabetes), Shwasa(Dyspnoea), Arsha(Haemorrhoids), Vrina(Ulcers), Visha Kasa(Cough), Rakta diseases(Bleeding Roga(Poison effects), Krimi(Worms). diseases), Daha(Burning sensation), 5. Markati(Mucuna prurita Hook, Fabaceae)[14]- Kustha(Skin diseases), Krimigna(Worm Kapikacchu acts as Vrishya(Aphrodisiac), infestation). Vatahara(Subsides Vata Dosha) 12. Kayastha(Elettaria cardamomum Maton, 6. Vacha(Acorus calamus Linn, Acanthaceae)[15]- Scitaminaceae)[21]- The Kayastha is Katu Vacha is Ayushya(Health promoting), Buddhi Rasa(Pungent in taste), Sheeta(Cooling), Vardhaka(Memory booster), Smriti Laghu(Light), Vatahara(Subsides Vata Dosha). Vardhana(Improves retention power), It is The Sookshma Ela alleviates Kapha, Kapha- Vata shamaka, Amapachaka, Shwasa(Dyspnoea), Kasa(Cough), Bhutagna(Removes external evil spirits). Arsha(Haemorrhoids), Mutrakrichra(Dysuria). 7. Trayamana(Gentiana kurro Royle, 13. Varahikanda(Dioscorea bulbifera Linn, Gentiaceae)[16] - Trayamana acts as Dioscoreaceae)[22]- Varahi Kanda or Shukari is Sara(Laxative), Kapahapittahara(Subsides Madhura(Sweet), Tikta(Bitter) in taste, Katu Kapha and Vata Doshas), Rakta Vipaka(Pungent in post digestive effect), It is Gulmahara(Cures Raktaja Gumla), helps in Shukra(Increases sperm count), Jwaragna(Subsides fever). Swara(Voice), Varna(Complexion), Agni(Appetite), Bala(Strength). Reduces Kapha Dosha, Kustha(Skin diseases), Meha(Urinary

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diseases including diabetes), Krimi(Worms), Sheeta Veerya(Cold in potency), Tikta(Bitter) in Rasayana(Tissue vitalizer). taste, Rasayana(Tissue vitalizer), Medhya(Brain 14. Chatra(Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Apiaceae)[23]- tonic), Dipana(Appetizer), Balya(Tonic), Chatra is Laghu(Light), Teekshna(Penetrating), Snigdha(Demulcent), Netrya(Good for vision), Pittakara(Increases Pitta Dosha), Subsides Vata Gulma(Intestinal growths), and Kapha Doshas, Vrina(Ulcers), Arsha(Haemorrhoids). Shukrala(Promotes Shoola(Spasmodic Pain), Chakshushya(Good semen) and Sthanya(Breast milk), improves for eye diseases). muscle tone and reduces Vata, Pitta, Kapha and 15. Atichatra(Peucedanum graveolens Linn, Rakta. Maha-Shatavari is Medhya(Brain tonic), Apiaceae)[24]- It is Deepana(Appetizer), Hridya(Good for heart), Vrishya(Aphrodisiac), Shoolahara(Cures spasmodic pain), Laxative, Rasayana(Tissue vitalizer), Sheeta Veerya(Cold Ruksha(Dry), Ushna(Hot in potency), in potency), cures Arsha(Haemorrhoids), Pachani(Digestive), Cures Kasa(Cough), Atisara(Dysentery), and Netra rogas(Eye Vamana(Vomiting), Shleshma(Kapha Dosha), diseases). Its young shoots subsides aggravated Anilahanti(Reduces Vata Dosha). Doshas, Laghu(Light in action), Kshaya(Muscle 16. Palankasha(Commiphora mukul Hook. ex wasting). otocks, Burseraceae)[25] - Guggulu is 18. Vayastha(Bacopa monnieri Linn, Vishada(Cleanses the internal tissues), Scropulariaceae)[27] - Bramhi is Hima(Cold in Tikta(Bitter) in taste, Ushna Virya(Hot in potency), Sara(Laxative), Tikta(Bitter), potency), Pittala(Increases Pitta), Sara(Acts as Laghu(Light), Medhya(Brain tonic), laxative), Katu Vipaka(Pungent in post digestive Sheetala(Cooling), Kashaya(Atringent), effect), Rooksha(Drying), Laghu(Light). It is Madhura Vipaka(Sweet in post digestive effect), Bhagna sandhanakara(Heals the fractures), Ayushya(Promotes longevity), Rasayani(Tissue Vrushya (Aphrodisiac), Teekshna (Penetrating), vitalizer), Swarya(Improves voice), Swarya(Good for voice), Rasayana(Vitalizer), Smritiprada(Improves intellect). It cures Dipana(Appetizer), Picchila(Sticky), Kustha(Skin diseases), Pandu(Anemia), Balya(Promotes strength). Cures Kapha-Vata Meha(Urinary diseases), Rakta Dosha(Blood diseases, Vrina(Ulcers), Gandamala(Thyroid diseases), Kasa(Cough), Visha(Poisonous related problems), Meda(Excessive fat), effects), Shotha(Edema), Jwara(Fever). Prameha(Urinary disorders including diabetes), 19. Gandha Nakuli(Aristolochia indica Linn, Ashmari(Urinary calculi), Kleda(Excessive Aristolochaiaceae)[28]- It is Pachani(Digestive), secretions), Kustha(Skin diseases), Tikta(Bitter in taste), Guru(Heavy), Ushna(Hot Amavata(Rheumatoid arthritis), in potency), reduces Kapha and Vata Dosha, Pidaka(Carbuncles), Granthi(Growths), Shotha(Edema), Shwasa(Dyspnoea), Shopha(Edema), Arsha(Haemorrhoids), Vatarakta(Gout), Shoola(Spasmodic Pain), Gandamala(Cervical lymphadenitis), Krimi Gulma(Abdominal Pain), Kasa(Cough), (Worms). Jwara(Fever), Visha(Poison effects), Sidhma The Nava Guggulu- The freshly collected Guggulu is Kustha(Scaly skin diseases), Vata diseases. Brimhana(Nourishing), Vrishya(Aphrodisiac), 20. Rasna(Pluchea lanceolata oliver and hiern, Snigdha(Oily), Yellow, Pakwa Jambu Phala Asteraceae)[29]- Rasna is Amapachani(Digests sadrasha(Looks like ripen fruit of Jambu), the undigested food material), Tikta(Bitter in Sugandhi(Aromatic), Picchila(Sticky), taste), Guru(Heavy), Ushana(Heat), Kapha- The Purana Guggulu- The old and stored Guggulu is Vatajit(Reduces Kapha and Vata), Cures Ati Lekhana(Deplets the body tissues), Shotha(Edema), Shwasa(Dyspnoea), Ruksha(Gry), Durgandha(Emits bad smell), Vataakta(Gout), Shoola(Colic), Tyakta Prakrit Varna(Devoid of natural colour) Udara(Abdominal distention), Kasa(Cough), and potency. Jwara(Fever), Visha(Poisonous effects), 17. Mahapurusha Danta(Asperagus racemosus, Sidhma(Scaly type skin diseases), Vataja Asperagaceae)[26]- Shatavari is Guru(Heavy), diseases.

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21. Katabhi( Celastrus paniculatus willd, weight. The mixture is heated with mild fire by stirring Calastraceae)[30]- It is Katu(Pungent), continuously. When all water get evaporated the ghee Tikta(Bitter) in taste, Sara(Laxative), reduces is filtered and stored in air tight containers or bottles. Kapha and Vata. Ati Ushna(Very heat in nature), Vaamini(Induces vomiting), CONCLUSION Teekshna(Penetrating), Vanhikrit(Appetizer), Buddhi Smriti Prada(Promotes intellect and Since ancient times our Acharyas used to treat many enhances functions of the brain). idiopathic diseases by their supernatural energy. They 22. Vrischikali(Pergularia extensa N.E, came to conclusion that most of the psychological Asclepiadaceae)[31]- It acts as Kasahara(Cough), diseases are originated by unhealthy and non spiritual Vata Dosha, Vishagna(Poison effects) p.no-74 practices. So they had planned the systematic drvya guna shokavali treatment plan which includes Spiritual practices 23. Shalaparni(Desmodium gangeticum Dc, along with medicated ghee administration. As ghee Fabaceae)[32]- Shalaparni is Guru(Heavy), mainly acts on Manovaha Strotas. So medicated ghee Chardi-Jwara-Shwasa-Atisaragna (Vomitting- is prescribed in Manovikara patients. Among them the Fever- Dyspnoea- Diarrhoea). It cures Maha Paishachika Ghrita is prescribed in various Shosha(Wsting of the tissues), provides types Manovikaras. Because this helps in drug Bala(Strength), Rasayani (Tissue vitalizer), delivery to the target organ. At the cell membrane the Santapa Nashaka. It is Tikta(Bitter), Vishahari lipid soluble drugs reaches the cerebrum and CSF (Antipoisonous), alleviates ulcers, Kasa(Cough), which helps to relieve the Manovikaras. Hence the Krimi(Worm infestation). Ushna and Teekshna Dravyas are made in Ghrita to 24. Go-Ghrita[33]- Cow Ghee- The Cow’s Ghee is get target drug delivery in Mano Vikaras. Chakshushya(Good for vision), Vrishya(Aphrodisiac), Agnikrit(Appetizer), REFERENCES Swadupaka(Sweet at post digestive effect), Sheeta(Cold in potency), Vata-Pitta- [1] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Kaphapaha(Subsides Vata Pitta and Kapha Vimanasthana 8th chapter, Shloka No-119, Doshas), It is Medhya(Brain Tonic), Charaka Chandrika Hindi commentary of Lavanyakara(Gives glow to the skin), Oja-Teja Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Vriddhikara(Improves complexion), Alakshmi, Volume 1, Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, Papahara(Expells sin and evil spirits), Varanasi, Reprint 2002, Page No- 770 Balya(Tonic), Pavitra(Auspicious), [2] Acharya Sushruta, 2002. Sushruta Samhita Sumangala(Beneficial), Rasayana(Vitalizer), commentary of Dalhanacharya Sutrasthana 15th Sugandha(Aromatic), Rochana(Taste promoter), chapter, Shoka No-48, edited by Acharya Considered as best among all the Ghritas. Yadavji and Trikamji, 7th edition Varanasi,

Chaukhamba Orientalia, Page No- IX. PREPARATION OF MAHA PAISHACHIKA GHRITA[34]- [3] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Vimanasthana 6th chapter, Shloka No-3 Charaka Jatamansi, Haritaki, Bhutakeshi, Kumbhi, Markati, Chandrika Hindi commentary of Agnivesha, Vacha, Trayamana, Jaya, Veera, Choraka, Katuka edited by Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Volume 1, Rohini, Kayastha, Varahikanda, Chatra, Atichatra, Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Guggulu, Shatavari, Bramhi, Gandha Nakuli, Rasna, Reprint 2002, Page No- 702 Katabhi, Vrischikali, Shalaparni- The above drugs are [4] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana made into paste with the help of mortar and pestle by 8th chapter, Shloka No-4 Charaka Chandrika adding some water. When paste is prepared it is Hindi commentary of Agnivesha, edited by transferred to the vessel by adding four times of Cow’s Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Volume 1, ghee of the total weight of the paste. It is mixed well with by adding sixteen parts of water of the total ghee

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Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, 161-163, First edition, Health Harmony B. Jain Reprint 2002, Page No- 189. Publishers,New Delhi 2008, Page No-56

[5] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, [14] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, Sharirasthana 1st chapter, Shloka No-20, 21, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition Charaka Chandrika Hindi commentary of 2005. Page No-23 Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, [15] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, Volume 1, Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition Varanasi, Reprint 2002, Page No- 796. 2005. Page No-33 [6] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, [16] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, Shariarasthana 1st chapter, Shloka No-23, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition Charaka Chandrika Hindi commentary of 2005. Page No-13 Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Volume 1, Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, [17] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Varanasi, Reprint 2002, Page No- 797 Haritakyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, [7] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 150-151. Sharirasthana 1st chapter, Shloka No-149, Charaka Chandrika Hindi commentary of [18] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Agnivesha, edited by Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Guduchyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Volume 1, Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, Reprint 2002, Page No- 835. Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 294.

[8] Acharya Sushruta, 2002. Sushruta Samhita [19] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, commentary of Dalhanacharya Sutrasthana 1st Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition chapter, Shoka No-25/3, edited by Acharya 2005. Page No-34. Yadavji and Trikamji, 7th edition Varanasi, [20] Madanapala Nighantu edited by Vaidya Chaukhamba Orientalia, Page No- Bhagwan Dash, Abhayadi Varga, Shloka No- [9] Acharya Charaka, Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana 74,75, First edition, Health Harmony B. Jain 11th chapter, Shloka No-54, Charaka Chandrika Publishers,New Delhi 2008, Page No-25 Hindi commentary of Agnivesha, edited by [21] Dravyaguna Vinjana Vol-2 by Prof P.V Sharma, Dr.Bramhananda Tripathi, Volume 1, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy Varanasi, Chaukhamha Surabharati Prakashana, Varanasi, Reprint 2001, Page No-34. Reprint 2002, Page No- 248. [22] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, [10] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, Haritakyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2005. Page No-33. Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 161 [11] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, [23] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition Karpuradi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, 2005. Page No-83.. Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, [12] Madanapala Nighantu edited by Vaidya 2006, Page no- 209. Bhagwan Dash, Abhayadi Varga, Shloka No- [24] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, 161-163, First edition, Health Harmony B. Jain Guduchyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Publishers,New Delhi 2008, Page No-56 Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, [13] Madanapala Nighantu edited by Vaidya Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 275. Bhagwan Dash, Abhayadi Varga, Shloka No-

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[25] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Haritakyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 147.

[26] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Karpuradi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 202-203.

[27] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Guduchyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 277.

[28] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Guduchyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 306.

[29] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Haritakyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 164-165.

[30] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Haritakyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 167.

[31] Drvayaguna Sutramala by Dr. JLN Shastry, Chaukhambha orientalia Varanasi,first edition 2005. Page No-74.

[32] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Guduchyadi Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 236.

[33] Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, of Bhavamishra, Ghrita Varga, edited by Dr. Bulusu Sitaram, Volume 1, Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi, 2006, Page no- 537..

[34] Bhaishajya Ratnavali- Vidyotini Hindi Vyakhya, edited by Kaviraaj Sri Ambika Datta Shastri, Chakhambha Sanskrit Sanstana, Varanasi Page No-367.

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