Sir Anthony (Derrick) Parsons
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Suez 1956 24 Planning the Intervention 26 During the Intervention 35 After the Intervention 43 Musketeer Learning 55
Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd i 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East Louise Kettle 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iiiiii 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Louise Kettle, 2018 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/1 3 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 3795 0 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 3797 4 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 3798 1 (epub) The right of Louise Kettle to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 55842_Kettle.indd842_Kettle.indd iivv 006/09/186/09/18 111:371:37 AAMM Contents Acknowledgements vii 1. Learning from History 1 Learning from History in Whitehall 3 Politicians Learning from History 8 Learning from the History of Military Interventions 9 How Do We Learn? 13 What is Learning from History? 15 Who Learns from History? 16 The Learning Process 18 Learning from the History of British Interventions in the Middle East 21 2. -
George Brown Den Britiske Utenrikspolitikkens Dr. Jekyll Og Mr
Linn Sagøy Varmdal Linn Sagøy Varmdal George Brown Den britiske utenrikspolitikkens Dr. Jekyll og Mr. Hyde Et innblikk i George Browns tid som utenriksminister, med fokus på hans diplomatiske innsats i Egypt Masteroppgave George Brown, den britiske politikkens Dr. Jekyll og Mr. Hyde Jekyll og Mr. Dr. politikkens den britiske Brown, George Masteroppgave i Historie Veileder: Tore T. Petersen NTNU Trondheim, juni 2017 Det humanistiske fakultet Det humanistiske Institutt for historiske studier historiske for Institutt Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet teknisk-naturvitenskapelige Norges Forord Veien til en masteroppgave ble litt mer kronglete enn hva jeg først hadde tenkt. Med en bacheloroppgave om allianser i middelalderens Skottland, var det ingen som ble mer overrasket enn meg selv da jeg tok en «fast-forward» 650 år frem i tid og forkastet alle ambisjoner om å bli en middelalderhistoriker. Geografisk er øya den samme og temaet er fortsatt av politisk omfang, men samfunn og holdninger er blitt betydelig endret. Jeg tiltrekkes fortsatt av individets plass i historien og kunne i dag aldri tenkt meg å ikke kunne fått lov til å formidle George Browns forsøk på storhet. Vestens påvirkning i Midtøsten har aldri vært så aktuell som den er i dag, og denne oppgaven har gitt meg en helt annen forståelse for konfliktforholdet som eksisterer i dette området nøyaktig 50 år etter Seksdagerskrigen. Som seg hør og bør er det mange som skal takkes, bukkes og neies for, som har bidratt til at de siste to årene har vært mulig å gjennomføre. Kjære Tore Petersen, du har vært fantastisk tålmodig som veileder. Det finnes mange flotte ordtak om hvordan tålmodighet lønner seg i lengden, men siden vi har hatt flere runder med den faktiske betydningen av ulike metaforer, så velger jeg å frastå bruken av billedspråklige framstillinger denne gang. -
Elizabeth P. Maccallum, the Canadian Department of External Affairs, and the Palestine Mandate to 1947 By
The Outsider: Elizabeth P. MacCallum, the Canadian Department of External Affairs, and the Palestine Mandate to 1947 by Richard Newport A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Carleton University Ottawa, Canada © 2014 Richard Newport i Abstract Elizabeth Pauline MacCallum was Canada’s leading expert on the Middle East in the first part of the twentieth century. From 1925 to 1935, as a research analyst and author for the Foreign Policy Association (FPA), she gained international recognition for her scholarship on the problems and challenges confronting the Middle East and the British Mandate in Palestine, the central ground of dispute between the Arab and Jewish peoples. MacCallum joined Canada’s Department of External Affairs (DEA) in 1942, not as a regional specialist, but as a wartime clerk. Where there had been previously no clear official thinking regarding the Middle East, MacCallum, using a combination of expertise and persistence, slowly gained recognition among her peers for her understanding of the region. The purpose of this thesis is to examine MacCallum’s ideas about the Middle East by investigating the foundation, development, and substance of her ideas about the region. The thesis also identifies the role that she played in the Department of External Affairs and interrogates the manner in which she applied her ideas as a member of the DEA. In particular, this study assesses her part in the making of Canada’s first policy towards the Middle East, which came together in 1947. -
THE FIGHT of BENJAMIN POGRUND These Publications Became Illegal
Volume XXVII No. 5 May, 1972 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOOAnOM OF JiWISH REFUGEES IN GREAT BRITAIN Margot Pottlitzer personally with people who have a con tribution to make, but who lack the time or the inclination to put it down on paper. We are particularly interested in reports REVIEWING OUR PAST from people outside London, as their experiences are bound to be more varied An Important New Venture and often more interesting in view of their closer contacts with their non-refugee In a few months' time it will be forty are compelling reasons for doing it now: environment. y^ars since the National Socialists came to If the history of the emigrants from Ger The history of the Jews from Germany P°*er in Germany. The SOth January, many is to be written at all, it will to a forms an integral part of Jewish history as ^33, will forever mark a turning point in large extent be based on the evidence pro a whole. What we are trying to achieve, oiodern European history. What happened vided by those who were part of it, and will in all probability not be the definite on that day was to aflfect the lives of count they are not getting any younger. The version—we are still too close in time to ess men, women and children and of framework is there: The extemal circum the events for that to be possible. It will, S^nerations yet unborn; to us, above all, it stances, the laws and regulations that however, provide the future historian with jnarked the opening of the last chapter of governed the life of a refugee from the the basic elements for his evaluation of ^^ history of Jews in Germany. -
ASPECTS of SOUTH YEMEN's FOREIGN POLICY L967-L982 by Fred Halliday Department of International History London School of Economic
ASPECTS OF SOUTH YEMEN'S FOREIGN POLICY L967-L982 by Fred Halliday Department of International History London School of Economics and Political Science University of London Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 1985 Thesis Abstract This study analyses the foreign relations of South Yemen (since 1970 the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) from independence in 1967 until 1982. It covers the first four Presidencies of the post- independence period, with their attendant policy changes, and ends with the resolution of two of the more pressing foreign policy conflicts with which South Yemen was concerned, its support for the guerrillas in North Yemen, who were defeated in the spring of 1982, and its conflict with the Sultanate of Oman, with whom diplomatic relations were concluded in October 1982. Chapter One provides an outline of the background to South Yemen's foreign policy: the outcome of the independence movement itself and the resultant foreign policy orientations of the new government; the independence negotiations with Britain; and the manner in which, in the post-independence period, the ruling National Front sought to determine and develop its foreign policy. The remaining four chapters focus upon specific aspects of South Yemen's foreign policy that are, it is argued, of central importance. Chapter Two discusses relations with the West - with Britain, France, West Germany and the USA. It charts the pattern of continued economic ties with western European states, and the several political disputes which South Yemen had with them. Chapter Three discusses the issue of 'Yemeni Unity' - the reasons for the continued commitment to this goal, the policy of simultaneously supporting opposition in North Yemen and negotiating with the government there, and the course of policy on creating a unified Yemeni state. -
Britain and the Development of Professional Security Forces in the Gulf Arab States, 1921-71: Local Forces and Informal Empire
Britain and the Development of Professional Security Forces in the Gulf Arab States, 1921-71: Local Forces and Informal Empire by Ash Rossiter Submitted to the University of Exeter as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Arab and Islamic Studies February 2014 This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Abstract Imperial powers have employed a range of strategies to establish and then maintain control over foreign territories and communities. As deploying military forces from the home country is often costly – not to mention logistically stretching when long distances are involved – many imperial powers have used indigenous forces to extend control or protect influence in overseas territories. This study charts the extent to which Britain employed this method in its informal empire among the small states of Eastern Arabia: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the seven Trucial States (modern day UAE), and Oman before 1971. Resolved in the defence of its imperial lines of communication to India and the protection of mercantile shipping, Britain first organised and enforced a set of maritime truces with the local Arab coastal shaikhs of Eastern Arabia in order to maintain peace on the sea. Throughout the first part of the nineteenth century, the primary concern in the Gulf for the British, operating through the Government of India, was therefore the cessation of piracy and maritime warfare. -
Interview with Parker T. Hart
Library of Congress Interview with Parker T. Hart The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR PARKER T. HART Interviewed by: William R. Crawford Initial interview date: January 27, 1989 Copyright 1998 ADST Q: Peter, what got you into the Foreign Service? HART: While I was nearing the end of my sophomore year in college at Dartmouth, I began to wonder what I was going to major in for my junior and senior years. A Rotary friend of my father—my father was a strong Rotarian in Boston—happened to sit with me at a dinner one evening and he asked me what I was going to do when I got out of college. I said, “I haven't the slightest idea.” He said, “What do you like to do?” I told him I liked to travel. I had had quite a lot of travel due to the generosity of my father and had gone on some rather remarkable trips by that time. So I told him that that's what I would like to do. He said, “Why don't you go into the Foreign Service?” I said, “What is it?” He then told me a little about it and said that he thought there was a booklet on examinations given. So when I got back to Dartmouth, I talked to my student counselor Interview with Parker T. Hart http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000484 Library of Congress and he brought out a copy of an old examination record which they published in those days. -
Far Apart but Close Together
1 Far Apart but Close Together A Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of the Career Structure and Organisational Culture of the Post-War British Diplomatic Service. Michael J. Hughes and Roger H. Platt Abstract A good deal has been written about the organisation and structure of the British diplomatic establishment since 1945. This paper seeks to use detailed quantitative and qualitative data to help develop an understanding of the background and career trajectories of the most senior figures in the Diplomatic Service in 1975. By tracing their careers it is possible to identify more precisely than before the changing educational and social background of these individuals when compared with previous generations of diplomats. The paper also examines certain core features of the culture of the diplomatic establishment during the post-war decades, analysing how it both shaped and was shaped by particular structures and practices. The paper argues that, despite the existence of a peripatetic career structure that dispersed members of the diplomatic establishment around the globe, there were still numerous opportunities for the kinds of personal contact necessary to maintain an integrated culture. 1 2 During the three decades following the end of the War against the Axis powers, British governments faced a complex and evolving set of issues when managing their country’s external relations. Although both the nature and extent of British ‘decline’ has been questioned by historians,1 the unmistakeable shift in global hard power towards the two -
Margaret Thatcher's Falklands Crisis Benjamin F
Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2015 Climbing the Mountain of Conflict: Margaret Thatcher's Falklands Crisis Benjamin F. Waldman Claremont McKenna College Recommended Citation Waldman, Benjamin F., "Climbing the Mountain of Conflict: Margaret Thatcher's Falklands Crisis" (2015). CMC Senior Theses. Paper 1112. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1112 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CLAREMONT MCKENNA COLLEGE ‘CLIMBING THE MOUNTAIN OF CONFLICT’ MARGARET THATCHER’S FALKLANDS CRISIS SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR LILY GEISMER AND PROFESSOR ILAI SALTZMAN AND DEAN NICHOLAS WARNER BY BENJAMIN FINE WALDMAN FOR SENIOR THESIS FALL 2014 & SPRING 2015 APRIL 27, 2015 This page intentionally left blank. 2 Acknowledgements This project required the help of more people than I can thank here, especially those friends forced to sit through countless white board lessons on the Royal Navy’s fleet of jump jets or the various intricacies of British politics, which seem to fascinate only me. Professor Ilai Saltzman provided terrific help as a reader, ensuring I answered an actual question in my thesis. Naturally, I am inclined to compose a work entirely of interesting but loosely connected anecdotes, and he was instrumental in guiding me towards something more significant. Professor Lily Geismer deserves acknowledgement far beyond her incredibly helpful work as an adviser for this project. She has been the most significant academic influence on me in my four years of college. Any competency I’ve achieved as a writer, I owe to her years of dedicated teaching. -
Harold Macmillan and the Middle East Crisis of 1958
Proceedings of the British Academy, 94, 207–228 ELIE KEDOURIE MEMORIAL LECTURE Harold Macmillan and the Middle East Crisis of 1958 WILLIAM ROGER LOUIS University of Texas Fellow of the Academy ELIE KEDOURIE’S ANALYSIS of Britain and the Middle East was always based on meticulous and detailed research. But the distinction of his work lay in his critical and sustained examination of assumptions and calculations, and in his belief that British ministers and officials must be held accountable for their decisions. He was fully aware that the evidence could be read in different ways. Elie Kedourie’s own assump- tion was that nothing was inevitable. My lecture this afternoon draws inspiration from his idea that the British in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis had choices, and that the consequences of initial decisions would be determined in part by further choices or decisions. In this process individuals and individual style played a major part. In the case of Harold Macmillan it is possible to view his ideas in 1956 as an alternative to those pursued by Anthony Eden, the Prime Minister, and to study the way in which Macmillan attempted in 1958 not to repeatEden’smistakes.MycommentsarebasedinpartontheMac- millan Diaries, which are not yet in the public domain though they along with Macmillan’s other papers have been deposited in the Bod- leian.1 I should also at the outset mention that I had an ulterior motive Read at the Academy 22 October 1996. q The British Academy 1997. 1 I am indebted to Alistair Horne for allowing me to read the copies of the Macmillan Diaries in his possession. -
GRAY, Sir John Walton David, KBE
BDOHP Biographical Details and Interview Index Sir John Walton David GRAY KBE 1995; CMG 1986. Born 1 October 1936. Married 1957, Anthoula Yerasimou. Educated at Blundell's School and Christ's College, Cambridge. National Service, 1954-56. Career (with, on right, relevant pages in interview) Entered Foreign Office 1962 pp 2-3 Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies 1962 pp 3-5 Bahrain 1964 p 5 FO (Defence Dept., then Egypt Desk) 1967 pp 5-7 UK Mission to UN, Geneva 1970 pp 7-9 (See pp 8-9 on CSCE) Sofia 1974 pp 9-14 Counsellor (Commercial) 1978; then Counsellor and Head of Chancery 1980, Jeddah pp 14-23 Head of Maritime, Aviation and Environment Dept 1982 pp 23-28 Ambassador to Beirut 1985 pp 28-36 Ambassador and UK Permanent Rep. to OECD, Paris 1988 pp 36-41 Ambassador to Brussels 1992-6 pp 42-47 (pp 44-46 includes general reflections) 1 Interview with Sir John Gray by Malcolm McBain on 29th October, 2001. McB I see that you were educated at Blundell’s School, went on to Christ’s College, Cambridge, and then went to do National Service from l954 - 56. Some time later, in 1962, you joined the Foreign Service, so would you tell me first of all about your National Service and then, secondly, how you came to join the Foreign Service. JG I actually did National Service immediately after school, l954 - 56. And then I went to University and stayed there for six years, doing research until l962, when I joined the Diplomatic Service. -
Palestine: How Bad, & Good, Was British Rule?
Palestine: How Bad, & Good, Was British Rule? Avishai Margalit, NYReview of Books, Feb. 7, 2013 Out of Palestine: The Making of Modern Israel by Hadara Lazar Atlas & Co., 290 pp., $25.95 The British rule over Palestine lasted roughly thirty years, from 1917 until 1948. In a country that has three thousand years of recorded history, thirty years is a tiny fraction. If we conceive of three thousand years on a scale of one day, the period of British rule takes barely eight minutes. In comparison, Turkish Ottoman rule over Palestine, which lasted four hundred years, takes an hour and forty minutes. Yet the influence of these thirty years was deep and wide-ranging.1 Under British rule, Palestine became a political unit, not a marginal province of something else. The British made Jerusalem the capital city of Palestine; they introduced the idea of professional civil service, and they encouraged a lively civil society; they built roads and airfields, and provided sound legal institutions and reliable police. The legal frame for British rule was based on a mandate conferred on Britain by the League of Nations. It was meant to be a transitory trusteeship so as to prepare the country to be a “national home for the Jews,” without “impairing the civil and religious rights of the indigenous Arab people.” This contradictory task is at the heart of the story of the British Mandate. It is this mandate of the League of Nations that makes us call the political and military rule of the British over Palestine “The Mandate.” And it’s the Mandate that revived the old term “Palestine” (already used by Herodotus in his writings) to describe the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea.