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What to Do with the Jews? Post-World War Ii Jewish Refugees and the Creation of Israel in U.S

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What to Do with the Jews? Post-World War Ii Jewish Refugees and the Creation of Israel in U.S WHAT TO DO WITH THE JEWS? POST-WORLD WAR II JEWISH REFUGEES AND THE CREATION OF ISRAEL IN U.S. AND SOVIET POLICIES 1945-1949 by Sarah Jean Gavison B.A., Université Paris X – Nanterre, 2002 M.A., Université Paris X – Nanterre, 2003 M.A., Institut d’Etudes Politiques de Paris – Sciences-Po, 2005 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado Boulder in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History 2019 This thesis entitled: What to Do with the Jews? Post-World War II Jewish Refugees and the Creation of Israel in U.S. and Soviet Policies, 1945-1949 written by Sarah Jean Gavison has been approved for the Department of History Dr. Thomas Zeiler (chair) Dr. David Shneer (co-chair) Date: The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. ii ABSTRACT Gavison, Sarah Jean (Ph.D. History) What to Do with the Jews? Post-World War II Jewish Refugees and the Creation of Israel in U.S. and Soviet Policies, 1945-1949 Thesis directed by Dr. Thomas Zeiler and Dr. David Shneer This project started as a diplomatic study comparing U.S. and Soviet policies on the creation of Israel in the context of the early Cold War. Supporting the creation of a Jewish state and thus alienating the Arab-Muslim world at the onset of their struggle for influence seemed counterintuitive. This approach led my research to shift the focus toward post-World War II Europe and the question of Jewish refugees. Indeed, at the onset of the Cold War, Europe was the main battlefield for both superpowers, and therefore their goals in Europe were a major factor in all foreign policy decision-making. The Soviet Union needed to control Poland to relieve its insecurity vis-à-vis German revanchism and the West. In parallel the U.S. sought to rebuild Germany as a stronghold against Soviet influence on Western Europe. Yet, Jewish refugees were an extraterritorial entity whose presence became a liability for both superpowers’ goals in Europe, as Polish and German peoples nurtured a strong post-Holocaust antisemitism and associated the Jewish refugees with occupation authorities. This dissertation argues that solving the problem of the Jewish refugees in order to uphold their Cold War policy in Europe was the driving force behind the superpowers’ support for Jewish emigration from Europe to British Mandate Palestine, and eventually for the creation iii of a Jewish state. It would represent an outlet for Jews to leave Europe, and therefore remove the problem of antisemitism without repressing the populations they sought to control. In parallel, this work also reassesses the role that Jewish refugees in Europe played in the framing of U.S. and Soviet policies, toward both Europe and Palestine, and therefore how they regained agency and control of their own fate. The Cold War context indirectly gave them more influence than their number and the scale of the problem they represented might have allowed otherwise. Jews’ homelessness, stranded among antisemitic populations, interfered with U.S. and Soviet goals for Europe, reinforced their sense of a common Jewish identity, and developed their Zionist activism. In this context, the Jewish refugees became the bridge between U.S. and Soviet policies in Europe and in Palestine. Keywords: Jewish refugees, displaced persons, Holocaust, U.S.-Soviet relations, Cold War, antisemitism, British Palestine, creation of Israel, immigration, Zionism, Poland, Germany. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My gratitude goes first to my wonderful advisors Dr. Tom Zeiler and Dr. David Shneer. No matter where I was in the world, their unwavering support through all my research dead ends and personal set backs brought me back on my feet more than once. They believed in me and in this work sometimes more than I did, and though I am the author of this dissertation, they are without a doubt its midwifes. Their attentive and patient editing and proofreading improved it considerably, and their reactivity despite delays on my end has always been flawless. This dissertation required a lot of travel and a long writing period. I want to thank in particular the people and institutions which supported me through my research and writing. The Dissertation Year Fellowship from the Harry S. Truman Library Institute (2017- 2018) and the Dissertation Completion Fellowship from the Graduate School of the University of Colorado Boulder (2018) allowed me to focus exclusively on writing my dissertation. The Rabbi Daniel and Ida Goldberger Fellowship for Jewish Studies (2012), the Barry and Sue Baer Graduate Fellowship (2016), the Summer Research fellowships from the Departments of History (2014, 2015, 2016) and the Global Initiatives Scholarship from the Department of Jewish Studies (2016) funded most of my research travels. In the nomadism that my research (and personality?) involved during the past few years, I am particularly grateful to Dr. Scott Ury, who gave me an invaluable sense of academic home and community by welcoming me at the Stephen Roth Institute for the Study of Antisemitism and Racism, Tel Aviv University, during the whole academic year 2017-2018. I also want to thank the International Forum of Young Scholars on East-European Jewry, especially Jonathan Dekel-Chen, Semion Goldin, Israel Bartal and Zvi Gitelman, for helping me feel comfortable in the Jewish history subfield. Our work in Prague (2017) gave me the confidence I needed to embrace a topic overlapping Jewish history with my more familiar diplomatic lens, and shift from research to writing. The Summer Institute on Conducting Archival Research (2014) had already gotten me started on this dissertation. I want to express a special thanks to my colleague and friend Nick Underwood, who patiently read, commented on, and supported the evolving versions of my research project. With Pete Veru, Jennifer Cullison, Dror Segev, Yarden Avital, Karen Lloyd D’onofrio, Abby Lagemann, Tolan Hoffman, Ted Rogers, Sierra Standish, and many others, we have been a motivating community of Ph.D. candidates and researchers, supporting each other and enjoying late night conversations on every possible topic, our respective dissertations and many others. In this nomadism that my research and personal life implied during the past few years, many friends and family members gave me a sense of home: Zeev Glozman, Juliet Gavison, Sophie Chauveau, Serge Salfati, Ian Wamhoff, Cécile Givelet, and Ludovic Bariteau, Tim and Wendy Stokes, Yael Koenig, Amir Katz, and Jennifer Cullison. They welcomed me with my furry companion, and put up with my intellectual doubts and emotions. Finally, Phil Weinstock has been a close witness of these years. His life, my work, and our love were not always compatible. But he always supported me and he is, as I write these lines, the only person apart from my committee members who read and commented on this work. To our post-dissertation life together! v TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Prologue — The International Context: From World War II Grand Alliance to Cold War Confrontation ..................................................................................................................... 14 The diplomatic shift from World War to Cold War ................................................................................ 14 U.S. and Soviet interests in the construction of the postwar order: the crystallization of tensions around the questions of Poland and Germany ..................................................................................................... 18 The emergence of the “non-repatriable” displaced persons .................................................................... 28 The specific case of the Jewish displaced persons .................................................................................. 43 Significance of the Middle East in U.S. and Soviet foreign policies ...................................................... 49 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 56 Chapter 1 — Jewish Refugees in Soviet and American Policies ......................................................... 58 Soviet perception of the “Jewish question”: the case of Poland ............................................................. 59 Displacement of the Jewish problem westward: U.S. policy toward Jewish refugees ........................... 85 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 107 Chapter 2 — The Jewish Refugees: A Bridge Between U.S. and Soviet Policies in Europe and Palestine .......................................................................................................................... 109 Jewish voices from the D.P. camps and from the illegal roads to Palestine ......................................... 110 Effects of Jewish refugees’ and Zionist organizations’ activism on U.S. policy .................................. 123 Zionist activism’s diplomatic approach toward the Soviet Union ........................................................ 139 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................
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