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Dr. Mrs Prezi's Ph.D Preliminary Pages i UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES STRATEGIES OF IGBO ADDRESS SYSTEM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF GREETINGS AND RHETORIC A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN LINGUISTICS BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA BY PREZI, GRACE ONYEMAECHI PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 FEBRUARY, 2014 ii STRATEGIES OF IGBO ADDRESS SYSTEM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF GREETINGS AND RHETORIC BY PREZI, GRACE ONYEMAECHI PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN LINGUISTICS BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FEBRUARY 2014 iii APPROVAL This thesis has been approved for the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages , University of Nigeria, Nsukka BY Prof. C. I. Ikekeonwu Dr. C. U. Agbedo Supervisor Supervisor Internal Examiner External Examiner Prof. C. N. Okebalama Prof. Uchenna Anyanwu Head of Department Dean, Faculty of Arts iv CERTIFICATION Prezi, Grace Onyemaechi, a post graduate student in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and other Nigerian languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka with Registration Number PG/ M.A/Ph.D/05/39719, has satisfactorily completed the requirements necessary for the award of degree of Ph.D in Linguistics. The work embodied in the thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any diploma or degree of this or any other University. Prezi, Grace Onyemaechi Dr. C. U. Agbedo PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 Supervisor Candidate Prof. C. I. Ikekeonwu Supervisor v DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to the Almighty God for his goodness and mercies in my life and academics. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere gratitude goes to the Almighty God through whose grace, this research work became successful. My heavenly father, I say thank you. My profound gratitude goes to my mentos who are equally my supervisors, Prof. C. I . Ikekeqnwx and Dr. C. U. Agbedq. They were always by my side to supervise my work, advice, guide and direct me. May the Almighty God continue to protect and bless you so that the lives of other people will be illuminated as you illuminated my own life. I am also grateful to my academic fathers, Prof. C. N. Okebalama, Prof. I. U. Nwadike, Prof. Qnxkawa , Mr. B. N. Anasiudu, Dr. B. M. Mbah, Dr. S. E. Ikeokwu, Dr. S. O. Babarinde and my academic mothers Prof. G. I. Nwaozuzu, Prof. R. I. Okorji, Mrs. M. Onyejekwe and Dr. (Mrs) E. E. Mbah. I appreciate you people for giving birth to me and for your fatherly and motherly advice. May God reward you abundantly. My gratitude equally goes to Prof. S. Rumukoro, Prof. Ogude and Dr. (Mrs.) Afesimama for their words of advice and encouragements. Thanks and may God continue to bless you. I also thank Dr. (Mrs.) C.N. Ugwuonah, Dr. (Mrs.) E. A. Eze, Mr. J. O. Onu, Mr. Chuma Okeke, Mrs. Akaeze, Dr. (Mrs.) M. I. Nweze, Dr. (Mrs.) Iloene, Mr. Ahamefula, Mrs. Chuma, Mrs Benita and Mrs. Ogechukwu for their words of encouragements and help whenever there was need. Thanks and remain blessed. My immense gratitude also extends my research assistants: Mr. Fidelis Offor Onuzulike, Mr. Ogidi Onyeka, Mr. Henry Agu, Mr. Levi Ogbu, Miss Loise, Miss. Chinyere Kal x and Miss Ifeyinwa. May God also connect you people to your Divine helpers. I also thank the people that agreed to supply me with the data for this work. May God bless you abundantly. I am grateful to Mr. and Mrs. C. Ojobor for their expertise typing and production of this work. May God continue to bless you and your family. vii My Profound gratitude goes to my darling husband, Sir G. T. Prezi for his understanding, words of encouragement, prayers and financial support throughout the period of the programme. May God Almighty continue to shower his blessings upon you. I also thank my lovely mother, Mrs. Priscilla Omeje and my brothers, Godson Omeje and Augustine Omeje for their prayers, advice, encouragements and financial support. Thanks and may our heavenly father continue to protect and bless you. I equally appreciate my sisters, Mrs. E. N. Okonta, Mrs. E. N. Omeke, Mrs. J. O. Apollos, Miss A. I. Omeje and Miss M. C. Omeje for their continuous prayers and encouragements. May God visit you all at your various points of need. Prezi, Grace Onyemaechi viii Abstract The main thrust of this thesis is to account for the strategies of Igbo address system with reference to greetings and rhetoric through a sociolinguistic study. Native speakers who were selected Ɛ through cluster random sampling from seven Igbo speaking areas (Iòs)u¤ikwu ¤a¤tq , E¤ziagx,@ òhx @gbo $, Ɛ òrq-X@@lq ò, Qmx @ma ò, Xbx ¤lx $-U@¤kwu and Iòkwe @re ) were interviewed and observed on their use of greetings and rhetoric in Igbo for the collection of data. Data from secondary sources like textbooks, journals and internet were also used. In describing greetings and rhetoric in Igbo, the researcher adopted Hymes’ theory of ethnography of speaking. The investigation reveals that there are such forms of Igbo address system like appreciative, informative, persuasive and entertaining. The impromptu, extemporaneous, manuscript and memorized modes constitute the modes of address in Igbo. The research further portrays that setting (place and time), participants, purpose of speech/writing and norms of interaction are factors that govern the choice of mode of address, greetings and rhetorical devices in Igbo. The work shows such sociolinguistic significance of address system in Igbo as being a source of information, entertainment, conviction, appreciation, advice and a means of warning. It also identifies the different types of verbal (daily greetings, work-time greetings, greetings for appreciation, consolation etc.) and non- verbal (handshake, hugging, smiling, raising of eyebrows and waving) greetings in Igbo. Igbo rhetorical strategies like description, narration, explanation and persuasion are identified in the work. Igbo rhetoricians are observed to use such rhetorical devices as ‘schemes’ (repetition, diacope, epizeuxis, assonance, consonance etc.) and ‘tropes’ (simile, metaphor, personification, onomatopoeia, hyperbole and rhetorical question). The study equally reveals that the sociolinguistic significance of greetings in Igbo are greetings as mark of respect, conversation opener and closure, tools for establishing and re-inforcing inter-personal and group relationships and greetings as means of solidarity while rhetoric as a tool for persuasion and conviction, embellishment of speech or writing, judgment and expressing the moral and ethics of Igbo society form its sociolinguistic significance. This study recommends that in order to make our address successful in communicative acts, such factors as setting, participants, purpose of speech and norms of interaction should be considered. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Approval page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Abstract vi Table of contents CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the study 3 1.2 Statement of the problem 5 1.3 Purpose of the study 6 1.4 Research questions 7 1.5 Scope of the study 7 1.6 Significance of the study 8 1.7Choice of theoretical framework 10 1.8 Limitations of the study 15 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 16 2.1 Theoretical studies 16 2.1.1 Sociolinguistics investigation 16 2. 1. 2 Speech as a social interaction 21 2.1.3 Interactional factors in speech 26 2.1.4 Norms governing speech 27 x 2.1.5 Communication 28 2.1.6 Linguistic competence and communicative competence 29 2.1.7 Relevance theory 35 2.1.8 Face theory 36 2.1.9 Address system and public speaking 41 2.2 Greetings 48 2.3 Terms of address 51 2.4 Rhetoric 55 2.5 Empirical studies 65 2.5.1 Greetings 65 2.5.2 Rhetoric 76 2.6 Summary 81 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Research methodology 84 3.1. 0 Area of study 84 3.1.1 Area of Study/ Discipline 84 3.1.2 Geographical Area of Study 84 3.2 Research design 86 3.3 Study population 86 3.4 Sampling procedure 87 3.5 Instrumentation 88 3.5.1 Observation 88 3.5.2 Interview 88 3.6 Validation of instruments 88 3.7 Reliability of instruments 89 xi 3.8 Data collection 89 3.8.1 Nature and method of data collection 89 3.8.2 Methodological problems 90 3.8.3 Method of data analysis 93 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Data presentation and analysis 95 4.1 Address system in Igbo 95 4.2 Forms of Igbo address system 96 4.2.1 Appreciative address 96 4.2.2 Informative address 98 4.2.3 Persuasive address 99 4.2.4 Entertaining address 101 4.3 Modes of Igbo address system 102 4.3.1 Impromptu mode of address 103 4.3.2 Extemporaneous mode 106 4.3.3 Manuscript mode 107 4.3.4 Memorized mode 108 4.4 Factors that govern the choice of the mode of address in Igbo 109 4.4.1 Setting 109 4.4.2 Participants 110 4.4.3 Purpose of the address 111 4.4.4 Topic of the address 111 4.5 Sociolinguistic significance of address system in Igbo 112 4.5.1 Address as a source of information 112 4.5.2 Entertainment significance of Igbo address 114 xii 4.5.3 Address as a means of conviction 114 4.5.4 Appreciation role of address in Igbo 115 4.5.5 Address as a source of advice 117 4.5.6 Address as a means of warning 118 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Greetings and rhetoric as strategies of address system in Igbo 120 5.1 Introducing greetings in Igbo 120 5.2 Types of Igbo greetings 121 5.2.1 Verbal greetings 121 5.2.1.1 Daily greetings 122 5.2.1.1.1 Morning greetings 122 5.2.1.1.2 Afternoon greetings 123 5.2.1.1.3 Evening/night greetings 123 5.2.1.2
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