DOCSLIB.ORG

Contrastive Analysis of English and Ijọ Segmentals and Suprasegmentals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Contrastive Analysis of English and Ijọ Segmentals and Suprasegmentals i CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND IJỌ SEGMENTALS AND SUPRASEGMENTALS BY IWOLO, IZUONGERE PG/MA/09/51183 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS, IGBO AND OTHER NIGERIAN LANGUAGES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, SEPTEMBER, 2014 ii TITLE PAGE CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH AND IJỌ SEGMENTALS AND SUPRASEGMENTALS by IWOLO, IZUONGERE PG/MA/09/51183 A Dissertation Submitted in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Masters of Arts Degree in Linguistics September, 2014 iii APPROVAL PAGE IWOLO, IZUONGERE PG/MA/09/51183, a postgraduate student in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts (M.A.) in Linguistics. This dissertation is original and has not been submitted in any form for any degree in this University or any other University. …………………………………… …………………………………… MR. B. N. ANASIUDU Date (Supervisor) ……………………………... ………………………………... PROF. C. N. OKEBALAMA Date (Head of Department) ……………………………. ………………………………. (External Examiner) Date iv CERTIFICATION PAGE This is to certify that Iwolo Izuongere, a post graduate student of the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and other Nigerian Languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka with registration number PG/MA/0951183 has satisfactorily completed the requirements for the research work for the award of masters degree in Linguistics (Applied Linguistics). This project work is original and has not been submitted in part or in full for any degree of this or any other institution. ----------------------------- ------------------------------- MR. B. N. ANASIUDU IWOLO IZUONGERE (SUPERVISOR) STUDENT v DEDICATION To God Almighty vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My unalloyed gratitude goes to Mr. B. N. Anasiudu, my kind-hearted supervisor, who not only supervised the work but encouraged me with fatherly love and care; he is indeed my academic father. I am unreservedly and deeply indebted to my father, Barr. Ibeni Iwolo for his encouragement and unconditional financial support in my academic pursuit. I also thank my mother for her fervent payers and moral support to me. I owe my beloved husband an immeasurable gratitude for his care and understanding throughout the period of this study. Prof. and Mrs. C.N. Okebalama also deserve my commendation. I thank the following lecturers of mine for their academic inspiration: Dr. B.M. Mbah, Prof. R.I. Okorji, Dr. C.U. Agbedo, Dr. (Mrs) E.E. Mbah and Dr. (Mrs.) J. O. Uguru. My colleagues: Monday, Benita, Chinwe, Aloy, Ndubuisi, David, Juliet, Tochi and Chinenye deserve commendation. My step-mother, Mrs. Manna Iwolo is also thanked for her encouragement. I want to say a big thank you to my brothers and sisters: Ebinimi, Josephine, Gloria, Ifieyemi and Tarila, God bless you all! vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Approval page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgments v Table of contents vi Abstract viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background to the Study 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 2 1.3 Research Questions 3 1.4 Purpose of the Study 4 1.5 Significance of the Study 4 1.6 Scope of the Study 4 1.7 Limitation of the Study 5 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Studies 6 2.2 Empirical Studies 17 2.3 Summary 21 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 3.1 Area of Study 23 3.2 Research Population 24 3.3 Method of Data Analysis 24 viii CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Presentation of Data 26 4.1.1 English and Ijọ Segmental Phonemes 26 4.1.1.1 English and Ijọ Consonantal Phonemes 26 4.1.1.1.1 English Consonants 27 4.1.1.1.2 Ijọ Consonants 28 4.1.1.2 English and Ijọ Vocalic Phonemes 29 4.1.1.2.1 English Vocalic Phonemes 32 4.1.1.2.2 Ijọ Vocalic Phonemes 33 4.1.2 English and Ijọ Suprasegmental Features 33 4.1.2.1 English Stress and Intonation 34 4.1.2.1.1 Stress 34 4.1.2.1.2 Intonation 35 4.1.2.2 Ijọ Tone 36 4.2 Comparison 38 4.2.1 Analysis of Differences and Similarities between English and Ijọ Consonants 38 4.2.2 Analysis of Differences and Similarities between English and Ijọ Vowels 40 4.2.3 Analysis of Differences and Similarities between English and Ijọ Suprasegmentals 42 CHAPTER FIVE: FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Findings 46 5.2 Conclusion 51 5.3 Recommendation 51 References 53 ix Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the differences and similarities between English and Ijọ segmental phonemes and suprasegmental feature. The study uses contrastive analysis (CA) as its theoretical framework. CA is a good tool to find out difficulties which second language learners may encounter such that predictions are made. The use of this framework is, therefore, borne out of the fact that it facilitates second-language (L2) learning in that the features of learners’ first language (L1) and L2 are succinctly contrasted for a pedagogic purpose. Differences abound between English and Ijọ segmental phonemes and suprasegmental features. These differences notwithstanding, there are a few similarities between their phonemes. It is revealed that such differences are found more between the vocalic phonemes of the two languages than their consonantal phonemes; and their suprasegmental features are totally different from each other. Owing to these differences, it is predicted that Ijọ learners of English find it difficult to learn English phonemes, stress and intonation. However, these learners find it easy to learn areas where there are phonemic similarities between their L1 and the target language. 1 Chapter One 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background to the Study Language is as old as man, and it is inevitable because it is the means through which humans communicate, translate, and transmit ideas into reality. And as such the history of language can be traced as far back as the creation of man on earth. Finnegan (2008:11) opines, “A good many people in all parts of the world share a belief that the origin of language can be traced to the Garden of Eden”. Different scholars have different views on the origin of language. People have different ways of explaining why languages change or differ from one author. The Old Testament relates that before the tower of Babel all men and women spoke the same language and could understand one another. Eventually, human pride provoked God into confounding their communication with mutually unintelligible languages. However, language differences among people can be seen as a penalty for sinful behaviour. Language differences can also be traced to the intermingling of people with different linguistic backgrounds in a particular location. But linguists believe the reason for numerous languages in the world is the natural change over time, the inevitable product of reshaping speech to meet changing social and intellectual needs, reflecting contact with people speaking other languages. When groups move to new places and mix with speakers of different languages, there is an influence because their languages must adapt to new circumstances. The people will be forced to learn each other’s language to achieve a purpose. Such is so glaring in Nigeria when the colonial masters came into the country and introduced English, which is used as an official language today. Pidgin English is as a result of people moving from one place to the other to meet changing social and intellectual needs. It is amazing that, with influences of 2 languages on each other, there are changes which occur. Naturally, there are differences and similarities between languages. The differences are always more than the similarities, but all languages are complete irrespective of the differences. They all perform the same purpose which is communication. Anagbogu, Mbah and Eme (2010:26) ask a question: Does the language of a particular people perform the function they want it to perform? If it does, then it is complete. It is true that when a language performs the purpose which its speakers intend, such a language is complete; no language in the world is seen as superior to the other. It is on this basis that we want to do a contrastive analysis of English and Izon segmentals and supra-segmentals. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The English language was introduced into Nigeria by early European traders, who first visited the country in the 16th century. However, Spencer (1971:79) avers that it is difficult to lay hold on evidence available to picture in any form the nature of African- European contact in a linguistic point of view, but it is clear that it is from the mercantile period that pidgin of West Africa came into existence. In order to trade and later to administer and to teach Nigerians the Christian religion, these early Europeans, specifically the British, literally forced Nigerians to learn the English language. However, the English language has been in Nigeria for decades now but it still poses problems to the ordinary man in Nigeria. Few among millions of Nigerians can speak English fluently. Even with difficulties of the language, Bamgbose (1971:65) opines that it is still the language of government, business, commerce, education, mass media, literature and for internal and external communications. Thus, the language is indispensable to the country. Ijo is a large language group spoken in Rivers state, Bayelsa state, Delta state, Edo state and Ondo state. It is divided into East Ijo and West Ijo. East Ijo comprises Nkoro, 3 Kalabari, Okrika and Ibani all spoken in Rivers state; and Nembe-Akassa spoken in Bayelsa state. Conversely, West Ijo is divided into inland Ijo, on the one hand, and Izon on the other.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Ịzọn Language and Culture 127–143
    Academic Journal of Modern God’spower Tamaraukuro Prezi Philology Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria University of Malta, Msida, Malta e-ISSN 2353-3218 ISSN 2299-7164 Vol. 6 (2017) Introduction to Ịzọn Language and Culture 127–143 Abstract This paper aims to introduceỊzọn to the world audience. We note the status of Ịzọn as a “main” language, the geographical location of the Ịzọn people in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, the occupations of the Ịzọn, the consonants, vowels, vowel harmony and nasalized vowels in Ịzọn. We observe that in Ịzọn a vowel becomes nasalized when it occurs in the environment of a nasal; that a high tone marked (´), and a low tone marked (`) perform both lexical and grammatical functions in Ịzọn; that Ịzọn has S-O-V word order; that each word category is written separately; that the negative gha is marked on the verb; and that borrowed words, names of places and languages are nativised. We throw some light on the Ịzọn numerical system, namely: the traditional cardinal numbers such as óyí (10), sí (20), andẹ/ọndẹ́ ́ (400) and andẹrịmandẹ́ /ọndẹ́ rịmọndẹ́ ́ (160,000); the modern standardized numbers such as 100 ọdọzọ́ ,́ 1000 ọgịzị́ ,́ 1,000,000 ịpámụ ́ and 1,000,000,000,000 ẹndẹrị́ ́ and the ordinal numbers, bụlọụ 1st and mamụ karamọ 2nd. Next we look at the kinship, persons, religious, colour, body parts, cooking, occupational and other terminology in the lexicon of Ịzọn. Finally we observe some salient aspects of Ịzọn culture such as their dressing, religion, food, festivals, dances, traditions, and customs.
    [Show full text]
  • Jonathan to Aliyu: You're a Pathetic Fellow Who Lies to Remain Relevant
    NCAA Approves Commercial Flight Operations at Bayelsa Airport It's a dream come true, says Governor Diri Chinedu Eze on Saturday to commence House, Yenagoa, after a for daytime flight operations. to the visit had certified that Musa said the agency had commercial flight operations. NCAA team had completed The governor's Chief Press out of 29 gaps, the airport to limit flight operations to After months of expectation, NCAA Director-general, Dr. the mandatory inspection of Secretary, Mr. Daniel Alabrah, was able to close 26. He noted daytime, as the runway lights the Bayelsa State Government- Nuhu Musa, presented the the airport and its facilities. quoted the NCAA DG as that other requirements were were still being installed, owned airport finally received regulatory body's approval Musa said the airport met saying the approval was sequel non-safety related and work stating that once completed, the nod of the Nigerian Civil letter to an elated Governor all airspace standards and was to the report of the agency’s was already in progress to Aviation Authority (NCAA) Douye Diri at Government one hundred per cent ready inspection team, which prior achieve night flight operations. Continued on page 10 1,081,548 Nigerians Receive Astrazeneca Vaccine Jabs… Page 8 Sunday 18 April, 2021 Vol 26. No 9506 www.thisdaylive.com T N400 RU N TH & REASO Akpabio: NDDC Forensic Audit Ends July Okon Bassey in Uyo Minister of Niger Delta Affairs, Senator Godswill Akpabio, has set July ending 2021 as deadline for conclusion LONELY QUEEN ELIZABETH... of the forensic
    [Show full text]
  • Language Education and Development: a Case Study of Izon Language
    LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF IZON LANGUAGE BARRY BRALADE FIEMOTONGHA Izon Department, College of Education, Warri. And BULOUNEMUGHA FAITH OGBOR Department of General Studies, Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu. Abstract Language is a potent tool which identifies a people. Its importance in society for the transmission of culture and attainment of literacy cannot be overemphasized. Meaningful education is achieved through the instrument of language. It is on this note that the language policy was formulated. In the policy, while some Nigerian languages occupy prominent position which places them on the category of major languages, others are marginalized, fraught with the minority- Syndrome status. The Izon language, based on this policy, has suffered serious retardation. This paper is keyed toward examining the Izon language, its status in the language policy, and the problems confronting its growth and development. Recommendations to improve the situation are also proffered in this study. The concept of education is of paramount importance to the development of any nation. Without education, no doubt, the society will be marked with protuberance of illiteracy, ignorance and superstition. If this be the case, what parameter or yardstick can be used in achieving this concept imbued with the capability of transforming the individual in particular, and the society in general? The answer is not hard to reach. Language, of course, is the yardstick. If this be the case, what effort has government put in place to use language as a vehicle to achieve education? The Federal Government of Nigeria, by virtue of the National Policy on Education, stipulated that the mother tongue or the language of the immediate environment be used as a medium of instruction throughout the pre-primary and the first three years of the primary education.
    [Show full text]
  • Boy-Wives and Female Husbands
    Boy-Wives and Female Husbands Item Type Book Authors Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will DOI 10.1353/book.83859 Publisher SUNY Press Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 24/09/2021 02:52:38 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://www.sunypress.edu/p-7129-boy-wives-and-female- husbands.aspx Boy-Wives and Female Husbands Boy-Wives and Female Husbands STUDIES IN AFRICAN HOMOSEXUALITIES Edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe With a New Foreword by Mark Epprecht Cover image: The Shaman, photographed by Yannis Davy Guibinga. © Yannis Davy Guibinga. Subject: Toshiro Kam. Styling: Tinashe Musara. Makeup: Jess Cohen. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Murray Hong Family Trust. Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 1998 Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe Printed in the United States of America The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution— Non-Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0), available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Roscoe, Will, editor. | Murray, Stephen O., editor. | Epprecht, Marc, editor. Title: Boy-wives and female husbands : studies in African homosexualities / [edited by] Will Roscoe, Stephen O. Murray, Marc Epprecht. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020034064 | ISBN 9781438484099 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438484112 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Homosexuality—Africa—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Mrs Prezi's Ph.D Preliminary Pages
    i UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES STRATEGIES OF IGBO ADDRESS SYSTEM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF GREETINGS AND RHETORIC A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN LINGUISTICS BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA BY PREZI, GRACE ONYEMAECHI PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 FEBRUARY, 2014 ii STRATEGIES OF IGBO ADDRESS SYSTEM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF GREETINGS AND RHETORIC BY PREZI, GRACE ONYEMAECHI PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN LINGUISTICS BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FEBRUARY 2014 iii APPROVAL This thesis has been approved for the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages , University of Nigeria, Nsukka BY Prof. C. I. Ikekeonwu Dr. C. U. Agbedo Supervisor Supervisor Internal Examiner External Examiner Prof. C. N. Okebalama Prof. Uchenna Anyanwu Head of Department Dean, Faculty of Arts iv CERTIFICATION Prezi, Grace Onyemaechi, a post graduate student in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and other Nigerian languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka with Registration Number PG/ M.A/Ph.D/05/39719, has satisfactorily completed the requirements necessary for the award of degree of Ph.D in Linguistics. The work embodied in the thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any diploma or degree of this or any other University.
    [Show full text]
  • Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full Version
    Kunapipi Volume 25 Issue 2 Article 1 2003 Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full version Anne Collett University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Collett, Anne, Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full version, Kunapipi, 25(2), 2003. Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol25/iss2/1 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full version Abstract Full text of issue. This full issue is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol25/iss2/1 KUNAPIPI Journal of Post-Colonial Writing i, the M in ister m. any purpose that and welfare of ires out of t.:ne revenue moneys o th e band itute Indl an af of the band, to pj ¡vid e for i of the band jand to provide for! :nt In su ra n ce ftct or. behal f cf e* th e ir «rr.ploymfent out c f moneys \ R ke expend it Vi res out of the revenue moneys, of a band jRade pursuant tc paragraph 81 •, 1 > t p . 3 • fo r th e p u rp o s e person whose name was deleted from the Sand List of th> exceeding one per capita 'is ha re cf the ‘reverse me r.eyr ■nue moneys with .n o n w»y authorize the expend it following purposes, name! ,on of noxious weeds and chef prev 5, pests or diseases that may des :?eas< sanitary conditions in private premises i on reserve® ; and ruction and maintenance of boundary fences 12 : 1996 satisfied that family without ¡efficient cause GENERAL ISSUE KUNAPIPI Journal of Post-Colonial Writing VOLUME XXV NUMBER 2 2003 11 Kunapipi is a bi-annual arts magazine with special but not exclusive emphasis on the new literatures written in English.
    [Show full text]
  • (21) Ui Thesis Kwokwo O.M. Morphosyntactic 2012 Full Work.Pdf
    A Morphosyntactic Investigation of Functional Categories in English and Ịzọn By Odingowei Macdonald Kwokwo B.A (Ed) (Port Harcourt), M.A (Ibadan) A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN October, 2012 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN Dedicated to My father, Chief Isaiah Bumiegha Kwokwo (late) who sowed the seed and Professor Kay Williamson (late) The doyen of Ịzọn language studies UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ii CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Mr Odingowei Macdonald Kwokwo in the Department of English, University of Ibadan _______________________________________________ Supervisor M. T. Lamidi ( Ph.D) Department of English University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN iii ABSTRACT Existing studies on Ịzọn language have concentrated on unilingual application of traditional grammar in constructing well-formed sentences, thereby neglecting critical descriptions of the ways morphosyntactic features ensure the derivation of convergent structures. A contrastive examination of English, (a standard for universal grammar analysis) and Ịzọn languages can properly characterise these syntactically significant features. This work, therefore, investigates the morphosyntactic features in English and Ịzọn languages with a view to identifying and describing the morphosyntactic features that make the structures of the two languages converge. The study adopts Chomsky‟s Minimalist Program, which emphasises checking of morphological features. The research is based on Standard English and the Kolokuma dialect of Ịzọn, used in education and the media, and is mutually intelligible with other dialects. Data on English were collected from various books on English grammar and those on Ịzọn were collected from native speakers in Kolokuma and Opokuma clans in Bayelsa State where the dialect is spoken, and complemented with the researcher‟s native-speaker‟s introspective data.
    [Show full text]
  • People and Culture SOW302
    COURSE MANUAL People and Culture SOW302 University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre Open and Distance Learning Course Series Development Version 1.0 ev1 Copyright ©2010, Revised 2015 by Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN: 978-021-920-X General Editor : Prof. Bayo Okunade University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre University of Ibadan, Nigeria Telex: 31128NG Tel: +234 (80775935727) E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dlc.ui.edu.ng Vice Chancellor’s Message The Distance Learning Centre is building on a solid tradition of over two decades of service in the provision of External Studies Programme and now Distance Learning Education in Nigeria and beyond. The Distance Learning mode to which we are committed is providing access to many deserving Nigerians in having access to higher education especially those who by the nature of their engagement do not have the luxury of full time education. Recently, it is contributing in no small measure to providing places for teeming Nigerian youths who for one reason or the other could not get admission into the conventional universities. These course materials have been written by writers specially trained in ODL course delivery. The writers have made great efforts to provide up to date information, knowledge and skills in the different disciplines and ensure that the materials are user- friendly. In addition to provision of course materials in print and e-format, a lot of Information Technology input has also gone into the deployment of course materials.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
    AN ATLAS OF NIGERIAN LANGUAGES Roger Blench May be freely quoted but please acknowledge source 2020 Edition Roger Blench McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Correspondence to: 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This version: 11 September 2020 i Atlas of Nigerian Languages 2019 edition Front mattter TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................................i I. Changes to the structure of the Atlas ...............................................................................................................i 1. Form of the Head-Entries ................................................................................................................................i 2. Changes in the Language Map.........................................................................................................................i 2.1 From Numbers to Names...........................................................................................................................i 2.2 Addition of new languages ........................................................................................................................i 2.3 Addition and correction of topographic and institutional features ...........................................................ii
    [Show full text]
  • Grammatical Tone: Typology and Theory
    Grammatical tone: Typology and theory By Nicholas Revett Rolle A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Larry Hyman, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair Professor Peter Jenks Professor Darya Kavitskaya Summer 2018 Grammatical tone: Typology and theory Copyright 2018 by Nicholas Revett Rolle Abstract Grammatical tone: Typology and theory by Nicholas Revett Rolle Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Larry Hyman, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair The topic of this study is grammatical tone (GT), which I define as a tonological operation that is not general across the phonological grammar, and is restricted to the context of a specific morpheme or construction, or a natural class of morphemes or constructions. In typologizing grammatical tone, I frame it in terms of dominance effects (Kiparsky & Halle 1977, Kiparsky 1984, Inkelas 1998), and divide GT into two types. Dominant GT systemically deletes the underlying tone of the target (with or without revaluation by a grammatical tune), while non- dominant GT does not systemically delete it. From a cross-linguistic survey of GT, I develop a typological principle called the dominant GT asymmetry, which states that within a multi- morphemic constituent, the dominant trigger is a dependent (e.g. a modifier of affix), and the target is a lexical head or a dependent structurally closer to the lexical head. In this way, dominance is always directed ‘inward’ within morphological hierarchical structure, supporting earlier statements such as Alderete’s (2001a, 2001b) ‘Strict Base Mutation’.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section I
    I(f) inhibitors I-225 (Colo.) Germany, 1947-1948 USE If inhibitors USE Interstate 225 (Colo.) Subsequent proceedings, Nuremberg War I & M Canal National Heritage Corridor (Ill.) I-244 (Tulsa, Okla.) Crime Trials, case no. 6 USE Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage USE Interstate 244 (Tulsa, Okla.) BT Nuremberg War Crime Trials, Nuremberg, Corridor (Ill.) I-255 (Ill. and Mo.) Germany, 1946-1949 I & M Canal State Trail (Ill.) USE Interstate 255 (Ill. and Mo.) I-H-3 (Hawaii) USE Illinois and Michigan Canal State Trail (Ill.) I-270 (Ill. and Mo. : Proposed) USE Interstate H-3 (Hawaii) I-5 USE Interstate 255 (Ill. and Mo.) I-hadja (African people) USE Interstate 5 I-270 (Md.) USE Kasanga (African people) I-8 (Ariz. and Calif.) USE Interstate 270 (Md.) I Ho Yüan (Beijing, China) USE Interstate 8 (Ariz. and Calif.) I-278 (N.J. and N.Y.) USE Yihe Yuan (Beijing, China) I-10 USE Interstate 278 (N.J. and N.Y.) I Ho Yüan (Peking, China) USE Interstate 10 I-291 (Conn.) USE Yihe Yuan (Beijing, China) I-15 USE Interstate 291 (Conn.) I-hsing ware USE Interstate 15 I-394 (Minn.) USE Yixing ware I-15 (Fighter plane) USE Interstate 394 (Minn.) I-K'a-wan Hsi (Taiwan) USE Polikarpov I-15 (Fighter plane) I-395 (Baltimore, Md.) USE Qijiawan River (Taiwan) I-16 (Fighter plane) USE Interstate 395 (Baltimore, Md.) I-Kiribati (May Subd Geog) USE Polikarpov I-16 (Fighter plane) I-405 (Wash.) UF Gilbertese I-17 USE Interstate 405 (Wash.) BT Ethnology—Kiribati USE Interstate 17 I-470 (Ohio and W.
    [Show full text]