DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download Journal of English Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics ISSN: 2707-756X Website:https://al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jeltal Sentential Negation in English and Izon Languages Richard Oliseyenum Maledo (PhD)1* and Simeon Igbomene2 12English and Literary Studies Department, Faculty of Arts, Delta State University, P.M.B 1, Abraka, Nigeria Corresponding Author: Richard Oliseyenum Maledo, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Received: September 06, 2020 This paper is a contrastive study of Sentential Negation in English and Izon languages. Accepted: October 12, 2020 Contact language situations have given rise not only to the influences of one Volume: 2 language over the other but also to the differences between the structures of the Issue: 4 two languages in contact and the likely learning difficulties which an L1 learner of a DOI: 10.32996/jeltal.2020.2.4.5 second language may likely encounter in learning the structure of the L2. Thus, the data for this study were sourced from competent native speakers of the Ogbe-Ijo KEYWORDS dialect of the Izon language and a contrastive approach was adopted using the Chomskyan’s Government and Binding theory as a theoretical framework with a Contrastive study, English, Izon, view to identifying the structural variations, hierarchy of difficulties and the likely Government and Binding, learning problems an Izon learner of English as a second language may encounter at Sentential Negation the level of Negation. It discovers that there were obvious parametric variations between the English and Izon languages at the levels of do insertion and the negative particle not among others. It then recommends that conscious efforts should be made by teachers and Izon learners / speakers of English as a second language at the level of realisation of negation in English as a second language. 1. Introduction Negation is a feature of languages which reject the validity of a proposition. According to Huddleston (1988, p. 143), “negating a proposition reverses its truth value”. Negation is a grammatical process of deriving a negative sentence or proposition from a declarative by the addition of negative particles. Crystal (2008, p. 323) sees negation as “a process or construction in grammatical and semantic analysis which typically expresses the contradiction of some or all of a sentence’s marching" while Al-Momani (2011, p.482) states that negation is the opposite of affirmation; one sentence or statement can be the negation or denial of another. Thus, negation is the process of making a sentence negative usually by adding negative particles”.It is one of the most basic elements in human mind that makes an indispensable part of natural languages (Alnawaisheh, 2015, p.1).Negation is interesting in languages for many reasons: it is present in every language in the world; it exhibits a range of variation with respect to the way it can be expressed or interpreted; it interacts with many other phenomena in natural language; and finally, due to its central position in languages, it sheds light on various syntactic and semantic mechanisms (Zeijlstra, 2004, p.1). In English, a derived negative proposition can function either as constituent negation or sentential negation depending on the semantic scope of the negative element. The semantic scope of constituent negation is the grammatical constituent the negative word contains, while sentential Negation has the entire sentence as its scope. Constituent negation can be derived through prefixation, the occurrence of the free negative particle (not) in the initial position of the clause or when a negative lexical item occurs in a clause (Mowarin, 2009, p. 190). There are four possible cross-linguistic variations of sentential negation. These are combining a negative marker with an aspectual marker, when a negative with features of a finite auxiliary is used to negate a declarative clause, when the negative marker is an affix which is always a part of the derivational morphology of the verb and negating a declarative with a free pre- verbal negative particle. The English language belongs to this last cross-linguistic variation (Mowarin, 2009, p. 191-192). Also, most languages of the world use a particular negative marker to express sentential negation. However, languages differ with respect to the number, the syntactic position and the syntactic status of these negative markers (Zeijlstra, 2004, p. 1). For instance, Italian uses a preverbal negative marker to express sentential negation. Catalan has such a preverbal negative marker too, but it also allows an optional negative adverb. In Standard French such a combination of a preverbal negative marker and a negative adverb is obligatory, while a language like German expresses sentential negation by means of a single negative adverb (Zeijlstra, 2004, p. 2). 38 JELTAL 2(4):38-49 Such cross-linguistic variations at the level of Negation are sources of problems in L2 learning. For instance, in the speech pattern of Izon learners of English as a second language, realising sentential negation in English is often challenging due to the perceived parametric differences between the two languages. Yet, there is the need for an Izon speaker to be proficient in English as an L2 due to its utilitarian value in Nigeria. Therefore, this study is motivated by the need to acquire proficiency in English in the area of Negation by an Izon L1 speaker and learner of English as a second language in Nigeria. 2. 1. Review on Izon Language The Izon language is one of the minority languages spoken in southern Nigeria. The speakers of the language are also referred to as Iizon people and they are mainly fishermen as they dwell along the swampy region of the Atlantic Ocean. They are also one of the minority ethnic groups that produce the oil resource in Nigerian. In the literature, the name Izợn is preferred to Ijaw orIjo because it is historically the original spellingof the term (Williamson and Egberipou, 1994). There are many versions of the history of Izợn language. According to Kekai (2012), the origin of Izợn is traceable to that of the descendants of Ife. Today the Izợns language is spoken in six (6) out of the thirty-six (36) States of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Bayelsa, Delta, Edo, Ondo, Rivers, and Akwa Ibom states.The name Izợn is synonymous with the people and the language. It is one of the four clusters of closely related languages often called Ijo (Williamson, 1965). The Izon language belongs to the Ijoid sub-group of the Niger – Congo family of languages (Williamson, 1990; Williamson and Blench (2000). Izon has a total of about four million (4,000,000) speakers with about twenty-eight (28) dialects (Kekai, 2012). The dialects are mutually intelligible;the differences are mostly noticeable in the areas of tense and aspect markers and most in most cases, in the pitch of the structures. Donwa–Ifode (1995, p. 13) states that “the Ijo speaking people spread from Nkoro in the extreme east of Rivers State, westwards to the towns of the Arogbo clan in Ondo State of Nigeria, and from the Atlantic coast in the South to Elemebri in the Niger”. Izợn, being one of the minority languages in Nigeria, is an understudied language Odingowei (2012) observes that existing studies on Izợn language have concentrated on unilingual application of traditional grammar in constructing well-formed sentences. He further noted that there is paucity of research materials on the Izon language. Therefore, adopting a contrastive approach and Chomskyan’s Minimalist Program, he undertakes a description of the ways morphosyntactic features ensure the derivation of convergent structures in Izợn and English languages. Odingowei (2016), using Minimalist programme of Chomsky’s transformational generative grammar, studies the null subject parameter in English and juxtaposes its occurrences or non-occurrence in Izợn language. The aim of the paper is“to characterize the parametric choices in English and Izợn languages in the derivation of grammatically convergent sentences with null subject constituents”. Blench and Williamson (2015) is a study of Izợn verbal extension. They state that the Ijoid languages can have suffixed verbal extensions which are constructed out of very limited segmented materials, but do not allow seriated extension. Okunrinmeta (2004) is a sociolinguistic study oflexico-semantic variations of Izợn speakers of English in Nigeria while Williamson (1969) provides a considerable insight into the structural descriptions of Izợn language. 2. 2. Theoretical Review The theoretical framework adopted for this study is the Chomskyan Government and Binding (GB) theory which he developed in Chomsky (1981, 1982, & 1986). It is an approach to linguistic theory which follows from Chomsky’s Extended Standard theory of Transformational Generative Grammar.The theory is aimed at discovering the universal grammar underlying the parametric variations of natural languages (Bily, 1983, p. 37). In this sense, the theory assumes that a large portion of the grammar of any particular language is common to all languages, and is therefore part of Universal Grammar (Black, 1999, p. 2). Universal Grammar is a set of universal principles of language, some of which are rigidly fixed, some of which are parameterized. Universal Grammar assumes that the source of a native speaker’s knowledge of his language is innate and that this innate capacity for language is common to all humans. It also holds that there are certain linguistic principles which are common to all languages and that humans are born equipped with such universal linguistic principles (Haegeman, 1994). However, despite the innate linguistic principles common to all languages, structural variations do occur. This is due to the presence of "parameters" that can assume one of two possible values. Parameters are components of the grammar that can assume different values (Leonard & Leob 1988, p. 520). For instance, question formation is a linguistic universal principle common to all languages of the world.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics &A
    Online Appendix for Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue (2014) Some Principles of the Use of Macro-Areas Language Dynamics & Change Harald Hammarstr¨om& Mark Donohue The following document lists the languages of the world and their as- signment to the macro-areas described in the main body of the paper as well as the WALS macro-area for languages featured in the WALS 2005 edi- tion. 7160 languages are included, which represent all languages for which we had coordinates available1. Every language is given with its ISO-639-3 code (if it has one) for proper identification. The mapping between WALS languages and ISO-codes was done by using the mapping downloadable from the 2011 online WALS edition2 (because a number of errors in the mapping were corrected for the 2011 edition). 38 WALS languages are not given an ISO-code in the 2011 mapping, 36 of these have been assigned their appropri- ate iso-code based on the sources the WALS lists for the respective language. This was not possible for Tasmanian (WALS-code: tsm) because the WALS mixes data from very different Tasmanian languages and for Kualan (WALS- code: kua) because no source is given. 17 WALS-languages were assigned ISO-codes which have subsequently been retired { these have been assigned their appropriate updated ISO-code. In many cases, a WALS-language is mapped to several ISO-codes. As this has no bearing for the assignment to macro-areas, multiple mappings have been retained. 1There are another couple of hundred languages which are attested but for which our database currently lacks coordinates.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Ịzọn Language and Culture 127–143
    Academic Journal of Modern God’spower Tamaraukuro Prezi Philology Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria University of Malta, Msida, Malta e-ISSN 2353-3218 ISSN 2299-7164 Vol. 6 (2017) Introduction to Ịzọn Language and Culture 127–143 Abstract This paper aims to introduceỊzọn to the world audience. We note the status of Ịzọn as a “main” language, the geographical location of the Ịzọn people in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, the occupations of the Ịzọn, the consonants, vowels, vowel harmony and nasalized vowels in Ịzọn. We observe that in Ịzọn a vowel becomes nasalized when it occurs in the environment of a nasal; that a high tone marked (´), and a low tone marked (`) perform both lexical and grammatical functions in Ịzọn; that Ịzọn has S-O-V word order; that each word category is written separately; that the negative gha is marked on the verb; and that borrowed words, names of places and languages are nativised. We throw some light on the Ịzọn numerical system, namely: the traditional cardinal numbers such as óyí (10), sí (20), andẹ/ọndẹ́ ́ (400) and andẹrịmandẹ́ /ọndẹ́ rịmọndẹ́ ́ (160,000); the modern standardized numbers such as 100 ọdọzọ́ ,́ 1000 ọgịzị́ ,́ 1,000,000 ịpámụ ́ and 1,000,000,000,000 ẹndẹrị́ ́ and the ordinal numbers, bụlọụ 1st and mamụ karamọ 2nd. Next we look at the kinship, persons, religious, colour, body parts, cooking, occupational and other terminology in the lexicon of Ịzọn. Finally we observe some salient aspects of Ịzọn culture such as their dressing, religion, food, festivals, dances, traditions, and customs.
    [Show full text]
  • Jonathan to Aliyu: You're a Pathetic Fellow Who Lies to Remain Relevant
    NCAA Approves Commercial Flight Operations at Bayelsa Airport It's a dream come true, says Governor Diri Chinedu Eze on Saturday to commence House, Yenagoa, after a for daytime flight operations. to the visit had certified that Musa said the agency had commercial flight operations. NCAA team had completed The governor's Chief Press out of 29 gaps, the airport to limit flight operations to After months of expectation, NCAA Director-general, Dr. the mandatory inspection of Secretary, Mr. Daniel Alabrah, was able to close 26. He noted daytime, as the runway lights the Bayelsa State Government- Nuhu Musa, presented the the airport and its facilities. quoted the NCAA DG as that other requirements were were still being installed, owned airport finally received regulatory body's approval Musa said the airport met saying the approval was sequel non-safety related and work stating that once completed, the nod of the Nigerian Civil letter to an elated Governor all airspace standards and was to the report of the agency’s was already in progress to Aviation Authority (NCAA) Douye Diri at Government one hundred per cent ready inspection team, which prior achieve night flight operations. Continued on page 10 1,081,548 Nigerians Receive Astrazeneca Vaccine Jabs… Page 8 Sunday 18 April, 2021 Vol 26. No 9506 www.thisdaylive.com T N400 RU N TH & REASO Akpabio: NDDC Forensic Audit Ends July Okon Bassey in Uyo Minister of Niger Delta Affairs, Senator Godswill Akpabio, has set July ending 2021 as deadline for conclusion LONELY QUEEN ELIZABETH... of the forensic
    [Show full text]
  • Language Education and Development: a Case Study of Izon Language
    LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF IZON LANGUAGE BARRY BRALADE FIEMOTONGHA Izon Department, College of Education, Warri. And BULOUNEMUGHA FAITH OGBOR Department of General Studies, Delta State School of Marine Technology, Burutu. Abstract Language is a potent tool which identifies a people. Its importance in society for the transmission of culture and attainment of literacy cannot be overemphasized. Meaningful education is achieved through the instrument of language. It is on this note that the language policy was formulated. In the policy, while some Nigerian languages occupy prominent position which places them on the category of major languages, others are marginalized, fraught with the minority- Syndrome status. The Izon language, based on this policy, has suffered serious retardation. This paper is keyed toward examining the Izon language, its status in the language policy, and the problems confronting its growth and development. Recommendations to improve the situation are also proffered in this study. The concept of education is of paramount importance to the development of any nation. Without education, no doubt, the society will be marked with protuberance of illiteracy, ignorance and superstition. If this be the case, what parameter or yardstick can be used in achieving this concept imbued with the capability of transforming the individual in particular, and the society in general? The answer is not hard to reach. Language, of course, is the yardstick. If this be the case, what effort has government put in place to use language as a vehicle to achieve education? The Federal Government of Nigeria, by virtue of the National Policy on Education, stipulated that the mother tongue or the language of the immediate environment be used as a medium of instruction throughout the pre-primary and the first three years of the primary education.
    [Show full text]
  • Boy-Wives and Female Husbands
    Boy-Wives and Female Husbands Item Type Book Authors Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will DOI 10.1353/book.83859 Publisher SUNY Press Rights Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Download date 24/09/2021 02:52:38 Item License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Link to Item http://www.sunypress.edu/p-7129-boy-wives-and-female- husbands.aspx Boy-Wives and Female Husbands Boy-Wives and Female Husbands STUDIES IN AFRICAN HOMOSEXUALITIES Edited by Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe With a New Foreword by Mark Epprecht Cover image: The Shaman, photographed by Yannis Davy Guibinga. © Yannis Davy Guibinga. Subject: Toshiro Kam. Styling: Tinashe Musara. Makeup: Jess Cohen. The publisher gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the Murray Hong Family Trust. Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 1998 Stephen O. Murray, Will Roscoe Printed in the United States of America The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution— Non-Commercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-ND 4.0), available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Roscoe, Will, editor. | Murray, Stephen O., editor. | Epprecht, Marc, editor. Title: Boy-wives and female husbands : studies in African homosexualities / [edited by] Will Roscoe, Stephen O. Murray, Marc Epprecht. Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020034064 | ISBN 9781438484099 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438484112 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Homosexuality—Africa—History.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Mrs Prezi's Ph.D Preliminary Pages
    i UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES STRATEGIES OF IGBO ADDRESS SYSTEM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF GREETINGS AND RHETORIC A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN LINGUISTICS BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA BY PREZI, GRACE ONYEMAECHI PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 FEBRUARY, 2014 ii STRATEGIES OF IGBO ADDRESS SYSTEM: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC INVESTIGATION OF GREETINGS AND RHETORIC BY PREZI, GRACE ONYEMAECHI PG/M.A/Ph.D/05/39719 A Ph.D THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) IN LINGUISTICS BY THE UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FEBRUARY 2014 iii APPROVAL This thesis has been approved for the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and Other Nigerian Languages , University of Nigeria, Nsukka BY Prof. C. I. Ikekeonwu Dr. C. U. Agbedo Supervisor Supervisor Internal Examiner External Examiner Prof. C. N. Okebalama Prof. Uchenna Anyanwu Head of Department Dean, Faculty of Arts iv CERTIFICATION Prezi, Grace Onyemaechi, a post graduate student in the Department of Linguistics, Igbo and other Nigerian languages, University of Nigeria, Nsukka with Registration Number PG/ M.A/Ph.D/05/39719, has satisfactorily completed the requirements necessary for the award of degree of Ph.D in Linguistics. The work embodied in the thesis is original and has not been submitted in part or full for any diploma or degree of this or any other University.
    [Show full text]
  • Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full Version
    Kunapipi Volume 25 Issue 2 Article 1 2003 Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full version Anne Collett University of Wollongong, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation Collett, Anne, Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full version, Kunapipi, 25(2), 2003. Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol25/iss2/1 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Kunapipi 25(2) 2003 Full version Abstract Full text of issue. This full issue is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol25/iss2/1 KUNAPIPI Journal of Post-Colonial Writing i, the M in ister m. any purpose that and welfare of ires out of t.:ne revenue moneys o th e band itute Indl an af of the band, to pj ¡vid e for i of the band jand to provide for! :nt In su ra n ce ftct or. behal f cf e* th e ir «rr.ploymfent out c f moneys \ R ke expend it Vi res out of the revenue moneys, of a band jRade pursuant tc paragraph 81 •, 1 > t p . 3 • fo r th e p u rp o s e person whose name was deleted from the Sand List of th> exceeding one per capita 'is ha re cf the ‘reverse me r.eyr ■nue moneys with .n o n w»y authorize the expend it following purposes, name! ,on of noxious weeds and chef prev 5, pests or diseases that may des :?eas< sanitary conditions in private premises i on reserve® ; and ruction and maintenance of boundary fences 12 : 1996 satisfied that family without ¡efficient cause GENERAL ISSUE KUNAPIPI Journal of Post-Colonial Writing VOLUME XXV NUMBER 2 2003 11 Kunapipi is a bi-annual arts magazine with special but not exclusive emphasis on the new literatures written in English.
    [Show full text]
  • (21) Ui Thesis Kwokwo O.M. Morphosyntactic 2012 Full Work.Pdf
    A Morphosyntactic Investigation of Functional Categories in English and Ịzọn By Odingowei Macdonald Kwokwo B.A (Ed) (Port Harcourt), M.A (Ibadan) A THESIS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF ARTS IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN October, 2012 UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN Dedicated to My father, Chief Isaiah Bumiegha Kwokwo (late) who sowed the seed and Professor Kay Williamson (late) The doyen of Ịzọn language studies UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN ii CERTIFICATION I certify that this work was carried out by Mr Odingowei Macdonald Kwokwo in the Department of English, University of Ibadan _______________________________________________ Supervisor M. T. Lamidi ( Ph.D) Department of English University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN iii ABSTRACT Existing studies on Ịzọn language have concentrated on unilingual application of traditional grammar in constructing well-formed sentences, thereby neglecting critical descriptions of the ways morphosyntactic features ensure the derivation of convergent structures. A contrastive examination of English, (a standard for universal grammar analysis) and Ịzọn languages can properly characterise these syntactically significant features. This work, therefore, investigates the morphosyntactic features in English and Ịzọn languages with a view to identifying and describing the morphosyntactic features that make the structures of the two languages converge. The study adopts Chomsky‟s Minimalist Program, which emphasises checking of morphological features. The research is based on Standard English and the Kolokuma dialect of Ịzọn, used in education and the media, and is mutually intelligible with other dialects. Data on English were collected from various books on English grammar and those on Ịzọn were collected from native speakers in Kolokuma and Opokuma clans in Bayelsa State where the dialect is spoken, and complemented with the researcher‟s native-speaker‟s introspective data.
    [Show full text]
  • People and Culture SOW302
    COURSE MANUAL People and Culture SOW302 University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre Open and Distance Learning Course Series Development Version 1.0 ev1 Copyright ©2010, Revised 2015 by Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN: 978-021-920-X General Editor : Prof. Bayo Okunade University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre University of Ibadan, Nigeria Telex: 31128NG Tel: +234 (80775935727) E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.dlc.ui.edu.ng Vice Chancellor’s Message The Distance Learning Centre is building on a solid tradition of over two decades of service in the provision of External Studies Programme and now Distance Learning Education in Nigeria and beyond. The Distance Learning mode to which we are committed is providing access to many deserving Nigerians in having access to higher education especially those who by the nature of their engagement do not have the luxury of full time education. Recently, it is contributing in no small measure to providing places for teeming Nigerian youths who for one reason or the other could not get admission into the conventional universities. These course materials have been written by writers specially trained in ODL course delivery. The writers have made great efforts to provide up to date information, knowledge and skills in the different disciplines and ensure that the materials are user- friendly. In addition to provision of course materials in print and e-format, a lot of Information Technology input has also gone into the deployment of course materials.
    [Show full text]
  • An Atlas of Nigerian Languages
    AN ATLAS OF NIGERIAN LANGUAGES Roger Blench May be freely quoted but please acknowledge source 2020 Edition Roger Blench McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Correspondence to: 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Ans (00-44)-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7847-495590 E-mail [email protected] http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm This version: 11 September 2020 i Atlas of Nigerian Languages 2019 edition Front mattter TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction............................................................................................................................................................i I. Changes to the structure of the Atlas ...............................................................................................................i 1. Form of the Head-Entries ................................................................................................................................i 2. Changes in the Language Map.........................................................................................................................i 2.1 From Numbers to Names...........................................................................................................................i 2.2 Addition of new languages ........................................................................................................................i 2.3 Addition and correction of topographic and institutional features ...........................................................ii
    [Show full text]
  • Grammatical Tone: Typology and Theory
    Grammatical tone: Typology and theory By Nicholas Revett Rolle A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Larry Hyman, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair Professor Peter Jenks Professor Darya Kavitskaya Summer 2018 Grammatical tone: Typology and theory Copyright 2018 by Nicholas Revett Rolle Abstract Grammatical tone: Typology and theory by Nicholas Revett Rolle Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Larry Hyman, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair The topic of this study is grammatical tone (GT), which I define as a tonological operation that is not general across the phonological grammar, and is restricted to the context of a specific morpheme or construction, or a natural class of morphemes or constructions. In typologizing grammatical tone, I frame it in terms of dominance effects (Kiparsky & Halle 1977, Kiparsky 1984, Inkelas 1998), and divide GT into two types. Dominant GT systemically deletes the underlying tone of the target (with or without revaluation by a grammatical tune), while non- dominant GT does not systemically delete it. From a cross-linguistic survey of GT, I develop a typological principle called the dominant GT asymmetry, which states that within a multi- morphemic constituent, the dominant trigger is a dependent (e.g. a modifier of affix), and the target is a lexical head or a dependent structurally closer to the lexical head. In this way, dominance is always directed ‘inward’ within morphological hierarchical structure, supporting earlier statements such as Alderete’s (2001a, 2001b) ‘Strict Base Mutation’.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section I
    I(f) inhibitors I-225 (Colo.) Germany, 1947-1948 USE If inhibitors USE Interstate 225 (Colo.) Subsequent proceedings, Nuremberg War I & M Canal National Heritage Corridor (Ill.) I-244 (Tulsa, Okla.) Crime Trials, case no. 6 USE Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage USE Interstate 244 (Tulsa, Okla.) BT Nuremberg War Crime Trials, Nuremberg, Corridor (Ill.) I-255 (Ill. and Mo.) Germany, 1946-1949 I & M Canal State Trail (Ill.) USE Interstate 255 (Ill. and Mo.) I-H-3 (Hawaii) USE Illinois and Michigan Canal State Trail (Ill.) I-270 (Ill. and Mo. : Proposed) USE Interstate H-3 (Hawaii) I-5 USE Interstate 255 (Ill. and Mo.) I-hadja (African people) USE Interstate 5 I-270 (Md.) USE Kasanga (African people) I-8 (Ariz. and Calif.) USE Interstate 270 (Md.) I Ho Yüan (Beijing, China) USE Interstate 8 (Ariz. and Calif.) I-278 (N.J. and N.Y.) USE Yihe Yuan (Beijing, China) I-10 USE Interstate 278 (N.J. and N.Y.) I Ho Yüan (Peking, China) USE Interstate 10 I-291 (Conn.) USE Yihe Yuan (Beijing, China) I-15 USE Interstate 291 (Conn.) I-hsing ware USE Interstate 15 I-394 (Minn.) USE Yixing ware I-15 (Fighter plane) USE Interstate 394 (Minn.) I-K'a-wan Hsi (Taiwan) USE Polikarpov I-15 (Fighter plane) I-395 (Baltimore, Md.) USE Qijiawan River (Taiwan) I-16 (Fighter plane) USE Interstate 395 (Baltimore, Md.) I-Kiribati (May Subd Geog) USE Polikarpov I-16 (Fighter plane) I-405 (Wash.) UF Gilbertese I-17 USE Interstate 405 (Wash.) BT Ethnology—Kiribati USE Interstate 17 I-470 (Ohio and W.
    [Show full text]