DOCSLIB.ORG

Solidarity Beyond the National Boundary: Solidarity of Individuals in the Netherlands with the Papuans Living in West Papua

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Solidarity Beyond the National Boundary: Solidarity of Individuals in the Netherlands with the Papuans Living in West Papua Solidarity beyond the national boundary: Solidarity of individuals in the Netherlands with the Papuans living in West Papua TRI MULYASARI, M.SC. Master’s thesis Human Geography: Conflicts, Territories and Identities JUNE 2021 Solidarity beyond the national boundary: Solidarity of individuals in the Netherlands with the Papuans living in West Papua Author: Tri Mulyasari, M.Sc. (s1027059) Supervisors: Dr. B.M.R. van der Velde and A. Fajri, MA words in core text: 32,515 A master’s thesis Human Geography: Conflicts, Territories and Identities Submitted to the Department of Geography, Planning and Environment Nijmegen School of Management Radboud University In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science June 2021 1 Preface Before you lies the master’s thesis “Solidarity beyond the national boundary: Solidarity of individuals in the Netherlands with the Papuans living in West Papua”, a phenomenology study about solidarity conducted among people in the Netherlands who have experienced solidarity with the Papuans. This master’s thesis has been written to contribute to an MSc Human Geography degree from Radboud University. On 8 February 2020, I attended a Papua Solidarity day in Amersfoort, the Netherlands. This year, the chosen topic was violence in West Papua. Actually, I came for my former first topic of my master’s thesis. Before attending the event, I had assumed that this event would be attended mainly by Papuan Dutch, either first-generation or later generation, due to their identity who have Papuan origin and identification with West Papua as an imagined community (Anderson, 2006). However, this assumption was erroneous as there were many non-Papuan- Dutch that came to this event as well. My experience, having the reality versus initial hunch, made me aware that this event showed solidarity with rather than common solidarity among a group of people. More fascinating, it was solidarity with, in the dimension beyond the national boundary. So, a study about people’s solidarity in the Netherlands with the Papuans living in West Papua provides insight into this ‘particular’ solidarity. For this study, I contacted HAPIN as a well-known Papua support foundation in the Netherlands, in which HAPIN then served as a facilitator in reaching respondents. The research process of this master’s thesis has been challenging and enriching for me. At the beginning of the research, I was worried about finding the research participants, thinking it would be difficult to find them. The fact, it was not the case. Once I contacted HAPIN and other organisations and used my network, despite the world pandemic of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), I had several respondents willing to share their story and were enthusiastic about participating in my research. Moreover, they also contacted and recommended other people who might be interested in participating; despite its limitation, this contributed to the approaching of more respondents. During collecting data, I enjoyed conducting the interviews and having conversations with the respondents. I found it very interesting to know different perspectives and obtain new information. The respondents mentioned that they enjoyed the interviews, as some questions made them think thoroughly as they never thought about the topic beforehand. Although I enjoyed the interviews, the process of transcribing the interviews was the slightest task I enjoyed. 2 The analysis and result writing were the most learning processes for me. As a student doing research, I doubted whether I had done the research correctly and adequately and had enough good data, and whether I analysed and presented the data thoroughly. In fighting this doubt, I am very grateful that my thesis supervisors made valuable comments, feedback, and supports and helped me through these processes. I realised that what I could do was just do it, keep writing, try to do better rather than try to do the best. I learned how to make and take the decision with bravery as a researcher. For this, I would like to thank my supervisors for their tremendous guidance and support during the research and writing process. I also wish to thank Wietse Tolsma from HAPIN as my contact person. He answered my email and granted me access to opportunities in approaching respondents. Without him, it would not be easy to convince respondents considering my background as a female Javanese Indonesian researcher researching West Papua. Having conversations with him was also valuable, helped me in preparing data collection and writing the historical relations between the Netherlands and West Papua. Furthermore, I thank all of the respondents for participating in the research, sharing their stories of having solidarity with the Papuans, which made me able to collect data and carry out the analysis. To my beloved husband “Cinta” and family, I would like to thank you for your wonderful support and trust in me that I could do it. You always kept me motivated every time I was down. My thesis writing buddy, Sayaka, I was glad that we supported each other. “Lift up our heads, princess! If not, the crowns fall.” We were a proper sample of solidarity among students. I hope you enjoy the thesis and have a new insight into solidarity with, from the Netherlands to West Papua. Tri Mulyasari, M.Sc. Tilburg, June 11, 2021 3 Abstract The objective is to understand the existence of solidarity of individual actors in the Netherlands with the Papuans. The qualitative research method with phenomenological strategy, collecting data through conducting semi-structured in-depth interviews, and grounded theory as a method of coding and analysing were employed to attain the objective. The research looked at the individual solidarity actors, their foundations and actions of solidarity, and their networks to understand the solidarity. The solidarity emerged because the individual solidarity actors had certain backgrounds and connection with West Papua and the Papuans. The solidarity also related to the foundations for solidarity, in which identity, brotherhood in struggle, place tie, and idealism combined with knowledge about West Papua and the Papuans, and empathy or sympathy, influenced the emergence of solidarity. The individual solidarity actor took actions from having solidarity feeling: giving financial donations, raising awareness, and/or joining demonstrations. The solidarity foundation affected taking certain actions when the foundation entailed issues or causes that required action. Because of the network possessed by individuals, solidarity emerged, strengthened, or solidarity actions could be performed. Keywords: solidarity, individual solidarity actor, foundation for solidarity, solidarity action, network 4 Table of contents Preface ............................................................................................................................ 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 4 Table of contents ............................................................................................................. 5 List of figures .................................................................................................................. 7 List of tables .................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Background of the study ................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Research objective and research questions ...................................................................... 10 1.3 Societal and scientific relevance ...................................................................................... 11 1.4 Chapters outline .............................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2. Theoretical framework ..................................................................................15 2.1 Solidarity......................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.1 Aspects of solidarity: foundation and action ...................................................................................... 17 2.1.2 Solidarity beyond national boundary: transnational and international solidarity ............................... 19 2.1.3 Solidarity in conflict situation ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2 Actor: individual ............................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Network .......................................................................................................................... 23 2.4 Conceptual framework .................................................................................................... 25 Chapter 3. Methodology..................................................................................................27 3.1 Qualitative research: phenomenological strategy ............................................................ 27 3.2 Data collection ................................................................................................................. 28 3.2.1 Type of data .......................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climate Change Narratives for the Indonesian Village
    Climate Change Narratives for the Indonesian Village -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Team Members: Advisors: Samantha Kelly - [email protected] Brigitte Servatius - [email protected] ​ ​ Nicholas Odell - [email protected] Herman Servatius - [email protected] ​ ​ Chloe Sairs - [email protected] ​ Sponsors: Shane French - [email protected] ​ Subik Baso - [email protected] ​ Climate Change Narratives for the Indonesian Village Abstract The sponsor for this project was the Centre for Education and Research in Environmental Strategies (CERES), a community environment park in Australia. We conducted interviews with 32 Indonesian living in Melbourne collecting 10 hours of footage. Using the major themes raised by the interviewees we produced five short-form educational videos on flooding, changes in seasons and weather patterns, air pollution, development and deforestation, and improper rubbish disposal. These videos will be used by CERES to educate the school groups in the Indonesian village, and be accessible to all visitors through the CERES mobile app. We created an archive with detailed, timestamped notes that will enable the efficient creation of future videos by CERES staff as well as later IQP teams. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree requirements of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions or opinions of Worcester Polytechnic Institute. 1 Climate Change Narratives for the Indonesian Village Acknowledgments ● Our sponsors, Shane French and Subik Baso, for their guidance and encouragement throughout the project. ● The Consulate General of The Republic of Indonesia in Melbourne, for the opportunity to present our project to a larger audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Environment Vis Á Vis Living Environment in the Papua Melanesia Culture and Philosophy
    International Journal of World Policy and Development Studies ISSN(e): 2415-2331, ISSN(p): 2415-5241 Vol. 4, Issue. 8, pp: 69-88, 2018 Academic Research Publishing URL: http://arpgweb.com/?ic=journal&journal=13&info=aims Group Original Research Open Access Natural Environment Vis Á Vis Living Environment in the Papua Melanesia Culture and Philosophy Prof. E. R. Dr. Don A. L. Flassy Isbi-Liptek-Papua Abstract The title of this paper Natural Environment vis-à-vis Living Environment in the Culture and Philosophy of Papua Melanesia questions the Natural Environment versus Living Environment in cultural and philosophical life of the Melanesian in general and Papua in particular. In questioning that, we are confronted with three main points, first, in the daily practice of Melanesian ethnicity, especially in Papua, facing tensions that can also be called conflicts of interest between "environment" as the Natural Environment but because it is confined to foreign interests (outsiders) so it must accept the concept of the Living Environment; second, Environmental Concepts in Culture and Philosophy of Papua-Melanesia, third, Peaceful Steps as a logical consequence of the concept of sustainability.The purpose of this writing is academic and practical. The academic goals is using Structuralism and Hidden Structure theory converged with other supporting theories, bringing the compromise and action to nature in a sustainable manner. The practical purpose with respect to that is to know the concept of Papua-Melanesian emik related to the existence environment in the form of daily life behavior as well as philosophy in the form of‖source of life‖ and "way of life".Furthermore, this research also introduces what is called Papuanistics and Melanesianology.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall/Winter 2013 Newsletter
    Email not displaying correctly? View it in your browser. The Indo Project Newsletter Honor the Past. Preserve the Future. 2013 Fall/Winter Issue Welcome Happiest countries in the world. Where does Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Netherlands, USA and your country fall? The answer may surprise you. Click here to find out. Two of the Kids Corner & Other Fun previously mentioned countries are in the Top 10. Stuff Boys will be boys! In this case, in Borneo. Letter from the Editor Motherland. Just the term evokes warmth, like a soft place to cushion life's hard edges. Even with the horrors that many Indos experienced there during the Japanese Occupation and the Bersiap, Indonesia remains the Motherland to the first and second generation Indos who were born there. Thus, this issue focuses on Indonesia and the Indos who live or travel there for business, charity, vacations... and discovery I long to return one day to discover what it is that compels my Mom to say, "Growing up in Indonesia were the happiest years of my life". What is it about this country that makes her think of Indonesia fondly...still...after all the tribulations she endured; losing her brother, her father, her home, her homeland? After spending time during the war both as a buitenkamper and at internment camps? That she still remembers Indonesia with affection is surely a testament to the land and the people who populate it. The music itself quickens the blood and awakens the soul as evidenced by the stirring Facebook exchange between Indo Sisters, when Nancy T.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com10/06/2021 08:12:46AM Via Free Access Conservative Corporatist: Nationalist Thoughts of Aristocrats 421
    Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde Vol. 168, no. 4 (2012), pp. 420-444 URL: http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/index.php/btlv URN:NBN:NL:UI:10-1-113836 Copyright: content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License ISSN: 0006-2294 FARABI FAKIH Conservative corporatist: Nationalist thoughts of aristocrats The ideas of Soetatmo Soeriokoesoemo and Noto Soeroto Javanese aristocrats represented an anomaly in the history of the Indonesian nationalist movement. Javanese nationalism was one of the earliest national- isms thought to have arisen in the colony. In fact, Indonesia’s first national or- ganization, the Boedi Oetomo, was a Javanese aristocratic organization. This would later bifurcate into an Indisch and a Javanese strain (Shiraishi 1981:93- 108). While the leftist-inspired Indisch movement would gradually rise to be- come an important pillar of present day Indonesian nationalism, the conser- vative-culturalist side would lose its legitimacy in the nationalist pantheon. Many nationalists, including Soekarno, considered Javanese nationalists to be tainted with the blemish of feudalism and pro-colonialism. This contradicted the modern, leftist-inspired thoughts that became the bedrock of much of In- donesian nationalism. Herbert Feith and Lance Castles count five ideological structures around which Indonesia’s political life in the 1950s pivoted: radical nationalism, Javanese traditionalism, Islam, Democratic Socialism and Communism. They contend that Javanese traditionalism and Democratic Socialism stem from the same ‘nationalism pure and simple’ which became the main source for radical nationalism (Feith and Castles 1970:151). But labelling Javanese aris- tocratic thoughts within Javanese traditionalism is problematic due to the inherently conservative beliefs of many of Java’s aristocratic intellectuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Copy and Redistribute the Material in Any Medium Or Format
    Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 KOREA You are free to : Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Under the follwing terms : Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation. This is a human-readable summary of (and not a substitute for) the license. Disclaimer Master’s Thesis Identity Formation and Transformation of First Generation Dutch Indos in The Netherlands August 2017 Graduate School of Seoul National University International Cooperation Major Tyana Christina Rutten 국제학석사학위논문 네덜란드의 1 세대 네덜란드 ‘인도’의 정체성 형성과 변형 2017 년 8 월 서울대학교 국제대학원 국제학과 국제협력전공 Tyana Christina Rutten 2 Identity Formation and Transformation of First Generation Dutch Indos in The Netherlands Professor Ki-Soo Eun Submitting a master's thesis of International Cooperation August 2017 Graduate School of Seoul National University International Cooperation Major Tyana Christina Rutten Confirming the master’s thesis written by Tyana Christina Rutten August 2017 Chair Erik Mobrand (Seal) Vice Chair Taekyoon Kim (Seal) Examiner Ki-Soo Eun (Seal) 3 Abstract Identity Formation and Transformation of First Generation Dutch Indos in The Netherlands Tyana Christina Rutten Graduate School of International Studies Seoul National University International Cooperation Major Between 1945 and 1965, almost 300,000 Dutch citizens migrated to the Netherlands from Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamic Phenomena of Strékan Music from Colonial to Contemporary Era in Situbondo
    HARMONIA : Journal of Arts Research and Education 17 (1) (2017), 1-12 p-ISSN 2541-1683|e-ISSN 2541-2426 Available online at http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/harmonia DOI: 10.15294/harmonia.v17i1.9398 The dynamic phenomena of strékan music from colonial to contemporary era in Situbondo Panakajaya Hidayatullah Faculty of Cultural Science, Universitas Jember, Indonesia Received: March 31, 2017. Revised: May 6, 2017. Accepted: June 3, 2017 Abstract This research is an anthropology of music which discusses the dynamics of strékan music from colonial to contemporary era in Situbondo. In Situbondo, strékan is a term which refers to music for welcoming guests. By ethnography method and postcolonial perspective, this research will discuss social problems and phenomena of strékan music. The result of this research shows that a change of strékan music signifies a change of social condition in Situbondo. In colonial erastrékan is assumed by people like music for elite class. The field data show that there is unequal power relation between colonized and colonizer. In pasca-colonial era the hierarchy relation becomes ambivalent. It appears negotiation space between colonial signs and Madurese culture of Situ- bondo people, considered to be symbolic resistance. Strékan music is reinterpreted as music for low class. In the contemporary era, strékan music tends to market oriented. Strékan music includes dangdut music, following market taste as a consequence of commercialization of art. Keywords: strékan music; colonial, Situbondo; Madurese; dangdut How to Cite: Hidayatullah, P. (2017). The dynamic phenomena of strékan music from colonial to contemporary era in Situbondo. Harmonia: Journal of Arts Research And Education, 17(1), 1-12.
    [Show full text]
  • Susan Rodgers
    A Nederlander W oman's Recollections of Colonial and W artime Sumatra: From Sawahlunto to Bangkinang Internment Camp Susan Rodgers Introduction* Childhood memoirs by Indonesians about growing up in Sumatra in the late 1920s and 1930s have much to tell students of the country's history and historiography.* 1 Such recollections of youth spent in Sumatran cities, market towns, or villages can sometimes speak volumes about a narrator's personal maturation toward adulthood in those decades of social change. Beyond this, these autobiographies can also narrate versions of Indonesia's own, larger scale "journey to nationhood," out of a "colonial childhood" (a recurrent trope in this type of memoir literature). Such personal recollections can also document the markedly different ways that the late colonial school system, its pedagogies, and the sharp status rivalries among students intent on * My first thanks go to Gerdy Ungerer and her husband Daniel for talking so generously with me. Anne and John Summerfield had the initial idea for these conversations. I am also deeply grateful to Cornell anthropologist James Siegel, Holy Cross historian Karen Turner, and Holy Cross anthropologist Ann Marie Leshkowich, who read early versions of this essay and made numerous astute suggestions. 1 There is a valuable literature on Indonesian autobiography. C. W. Watson's Of Self and Nation is especially insightful. C. W. Watson, Of Self and Nation: Autobiography and the Representation of Modern Indonesia (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2000). See also G. W. J. Drewes, "Autobiograffieen van Indonesiers," Bijdragen tot de Taal- Land- en Volkenkunde 107 (1951): 226-264. Anthony Reid's "On the Importance of Autobiography," Indonesia 13 (April 1972): 1-4 sets the research agenda well.
    [Show full text]
  • The Position of the Federal Consultative Assembly – ‘Bijeenkomst Voor Federaal Overleg’ (BFO) – During the Dutch-Indonesian Conflict, 1945-1950
    Caught between the Netherlands and the Republic: the position of the Federal Consultative Assembly – ‘Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg’ (BFO) – during the Dutch-Indonesian conflict, 1945-1950. Author: Ruben Barink SID: 1348817 Supervisor: Roel Frakking Date: 25-05-2020 1 Acknowledgements The thesis before you could not have been made possible without the help of others. I am very grateful to my instructor Roel Frakking for his instructions, feedback and patience. Also, I would like to thank Maartje Janse for her initial feedback and functioning as second reader. 2 Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Reasons for their virtual absence from the literary debate ................................................................ 6 Filling a complex gap ........................................................................................................................... 8 Research-question and theory .......................................................................................................... 11 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapters division ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Perpustakaan.Uns.Ac.Id Digilib.Uns.Ac.Id Commit to User
    perpustakaan.uns.ac.id digilib.uns.ac.id CHAPTER IV ANALYSES A. The 19th century Pangeran Diponegoro Villain and Hero 1. The 19th century in Indonesia The powerful Dutch East India Company (Dutch - Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie - VOC Indonesian land from beginning of 17th century. For two centuries these mighty, the first multinational company controlled and used different parts of Indonesian Archipelago and seized power of local rulers. Due to corruption and debt, the company declared bankruptcy and it was nationalised by Dutch republic as the Dutch East Indies. The exact date of nationalisation of this company was January 1st 1800, so Indonesia entered into the 19th century with an old new ruler. (Brown, 2003) Between 1811 and 1816 some parts of the Dutch East Indies came under a short period of British control due to some insurgencies in Europe. After that the Dutch fought several wars to establish their full control over Archipelago. In West Sumatra between 1803 and 1827 there was the first civil war between two Muslim groups, and with the intervention of the Dutch this war was over. Now it is called the Minangkabau (ethnics of west Sumatra) or Padri War (that was the name of the faction that won). Between 1859 and 1863 there was also war in southeast Kalimantan. The result was the defeat of the Banjarmasin sultan. Areas of Bali and Aceh were also rebellious and conflict there started at the end of the 19th century and finished at the beginning of the 20th century with the Dutch state becoming absolute ruler of all present areas of Indonesia.
    [Show full text]
  • Postcolonial Citizenship and Identity in the Netherlands and France
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2017 Postcolonial Citizenship and Identity in the Netherlands and France Claire Harris Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons Recommended Citation Harris, Claire, "Postcolonial Citizenship and Identity in the Netherlands and France" (2017). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 50. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/50 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2017 Postcolonial Citizenship and Identity in the Netherlands and France CLAIRE HARRIS Harris 2 Introduction The 20th century saw a great deal of political upheaval, specifically in Europe. The two world wars rocked Europe and initiated the beginnings of moves for independence in many of Europe’s colonies. This process of decolonization greatly shifted global politics, and has had lasting impacts on what identity and citizenship mean in this postcolonial context. This paper looks at how the Netherlands and France defined citizenship in the context of decolonization and how those policies regarding citizenship have impacted the postcolonial identities of the formerly colonized in the metropoles. To begin, I look at a theoretical model of citizenship that differentiates between formal citizenship (the legal status of being a citizen) and substantive citizenship (the performative acts that people engage in to establish their status as citizen).
    [Show full text]
  • Leisure Among the Retired Indos of the Hague
    Advances in Applied Sociology 2011. Vol.1, No.1, 22-47 Copyright © 2011 SciRes. DOI:10.4236/aasoci.2011.11003 Leisure among the Retired Indos of the Hague Henny N. Edelman1, David J. Edelman2 1Putrie Consulting, Cincinnati, USA; 2School of Planning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA. Email: [email protected] Received November 16th, 2011; revised December 21st, 2011; accepted December 28th, 2011. The ethnic mixture in Europe has been changing rapidly since the end of World War II, and many of these im- migrant groups are now reaching retirement. The Netherlands is one of the countries affected in this way. This study focuses on mixed race people (Indos) originating in the former Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) and re- siding in The Hague and its surrounding area. Their situation is relevant to other immigrant groups in other European countries. There are several important issues that are studied here with regard to their leisure from which a typology of Indo leisure lifestyles is developed. These issues include :1) how this group is able to avail itself of leisure activities with which its members feel comfortable during retirement and old age; 2) whether this group has integrated itself completely into the host society and feels happy in its social life; 3) whether the lei- sure activities of retired Indos are a way for them to keep healthy mentally and physically, thereby leading to satisfaction with life; and 4) how this particular group of people feels about its unique identity and culture after many years of living in the Netherlands. Keywords: Leisure and the Immigrant Elderly, Indos in Retirement, Europe and Its Aging Ethnic Immigrants Introduction study concentrates on a specific section of this subgroup.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic Values in Popular Malay Literary Novels
    International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 6s, (2020), pp. 1243-1252 Islamic Values in Popular Malay Literary Novels Ahmad Bahtiar1, Herman J. Waluyo2, Sarwiji Suwandi3, Budhi Setiawan4 1 Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia; UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, Indonesia 2Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 3Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia 4Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia Abstract: Popular Malay literature has not been taken into account in the treasures of modern Indonesian literature. Although it exceeds the quantity of literary works that are officially considered in modern Indonesian literature. This literature gave birth to important literary works namely the novel Tjerita Nyai Dasima by G. Francis, which was first published in 1896 and Hikayat Siti Mariah by H. Mukti which was originally as a serial story of the Medan Priyayi daily from 1910-1912. These two works, besides being written several times in several versions, also begin the form of their statements in modern Indonesian literature. This study describes the Islamic values contained in the two novels and the author's attitude towards these values. With a sociological approach to literature, this descriptive qualitative research produced several findings. His findings were that the two novels contained Islamic values concerning the values of faith, sharia values and morals. The authors of these novels have different attitudes in seeing the values of Islam and the perpetrators. G Francis showed anti- Islamic attitudes towards both religion and its people while H. Mukti only looked down on certain religious leaders, as well as towards Islam and its people being shown fairly. Keywords: author's attitude, Islam, popular Malay literature, sociology of literature INTRODUCTION Long before Balai Pustaka's novels were published, literary works had grown and developed using the common language of the time, Popular Malay.
    [Show full text]