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Indo (Eurasian) Communities in Postcolonial Indonesia

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Indo (Eurasian) Communities in Postcolonial Indonesia INDO (EURASIAN) COMMUNITIES IN POSTCOLONIAL INDONESIA Rosalind Louise Hewett A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University March 2016 © Copyright by Rosalind Louise Hewett 2016 All Rights Reserved DECLARATION I, Rosalind Louise Hewett, hereby declare that this thesis is entirely my own work. _____________________________ Rosalind Louise Hewett 23 March 2016 83,713 words ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks goes, first and foremost, to my primary supervisor, Robert Cribb, who was simply the best supervisor that a supervisor could be. His experience and knowledge prevented many pitfalls from ever taking place. He was able to see the bigger picture and the smaller picture when I couldn‟t. He has been a wonderful mentor who shared much of his time teaching me the craft of historical research and provided feedback at a level beyond what I ever expected. Words here cannot express how grateful I am. I am also very grateful to my other supervisors: to Ariel Heryanto for his useful comments about popular culture and for opening my mind to unique perspectives, along with his wife, Sujanti Marsudi; and to Ruth Barraclough, for her wise advice. Thanks also to my advisors, Kathy Robinson and Amrih Widodo, for their support. Thanks to my colleagues in the Department of Pacific and Asian History and the School of Culture, History and Language at ANU, for their useful feedback, discussions and assistance – particularly Maria Myutel, Rebecca Gidley, Meghan Downes, Evi Eliyanah, Mark Jones, Bryce Kositz, Ruth Nuttall, Pedro Iacobelli, Lina Koleilat, Dario di Rosa, Shinnosuke Takahashi and Andrew de Lisle. Special thanks to Mo Tian, whose comments and feedback on earlier chapter drafts were very useful. Thanks to a number of more senior academics for their advice, among them Tony Reid, Chris Ballard, Ana Dragojlovic and, especially, Christine Winter. My thanks also to Jesse Buck in the Research School of Humanities and the Arts for our many conversations about postcolonial memory and minority policies, and to Petra Mahy of SOAS for help interpreting local law on minorities in Indonesia. And I can‟t forget the support of CHL‟s HDR administrator, the very kind and capable Jo Bushby. I am indebted to Francis (Frank) Palmos who showed great interest in this project and freely shared his own knowledge and material. Thanks to Joost Coté for his help locating sources by Kartini and her sisters. Participants at the Social Identities Workshop held at ANU on 21 October 2015 gave invaluable feedback, among them Zane Goebel and Ross Tapsell. Andreas Flach and his family were wonderful, helpful hosts in Sippy Downs. The research I carried out in the Netherlands was supported by a grant from the Australia Netherlands Research Collaboration, as was my Dutch language training, and I am very grateful to this project. In the Netherlands, I owe thanks to too many people to list here, among them Pamela Pattynama, David Henley and Liesbeth Rosen Jacobs. I wish to express my sincere thanks to KITLV for hosting me while in the Netherlands, particularly to Henk Schulte-Nordholt. Thanks especially to Fridus Steijlen, whose many kindnesses are far too many to list here. My fellow research fellows and companions at KITLV made my time there a highlight of my candidature: Michael Leach, Mark Philip Stadler, Rianne Subijanto, Leonor Veiga and, especially, Catherine Smith, who continues to help in so many ways. I have wonderful memories of staying with Biem Lap and his wife Pien and am very grateful for their kindness. To the editors of Indisch Historisch, Inge Dumpel and, particularly, Humphrey de la Croix, words cannot express how grateful I am for their ongoing assistance and advice. In Indonesia, there are also far too many people to thank and space is insufficient to list them all here. In Surabaya, Yan Ferdinandus was kind and helpful beyond what I ever expected. My sincere thanks goes to Rudy and Lili Damwyk in Malang for their hospitality and assistance meeting the Indo community in Malang, and also to Francis Hera. In Bandung, the help and welcome I received from Billy Janz, Rose Alberts and her husband Harry was invaluable. Thanks also to the Alan Neys Memorial Fund, Henny Neys and its Indonesia coordinators, and to HALIN Indonesia. Thea Jonathans-Lopies in Depok, her husband Waldy and Cara Oliveiro in Jakarta provided ongoing help and I cannot express my thanks enough to them. C4 Jakarta also provided a point of first contact to meet a number of research participants. Thanks to Kawendra Lukistian of Parakawe Industries for an invaluable discussion of popular culture, and to Peter Carey for his advice. I am also very grateful to Pastor John David Kenney of IES Jakarta for putting me in touch with a number of people. Lis Kramer and Otje Soedioto helped in numerous ways in Jakarta. I am also grateful to the late Bob Sadino, to Let. General Purbo Suwondo, and to Andrew Stevens Wilson for their help with contacts. I must also mention Fiona Setiawan and Alexander Manusiwa, who accompanied me to a number of unfamiliar places for interviews with strangers. Thanks to the staff of Erasmus Taalcentrum Jakarta for their patience teaching Dutch in Indonesian to a native English speaker. In Manado and Minahasa, my sincere thanks goes to Eten (Einstein) Rantung and to Jan Ban, for their help finding interlocutors, along with Renne Rumbayan, Perry Kondoy, Anastasia Sudjana, Stevan „Dado‟ Wenas, Asa Awondatu and Rendy Umboh. Thanks also to Denni Pinontoan at UKIT and Freddy Wowor, Ivan Kaunang and Jenny Pakasi at UNSRAT for their advice. I am very grateful to Nikita Lumenta for her last minute help finding a thesis on the Borgo community. I would also like to express special thanks to Nency Heydemans-Moningka for her invaluable help, and to Paulus Heydemans, for freely sharing his time, knowledge and sources. As for general thanks, I am grateful to my parents-in-law Vicky Mongilala and Linda Mewengkang for their support and many kindnesses during visits to Manado, and to my parents Steve and Sue Hewett for providing a listening ear from a distance. In Canberra, thanks to Kwan Ling Ho for our „cake breaks‟, Rosadel Rasing for her encouragement, and Philippa Hill and Elvany Luswanto for distracting me from the burdens of a PhD. In Perth, thanks to my aunt and uncle Gwen and Norm Patterson for their support in the final weeks. Anna Holmes was a hilarious and entertaining travel companion in Bogor and Bandung. To Dave Mailoor, who continues to turn serious discussions of research into a joke, what can I say but a tentative thank you for distracting memomentarily? To Immanuel Kitnan: who knew that our conversation on the MTR in Hong Kong about Burghers in Sri Lanka would end up being so important? To Huong Tu, who always provided a listening ear and encouragement, thank you. And my special thanks goes to Tegan Hume, who read many long messages from all sorts of locations, was a constant source of encouragement and indirectly became an advisor. Finally, I wish to express my heartfelt thanks to my husband Andika Mongilala, who taught me that rest is just as important as work is to the final product. He became my fourth, unofficial supervisor, and expressed ongoing interest in the topic – even „marketing‟ it to others on my behalf. He sacrificed much for me to do this research and gave many hours of his own time to help find contacts and to teach me Manado Malay. Many of the ideas discussed in the thesis would be much poorer if not for our discussions. In a number of ways this research became inextricably tied to both our lives. I owe him a great debt and my enduring gratitude for his patience and support. ABSTRACT During the 1940s and 1950s, around 200,000 Eurasians (Indos) of mixed European and Indonesian descent left Indonesia. In time, they formed distinct communities in The Netherlands, the United States, Australia and elsewhere. A smaller number of Indos who had chosen Indonesian citizenship or had been unable to leave remained in Indonesia. Until now, the fate of Indo communities who remained in Indonesia was largely unstudied. This thesis presents a transnational history of Indos in postcolonial Indonesia, framing their history as part of both Indonesian history and broader Indisch (Indies) Dutch history. It compares their circumstances with those of Indonesia‟s largest „foreign minority‟, Chinese Indonesians. The thesis draws on Dutch archives, newspaper accounts and oral history interviews carried out in Java and North Sulawesi, Queensland and the Netherlands. Indos comprised a significant component of the European community in late colonial society, and many also held „native‟ status. Young Indonesian independence fighters killed and tortured Indo and other families across Java in a loosely coordinated genocide during the Bersiap period in 1945-47. At least ten thousand Indos stayed in Indonesia after the transfer of sovereignty in 1949. During the New Order period (1966- 1998), they faced significant pressures to assimilate, but were occasionally held up as a „model minority‟ compared with Chinese Indonesians. Some took up work as actors and models, paving the way for the predominance of an „Indo look‟ on Indonesian television in the 1990s. Younger Indos, usually the children of expatriates, capitalised on the tradition established by older generations, so that the term „Indo‟ became synonymous with fame and stardom. From the mid-2000s, in response to popular historical understandings about ethnicity and race, Indos were more likely to be cast only as wealthy characters in Sinetron. After the fall of Suharto, in tandem with a rise in identity politics in the Netherlands, older Indos in Java began to meet regularly with other Dutch speakers.
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