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Tema 6. Árboles Y Arbustos Usuales En La Jardinería Mediterránea

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Tema 6. Árboles Y Arbustos Usuales En La Jardinería Mediterránea T E L E O P O S I C I O N E S Avda. Maisonnave 28, bis 4ª Planta, Alicante [email protected] lOMoARcPSD|893193 Abies alba, Abeto, Fam. PINACEAE Nombre común o vulgar: Abeto, Abeto blanco, Abeto del Pirineo, Pinabete, Abeto europeo, Abeto común, Abeto macho, Abetuna. Familia: PINACEAE Origen: Europa, centro y sur. Distribución: Especie perenne muy frecuente en las cordilleras del centro y sur de Europa. En España ha quedado relegada a la cordillera pirenaica desde Navarra hasta Gerona, situándose su límite meridional en la Sierra del Montseny. Árbol de gran belleza por la elegancia de sus formas y el exquisito perfume balsámico que destila de sus hojas y cortezas. Altura: hasta 60m. En los primeros años, crece muy lentamente. A partir de los 5 años, puede crecer hasta 1m de altura por año. Porte: Árbol de talla media que alcanza los 20-30m de altura aunque puede llegar a 40 o incluso 50m con porte regular hasta esbelto si las condiciones son las apropiadas. Porte: copa piramidal o cónica estrecha y recogida. Tronco recto y corteza gris y lisa cuando jóvenes, resquebrajándose después en escamas oscuras. Copa densa, en principio estrecha, cónica o piramidal. Con el tiempo, modera su crecimiento en altura con respecto al lateral adoptando formas tronco- cónicas. Ramillas más o menos densamente cubiertas de pelos que suelen ser de color rojizo a diferencia del pinsapo que las tiene lampiñas. Hojas recias, flexibles y romas en la punta, de hasta 2,5cm de longitud, dispuestas en dos filas, de color verde oscuro, brillante, asurcadas por el haz y con dos bandas blancas en el enves. Floración: Durante la primavera. Las piñas maduran en otoño. Las flores son dioicas divididas en amentos masculinos (conos), pequeños, globosos, amarillos, los femeninos son más grandes y vueltos hacia arriba. Las piñas, de forma cilíndrica alargada, adquieren un color castaño mate cuando maduran. Exposición: semisombra, se adapta muy bien en laderas con exposición norte. Florece de abril a mayo, siempre en ramas del año anterior. La diferencia entre el Abeto blanco y el Abeto rojo esta en el matiz claro del tronco del abeto blanco. Es de este abeto del que se extrae la mejor esencia de trementina, guayacol, creosota y terpina, tan utilizada para barnices. Su madera de color claro, sin resina y gran resistencia es muy valorada y apta para gran variedad de usos. Su madera se utiliza para fabricar cajas de violines, pianos, tapas superiores de guitarras; en el Pirineo se utilizó para fabricar órganos. Sus yemas se han usado en medicina popular contra la tos y el 1 lOMoARcPSD|893193 catarro en infusiones. Antiguamente los médicos aconsejaban sus hojas a los convalecientes de enfermedades pulmonares y asmáticas. Es muy aconsejable para los asmáticos pasear por bosques de abeto. Destilando hojas y madera se obtiene aceite de trementina muy utilizado en medicina contra torceduras y contusiones. La majestuosidad de su porte y su colorido intenso la hacen muy valorada como especie ornamental en jardinería y paisajismo utilizándose para este fin variedades hibridadas. Sus ramas y arbolitos son muy utilizados tradicionalmente en la Navidad, para la cual cosa es preferible hacerlo con sus ramas y nunca arrancando arbolitos. Altitud: desde los 800 hasta los 2.000m. La altitud óptima en España se sitúa en torno a los 1200-1600m. Las precipitaciones óptimas no bajan de los 1.000mm anuales con más de 300mm estivales aunque pueden prosperar con menos en posiciones de umbría o con más humedad relativa. No soporta los frios muy intensos, ni las atmósferas de polvo o gases tóxicos. Clima húmedo con sequía estival no muy acusada. Necesita sombra cuando es joven. Suelo: busca siempre terrenos profundos, frescos y húmedos no tolerando la compactación ni las texturas arenosas. Parece darse con igual abundancia sobre suelos graníticos como calizos y margosos. Indiferente al pH. Siembra: Estratificación en frío a 4°C; Siembra directa. Semillas por gramo: 19, Porcentaje de germinación: 40. Pueden plantarse aislados, formar setos, cortavientos, en alineaciones y para reforestaciones. Tienen aplicaciones medicinales. Acacia retinoides, Mimosa. Fam. FABACEAE Nombre común: Mimosa, Acacia verde, Mimosa de las cuatro estaciones, Acacia plateada. Familia: FABACEAE Sub-familia: MIMOSOIDEAE. Origen: Australia. Árbol pequeño (5-8 m) o arbusto grande. Crece rápido. Follaje: PERMANENTE, persistente, de color verde claro glauco. Flores: Son globulares. Color amarillo brillante con un aroma intenso. Floración desde final de invierno hasta finales del otoño. Posee una particular floración amarilla que hace que florezca varias veces al año, sobre todo en primavera y otoño. Inflorescencias axilares con 6-15 capítulos o cabezuelas globosas de color amarillo pálido. Fruto en legumbre linear de 3-15 cm de longitud, recta, ligeramente constreñida entre las semillas. Apto para setos. Muy utilizada en floristería para flor de corte. Empleada por su floración a final de invierno. Está bastante representada en jardines. Se cultiva formando grupos o de manera aislada. Clima cálido, aunque resiste algo de frío. Suelo sano. Resiste la sequía. Soporta suelos calcáreos y temperaturas mínimas de -8 a -10ºC, siendo una de las acacias más resistentes al frío. Muy resistente a las condiciones de suelo y clima, siendo por ello muy utilizada como portainjerto. Situación: sol o semisombra. Resistente al viento y a las atmósferas marinas. Se adapta a suelos calizos. Una poda es adecuada después de la floración. Resistente a plagas y enfermedades. Se multiplica por semillas, siendo necesario antes de la siembra ablandar las cubiertas de las mismas remojándolas en ácido sulfúrico concentrado de 20 minutos a 2 horas. Otro tratamiento más apto para el aficionado consiste en verter agua hirviendo sobre las semillas durante 5 segundos y dejarlas remojar a temperatura ambiente 24 h. Siembra directa en otoño o primavera. 2 lOMoARcPSD|893193 Acacia dealbata, mimosa fina, Fam. FABACEAE Nombre común o vulgar: Mimosa fina, Mimosa, Mimosa común, Mimosa plateada, Aromo francés. Familia: FABACEAE Sub-familia: MIMOSOIDEAE. Origen: Australia. Follaje PERMANENTE, Árbol de follaje persistente muy usado en parques por su atractiva floración amarilla hacia fines del invierno. Altura: de 3 a 10 metros generalmente. Crecimiento rápido. Follaje perenne de tonos plateados, muy ornamental. Sus hojas son de textura fina, de color verde y sus flores amarillas que aparecen en racimos grandes. Florece de Enero a Marzo (Hemisferio Norte). Legumbre de 5-9 cm de longitud, recta o ligeramente curvada, con los bordes algo constreñidos entre las semillas, que se disponen en el fruto longitudinalmente. Los frutos que prosiguen a la floración manchan mucho alrededor. Se ha empleado como curtiente debido al elevado contenido en taninos que posee la corteza, además se ha utilizado como sustituto de la goma arábica aprovechando las exudaciones de goma de su tronco y ramas. La madera es bastante duradera después del secado, aunque se resquebraja con facilidad por lo que no es de buena calidad. Se emplea para consolidar y estabilizar suelos secos arenosos y taludes, por su rápido crecimiento. En jardines pequeños como árbol de flor y de sombra. Es la acacia más ornamental. Árbol ornamental en parques, calles, paseos, jardines públicos y en la cercanía de numerosas casas rurales. Se aconseja plantarlo a pleno sol. Prefiere suelos algo silíceos. No soporta la exposición ventosa. Las temperaturas invernales no deben ser inferiores a -6ºC. El terreno debe ser suelto, neutro o ligeramente ácido. Esta planta crece en suelos ligeramente arenosos pero no soporta los suelos calcáreos a menos que haya sido injertada sobre Acacia retinoides u otra acacia resistente. Aguanta bien la sequía prolongada de la zona mediterránea. Es conveniente podarla para darle forma, pues se hace enorme y desordenada. Poda y transplantes: Basta con cortar las ramas con flores a unos 50- 60 cm. Con las ramas cortadas se hacen arreglos florales para decorar interiores. Poda: Al finalizar las heladas se retiran las partes dañadas por el frío. Tras la floración se despuntan las ramas cortando un par de yemas. Así espesan y se robustecen. Las plantas adultas se podarán poco. Acacia dealbata se puede renovar, aunque la mayoría de las otras variedades no soportan las podas fuertes. Como tiene raíces superficiales, puede presentar problemas de anclaje. El mayor problema en el cultivo de la mimosa es el exceso de agua, ya que las raíces se pudren fácilmente. Los encharcamientos pueden ser fatales. También le afecta la clorosis férrica, que se corrige con quelatos de hierro. Si el ambiente es demasiado cálido y húmedo, se ve atacada por cochinilla algodonosa. Multiplicación: Por semillas. También se injertan sobre Acacia retinoides para hacerla resistente a la caliza. Por semilla es fácil a fines del invierno o principios primavera. Antes de sembrar es necesario ablandar las cubiertas remojándolas en ácido sulfúrico concentrado de 20 minutos a 2 horas. Otro tratamiento más apto para el aficionado consiste en verter agua hirviendo sobre las semillas durante 5 segundos y dejarlas remojar a temperatura ambiente 24 h. Siembra directa en otoño o primavera. lOMoARcPSD|893193 Acalypha wilkesiana, Acalifa, Fam. EUPHORBIACEAE Nombre común o vulgar: Acalifa Familia: EUPHORBIACEAE Origen: Polinesia, de varias regiones del globo, caracterizadas por clima tropical o subtropical. Follaje: PERMANENTE. Arbusto más o menos leñoso de 50cm de altura. Hojas grandes, ovaladas, de color verde intenso o verde-bronce a púrpura, según la variedad (hay unas 400). Las flores están reunidas en inflorescencias. Son muy largas, en alguna especie pueden alcanzar los 50 centímetros. Luz: En invierno, debe estar expuesta a la luz, pero no a la incidencia directa del sol. En verano, si está al aire libre, en completa sombra, no le gusta el sol directo. Cuando la planta no ha desarrollado aún sus largas colas, basta con dos o tres riegos semanales con un vaporizador de orificios muy pequeños.
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