T. FRI T. VOLUNTEERS IN db ER g , M. LARSEN THE DANISH VOLUNTEERS IN THE DANISH HOME GUARD 2016 HOME GUARD 2016 V This report maps the composition of a group of volunteer members of the Home Guard, as well as their opi- O LUNT nions and expectations of the Home Guard and their own voluntary efforts. The report is a follow-up to two previous surveys completed in 2007 and 2011 and it therefore also highlights changes from 2007 to 2011 EE and 2016. RS IN TH Based on a questionnaire survey, the report paints a picture of who the volunteers are, what motivates them and how they perceive their surrounding environment’s view of them as members of the Home Guard. The report also focuses on the volunteers’ view of the Home Guard’s tasks and activities both in Denmark and E D abroad. Finally, the report describes the volunteers’ perception of the Home Guards’ communication and A NISH H campaigns. The report was commissioned and financed by the Danish Home Guard Command. O M E G U A RD 2016 17:10 17:10 SFI – The Danish National Centre for Social Research TOrBEn FridBErG 17:10 MOnA LArsEn ISSN: 1396-1810 SFI_17-10.indd 1 16/03/2017 11.01 17:10 VOLUNTEERS IN THE DANISH HOME GUARD 2016 TORBEN FRIDBERG MONA LARSEN COPENHAGEN 2017 SFI - THE DANISH NATIONAL CENTRE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH VOLUNTEERS IN THE DANISH HOME GUARD 2016 Department manager: Lisbeth Pedersen Department of Employment, Education and Social Inclusion ISSN: 1396-1810 ISBN: 978-87-7119-436-4 e-ISBN: 978-87-7119-437-4 Layout: Hedda Bank Cover photo: Colourbox Print run: 500 Printing: Rosendahls a/s © 2017 SFI - The National Centre for Social Research SFI – The Danish National Centre for Social Research Herluf Trolles Gade 11 1052 Copenhagen K, Denmark Tel. +45 33 48 08 00 [email protected] www.sfi.dk SFI’s publications may be freely quoted provided the source is clearly indicated. CONTENT PREFACE 7 SUMMARY 9 1 ABOUT THE SURVEY 19 Objective and content 19 The Home Guard 20 Data basis 24 2 WHO VOLUNTEERS FOR THE HOME GUARD? 29 Gender, family situation and place of residence 30 Age 32 Qualifications and labour market attachment 34 Rank, participation and length of service in the Home Guard 38 Volunteer work 39 Summary 41 3 WHY DO VOLUNTEERS VOLUNTEER? WHAT MOTIVATES THEM? 43 Why volunteer? 43 Types of volunteer 45 Time spent on activities and transport 49 How many volunteers are contemplating stopping, including who and why? 62 Summary 66 4 EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT, PREJUDICES, TASKS AND ORGANISATION 69 Family and friends in the Home Guard? 70 Opinions about the Home Guard 72 The most important tasks 78 Knowledge and opinions about the organisation and structure of the various Home Guard branches 81 How important volunteers believe the independence of the Home Guard to be and to what degree this motivates their membership 83 The significance of equipment and materiel 86 Summary 88 5 COMPETENCES AND INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS 91 Competences 92 Participation in international RSHUDWLRQV 98 Summary 111 6 SATISFACTION AND RECOGNITION 113 Satisfaction with activities 113 Overall satisfaction with being in the Home Guard 118 Recognition 119 Summary 120 7 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 123 Sources of information 123 Satisfaction with the information? 128 Preferred information channels 131 Opinions about campaigns 140 Summary 141 APPENDICES 143 Appendix 1 Appendix tables for chapter 3 144 Appendix 2 Appendix tables for chapter 4 148 Appendix 3 Appendix tables for chapter 5 150 Appendix 4 Appendix tables for chapter 7 152 LITERATURE 153 SFI REPORTS SINCE 2016 155 PREFACE The overall objective of this survey is to provide a better basis for the Danish Home Guard Command to organise their volunteer services. The report identifies the composition of the volunteer group in the Home Guard, including their opinions and expectations of the Home Guard and their own volunteer work. The survey follows up on two previous surveys of Home Guard volunteers, which SFI carried out in 2007 and 2011, respectively, with the aim of describing changes in the composition of the volunteer group and any changes in their opinions and expecta- tions. The study’s advisory committee included the Commander of the Home Guard, Major-General Finn Winkler; the Commissioner of the Home Guard, Bjarne Laustsen; Brigadier-General Gunner Arpe Nielsen; and John Nielsen, administrative officer, all of whom we would like to thank for their comments on the draft report and other input. We par- ticularly wish to thank Professor Lars Skov Henriksen, Aalborg Universi- ty, who served as referee for the report, and who provided valuable con- structive comments. The report was written by Torben Fridberg, senior researcher, and Mona Larsen, senior researcher. The survey was commissioned and financed by the Danish Home Guard Command. Copenhagen, March 2017 AGI CSONKA 7 SUMMARY This report identifies the composition of the volunteer group in the Home Guard and their onions and expectations of the Home Guard, as well as of their own volunteer work. The report follows up on two pre- vious surveys carried out in 2007 and 2011. We therefore also examine trends from 2007 to 2011 and on to 2016. The overall objective of the survey is to establish a better basis for the Danish Home Guard Com- mand to organise its volunteer services. This new survey was commissioned because of the major chang- es in Home Guard duties in recent years. The 2007 survey was conduct- ed after the Home Guard had been reorganised from top to bottom fol- lowing the 2000-2004 and the 2005-2009 Defence Agreements. Since the 2007 survey, new Defence Agreements, (2010-2014 and 2013-2017) have been implemented, involving a number of further streamlining and re- structuring measures. Another part of the background to this report is that the Home Guard has seen a steady decline in membership over a number of years. The Home Guard is a military organisation under the Ministry of Defence, consisting mainly of voluntary, unpaid members. All Danish citizens above 18 years of age may apply for admission to the Home Guard. The requirement for Danish nationality can be disregarded in special cases. 9 The Home Guard is part of the Danish military defence and supports the Army, the Royal Danish Navy and the Royal Danish Air Force in a number of tasks. The Home Guard also supports Danish ci- vilian authorities such as the Police, the Central Customs and Tax Ad- ministration (SKAT) and the Danish Emergency Management Agency. In recent years, the Home Guard has received a number of new duties, as Home Guard soldiers are now being deployed on international mis- sions as support troops for the armed forces and to help train soldiers for deployment. HOME GUARD VOLUNTEERS IN FIGURES In June 2016, the Home Guard had 45,767 members, 15,275 of whom were active, while the rest were in the reserve. Members of the reserve participate for fewer than 24 hours per year in function-related Home Guard activities. The active force comprised 1,224 officers, 2,787 non- commissioned officers and 11,264 privates, broken down by the three branches of the Home Guard: The Army Home Guard, the Naval Home Guard and the Air Force Home Guard. The Army Home Guard is by far the largest of the Home Guard branches: it consists of 35,658 volunteers, approximately 11,606 of whom are active. THE TYPICAL HOME GUARD SOLDIER Many of the members of the Home Guard have been members for a long time. On average, volunteers in 2016 have been members for 28 years compared with 23 years in 2007. There is a significant difference between the three Home Guard branches in terms of volunteers’ length of service. Air Force Home Guard volunteers have been members on average for 32 years, while Naval Home Guard volunteers have been members for 23 years on average. Home Guard volunteers make up a broad cross-section of the Danish population, but there is a clear majority of men aged 40 and above. Women make up 14% of volunteers. Relatively speaking, the Air Force Home Guard has the greatest number of female members (22%). The average age is 50, which is slightly higher than in 2007, when it was 47. The proportion of members below 30 is at the same lev- el in 2016 as in 2007. The increase in average age is primarily due to the fact that members of the reserve were four years older on average in 2016 than they were in 2007. Considering only the active force, the aver- 10 age age has only increased slightly, from 45 years in 2007 to 46 years in 2016. Furthermore, a relatively large number of Home Guard volun- teers have a vocational education qualification. However, the proportion of volunteers with technical qualifications has actually gone down, while the proportion of members with short-cycle or medium-cycle higher ed- ucation has increased since 2007. Furthermore, Home Guard volunteers are relatively often em- ployed in the private sector. Since 2007, the proportion of members of Home Guard in retirement or on early retirement has increased, and this is reflected in the higher percentage of members within the older age groups. Around half of volunteers live in small urban areas or rural dis- tricts. The typical Home Guard volunteer is therefore male, aged above 40, has a vocational education qualification, is employed in the private sector and lives in a rural district or in a small town. Since 2007, the proportion of members in the older age groups has increased, thus increasing the average age of volunteers.