Innerdeutsche Beziehungen Im Vorfeld Der Wende. Die Kontakte
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Fortress Europe: the Ym Th Martin Bangemann
Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business Volume 9 Issue 3 Winter Winter 1989 Fortress Europe: The yM th Martin Bangemann Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njilb Part of the International Trade Commons Recommended Citation Martin Bangemann, Fortress Europe: The yM th, 9 Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus. 480 (1988-1989) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Law & Business by an authorized administrator of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Fortress Europe: The Myth Martin Bangemann * The anticipation of the 1992 continental-wide market has already had an unexpected effect: one-third of the average 3.7% increase in eco- nomic growth of the European Community for 1988 is the result of in- vestors anticipating the big market.' This is the clearest signal the business community could make to show its confidence in Europe. This is the beginning of the most extensive exercise of deregulation the Euro- pean Community has experienced since its creation in the 1950s. Every- body agrees that it is an irreversible trend. Long gone is the "benign neglect" of those on Wall Street and Penn- sylvania Avenue that led the United States press to coin the sinister "Europessimism" concept of the early 1980s. Indeed, during last year, many East Coast analysts depicted Europe as a five trillion dollar econ- omy, thus granting the EC the economic powerhouse status it deserves.2 But awe often goes hand in hand with envy, which has resulted in the fashionable East Coast notion of "Fortress Europe." Before killing this myth, one crucial but often forgotten issue must be clarified: there is indeed nothing more legitimate for the Community than wanting to achieve one single market, abolishing national frontiers, and letting goods, persons, services and capital circulate freely. -
Bulletin of the GHI Washington Supplement 1 (2004)
Bulletin of the GHI Washington Supplement 1 (2004) Copyright Das Digitalisat wird Ihnen von perspectivia.net, der Online-Publikationsplattform der Max Weber Stiftung – Stiftung Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland, zur Verfügung gestellt. Bitte beachten Sie, dass das Digitalisat urheberrechtlich geschützt ist. Erlaubt ist aber das Lesen, das Ausdrucken des Textes, das Herunterladen, das Speichern der Daten auf einem eigenen Datenträger soweit die vorgenannten Handlungen ausschließlich zu privaten und nicht-kommerziellen Zwecken erfolgen. Eine darüber hinausgehende unerlaubte Verwendung, Reproduktion oder Weitergabe einzelner Inhalte oder Bilder können sowohl zivil- als auch strafrechtlich verfolgt werden. “WASHINGTON AS A PLACE FOR THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN”: THE U.S. GOVERNMENT AND THE CDU/CSU OPPOSITION, 1969–1972 Bernd Schaefer I. In October 1969, Bonn’s Christian Democrat-led “grand coalition” was replaced by an alliance of Social Democrats (SPD) and Free Democrats (FDP) led by Chancellor Willy Brandt that held a sixteen-seat majority in the West German parliament. Not only were the leaders of the CDU caught by surprise, but so, too, were many in the U.S. government. Presi- dent Richard Nixon had to take back the premature message of congratu- lations extended to Chancellor Kiesinger early on election night. “The worst tragedy,” Henry Kissinger concluded on June 16, 1971, in a con- versation with Nixon, “is that election in ’69. If this National Party, that extreme right wing party, had got three-tenths of one percent more, the Christian Democrats would be in office now.”1 American administrations and their embassy in Bonn had cultivated a close relationship with the leaders of the governing CDU/CSU for many years. -
Inhalt Vier Jahrzehnte Liberaler Politik
Inhalt WOLFGANG MISCHNICK Zum Geleit 9 OTTO GRAF LAMBSDORFF Vorwort 13 Vier Jahrzehnte liberaler Politik HEINO KAACK Die FDP im politischen System der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 19 Die Gründung der Freien Demokratischen Partei DIETER HEIN Der Weg nach Heppenheim 1945-1948 48 THEO RÜTTEN Von der Plattform-Partei zur Partei des _ liberalen Programms 1949-1957 66 Zeitzeugen: Liberale der ersten Stunde GÜNTHER SERFAS Gespräch mit Wolfgang Haußmann (März 1988) 81 HELGA LERCH Der Abgeordnete und Unternehmer Karl Atzenroth 93 http://d-nb.info/881467189 6 Inhalt Zwischen Opposition und Regierung ig$7-1967 UDO WENGST Mit und gegen Adenauer und Erhard 102 FRITZ FLISZAR Mit der FDPregieren Ein Gespräch mit Erich Mende (7. Juni 1988) 125 DANIEL KOERFER Schwierige Geburten: Die Regierungsbildungen 1961, 1962, 1963 und 1965 156 Die Liberalen von 1967 bis heute ULRICH WILDERMUTH Von der FDP zur F.D.P. 194 HARTMUT HAUSMANN Die Freiburger Thesen 21 j GERD RAUHAUS In der sozial-liberalen Koalition 229 JOHANNES MERCK Von der sozial-liberalen zur bürgerlich-liberalen Koalition 246 Themen und Perspektiven liberaler Politik MARTIN BANGEMANN Liberale Wirtschaftspolitik 285 IRMGARD ADAM-SCHWAETZER Die Kontinuität liberaler Außenpolitik 297 GERHART RUDOLF BAUM Liberaler Rechtsstaat 308 DIETER-JULIUS CRONENBERG Liberale Gesellschaftspolitik 323 Inhalt GUIDO WESTERWELLE Die Jungen Liberalen 342 HELMUT HAUSSMANN Perspektiven des Liberalismus 347 ACHIM RHODE Die FDP in Ländern und Kommunen 364 Die FDP und die liberale Tradition WOLFGANG J. MOMMSEN Zwei Jahrhunderte -
1 European/American Relations Over the S.D.I
1 EUROPEAN/AMERICAN RELATIONS OVER THE S.D.I. CHARLES J. BALL Submitted for the Ph.D. Degree London School of Economics University of London July 1991 UMI Number: U042872 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Disscrrlation Publishing UMI U042872 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 I H F POLITICAL W o A o. tOMlC^ yâ.\\L\Z<S\-yi ABSTRACT This thesis examines the dispute that arose between the United States and key European members of NATO (Britain, West Germany and France) over the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). The debate is traced from its inception on March 23, 1983, when Reagan announced his decision to accelerate ballistic missile defence research, to the eclipse of SDI as a major source of transatlantic and international controversy when Presidents Reagan and Gorbachev signed the INF Treaty in December 1987. The transatlantic SDI debate is investigated to determine: (1) the underlying cause, or reasons, for the controversy, (2) how the Alliance managed the differences which arose, and (3) how East- West relations affected the manner in which the controversy was handled. -
Report on Europe and the Global Information Society
Bulletin of the European Union Supplement 2/94 Growth, competitiveness and employment White Paper follow-up Report on Europe and the global information society Interim report on trans-European networks Progress report on employment Extracts of the conclusions of the Presidency of the Corfu European Council This document reproduces the infonnation society report on pages 5-39 and the Presidency conclusions on pages 126- 134. The other two reports are available as separate documents on AEI-EU. Blank page not reproduced: 8 European Commission Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1994 ISBN 92-826-8547- (Q ECSC-EC-EAEC, Brussels. Luxembourg, 1994 Reproduction is authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Germany General contents Europe and the global information society Recommendations of the high-level group on the information society to the Corfu European Council (Bangemann group) Trans-European networks Interim report of the chairman of the group of personal representatives of the Heads of State or Government to the Corfu European Council (Christophersen group) Progress report on employment 103 Results of Mr Flynn s tour of capitals Extracts of the conclusions of the Presidency of the Corfu European Council (24 and 25 June 1994) 125 S. 2/94 Europe and the global information society Recommendations of the high-level group on the information society to the Corfu European Council (Bangemann group) In its Brussels meeting of December 1993, the European Council requested that a report be prepared for its meeting on 24 and 25 June 1994 in Corfu by a group of prominent persons on the specific measures to be taken into consideration by the Community and the Member States for the infrastructures in the sphere of information. -
Europe's Strategic Interests
Bahr | Europe’s lnterests Europe’s Strategic Interests How Germany can steer Europe toward greater global autonomy Egon Bahr | Europe and the United States are taking different paths. Unlike the United States, Europe does not strive to be a hegemonic world power. But it could and should be an autonomous global actor—a “fifth pole” in a multipolar world. Germany can push European foreign and security policy in this direction. For its part, Berlin should focus on traditional strengths like cooperation with Russia, as well as arms control and disarmament. EGON BAHR is the The present conditions are favorable for an open, critical discussion about the German Social future of Germany’s foreign and security policies. As long as the political lead- Democratic Party’s foremost foreign ers in Paris and London have refrained from stepping up to their new respon- policy thinker. He sibilities, we can’t expect any earth-shattering breakthroughs in European for- was the architect of eign policy. Moreover, we do not have to act out of consideration for the succes- West Germany‘s sors of either Bush or Putin—because nobody knows who they will be. Ostpolitik during the early 1970s. Germany’s foreign and security policy is derived from three factors: its rela- tions with the United States, Europe, and Russia. It is essential for Germany to clarify its relationship with the United States. There are simple reasons for this. The United States is the world’s only superpower and the leading power within NATO; because of the United States’ credibility and strength, the cold war was successfully resolved. -
Chapter 10 Investigates How Increased Deliveries of Soviet Gas Became Highly Attractive Following the 1973/1974 Oil Crisis
Copyrighted material – 9781137293718 Contents List of Illustrations xi Foreword xiii 1 Introduction 1 Russia’s C ontested “ E nergy W eapon” 1 Soviet Natural Gas and the Hidden Integration of Europe 2 Dependence in the Making: A Systems Perspective 5 The Political Nature of the East-West Gas Trade 7 Outline of the Book 8 2 Before Siberia: The Rise of the Soviet Natural Gas Industry 13 Soviet Power and Natural Gas for the Whole Country 13 The Cold War Duel 15 Soviet System-Building: Interconnecting the Republics 20 The Rise and Stagnation of the Pipe and Equipment Industry 23 “A Big Surplus for Export”? 26 3 Toward an Export Strategy 31 From Central Asia to Siberia 31 Glavgaz and the West European Natural Gas Scene 34 Considering Exports: Opportunities and Risks 36 Seeking Cooperation with Italy and Austria 38 The Export Strategy Takes Shape 40 4 Austria: The Pioneer 45 The Austrian Fuel Complex: Nazi and Soviet Legacies 45 From SMV to ÖMV 46 Toward Imports: ÖMV versus Austria Ferngas 48 Rudolf Lukesch’s Vision 50 The Six-Days War as a Disturbing Event 55 Negotiating the Gas Price 58 The Contract 63 5 Bavaria’s Quest for Energy Independence 67 Natural Gas and the Politics of Isolation 67 Otto Schedl’s Struggle against North German Coal 69 Toward Gas Imports: Negotiating Algeria 70 Soviet Gas for Bavaria? The Austrian Connection 73 Manipulated Conditions 75 Egon Bahr and the Steel Companies as Supporters 79 vii Copyrighted material – 9781137293718 Copyrighted material – 9781137293718 viii Contents Alexei Sorokin’s Charm Offensive 81 The -
Introduction Era of Negotiations (
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Era of Negotiations ( This image is not available in this open access ebook due to rights restrictions. ILLUSTRATION 1: Chancellor Willy Brandt, Foreign Minister Walter Scheel and Minister of the Interior Hans-Dietrich Genscher (from right to left) during a Bundestag session in December 1972. Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung, B 145 Bild-00114278, Photographer: Ulrich Wienke. "A State of Peace in Europe: West Germany and the CSCE, 1966-1975” by Petri Hakkarainen is available open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license with support from Knowledge Unlatched. OA ISBN: 978-1-78920-107-9. Not for resale. 2 | A State of Peace in Europe I was resented in the East for it, and not everybody in the West agreed with me either, when I said that the participation of the Federal Republic of Germany in a European security conference would be pointless if the relationship between the two parts of Germany had not been settled first. The Federal Republic had some leverage here; I did not overestimate it, but we had it. My argument: if a wedding is planned and the other half of the bridal couple does not turn up, the other partner will not be very happy about it. – Willy Brandt in his memoirs1 This conference will simultaneously address the possibilities of cooperation and the questions of security. Between East and West, North and South, I see the possibility to create common interests and responsibilities in Europe through economic and other connections which can develop more security for everyone. – Willy Brandt’s -
"Ostpolitik As a Source of Intra-Bloc Tensions" by Dr
1 "Ostpolitik as a source of intra-bloc tensions" by Dr. Oliver Bange, Mannheim University (Project "Ostpolitik and Détente") [Ostpolitik caused friction on a number of different levels – it sparked tensions within Willy Brand’s party, the SPD, parliament, the coalition cabinet, tensions with the Western allies, and even within the Eastern bloc. It is the latter two that this paper is devoted, arranging documents from various national archives around nine distinct but interconnected arguments. Inevitably, such a vue d’ensemble has to start with an explanation of the goals and tactics underlying the new Eastern policy as devised during Brandt’s time as foreign minister of the “Grand Coalition” from December 1966 to September 1969, and put into practice during his chancellorship of the social-liberal coalition until 1974 and then onwards to the CSCE in Helsinki on August 1, 1975.] One might compare the "Neue Ostpolitik" of Willy Brandt and Egon Bahr with a coin: the currency, or ultimate goal, imprinted on it is called "unification" – in order to avoid any compromise to the original borders of the vanished Reich, Brandt refused to speak about "re- unification", preferring the "unification" or "Zusammenwachsen" (growing closer) of the two existing German states. The two sides of the coin represent two long-term strategies to achieve unification. Undermining Communism by exposing the people under its rule to Western values and liberties was one side of the coin. However, the eventual breakdown of Communism itself would not guarantee German unification. The other side of the coin was therefore to devise an all-European security system, taking care of the legitimate security concerns of all nations (including the United States and the Soviet Union) concerned by a prospective unification of the two German states. -
The Importance of Osthandel: West German-Soviet Trade and the End of the Cold War, 1969-1991
The Importance of Osthandel: West German-Soviet Trade and the End of the Cold War, 1969-1991 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Charles William Carter, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Professor Carole Fink, Advisor Professor Mansel Blackford Professor Peter Hahn Copyright by Charles William Carter 2012 Abstract Although the 1970s was the era of U.S.-Soviet détente, the decade also saw West Germany implement its own form of détente: Ostpolitik. Trade with the Soviet Union (Osthandel) was a major feature of Ostpolitik. Osthandel, whose main feature was the development of the Soviet energy-export infrastructure, was part of a broader West German effort aimed at promoting intimate interaction with the Soviets in order to reduce tension and resolve outstanding Cold War issues. Thanks to Osthandel, West Germany became the USSR’s most important capitalist trading partner, and several oil and natural gas pipelines came into existence because of the work of such firms as Mannesmann and Thyssen. At the same time, Moscow’s growing emphasis on developing energy for exports was not a prudent move. A lack of economic diversification resulted, a development that helped devastate the USSR’s economy after the oil price collapse of 1986 and, in the process, destabilize the communist bloc. Against this backdrop, the goals of some West German Ostpolitik advocates—especially German reunification and a peaceful resolution to the Cold War—occurred. ii Dedication Dedicated to my father, Charles William Carter iii Acknowledgements This project has been several years in the making, and many individuals have contributed to its completion. -
Liste Deutscher Teilnehmer Bilderberg
• Egon Bahr (1968, 1971, 1982, 1987), German Minister, creator of the Ostpolitik • Rainer Barzel (1966), former German opposition leader • Kurt Biedenkopf (1992), former Prime Minister of Saxony • Max Brauer (1954, 1955, 1958, 1963, 1964, 1966), former Mayor of Hamburg • Birgit Breuel (1973, 1979, 1980, 1991, 1992, 1994), chairwoman of Treuhandanstalt • Andreas von Bülow (1978), former Minister of Research of Germany • Karl Carstens (1971), former President of Germany • Klaus von Dohnanyi (1975, 1977), former Mayor of Hamburg • Ursula Engelen-Kefer (1998), former chairwoman of the German Confederation of Trade Unions • Björn Engholm (1991), former Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein • Ludwig Erhard (1966), former Chancellor of Germany • Fritz Erler (1955, 1957, 1958, 1963, 1964, 1966), Socialist Member of Parliament • Joschka Fischer (2008), former Minister of Foreign Affairs (Germany) • Herbert Giersch (1975), Director, Institut fur Weltwirtschaft an der Universitat Kiel • Helmut Haussmann (1979, 1980, 1990, 1996), former Minister of Economics of Germany • Wolfgang Ischinger (1998, 2002, 2008), former German Ambassador to Washington • Helmut Kohl (1980, 1982, 1988), former Chancellor of Germany • Walter Leisler Kiep (1974, 1975, 1977, 1980), former Treasurer of the Christian Democratic Union (Germany) • Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1955, 1957, 1966), former Chancellor of Germany • Hans Klein (1986), Member of German Bundestag • Otto Graf Lambsdorff (1980, 1983, 1984), former Minister of Economics of Germany • Karl Lamers (1995), Member of the -
Die Sozialdemokratie Zwischen Friedlicher Revolution Und
Die Sozialdemokratie zwischen friedlicher gesichtet werden, die den Dialog zwischen SPD und Revolution und deutscher Einheit SED betreffen. Schließlich wurden Archivbestände der Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staats- sicherheitsdienstes der ehemaligen DDR (BStU) hin- zugezogen, um einen Einblick in die Versuche des MfS zu erhalten, die Gründung und die ersten Schritte der SDP zu kontrollieren. Noch wichtiger als die Archivstudien erwies sich jedoch die Arbeit mit Interviews. Dazu wurden rund VON 50 Akteure der Jahre 1989/90 aus Ost und West be- DANIEL FRIEDRICH STURM fragt. Im Mittelpunkt standen – wie sollte es anders sein? – Sozialdemokraten, unter ihnen Egon Bahr, Er- Schwante, 7. Oktober 1989: Mutig und voller Selbst- hard Eppler, Stephan Hilsberg, Markus Meckel, Man- vertrauen gründen DDR-Bürgerrechtler am 40. Jah- fred Stolpe, Wolfgang Thierse und Hans-Jochen Vo- restag der DDR die SDP, die Sozialdemokratische gel. Doch auch Norbert Blüm (CDU) oder Hans Partei in der DDR. Die SPD-Führung in Bonn wird Modrow (damals SED-PDS) standen für Interviews davon völlig überrascht. In der Dissertation soll nach- zur Verfügung. Aus diesen Gesprächen ergeben sich vollzogen werden, wie die beiden sozialdemokrati- völlig neue Perspektiven auf die sozialdemokratische schen Parteien in den Monaten vor, während und nach Vereinigungspolitik. der friedlichen Revolution in der DDR agiert haben, Warum macht es Sinn, sich mit der sozialdemokra- wie die Entscheidungsprozesse verliefen. Die intern tischen Deutschlandpolitik in den Jahren 1989/90 aus- wie öffentlich geführten Debatten hinsichtlich der einander zu setzen? Als die Revolution in der DDR staatlichen Vereinigung sowie der parteilichen Verei- im Herbst 1989 ausbrach, saß die SPD in der Bundes- nigung von SPD und Ost-SPD werden dargestellt und republik bereits sieben Jahre lang in der Opposition analysiert.