Planning for Environmental Sustainability and Social Equity in South Africa: the Case of the Dwars River Valley, Stellenbosch Municipality
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Planning for environmental sustainability and social equity in South Africa: the case of the Dwars River Valley, Stellenbosch Municipality by Corrine Cash A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies in Planning Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2010 ©Corrine Cash 2010 AUTHOR'S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Post apartheid planning practice aims to resolve the inequality that resulted from the hyper- rational comprehensive model of planning executed during apartheid via a participatory, integrated approach. The Integrated Development Planning model was created to manifest the goals of social and spatial equality while taking into account principles set forth in Agenda 21. This thesis attempted to determine the relevance of the present planning model in achieving the stated goals of social equity and environmental sustainability, within the Dwars River Valley, Stellenbosch Municipality, Western Cape, South Africa. Utilizing 54 qualitative-based interviews with key stakeholders, results indicate that historically based realities on the ground and ideals of more equitable and sustainable spatial architecture is profoundly challenging. Despite this, the organic emergence of unique coalitions provides evidence that positive change occurs daily and outcomes can only be measured with time. iii Acknowledgements Special thanks to the following: All of the individuals who participated and gave their time to this study AUCC Students for Development Canadian International Development Agency Edie Cardwell, University of Waterloo School of Planning Lewis Jonker, University of Western Cape IWRM programme Professor Dominic Mazvimavi, University of Western Cape Water Institute Professor Kees van der Waal, Stellenbosch University Professor Mark Seasons, University of Waterloo: knowledgeable committee member Professor Murray Haight, University of Waterloo: my supportive supervisor Professor Pierre Filion, University of Waterloo: insightful committee member Stellenbosch University School of Public Management and Planning: helpful staff and faculty Supportive family and friends who I am so very grateful for: thank you iv Dedication This work that is a result of time, effort and commitment is dedicated to my parents: Charlie and Marie Cash. v Table of Contents AUTHOR'S DECLARATION ...................................................................................................................... ii Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... iv Dedication ..................................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ x Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Objective ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Research questions .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Layout of chapters ............................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 South African planning practice ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Rational comprehensive planning model: dominant theoretical model during apartheid ................... 7 2.3 Post apartheid: the emergence of new key concepts and models of decision making ........................ 9 2.4 Plan monitoring and evaluation theory and practice ......................................................................... 10 2.5 South African water resource management theoretical framework .................................................. 12 Chapter 3 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 15 3.1 Qualitative Research ......................................................................................................................... 15 3.2 Research methodology ...................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.1 Phase one: Canada ..................................................................................................................... 15 3.2.2 Phase two: South Africa ............................................................................................................. 16 3.2.3 Study participants ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.4 Data collection ........................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.5 Data analysis and strategies ....................................................................................................... 18 3.3 Role of researcher and ethical considerations ................................................................................... 19 3.4 Strategies for enhancing credibility .................................................................................................. 19 3.5 Theoretical framework ...................................................................................................................... 20 3.6 Limitations ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 4 Case Study: Dwars River Valley ................................................................................................ 21 vi 4.1 Site description .................................................................................................................................. 21 4.2 Geographical context and demographics .......................................................................................... 22 4.3 Settled land in the Dwars River Valley ............................................................................................. 24 4.3.1 Boschendal ................................................................................................................................. 24 4.3.2 Lanquedoc .................................................................................................................................. 27 4.3.3 Pniel ........................................................................................................................................... 29 4.3.4 Johannesdal ................................................................................................................................ 31 4.3.5 Kylemore .................................................................................................................................... 32 4.3.6 Meerlust Bosbou ........................................................................................................................ 33 4.3.7 Other settlements ....................................................................................................................... 35 4.4 Results ............................................................................................................................................... 36 4.4.1 IDP Effectiveness ....................................................................................................................... 37 4.4.2 Effectiveness of the public participation process ....................................................................... 44 4.4.3 Main planning concerns in the Dwars River Valley .................................................................. 55 4.4.4 Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................................................................ 71 Chapter 5 Discussion and Recommendations ............................................................................................. 75 5.1 IDP and participatory planning approach ......................................................................................... 75 5.2 Monitoring and evaluation ...............................................................................................................