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P&G and Unilever
Global Strategy Advisors. Challenging boundaries and beyond February 19, 2006 Unilever Unilever House, Blackfriars London EC4P 4BQ, United Kingdom Sent Via Electronic Mail RE: Strategy Analysis Ladies and Gentlemen: At the request of the Board of Directors of Unilever, we provide herein our analysis of the Personal Products Industry and a strategy analysis of both Unilever and its biggest competitor, Procter & Gamble. The enclosed analysis also provides recommendations for Unilever to improve its competitive advantage. Respectfully submitted, GSA Procter & Gamble, Unilever and the Personal Products Industry Global Strategy Advisors Lee Ann Graul, Sherry Henricks, Steve Olp and Charlene Strohecker University of Maryland, University College AMBA 607 February 19, 2006 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary i 2. Industry Analysis-Personal Products Industry 1 a. Introduction 1 b. Industry Defined 1 c. Historical Data Analysis 2 d. Major Competitors 3 e. Trends and Industry Outlook 3 f. Strategic Challenges and Opportunities 5 g. Industry Conclusions 5 3. Procter & Gamble and Unilever 6 a. Competitor Analysis: P&G 6 b. Competitor Analysis: Unilever 8 c. Strategy P&G 10 i. Business Level 10 ii. Global 11 iii. E-Business 13 iv. Corporate 14 d. Strategy: Unilever 15 i. Business Level 15 ii. Global 16 iii. E-business 17 iv. Corporate 19 e. Conclusions and Recommendations 20 4. Appendices 22 A. SIC Code 2844 and Industry Description 22 B. Global Personal Products Industry, Market Segmentation 24 C. Personal Products Industry, Five Force Analysis 25 D. Global Personal Products Industry, Market Share 30 E. Market Growth 31 F. Producer Price Index (PPI) for SIC 2844 32 G. -
No. 86 LAGOS- 3Rd November, 1965 ~ Vol. 52
Extraordinary No. 86 LAGOS- 3rd November, 1965 ~ Vol. 52 CONTENTS ea Page Applications for Registration of Trade Marks we - .e .- .- .. 1756-95 Registration Renewed and Restored .. %. 1796 Unpaid Renewal Fees .. we . .. .. .- 1796-98 Trade Marks Removed from the Register through non-payment of Renewal Fees .. .. «L798 Cancellation on applications of the Proprietors _ .. .. ot .. - .. -. 1798 Applications amendedafter Advertisement .. oe . oe oe 1» ae «1798 Trade Marks altered under Section 41 .. .. .. o. .- .- ee fae -. 1799 cSrsections .- -. .- - oe. a . .- oe . -- 1799 ahs 1756 OFFICIAL GAZETTE EXTRAORDINARY No. 86, Vol. 52 Government Notice No. 2035 VICOLL Trade Marks Act (Chapter 199) 15036—Wood-glue and other goods included in APPLICATIONS FOR REGISTRATION OF the class. FARBWERKE HOECHST AKTIEN- ; TRADE MARKS GESELLSCHAFT, vormals Meister Lucius and Bruning, Frankfurt/Main; Manu- Pursuait to section 17 of the Trade Marks Act facturers/Merchants. notice is hereby given that applications have been - 11th July, 1963. received for registration of the following Trade Marks. Y person who has grounds of opposition to the registration of any of the marks advertised herein may within three months from the date hereof give notice to the Registrar of such opposition. Such notice must be in writing and in duplicate and set out grounds of opposition. NAFTIL 15078—Chemical products for industry and science. PECHINEY-PROGIL (S.A.) a French Com- pany duly organized and existing under Crass f the laws of France, No. 7, Rue Lamennais, Paris 8, France. MELONIA 28th January, 1964. 13883—-Industrial fragrance chemicals. ROCHE PRODUCTS LIMITED, 40 Broadwater Road, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, Crass 2 England ; Manufacturers and Merchants. -
Black Internationalism and African and Caribbean
BLACK INTERNATIONALISM AND AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN INTELLECTUALS IN LONDON, 1919-1950 By MARC MATERA A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of Professor Bonnie G. Smith And approved by _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Black Internationalism and African and Caribbean Intellectuals in London, 1919-1950 By MARC MATERA Dissertation Director: Bonnie G. Smith During the three decades between the end of World War I and 1950, African and West Indian scholars, professionals, university students, artists, and political activists in London forged new conceptions of community, reshaped public debates about the nature and goals of British colonialism, and prepared the way for a revolutionary and self-consciously modern African culture. Black intellectuals formed organizations that became homes away from home and centers of cultural mixture and intellectual debate, and launched publications that served as new means of voicing social commentary and political dissent. These black associations developed within an atmosphere characterized by a variety of internationalisms, including pan-ethnic movements, feminism, communism, and the socialist internationalism ascendant within the British Left after World War I. The intellectual and political context of London and the types of sociability that these groups fostered gave rise to a range of black internationalist activity and new regional imaginaries in the form of a West Indian Federation and a United West Africa that shaped the goals of anticolonialism before 1950. -
Article Review
AN ANALYSIS OF UNILEVER THROUGH IVO ZANDER’S INNOVATION NETWORK TAXONOMY - BASED ON ARTICLE: HOW DO YOU MEAN ‘GLOBAL’? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INNOVATION NETWORKS IN THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION By: Laura Cerri and Virpi Nieminen On April 18th, 2008 Solvay Business School – Université Libre de Bruxelles Course Assignment for R&D in Multinational Enterprises Professor Michele Cincera Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 Article Summary .................................................................................................................. 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 5 Results .......................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 8 The case of Unilever ............................................................................................................ 9 History and Key Facts ...................................................................................................... 9 R&D Spending and Patents ............................................................................................. 9 Analysis of Unilever’s R&D according to Ivo Zander’s article .................................... 10 Introduction -
Meningitis: Immunizations on Pennsylvania College
JOINT STATE GOVERNMENT COMMISSION General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania MENINGITIS: IMMUNIZATIONS ON PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY CAMPUSES APRIL 2020 Serving the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Since 1937 - 1 - REPORT Meningitis: Immunizations on Pennsylvania College and University Campuses Project Manager: Susan Elder, Fiscal Analyst Allison Kobzowicz, Public Policy Analyst Stephen Kramer, Staff Attorney Project Staff: Wendy Baker, Executive Assistant Kahla Lukens, Administrative Assistant (Dec. 2019) Maureen Hartwell, Public Policy Analyst Intern (Aug. 2019) The report is also available at http://jsg.legis.state.pa.us - 0 - JOINT STATE GOVERNMENT COMMISSION Telephone: 717-787-4397 Room 108 Finance Building Fax: 717-783-9380 613 North Street E-mail: [email protected] Harrisburg, PA 17120-0108 Website: http://jsg.legis.state.pa.us The Joint State Government Commission was created in 1937 as the primary and central non- partisan, bicameral research and policy development agency for the General Assembly of Pennsylvania.1 A fourteen-member Executive Committee comprised of the leadership of both the House of Representatives and the Senate oversees the Commission. The seven Executive Committee members from the House of Representatives are the Speaker, the Majority and Minority Leaders, the Majority and Minority Whips, and the Majority and Minority Caucus Chairs. The seven Executive Committee members from the Senate are the President Pro Tempore, the Majority and Minority Leaders, the Majority and Minority Whips, and the Majority and Minority Caucus Chairs. By statute, the Executive Committee selects a chairman of the Commission from among the members of the General Assembly. Historically, the Executive Committee has also selected a Vice-Chair or Treasurer, or both, for the Commission. -
Business Groups Exist in Developed Markets Also: Britain Since 1850
Business Groups Exist in Developed Markets Also: Britain since 1850 Geoffrey Jones Working Paper 16-066 Business Groups Exist in Developed Markets Also: Britain Since 1850 Geoffrey Jones Harvard Business School Working Paper 16-066 Copyright © 2015 by Geoffrey Jones Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Business groups exist in developed markets also: Britain since 1850 Geoffrey Jones Harvard Business School November 2015 Abstract Diversified business groups are well-known phenomenon in emerging markets, both today and historically. This is often explained by the prevalence of institutional voids or the nature of government-business relations. It is typically assumed that such groups were much less common in developed economies, and largely disappeared during the twentieth century. This working paper contests this assumption with evidence from Britain between 1850 and the present day. During the nineteenth century merchant houses established business groups with diversified portfolio and pyramidal structures overseas, primarily in developing countries, both colonial and independent. In the domestic economy, large single product firms became the norm, which over time merged into large combines with significant market power. This reflected a business system in which a close relationship between finance and industry was discouraged, but were there few restrictions on the transfer of corporate ownership. Yet large diversified business groups did emerge, which had private or closely held shareholding and substantial international businesses. The working paper argues that diversified business groups added value in mature markets such as Britain. -
A Brief History of Vaccines & Vaccination in India
[Downloaded free from http://www.ijmr.org.in on Wednesday, August 26, 2020, IP: 14.139.60.52] Review Article Indian J Med Res 139, April 2014, pp 491-511 A brief history of vaccines & vaccination in India Chandrakant Lahariya Formerly Department of Community Medicine, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior, India Received December 31, 2012 The challenges faced in delivering lifesaving vaccines to the targeted beneficiaries need to be addressed from the existing knowledge and learning from the past. This review documents the history of vaccines and vaccination in India with an objective to derive lessons for policy direction to expand the benefits of vaccination in the country. A brief historical perspective on smallpox disease and preventive efforts since antiquity is followed by an overview of 19th century efforts to replace variolation by vaccination, setting up of a few vaccine institutes, cholera vaccine trial and the discovery of plague vaccine. The early twentieth century witnessed the challenges in expansion of smallpox vaccination, typhoid vaccine trial in Indian army personnel, and setting up of vaccine institutes in almost each of the then Indian States. In the post-independence period, the BCG vaccine laboratory and other national institutes were established; a number of private vaccine manufacturers came up, besides the continuation of smallpox eradication effort till the country became smallpox free in 1977. The Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) (1978) and then Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) (1985) were launched in India. The intervening events since UIP till India being declared non-endemic for poliomyelitis in 2012 have been described. Though the preventive efforts from diseases were practiced in India, the reluctance, opposition and a slow acceptance of vaccination have been the characteristic of vaccination history in the country. -
1971 Annual Report and Account
Unilever NV Report and Accounts 1976 The Unilever group of companies provides a wide range of products and services in some 75 countries, employing over 300 000 people. It has existed for nearly 50 years as a group, but can trace its roots much further back than that. There are two parent companies: Unilever N.V., Rotterdam, and Unilever Limited, London. Equal partners, they have identical Boards of Directors and are linked by agreements, one of which equalises the dividends payable on the ordinary capital of N.V. and of Limited, according to a formula set out elsewhere in this Report. Unilever operates as one group. The combined affairs of N.V. and Limited are, therefore, more important to shareholders than those of the two separate companies and the Report and Accounts deals, as usual, with the operations and results of Unilever as a whole: except where stated otherwise, all the figures are for N.V. and Limited combined. The larger part of Unilever is in branded and packaged consumer goods: mainly foods, detergents and toilet preparations. The foods include margarine, other fats and oils, ice cream, frozen and other convenience products, meat, fish, tea and other drinks. Unilever has other important activities, such as chemicals, paper, plastics and packaging, animal feeds, transport and tropical plantations. UAC International, a major Unilever company, has substantial interests in Africa and other parts of the world in diverse industrial ventures, and as merchants and specialist distributors. Unilever is one of the dozen largest businesses in the world by turnover- and the largest in consumer goods. -
The Formation of Unilever 16944-Unilever 20Pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:35 Page 2
16944-Unilever 20pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:35 Page 1 The Formation of Unilever 16944-Unilever 20pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:35 Page 2 Unilever House, London, c1930 16944-Unilever 20pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:36 Page 03 In September 1929 an agreement was signed which created what The Economist described as "one of the biggest industrial amalgamations in European history". It provided for the merger in the following year of the Margarine Union and Lever Brothers Limited. The Margarine Union had been formed in 1927 by the Van den Bergh and Jurgens companies based in the Netherlands, and was later joined by a number of other Dutch and central European companies. Its main strength lay in Europe, especially Germany and the UK and its interests, whilst mostly in margarine and other edible fats, were also oil milling and animal feeds, retail companies and some soap production. Lever Brothers Limited was based in the UK but owned companies throughout the world, especially in Europe, the United States and the British Dominions. Its interests were in soap, toilet preparations, food (including some margarine), oil milling and animal feeds, plantations and African trading. One of the main reasons for the merger was competition for raw materials - animal and vegetable oils - used in both the manufacture of margarine and soap. However, the two businesses were very similar, so it made sense to merge as Unilever rather than continue to compete for the same raw materials and in the same markets. To understand how Unilever came into being you have to go back to the family companies that were instrumental in its formation. -
1967 Annual Report and Accounts
T AND AC OUNTS I967 Directors H. S. A. HARTOG, Cha'imn J. J. H. NAGEL THE LORD COLE, We-Chairman D. A. ORR RUDOLF G. JURGENS, Vice-Chairman F. J. PEDLER A. F. H. BLAAUW R. H. SIDDONS A. W. J. CARON E. SMIT J. G. COLLINGWOOD SIR ARTHUR SMITH J. M. GOUDSWAARD J. P. STUBBS 6. D. A. KLIJNSTRA S. G. SWEETMAN J. F. KNIGHT THE VISCOUNT TRENCHARD P. KUIN E. G. WOODROOFE D. J. MA" Advisory Directors J. M. HONIG F. J. M. A. H. HOUBEN A. E. J. NYSINGH F. J. TEMPEL G. E. VAN WALSUM Secretaries A. A. HAAK P. A. MACRORY 'Auditors PRICE WATERHOUSE & Co. COOPER BROTHERS & Co. This is a translation of the origillal Dutch report. The Report and Accounts as usual combine the results and operations of UNILEVER N.V. (‘N.v.’) and UNILEVER LIMITED (‘LIMITED’) with the figures expressed in guilders. The basis on which the devaluation of sterling in November, 1967, has been dealt with is explained on page 31. Contents Page 6 Salient figures 7 Report for the year 1967 7 The year in brief 8 Sales to third parties, profit and capital employed by geographical areas 1958 and 1967 (chart) 9 Return on capital employed and on turnover 1958-1967 (chart) 10 Summary of combined figures 1958-1967 11 The background 12 Indonesia 13 Taxation 13 Analysis of turnover 14 Margarine, other edible fats and oils 15 Other foods 17 Detergents and toilet preparations 19 Animal feeds 20 Paper, printing, packaging and plastics 20 Chemicals 21 The United Africa Group 22 Plantations 23 Exports 24 Finance 25 Capital projects 26 Research 27 Personnel 28 Capital and membership 28 Dividends 29 Directors 30 Retirement of Directors 30 Auditors 31 Accounts 1967 31 Treatment of devaluation of Sterling 32 Consolidated profit and loss accounts (Statement A) 34 Consolidated balance sheets (Statement B) 38 Balance sheet-N.V. -
Introduction
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction 1.1: General introduction Your Committee having carefully considered the Message of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor, and having also communicated with the principal Medical Practitioners in Hobart Town, Launceston, and other parts of the country, and ascertained their opinions as to the best mode of promoting vaccination, (which is admitted by all competent authorities to be extremely desirable, as affording the best protection against the ravages of that dreadful disease the Small-pox), have arrived at the unanimous conclusion that the most, if not the only effectual means of rendering vaccination general throughout the Island, will be by passing an Act of the Legislature imposing a pecuniary penalty on the parent or guardian of any child, above the age of six months and under that of fourteen years, who shall, without reasonable cause or excuse, be found after the 1st day of April next not to have been vaccinated.1 With this seemingly uncontroversial recommendation in September 1853, the chairman of the Tasmanian Select Committee on Smallpox and Colonial Secretary, William Champ, set into motion the first Compulsory Vaccination Act in the Australian colonies. Carefully considered in light of expert opinion and local conditions, it also represents an early instance of the extension of state authority into the private lives of citizens and an integral component of the development of public health in the colonies. The presence of smallpox in Sydney caused this exotic and terrible disease to appear immediately threatening, making the widespread implementation of preventive measures reasonable. When Champ was writing the above statement, vaccination was not a new technology. -
Chapter 7. Developments in Vaccination and Control Between
CHAPTER 7 DEVELOPMENTS IN VACCINATION AND CONTROL BETWEEN 1900 AND 1966 Contents Page Introduction 277 Vaccine production and quality control before 1967 278 Production of vaccine lymph 279 Preparation of liquid vaccine 282 Preparation of dried vaccine 283 Quality control 289 Vaccination techniques before 1967 291 Vaccination site 291 Methods of vaccination 292 Age for primary vaccination 293 Interpretation of the results of vaccination 294 Complications of vaccination 296 Types of complication 299 Frequency of complications 302 Contraindications to vaccination 307 Prevention and treatment of complications 308 Reconsideration of vaccination policies in non-endemic countries 309 Complications : the overall picture 310 Programmes for vaccination and revaccination 311 Vaccination and revaccination of the general public 311 Simultaneous vaccination with several antigens 311 Vaccination of international travellers 312 INTRODUCTION The latter half of the 19th century saw the emergence of microbiology and immunology By the year 1900 vaccination was in as scientific disciplines . Because of their widespread use throughout the industrialized familiarity with vaccination, many of the countries as well as in some cities in what were pioneers in these new sciences used vaccinia then the colonies of various European virus for their studies (see Chapter 2) . In powers . Although variolation was no longer consequence, the empirical practices of Jenner practised in Europe and North America, it and his early followers were placed on a more was still widely employed in many parts of scientific basis . Vaccine production was no Africa and Asia . Smallpox persisted as an longer the province of the local physician, endemic disease in virtually every country of who had maintained the virus by arm-to-arm the world (see Chapter 8, Fig.