No. 86 LAGOS- 3Rd November, 1965 ~ Vol. 52
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P&G and Unilever
Global Strategy Advisors. Challenging boundaries and beyond February 19, 2006 Unilever Unilever House, Blackfriars London EC4P 4BQ, United Kingdom Sent Via Electronic Mail RE: Strategy Analysis Ladies and Gentlemen: At the request of the Board of Directors of Unilever, we provide herein our analysis of the Personal Products Industry and a strategy analysis of both Unilever and its biggest competitor, Procter & Gamble. The enclosed analysis also provides recommendations for Unilever to improve its competitive advantage. Respectfully submitted, GSA Procter & Gamble, Unilever and the Personal Products Industry Global Strategy Advisors Lee Ann Graul, Sherry Henricks, Steve Olp and Charlene Strohecker University of Maryland, University College AMBA 607 February 19, 2006 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary i 2. Industry Analysis-Personal Products Industry 1 a. Introduction 1 b. Industry Defined 1 c. Historical Data Analysis 2 d. Major Competitors 3 e. Trends and Industry Outlook 3 f. Strategic Challenges and Opportunities 5 g. Industry Conclusions 5 3. Procter & Gamble and Unilever 6 a. Competitor Analysis: P&G 6 b. Competitor Analysis: Unilever 8 c. Strategy P&G 10 i. Business Level 10 ii. Global 11 iii. E-Business 13 iv. Corporate 14 d. Strategy: Unilever 15 i. Business Level 15 ii. Global 16 iii. E-business 17 iv. Corporate 19 e. Conclusions and Recommendations 20 4. Appendices 22 A. SIC Code 2844 and Industry Description 22 B. Global Personal Products Industry, Market Segmentation 24 C. Personal Products Industry, Five Force Analysis 25 D. Global Personal Products Industry, Market Share 30 E. Market Growth 31 F. Producer Price Index (PPI) for SIC 2844 32 G. -
Black Internationalism and African and Caribbean
BLACK INTERNATIONALISM AND AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN INTELLECTUALS IN LONDON, 1919-1950 By MARC MATERA A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in History Written under the direction of Professor Bonnie G. Smith And approved by _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ _______________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Black Internationalism and African and Caribbean Intellectuals in London, 1919-1950 By MARC MATERA Dissertation Director: Bonnie G. Smith During the three decades between the end of World War I and 1950, African and West Indian scholars, professionals, university students, artists, and political activists in London forged new conceptions of community, reshaped public debates about the nature and goals of British colonialism, and prepared the way for a revolutionary and self-consciously modern African culture. Black intellectuals formed organizations that became homes away from home and centers of cultural mixture and intellectual debate, and launched publications that served as new means of voicing social commentary and political dissent. These black associations developed within an atmosphere characterized by a variety of internationalisms, including pan-ethnic movements, feminism, communism, and the socialist internationalism ascendant within the British Left after World War I. The intellectual and political context of London and the types of sociability that these groups fostered gave rise to a range of black internationalist activity and new regional imaginaries in the form of a West Indian Federation and a United West Africa that shaped the goals of anticolonialism before 1950. -
Article Review
AN ANALYSIS OF UNILEVER THROUGH IVO ZANDER’S INNOVATION NETWORK TAXONOMY - BASED ON ARTICLE: HOW DO YOU MEAN ‘GLOBAL’? AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF INNOVATION NETWORKS IN THE MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION By: Laura Cerri and Virpi Nieminen On April 18th, 2008 Solvay Business School – Université Libre de Bruxelles Course Assignment for R&D in Multinational Enterprises Professor Michele Cincera Table of Contents Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 Article Summary .................................................................................................................. 3 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 5 Results .......................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 8 The case of Unilever ............................................................................................................ 9 History and Key Facts ...................................................................................................... 9 R&D Spending and Patents ............................................................................................. 9 Analysis of Unilever’s R&D according to Ivo Zander’s article .................................... 10 Introduction -
CYCLE 1 South East
e d i s y r t n u o c & t s a o c / m o c . l a r r i w t i s i v . w w w 3 k l a W - e l a d s n i b b i D WALK 3 Eastham & Bromborough CYCLE 1 South East A circular walk linking Eastham Country Park cutting was an old railway line, used to transport products to 12 Head straight on, up a flight of steep steps and across Starting and finishing at Eastham Country Park, 5 The cyclepath continues along Stadium Road for with Dibbinsdale Local Nature Reserve. and from Port Sunlight Soap Works and the river. the railway bridge. this cycle ride takes you to the unique village of PORT SUNLIGHT VILLAGE approximately 390 metres (0.25 mile) where opposite, 4 Continue along this track, under the A41. After the 13 Having either crossed the railway bridge from the Port Sunlight where you can enjoy a ride around Map you will see the path sweeps around to the right, away Start: Eastham Country Park or Bromborough Rake from the road and down a slope, before it turns back on cycleway runs parallel with the road for about 150 metres, woods or having arrived by train at Bromborough Rake the Village, taking in the architecture, museum Railway Station. take the exit to the left. The cycleway continues straight Railway Station, leave the railway station ticket office itself and under Stadium Road. Follow this Distance: 5.5 miles. 2 - 5 hours. on to Port Sunlight. -
Business Groups Exist in Developed Markets Also: Britain Since 1850
Business Groups Exist in Developed Markets Also: Britain since 1850 Geoffrey Jones Working Paper 16-066 Business Groups Exist in Developed Markets Also: Britain Since 1850 Geoffrey Jones Harvard Business School Working Paper 16-066 Copyright © 2015 by Geoffrey Jones Working papers are in draft form. This working paper is distributed for purposes of comment and discussion only. It may not be reproduced without permission of the copyright holder. Copies of working papers are available from the author. Business groups exist in developed markets also: Britain since 1850 Geoffrey Jones Harvard Business School November 2015 Abstract Diversified business groups are well-known phenomenon in emerging markets, both today and historically. This is often explained by the prevalence of institutional voids or the nature of government-business relations. It is typically assumed that such groups were much less common in developed economies, and largely disappeared during the twentieth century. This working paper contests this assumption with evidence from Britain between 1850 and the present day. During the nineteenth century merchant houses established business groups with diversified portfolio and pyramidal structures overseas, primarily in developing countries, both colonial and independent. In the domestic economy, large single product firms became the norm, which over time merged into large combines with significant market power. This reflected a business system in which a close relationship between finance and industry was discouraged, but were there few restrictions on the transfer of corporate ownership. Yet large diversified business groups did emerge, which had private or closely held shareholding and substantial international businesses. The working paper argues that diversified business groups added value in mature markets such as Britain. -
1972 Annual Report and Account
UNILEVER Report and accounts UNILEVER N.V. Directors G. D. A. Klijnstra, chairman G. E. Graham E. G. Woodroofe, vice-chairman C. T. C. Heyning A. W. J. Caron, vice-chairman H. F. van den Hoven A. I. Anderson J. J. H. Nagel M. R. Angus M. Ormerod W. B. Blaisse D.A. Orr E. Brough E. Smit J. G. Collingwood A. W. P. Stenham R. H. Del Mar S. G. Sweetman J. P. Erbe The Viscount Trenchard J. M. Goudswaard K. H. Veldhuis Advisory directors H. S. A. Hartog R. Mueller J. H. van Roijen H. J. Witteveen Secretaries C. Zwagerman H. A. Holmes Auditors Price Waterhouse & Co. Cooper Brothers & Co. A special survey of part of Unilever’s Food and Drinks activities is issued as a supplement to this Report. Unilever Unilever comprises Unilever N.V., and manufacturers of timber the combined affairs of N.V. and Rotterdam (N.V.) and Unilever products, in diverse industrial Limited are more important to Limited, London (Limited) and ventures, and in the operation of shareholders than the separate their respective subsidiary an ocean fleet. Unilever also has affairs of either company. companies which operate in more interests in plantations. than seventy countries and are The Report and Accounts as usual mainly engaged in the manufacture N.V. and Limited have identical combine the results and operations and sale of a wide variety of goods Boards of Directors and are linked of N.V. and Limited. for household use. The principal by agreements, including an products are foods (including Equalisation Agreement which This is a translation of the original margarine, other fats and oils; requires dividends and other rights Dutch report. -
1971 Annual Report and Account
Unilever NV Report and Accounts 1976 The Unilever group of companies provides a wide range of products and services in some 75 countries, employing over 300 000 people. It has existed for nearly 50 years as a group, but can trace its roots much further back than that. There are two parent companies: Unilever N.V., Rotterdam, and Unilever Limited, London. Equal partners, they have identical Boards of Directors and are linked by agreements, one of which equalises the dividends payable on the ordinary capital of N.V. and of Limited, according to a formula set out elsewhere in this Report. Unilever operates as one group. The combined affairs of N.V. and Limited are, therefore, more important to shareholders than those of the two separate companies and the Report and Accounts deals, as usual, with the operations and results of Unilever as a whole: except where stated otherwise, all the figures are for N.V. and Limited combined. The larger part of Unilever is in branded and packaged consumer goods: mainly foods, detergents and toilet preparations. The foods include margarine, other fats and oils, ice cream, frozen and other convenience products, meat, fish, tea and other drinks. Unilever has other important activities, such as chemicals, paper, plastics and packaging, animal feeds, transport and tropical plantations. UAC International, a major Unilever company, has substantial interests in Africa and other parts of the world in diverse industrial ventures, and as merchants and specialist distributors. Unilever is one of the dozen largest businesses in the world by turnover- and the largest in consumer goods. -
The Formation of Unilever 16944-Unilever 20Pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:35 Page 2
16944-Unilever 20pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:35 Page 1 The Formation of Unilever 16944-Unilever 20pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:35 Page 2 Unilever House, London, c1930 16944-Unilever 20pp A5:Layout 1 15/11/11 14:36 Page 03 In September 1929 an agreement was signed which created what The Economist described as "one of the biggest industrial amalgamations in European history". It provided for the merger in the following year of the Margarine Union and Lever Brothers Limited. The Margarine Union had been formed in 1927 by the Van den Bergh and Jurgens companies based in the Netherlands, and was later joined by a number of other Dutch and central European companies. Its main strength lay in Europe, especially Germany and the UK and its interests, whilst mostly in margarine and other edible fats, were also oil milling and animal feeds, retail companies and some soap production. Lever Brothers Limited was based in the UK but owned companies throughout the world, especially in Europe, the United States and the British Dominions. Its interests were in soap, toilet preparations, food (including some margarine), oil milling and animal feeds, plantations and African trading. One of the main reasons for the merger was competition for raw materials - animal and vegetable oils - used in both the manufacture of margarine and soap. However, the two businesses were very similar, so it made sense to merge as Unilever rather than continue to compete for the same raw materials and in the same markets. To understand how Unilever came into being you have to go back to the family companies that were instrumental in its formation. -
1967 Annual Report and Accounts
T AND AC OUNTS I967 Directors H. S. A. HARTOG, Cha'imn J. J. H. NAGEL THE LORD COLE, We-Chairman D. A. ORR RUDOLF G. JURGENS, Vice-Chairman F. J. PEDLER A. F. H. BLAAUW R. H. SIDDONS A. W. J. CARON E. SMIT J. G. COLLINGWOOD SIR ARTHUR SMITH J. M. GOUDSWAARD J. P. STUBBS 6. D. A. KLIJNSTRA S. G. SWEETMAN J. F. KNIGHT THE VISCOUNT TRENCHARD P. KUIN E. G. WOODROOFE D. J. MA" Advisory Directors J. M. HONIG F. J. M. A. H. HOUBEN A. E. J. NYSINGH F. J. TEMPEL G. E. VAN WALSUM Secretaries A. A. HAAK P. A. MACRORY 'Auditors PRICE WATERHOUSE & Co. COOPER BROTHERS & Co. This is a translation of the origillal Dutch report. The Report and Accounts as usual combine the results and operations of UNILEVER N.V. (‘N.v.’) and UNILEVER LIMITED (‘LIMITED’) with the figures expressed in guilders. The basis on which the devaluation of sterling in November, 1967, has been dealt with is explained on page 31. Contents Page 6 Salient figures 7 Report for the year 1967 7 The year in brief 8 Sales to third parties, profit and capital employed by geographical areas 1958 and 1967 (chart) 9 Return on capital employed and on turnover 1958-1967 (chart) 10 Summary of combined figures 1958-1967 11 The background 12 Indonesia 13 Taxation 13 Analysis of turnover 14 Margarine, other edible fats and oils 15 Other foods 17 Detergents and toilet preparations 19 Animal feeds 20 Paper, printing, packaging and plastics 20 Chemicals 21 The United Africa Group 22 Plantations 23 Exports 24 Finance 25 Capital projects 26 Research 27 Personnel 28 Capital and membership 28 Dividends 29 Directors 30 Retirement of Directors 30 Auditors 31 Accounts 1967 31 Treatment of devaluation of Sterling 32 Consolidated profit and loss accounts (Statement A) 34 Consolidated balance sheets (Statement B) 38 Balance sheet-N.V. -
Unilever Project Sunlight
projectSunlig t PROJECT SUNLIGHT: INSPIRING SUSTAINABLE LIVING INTRODUCTION MAKING SUSTAINABLE LIVING UNDERSTOOD, EASY, DESIRABLE, REWARDING AND A HABIT In 2011 we published for the first time our own showing instead that it can in fact generate model for effective behaviour change called significant savings in household energy and Unilever’s Five Levers for Change1. It is based on food bills. CONTENTS what we have learned over the years devising As everyone knows, one way to reduce behaviour change programmes to change environmental impacts or improve health hygiene habits, working with brands such as and wellbeing on a mass scale is through Lifebuoy soap and Signal toothpaste. large numbers of people taking small actions FACING THE WORLD’S It also draws on decades of research and together which add up to make a big difference. CHALLENGES 3 insights by behaviour change experts inside and This idea and the phrase ‘small actions, big outside the company. We decided to share this difference’ have been part of our vision for practical tool because we believe its principles some years. can equally be applied to sustainable behaviour We also know that such is the connectivity PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO change and in the hope that, by making them between individuals which the internet and SUSTAINABILITY 5 available to a wider audience, this approach social networks provide, that for any activity could be used by others. to stand any chance of becoming a mass Since then we have tried out a number of movement of people, it has to be social approaches to inspiring sustainable living with by design. -
Unilever Investor Event 2016 Unilever Investor Event 2016 Andrew Stephen Head of Investor Relations Welcome (Back) to Port Sunlight
Unilever Investor Event 2016 Unilever Investor Event 2016 Andrew Stephen Head of Investor Relations Welcome (back) to Port Sunlight Port Sunlight - 2008 New York - 2009 Singapore – 2010 Istanbul - 2011 Paris - 2012 London - 2013 London - 2014 Manila & Singapore 2015 Port Sunlight - 2016 SAFE HARBOUR STATEMENT This announcement may contain forward-looking statements, including ‘forward-looking statements’ within the meaning of the United States Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Words such as ‘will’, ‘aim’, ‘expects’, ‘anticipates’, ‘intends’, ‘looks’, ‘believes’, ‘vision’, or the negative of these terms and other similar expressions of future performance or results, and their negatives, are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are based upon current expectations and assumptions regarding anticipated developments and other factors affecting the Unilever Group (the “Group”). They are not historical facts, nor are they guarantees of future performance. Because these forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, there are important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Among other risks and uncertainties, the material or principal factors which could cause actual results to differ materially are: Unilever’s global brands not meeting consumer preferences; Unilever’s ability to innovate and remain competitive; Unilever’s investment choices in its portfolio management; inability -
378 a Cinematic Soap Opera: Lever Brothers and the Use Of
A Cinematic Soap Opera: Lever Brothers and the Use of Cinematography as a Promotional and Marketing Tool Jeannette Strickland, PhD student, Department of History, University of Liverpool, UK Unilever’s company historian claimed that radio and cinema advertising was not part of Lever Brothers/Unilever until the late 1930s (Wilson 1968). Despite the paucity of surviving archival sources it can be proved, however, that the company engaged with the new medium of cinematography from its earliest days. François-Henri Lavanchy-Clarke (1848-1922), who was coming towards the end of his life and reviewing his contribution to the development of cinematography as a marketing tool in Lever Brothers, proclaimed proudly to William Lever (1851-1925), the British soap manufacturer, “I procured you the first cinema”. This was in 1896, only months after the Lumière brothers perfected their techniques. Lever is renowned for his innovative approach to advertising and marketing and as a pioneer in creating brand identity, but what is not so well known is that he was one of the first businessmen to recognise the value of film as an advertising tool. It can even be claimed that a Lever Brothers’ product featured in the first ever example of product placement on film. Lavanchy-Clarke saw the promotional and marketing possibilities of cinematography from its very beginnings and persuaded Lever of its potential efficacy, utilising his connections with the Lumière brothers to source the equipment and make promotional films for Lever Brothers. Lavanchy-Clarke started with a spectacle at the International Exposition in Geneva in 1896, using a film of his own family washing clothes in a tub in their garden with boxes of Sunlight Soap placed prominently in the foreground.