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Quaderni Della Scuola Di Specializzazione in Be Ni ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA OCNUS Quaderni della Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici 27 2019 ESTRATTO Direttore Responsabile Elisabetta Govi Comitato Scientifco Andrea Augenti (Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna) Dominique Briquel (Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV) Pascal Butterlin (Université Paris 1 - Panthéon-Sorbonne) Martin Carver (University of York) Maurizio Cattani (Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna) Elisabetta Govi (Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna) Anne-Marie Guimier-Sorbets (Université de Paris Ouest-Nanterre) Nicolò Marchetti (Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna) Mark Pearce (University of Nottingham) Giuseppe Sassatelli (Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna) Il logo di Ocnus si ispira a un bronzetto del VI sec. a.C. dalla fonderia lungo la plateia A, Marzabotto (Museo Nazionale Etrusco “P. Aria”, disegno di Giacomo Benati). Editore e abbonamenti Ante Quem Via Senzanome 10, 40123 Bologna tel. e fax + 39 051 4211109 www.antequem.it Abbonamento € 40,00 Sito web www.ocnus.unibo.it Richiesta di scambi Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Storia Culture Civiltà Piazza San Giovanni in Monte 2, 40124 Bologna tel. +39 051 2097700; fax +39 051 2097802; [email protected] Le sigle utilizzate per i titoli dei periodici sono quelle indicate nella «Archäologische Bibliographie» edita a cura del Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Autorizzazione tribunale di Bologna nr. 6803 del 17.4.1988 Senza adeguata autorizzazione scritta, è vietata la riproduzione della presente opera e di ogni sua parte, anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo efettuata, compresa la fotocopia, anche ad uso interno o didattico. ISSN 1122-6315 ISBN 978-88-7849-148-9 © 2019 Ante Quem S.r.l. Ocnus. Quaderni della Scuola di Specializzazione in Beni Archeologici adotta un processo di peer review. IndIce Elisabetta Govi Editoriale 7 Dennys Frenez Cross-Cultural Trade and Socio-Technical Developments in the Oman Peninsula during the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 to 1600 BC 9 Diana Neri Alari fttili dall’Etruria Padana fra IX e VII secolo a.C. 51 Carlo Rescigno Tra Cuma e Orvieto. Caldaie in bronzo tardo arcaiche del Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli 75 Christopher Smith Polis religion, lived religion, Etruscan religion. Thoughts on recent research 85 Vincenzo Baldoni, Maria Concetta Parello, Michele Scalici New researches on Pottery workshops in Akragas. Excavations in the artisanal area outside Gate 5 (excavation 2019) 107 Elena Manzini Topografa delle sepolture urbane di Bologna nel Medioevo 117 Francesca Cavaliere Dall’archivio analogico al modello digitale tridimensionale integrato: il Palazzo Sud-Ovest di Sennacherib a Ninive come caso di studio per il GIS 3D 125 dossIer: Progetto survey Isole tremItI: studIo terrItorIale dell’arcIPelago tremItese Giulia Congiu, Valentina Gallerani, Francesca Meli, Luisa Pedico, Maria Petta, Andrea Piaggio, Francesca Rondelli, Martina Secci, Aldo Tare Progetto Survey Isole Tremiti: studio territoriale dell’arcipelago tremitese 135 recensIonI Laura Pagliantini, Aithale, l’isola d’Elba. Territorio, paesaggi, risorse (Federico Saccoccio) 181 CROSS-CULTURALÊTRADEÊ ANDÊSOCIO-TECHNICALÊDEVELOPMENTSÊ INÊ THEÊ OMANÊPENINSULAÊ DURINGÊ THEB RONZEÊAGE, CA.3 200 TO1 600B C DennysF renez* ThisÊ paperÊ presentsÊ anÊ updatedÊ compendiumÊ of theÊ archaeologicalÊ andÊ ancientÊ textualÊ dataÊ aboutÊ long-rangeÊ trade andÊ multicultural interactions involving the nomadic and sedentary communities of the Oman Penin- sula, with a specific focus on the Early Bronze Age including the so-called Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods (ca. 3200-2000 BC). Substantial evidence of direct and intermediated interactions are discussed in light of their contribution to the local development of particular socio-technical spheres and how they influenced theÊ culturalÊ andÊ economicÊ setting of theÊ localÊ societyÊ inÊ theÊ differentÊ phases.Ê InÊ orderÊ toÊ properlyÊ interpretÊ theÊ long-term significance of this phenomenon, the discontinuous trajectory of mutual inputs with neighbouring regions is considered within a longer time span covering the seven millennia from the Neolithic to the begin- ning of the Iron Age. ÇIh adt ogo t hrought hed arki ny ours oult os eet hel ighti ny ourm ind.È ToM aurizio This paper presents the substantial update of Ê an unpublished interim report written in 2014 to serve as a historical and methodological frame- work for a post-doctoral research about the cultur- posti of Ê theÊ Italian Mission to Oman, University of Ê Pisa, al and commercial interactions between the Umm in collaboration with the Office of the Adviser to H.M. the an-Nar communities of Ê the Oman Peninsula and Sultan for Cultural Affairs, for having invited us to studyÊ and publish theÊ Indus-related materials from SalutÊ ST1. seafaring merchants and craftspeople from the In- In this framework, sincereÊ thanks to Prof. SophieÊ M ry, dus Valley, which I was conducting for the Depart- University of Ê Rennes, for having involved meÊ in her studyÊ ment of Ê History and Culture of Ê the University of Ê of Ê theÊ ceramic pastes from ST1, and to all colleagues of Ê Bologna.1 the archaeological missions operating in Oman for theirÊ collaboration and sharing of Ê data and materials. How- ever, this research would notÊ haveÊ been possibleÊ withoutÊ the research permissions kindly issued by theÊ Ministry of Ê HeritageÊ and CultureÊ of Ê theÊ SultanateÊ of Ê Oman. I oweÊ myÊ deepestÊ gratitudeÊ to H.E. Salim bin Mohammed Almahru- * Department of Ê History and Cultures, University of Ê Bo- qi, Undersecretary for HeritageÊ Affairs, H.E. Hassan binÊ logna, Ravenna Campus, Via San Vitale 28/30, 48121 Mohammed Al-Lawati, Adviser for Special Projects, MrÊ Ravenna, Italy.e mail:de [email protected]. Sultan bin Saif Ê Al-Bakri, Director General for Archaeol- 1 I wish to thank first of all Prof. Maurizio Cattani and Prof. ogy, Mr Khamis Al-Asmi, Director of Ê theÊ DepartmentÊ Gianni Marchesi, official tutors of my research in Oman of Ê Exploration and Archaeological Studies, Mr SultanÊ between 2014 and 2016, as well as Prof. Nicol Ê Marchetti bin Ali Al-Maqbali, Director of Ê theÊ World HeritageÊ SitesÊ and Prof. Elisabetta Govi, former and presentÊ director of Ê Department, Mohammed bin Hamed Al-Waili, Head of Ê theÊ Post-GraduateÊ School in Archaeological HeritageÊ atÊ the Archaeological SiteÊ Bat, Al-Ayn & Al-Khutm, and MsÊ theÊ DepartmentÊ of Ê History and CultureÊ of Ê theÊ UniversityÊ Ibtisam bintÊ Abdullah Al-Mamari, Head of Ê theÊ NationalÊ of Bologna. In addition to my official tutors, I wish to thank TentativeÊ List, as well asÊ theÊ many employees of Ê theÊ Min- Prof. Jonathan Mark Kenoyer, University of Ê Wisconsin atÊ istry who assisted meÊ during my research. In Oman, I wishÊ Madison, a trueÊ mentor, colleagueÊ and friend during theseÊ to thank also Mr Jamal bin Hassan Al-Moosawi, Direc- years of research and fieldwork. I owe Mark my gratitude tor General of Ê theÊ National Museum, and Ms Mouza bintÊ for having shared with meÊ his immenseÊ knowledgeÊ aboutÊ Sulaiman Al-Wardi, Head of Ê Studies and Research atÊ theÊ theÊ study of Ê material culture, for having covered mostÊ in- National Museum. None of Ê my works could beÊ completeÊ strumentala nalysesa tt heb asiso f o urj ointw ork,a ndl astÊ withoutÊ thanking Prof. Massimo VidaleÊ for having instilled butÊ notÊ leastÊ for theÊ greatÊ fun of Ê smelting copper in Wadi in my mind theÊ loveÊ for theÊ study of Ê ancientÊ material cul- Azaibah and bargaining atÊ bazaars all over Oman! ThanksÊ tureÊ and for having then guided meÊ through this long and also Prof. Alessandra Avanzini and Dr MicheleÊ Degli Es- winding road. OcnusÊ 27 (2019): 9-49; doi: 10.12876/OCNUS2702; www.ocnus.unibo.it 10 DennysÊ Frenez Fig. 1. Map of MiddleÊ AsiaÊ and adjacentÊ regionsÊ showingÊ theÊ majorÊ EarlyÊ BronzeÊ AgeÊ sitesÊ and theÊ regionalÊ politicalÊ entitiesm entionedi nt het ext( imageby Ê thea uthorba sedo na c ustomisedM apboxS tudioTMi mage). Cosmopolitan interactions and intercultural tween the Oman Peninsula and neighbouring and exchanges played, in fact, an unprecedented distant regions will be described starting from the role in fostering new trajectories toward cultural Neolithic period and up to the beginning Early complexity and economic affluence in the whole Iron Age to properly define the characteristics and Middle Asia during the Early Bronze Age (Pos- significance of this phenomenon within an evo- sehl 2007). In this period, theÊ socio-economic and lutionary frame including long-term trends and cultural settingÊ of Ê the communities settled in the circumscribedpa tterns. Oman Peninsula, i.e. the Land of Ê Makkan of Ê the cuneiform sources2, significantly developed thanks also to substantial contributions from mutual in- teractions with the neighbouring cultures and polities (Fig. 1)3. Intercultural relationships be- 2 The identification of Makkan as the Oman Peninsula, niaÊ for southern Mesopotamia, TilmunÊ corresponding to i.e. northern Sultanate of Ê Oman and the United Arab the Barbar/Dilmun culture in present-day Kuwait, the Emirates, may be considered certain based mainly on in- eastern province of Ê Saudi Arabia and Bahrain, MakkanÊ formation from Akkadian royal inscriptions and Ur III corresponding to the Hafit, Umm an-Nar and Wadi Suq economic sources (Oppenheim 1954; Gelb 1970; Heim- cultures in present-day northern Oman and United Arab pel 1987; Glassner 1989; 2002; Maekawa, Mori 2011; Emirates, Marha• iÊ corresponding to the Jiroft Civilization
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