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OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDY OF tHE BURKE CHANNEL -ESTUARY
1966-1967
R.H. Herlinveaux
ENVIRONMENT CANADA Fisheries and Marine Service Marine Sciences Directorate Pacific Region 1230 Government St. Victoria, 8.C. MARINE SCIENCES DIRECTORATE , PACIFlC REGION
PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE REPORT
OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE
BURKE CHANNEL ESTUARY:
1966-1967
by
R.H. HerZinveaux
Victoria , B.C.
Marine Sciences Directo rate , Pacific Region
Environment Canada
Septembe r 1973 Table of Contents
Introduction . . 1
AreaS' Studied 2
Facilities . . . 3
Program and Procedures: 1966 3
Program and Procedures: 1967 . 5 Results: 1966
A. Wind , Temperature , Salinities 7 B. Time Series: Burke Narrows 12 · . C. Drift Measurements . 13
Results: 1967
A. Time Series . . . . • ...... ' 16
B. General Distribution of Surface Oceanographic Properties ...... • 19
C. Surface Drift Me asurements . . 20 . .
D. Drift Card Program . . • . 20
Continuous Current Meter Observations 22 E. • • Winds F. 25
Discussion and Conclusions . • • 26
Appendix . I . Scientific Party . .
Ack now ledgements .
References . . . .
Lis t Figures . of . OCEANOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE
BURKE CHANNEL ESTUARY:
1966-1967
by
R. H. Herlinveaux
INTRODUCTION
Burke Ch anne l is located on the coast of British
Columbia approximately 240 mi les northwest of Vancouver
(Figure 1) . It is the main route through whi ch pink salmon
migrate into and out of the Bella Coola River system from
the Pacific Ocean . During the period (April, May, June)
\vhen the young pink salmon are circulating in the Burke
Ch annel system prior to entrainment into the sea , it is
believed that a vari able and often significant mortality
occurs. It has been surmised that this mortality rate
is associate d primarily with the interplay between several
environmental factors; water movements may be among the
mo st important factors since they may direc tly transport
th e fish or alter migratory routes by modifying the sa
linity dis tribution . Such movements can also concentrate
or disperse organisms whi ch represent the food of the fish
or , perhaps of comparable importance , they can influence
the amount of , and variation in the nutrient supply which
is of basic impo rtance to the production of this food
vi tal to the growth and survival of the young salmon . - 2 -
Pickard (19 61) has des cribed the general oceano graphic feature s of Burke Channel in his treatment of in lets of the B. C. coas t. Dodimead and Herlinveaux (1968) reported on spring oceanographic conditions in the channel during 1963-
19 65 . They considered the salinity , tempe rature and current obse rvations obtained from March through June in the area from Fitz Hugh Sound to the mouth of the Bella Coola River.
The following report deals with the oceanographic ob ser� va tions obtained during 19 66 and 1967 as part of the Fisheries
Res e arch Board overall study of the Bella Coola River Pink salmon survival migration and has been formulated with the intent of provoking speculation in the areas of study de pendent up on or tangent to the data which it includes.
AREAS STUDIED
The 19 66- 19 67 oceanographic program was confined to areas of the Burke Channel sys tem where the main concentration
young pink salmon occurs . The system was divided into of three regime s of relative ly consisten t feature s (Figure 1):
Uppe r Regime: Bella Coola to the j unction of Burke
and Labouchere Channels .
Middle Regime: From the Upper Regime to slightly
south of Res toration Bay .
Lower Regime: From the Middle Regime to well
along Fitz Hugh Sound . - 3 -
FACILIT IES
The base camp was a 76- foot barge , the "VELELLA" , whi ch contained both living quarters and laboratory facil ities (Figure 2) . Oceanogr aphic observations were con ducted from the "MEL IBE ", a 24-foot aluminum day-work boat; from the "NOCTILUCA" (Fi gure 3), 34-foot work
a boat with overnight accommodations; from the "INVESTIGATOR" , a 54- foot ves sel with a crew of three; and from the "A.P.
KNIGHT" , a 72-foot ves sel with a four-man crew . Each of the ves sels performed adequately ahd was adaptab le to the existing conditions .
PROGRPM AND PROCEDURES: 1966
The program was organized to monitor surface layer distribution of properties for comparison with the previous years of observation . Emphasis was placed on obtaining information on the Middle Regime around the
Kw atna Inlet junction which had been missed on earlier obs ervation projects . The Kw atna In let area contains
a factor of fresh water movement which will be apparent
in the data included in thi s report . Another specific ob jective was to determine the effect of meteorological
conditions on the oceanographic environment . The "VELELLA " was anchored at Bella Coola Wharf , Croyden Bay, Cathedral
Cove and Fougner Bay for various periods of time. - 4 -
The methods of operation were as follows:
1. One month of continuous recording from an anemometer and a barometer installed on Flagpole Point ,
North Bentinck Arm .
2. Vertical serial temperature and salinity observations were taken with an in situ s alinometer and a l-meter path length turbidity meter in order to define the longi tudinal dis tribution of properties from the head of North Bentinck Arm to the South Bentinck Arm junction .
3. in situ salinometer was installed on An an improvised towing body and towed at a l-mete r depth in various parts of the sys tem in order to determine the plan of dis tribution o f properties .
4. A current meter with a Savonius rotor was operated from the ves sel -INVEST IGATOR" , an chored on the sill at Hvi dsten Point in lower Burke Channel . The cur rent observations were accompanied by salinity and tem perature observations taken at a l-meter depth using
an in situ salinometer .
5. Surface drift measurements were carried out using dri ft drogues--some with paravanes , others with a small parachute drogue . "Dead-heads " (drifting , semi submerged logs ) of about 30-fee t in length were marked and tracked for varying lengths of time . - 5 -
PROGRAM AND PROCEDURES: 19 67
In 19 67 the study continued in the same three regimes and a major effort was made to gather extens ive oceanographic , meteoro logical and biological samp ling in the form of a time series . This invo lved continuous recordings and periodic samp ling . Once again the reg ime break down , although dependent upon the existence of con venient ba s, was innovative in that it involved on- location y observations of fish congregations along the migration route . The barge "VELELLA " was located at Bella"Coola
Wharf , Croyden Bay , and Fougner Bay for periods of time convenient to the project schedule .
From these bases , using the "INVEST IGATOR" and the "A.P. KNIGHT" , current metering buoy sys tems were set up and meteoro logical ob servation units were installed in various locations along the channel . Synoptic oceano graphic and biological observations were taken in the surrounding areas .
The observations fell into three categories , covering several types of data col lection:
1. Meteorological observations:
a. Maximum and minimum temperatures (barge) .
b. Continuous air temperature recordings
(barge ) •
c. Wet and dry temperatures , twice-daily
(080 0 and 18 00 hrs.). - 6 -
d. Cloud cover records , tw ice- dai ly (barge) .
e. Dai ly rainfall (barge).
f. Continuous barometri c pres sure and ane
mometer records at several locations
down the system (Fi gure 4) .
2. Biological and optical observations:
a. Secchi disc readings , twi ce- daily (barge).
b. 3D-meter obl ique plankton tows , twice
weekly , at stations down the inlet.
c. Echo sounder traces , twice-weekly , at
each station.
d. Turbidity profiles , twice-weekly , at
stations down the inlet .
3. Oceanographic observations:
a. Continuous I-me ter temperature recordings
(barge) .
b. Temp erature and salinity profiles , twi ce
dai ly (barge) .
c . Temperature and salinity profiles , twi ce
weekly at stations down the inlet.
d. Pe riodic dissolve d oxygen concentration
determination at sele cted depths and
stations .
e. Sea level me asurements at Bella Coola,
Bella Be lla and Croyden Bay , (Tidal
Surveys , Canadian Hy drographic Servi ce). - 7 -
f. Continuous current meter obs ervations
(2-meter ) at 20 positions . (Carried out
in close cooperation with the Canadian
Hydrographic Service , Tide and Current
Surveys Branch. )
g. Surface drift obs ervations using dro gues
and drift cards .
RESULTS: . 1966
A. Wind , Temperature , Salinities
The 19 66 oceanographic and meteorological project began with an incident which was to prove indicative of the variable conditions which prevai l in the area under study .
A major freshet occurred on the Bella Coola River , and when it hit the lower reaches of the river , the barge ,
"VELELLA" , moored in the river below the town of Bella Coola , became a source of considerab le concern for all pers onnel invo lved . The river rose eight feet in 24 hours . The fish traps , anchored in the river to trap pink salmon , were swept out to sea . Next day an aircraft was chartered to search for one of the traps which had not been located and to determine how far the flood waters extended into Burke
Channel. The trap was located aground , 7.6 mi les away from its original position; it had been transported this dis tance in 33 hours . During the same time period the freshet had dis tributed muddy surface water to a point be low Labouchere
Channel , a di stance of 18 mi les . - 8 -
After this initial event , the barge was taken out of the river and secured to the Be lla Coo1a Wharf and the observational program commenced.
In the early spring the Bella Coo1a River dis charge alternates between cle ar and muddy periods asso ciated with interior and coastal runoff conditions . When a storm moves in , creating a freshet , the river be comes muddy; then gradually cle ars as the sky clears and lower temperatures in the watershed serve to retard the runoff.
Gradually , as the spring progresses , a warming deve lops in the interior and the runoff again increases its silt load . This condition is the result of glacial me lt .
Th e Bella Coo1a River then becomes muddy and remains muddy through the s er months .
umm The time series of oceanographic and meteoro logical observations were recorded for the period of Ap ril 1 to April 24, 1966. The ob jective was to determine if local winds effe cted the dis tribution of properties in the water. The data obtained (Figure 5) indicate the net dai ly wind into and out of North Bentinck Arm as re corded at Flagpole Point (Fi gure 1) . Simi larly , the tem perature and salinity data (Fi gure 5) are also taken from the Flagpole Point station . Flagpole Point is station
No . 5 and is part of the longitudinal sections taken in
North Bentinck Arm (See Figures 6-10). It is also noted
(Figure 5) that local barometric pressure changes have little direct re lationship with local winds . - 9 -
During April, 1966 , the winds were generally up channel (Fi gure 5) , except for a three-day period (April 10 to 12 ) when the winds blew seaward . Their velocity during these three days was far ab ove the average for the 24 -day period (Fi gure 5) .
Prior to the period of outblowing winds the longitudinal section indicates salini ty, temperature and turbidity (transmissi on percentage) to be very stratified; this is parti cularly true of the salinity and turbidity .
The salinity stratifi cation was due to the Bella Coola
River discharge whi ch also contributed to the turb id sur face layers . Surface heating had progressed to some degree developing a temperature structure . Then the outblowing cold winds from the interior , beginning April 10 , resulted in the flushing down- channel of all surface features and the cooling of the surface waters (Figures 8-10). Un fortunately , the water was too rough to employ the trans mi ssometer to indicate the clearing up of the surface waters on April 12 . They appeared to remain visually clear until
April 21 , although surface stratification of temperature and salinity had developed . By April 24 , a turb id layer had developed at a depth of approximately 19 meters and was assumed to be due to a plankton bloom or stirred-up bottom mud from wave action on tidal flats and no t due to a silt loaded river water whi ch had by then cleared . - 10 -
As noted abo ve , the event of app arent expulsion of the surface waters indicated that the system can re spond to loca l me teorological conditions such as winds .
It was speculated that it may be possible for several events to occur an d to be observed each month if a pro gram was planned to continuously monitor the channel system.
The results of monitoring surface properties dis tribution especially in the middle regime are presented in Figures 11 to 23. These figures show the surface dis tribution of temperature and salinity in various parts of the system . Figure 11 shows the salinity dis tribution around the Kw atna In let junction when the winds were blowing up- ch annel . The lowest surface salinity water in this area appears to come from Kw atna Inlet. The main low salinity flow in Burke Channel , up-channel from Cathedral
Point , appears to be on the southern shore . This low salinity water on the southern shore is consistent with that shown in Figure 14 taken just above Cathedral Point.
It is speculated th at , because of the configuration of the inlet system, the low salinity water flowing out of the Labouchere and Burke junction move s down the system as a tongue of low salinity water. This moveme nt alter nates between mid-channel and either shore (Figure 12 ) .
It is occasionally overridden by Kw atna Inlet water ab ove
Cathedral Point . It should also be noted that in this area of variable wind conditions , especially where the
Ch annel takes a "dog-leg" ch ange in configuration , the wind plays an important role in surface distribution . - 11 -
Wind conditions and land configuration tend to determine the trajectory of the surface distribution and drift .
The surface salinity distributions (Figures 10 ,
12 , 14 , 16 , 18 and 21) emphasize fe atures noted by Dodimead and Herlinveaux (19 68). These were the tongue-like jets of low salinity water moving off points and across channel
junctions . These features .are als o evident to some degree in the temperature distribution . As the heating seas on progres ses these features become more noticeable .
As evident from a previous investigation in
Labouchere Channel, there was often a considerable volume of low salinity water moving through to Burke Channel and it waS decided in 19 66 to circumnavigate King Island in order to compare the surface salinity distribution in Dean
Channel with that of Burke Channel . Dean Channel salinities on May 27 and 28 , 19 66 were much lower than those of Burke Channel (Figures 22 and 23) , sugges ting th at more. fresh water was moving out of Dean Channel than out of Burke Channel . Similarly the surface temperatures in
Dean Channel are lower th an those in Burke Channel and may be attributable to the glacial runoff which was moving out
through the De an Channel system . - 12 -
B. Time Series: Burke Narrows
On May 29 , 1966 , the "INVESTIGATOR" was anchored on the sill in Burke Narrows opposite Hvidsten Point
(Figure 1) . Whi le at anchor a time series of surface salinities , temperature s and current direction and ve lo city observations were recorded. The salinity and tem perature were observed on an in situ salinometer attached to a depressor wh ich stabil ized the depth of the me ter during the high-speed currents .
The results of the time series are shown in
Figure 24 . The current direction of flow was fluctuating 0 0 approximately 20 but tende d to flood to 041 T and ebb 0 to 235 T. The ebb flow was stronger than the flood; maxi mum ebb 6.0 knots , maximum flood , 4.5 knots . In comp aring
the ch ange of tidal movement at Burk e Narrows with the predicted tide at Bella Bella (Figure 24) , it is noted that the ch ange to flood movement occurred one hour later and that on the change to ebb the flow was 15 minutes later than the rise and fall of the tide . The ebb flow was more uniform than the flood . The undulating flow on the flood was probab ly due to the natural oscil lation of the water moving over the sill, a result of runoff and met eoro logical conditions which opposed the flood . The phy sical configuration of the area around the narrows also had some effect on the specific water movements and pul sations . - 13 -
The temperature and salinity increased or de creased with the tide (Figure 24) , the temperature ris ing as the salinity decreased . As expected during this period of the year , salinities were higher on the flood than on the ebb tides , whereas the temperatures were higher on the ebb than on the flood . Also , an oscillation occurred in the temperature and salinity properties which was asso ciated with the change in tide . As the surface flow de cre ased in velocity a high salinity-low temperature water mas s was observed . This was followed by a low salinity high temperature condition . The complete oscillation took place over a period of 2� hours bracketing the low water slack . Unfortunately , the time series had to be terminated , but there was a suggestion that an oscillation also occurred on the high water slack . This oscillation appeared to be less spectacular . The variation in water properties over a tidal cycle indicated that stratified surface (low salinity) water from Burke Channel can move across the sill relatively undisturbed by tidal mixing for short periods every day .
C. Drift Me asurements
During the period May 12 to 17 , 1966 , one meter drift me asurements were carried out in the middle regime around Kwatna Inlet (Figures 25 - 27) . These figures indicate th at the tides have very little influence on surface water movements in this area . - 14 -
On May 12 (Figure 25 ) the observations were taken on the ebb tide while the general flow was up-chan�el .
A dead-head was marked in Kw atna Inlet and it was noted the next afternoon to be drifting up-channel. On May 15
(Figure 26) , a buoy system broke loose from its cement anchors during the night and it too drifted up-channel .
These up-channel movements bo th occurred on an ebbing tide . On May 17{Figure 25 ) the drift was observed to be down-channel, while the tide was ebbing . This non-con formity to tidal flow indicated that non-tidal factors dominate the surface circulation in this area .
During the period May 16 - 29 , drift observations were carried out near the mouth of Burke Channel and up to Res toration Bay (Figures 28 - 32) . Figure 28 shows the movement of a marked dead-head (approximately 30 feet deep ) over a period of about three days . It is evident that the dead-head moved up-channel , apparently on the southern side of the channel .
On the 18th of May , while the dead-head was moving up-channel, drift drogues were re leased below
Res toration Bay (Figure 28) . Observations indicated that at mid-channel there was a movement down Burke Channel , whereas on the eas tern shore the movement was up Burke
Channel--in line with the dead-head movement . The varia bility in the surface water movements around Walker Ro ck , evidenced by a back-eddy (Figure 29) was a direct result of the land configuration . - 15 -
Figure 30 shows the long-term movement of a
dead-head (approximately 30 feet deep ) which was first
seen and reported on May 16 (see Figure 28) . The dead-
head moved into and out of Burke Channel Narrows several
times during the period of 15 days before being lost to
the southwest .
The surface flow is anti-clockwise in the Burke
Narrows , with a net inflow up the southern shore and a
net outflow down the northern shore . There is an onshore
movement along the northern shore on the ebb tide , and
if a particle is caught at mid-channel at the beginning
of the ebb it has a very good chance of moving out into
Fitz Hugh Sound . But if it is on either side of the chan-
nel it can be caught in the general anti-clockwise move-
ment with the re sult that it could be transported acro ss
the channel on the change of the tide towards Fougner
Bay or across to the northern shore as shown in Figures 30
and 31 .
The area is , then , one of complex and variable
drift patterns for which only generalizations concerning
drift may be stated .
RESULTS: 1967
The 1967 program wa s primarily designed to docu- ment as many oceanographic and meteorological conditions
as pos sible for comparison with earlier data . - 16 -
A. Time Series
The first time series was taken at Bella Coola wharf (Figures 33 - 35) during April 1 - 29 and consist of twice--daily observations of wet and dry temperatures , cloud cover , maximum and minimum temperatures , secchi dis c (turbidity) and salinity-temperature observations at five depths between the surface and bottom. The other observations pres ented were taken from continuous recording ins truments at several locations (Figure 4) .
The second and third sets of time series were taken at Croyden and Fougner Bays during the periods May 1 to 19 (Figures 36 - 38) and May 20 to June 10 (Figures 39 - 41).
As part of the overall wind picture , Figure 42 shows the total miles of wind per day up-channel and down-channel , taken for varying periods of time , at seven locations in the sys tem. In most locations the diurnal winds were evident because both directions , in and out , were apparent on most days .
All the oceanographic and meteorological obser vations varied in time (and to some degree in phase) with each other. These variations were most noticeable at the head of the sys tem near Bella Coola (Figures 33 - 35) and at the mouth , Fougner Bay (Figures 39 - 41). Generally , when cloud cover decreased and the wet and dry temperature difference increas ed (indicating dry , mainland interior air) the wind blew seaward out of the inlet. As a con sequence, surface waters were transported outward, res ulting in the following conditions: - 17 -
1. Surface salinities increased and temperatures decreased .
2. Turbidity decreased as the turbid surface layers were transported outward .
When cloud cover increased and wet and dry temper ature differences decreased (Indicating wet coastal air) the winds generally blew in , retaining the surface waters . This re s ulted in the decrease of surface salinity and increase in temperatures . A second res ult was an increase in turbidity as the surface water was retained in the sys tem because of the retention of turbid runoff water and phytoplankton .
Figures 36 and 38 show the variations in meteoro logical and oceanographic obs ervations taken from the
"VELELLA" as it lay at anchor in Croyden Bay. The meteoro logical obs ervations oscillate considerably , as they did at
Bella Coola , but the oceanographic ob s ervations were more stable . This may be due to the location of the obs ervational site - in a bay on the south side of the channel . However , the stratification , which is so marked in North Bentinck Arm, has diminished markedly by the time it reaches the Croyden
Bay area . It would be expected that , when meteorological events are occurring , the greater the stratification and the more varied the oceanographic parameter .
In the Fougner Bay area the time series in oceano graphic parameters (Figures 39-41) again indicated daily structure variation which could be compared with - 18 -
the variations in meteorological parameter . However , in the
Bella Coola area (Figure 35) , the variation becomes less noticeab le as depth increases . In the Fougner Bay data
(Figure 41) , the oppos ite is the case; the variation is most noticeab le with depth and decreases ne arer the surface . This area variation is probab ly as s ociated with the well-mixed
surface water of Burke Narrows and the stratified water of
Fitz Hugh Sound , the Burke Narrows water over-riding the
Fitz Hugh Sound waters .
The longitudinal distribution of temperature (C) , % salinity (S o) and turbidity (% light transmiss ion) are
shown in Figures 43-55. This covers the area from the head of North Bentinck Arm down to just below Labouchere Channel .
The variability that occurs in these parameters over periods
of less than a week is clearly illustrated by these sections .
They also illus trate the distance down the system the
variability recorded in the time series at Bella Coola extended . The temperature and salinity sections show that , at depth , most of the isotherm and isohalines are continuous throughout the area . The exception is in the upper thirty meters where temperature and turbidity maxima and minima
suggest lenses of water and sus pended materials are formed by differential movement of water movement at depth . The slope of isohalines , isotherms and turbidity incline up or down depending on what direction the system is moving .
There were periods when the temperature , salinities - 19 - and turbidity in the upper thirty meters changed markedly , indicating a complete flus hing had occurred sometime between the tw o ob servation times of recording. Following this event would be an intrusion of water at various depths as s ociated with the water columns coming back to relative balance or the change from one system to the other after the meteor ologically-induced expulsion of surface waters had occurred.
Figures 56 and 57 show the vertical profile dis tribution of the temperature and salinity and illus trate their variability with time. Above thirty-meters conditions are very dynamic , becoming relatively stable below this depth.
B. General Distribution of Surface Oceanographic Properties
Figures 58 to 69 show the salinity and temperature dis tributions at a depth of I-meter in North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel. These readings were taken to compare the similarities in the dis tribution of oceanographic feature s with previous years of observations. Comparisons of the time variability of the plan dis tribution with the longitudinal vertical dis tribution and other parameters were al so observed . These help to explain just what was happening during the earlier years.
One extreme in distribution is evident in Figure 60 where it was ob s erved that there is very little low sal inity surface water in the sys tem. Prior to this there is low salinity water in the system (Figure 58) but the - 20 -
surface was flushed with the change in meteorological con
ditions .
C. Surface Drift Meas urements
Surface drift measurements were conducted from
April 24-26 near the head of North Bentinck Arm (Figures
70-72) . These obs ervations were taken on the flood tide ,
during the change to ebb , and under light wind conditions.
The flood movement was "in" , maximum rate 0.8 knots . On
the change to ebb , surface water movement rotated clock wise.
Just how representative of the true. state the
data from the drift measurements (Figures 70-72) may be
is noted by the fact that when the winds became stronger
it was difficult to keep track of the floats , and obser
vations had to be discontinued . Therefore, the 19 67 measure
ments represent surface drift under light wind conditions .
Earlier ob servations using drift drogues had indicated that
the winds had a marked effect on the surface movements and
tidal influence exerted little influence on surface dri ft
in the areas across from Whiskey Bay . The amo unt of fresh
water discharge from the head of the Arm (River ) may also
have a direct bearing on surface drift .
D. Drift Card Program
A drift card release and recovery program was
carried out in 1967 as part of the overall pro ject to - 21 - determine positive surface movements. The results of these observations were reported on by Herlinveaux (19 68) and the following conclusions were reached:
1. The North Bentinck Arm - Burke Channel system may go through periods of days when all surface movements are inward and then reverse to outward movement for sev eral days.
2. object in the surface layers, moving An seaward , may have a mean net movement of 3.4 miles per day. It could move at speeds as high as 11 .3 miles per d�.
3. When an object in the surface layer out of Burke Channel into Fitz Hugh Sound , the mostmoves im portant factor determining its course southward or north west (through Fisher Channel) would be the local coastal winds.
4. The drift card returns indicate that there can be a definite movement from Dean Channel through
Labouchere Channel and into Burke Channel. It is also possible to have a movement from the mouth of the South
Bentinck Arm towards and into Labouchere Channel; a Inove ment in the opposite direction can also occur. These three situations were observed at different times and
are indicative of an oscillating , cross--channel system, energized by meteorological forces. - 22 -
Continuou s Current Meter Observations
E. During mo st of the operational sea son , April June , to current meter observations were carried out in three area s to a total of 20 po sitions (Figure 4). The meter s were suspended at
2 meter s below the surface from a buoy system anchored bow and stern . The results made it po ssible to make cross-channel comparisons as well as longitudinal differences. This data series is not complete due to meter malfunctions . However , all the data are recorded in a separate report (Herlinveaux , 1973 ), and some of the result s are presented here in the time series for comparison (Figures 34 , 37, 40 ). The current meter results are presented a s net daily transport per day , in Figures 34 , 37 and 40.
In general , there was a current meter situated across channel at each station . Line 1 stations in North Bentinck Arm
(Figure 34 ) indicate the net daily trans port to be seaward for almost the entire period that the meters were functioning . The flow increa sed and decreased about a mean level similar in periodicity to the meteorological conditions .
The station on the north side of the channel func tioned for 22 days; the other s worked for shorter period s . It would be assumed , in a system such a s this , that the outflowing bias a ssociated with runoff would be more noticeable on the northern shore than on the southern shore where it could be biased "inward ". A more complete set of observations ma y show this to be the case. - 23 -
At Line 2 stations in Burke Channel (also Figures
34 and 37) the oscillations appe ar to be in the net daily transport . Their pattern was several days of outflow, chang ing to several days of inflow in phase with the wind (Figure
33) . Again, it was the northern station which had the most complete set of data for the firs t s et of time series .
Line 3, acro ss South Bentinck Arm, was plagued by mis haps so that only one day of obs ervations on 3E were re corded. However, oscillations occurred in data from the centre
and wes t positions which were out of phase with each other, but had simil ar periodicty with the other lines (Figure 37).
In the second time series, centered around Croyden
Bay (Figures 36-38) , Line 2 current meters were left in po sition . Lines 1 and 3 were removed and put on Line 4
(Lab ouchere Channel ) and Line 5 (B urke Channel below
Lab ouchere Channel) . Figure 37 show s the net daily trans ports recorded at these stations .
At Line 2, across Burke Channel, 16 days of obser vations were taken during May on the south side of the channel while varying periods were obs erved at the other
areas . These ob servations again indicated the oscillatory nature of water movement in the system .
At Line 4, across Labouchere Channel, the three meters operated for the entire l2-day period. The oscil latory nature of the system is evident in the results . - 24 -
A cross-channel bias is also evident: a net northerly flow on the western shore; a net southerly flow on the eastern shore . The most marked oscillation is in the centre channel position and is in phase with the baro metric pressure recorded at the three positions (Figure 36 ).
At Line 5, below the Burke-Labouchere junction in Burke Channel , only two meters were operational . The results show that th e net transport per day oscillates in phase with observations at Line 2, but it is out of phase with those at Line 4.
When comparing all the current meter results for these two sets of data (Figures 34 and 37) it is evi dent that Line possesses an outward bias while Lines 2 I and 5 are in phase with each other . They oscillate between an inflow and an outflow with slight amplitude differences evident . On the other hand , Labouchere Channel water movements (Line 4) showed very little resemblance to the others suggesting that variation in Labouchere Channel may be dominated more by events occurring in Dean Channel than those happening in Burke Channel . It is also by possible that the water movements in Labouchere Channel reflect the "differences" between the two systems , rather than what is actually occurring in either one .
The third time series was taken in Fisher-Fitz
Hugh-Burke Channel junction area (Figure 40). One set of stations , 6 N, 6C, 6D, was taken at a position off
Fougner Bay where the "VELELL1\." was anchored . The second - 25 - set was across Fisher Ch anne l at stations 7E , 7C and 7W . The net dai ly transport for these lines (Figure 40) shows the os ci l latory amp litude of the system in each area . Also evident are the biases (parti cularly in Fisher Channel) where there is a dominant southe rly flow , with only two short periods of northerly flow during the 19 day s of observation .
During the same period , when the flow in Fisher Ch annel was northerly , the flow at the mouth of Burke Ch annel (Line 6) was "into" rather than "out of" on the north side of the ch anne l.
The movement of water off Fougner Bay (Station 6) tende d to reaffirm the dri ft me asurement patterns observed in 1966 (Fi gure 30 ) when a dead-head was tracked for 14 days .
During this period the de ad-head move d outwards and inwards for seve ral days , re flecting the dai ly transport situation between May 19 and June 9 (Fi gure 40).
F. Winds
The wind data observed on the recording anemo me ters have been presented in two ways: first, the winds are shown as net movements per day up or down the inlet (Fi gure s
33 , 36 and 39 ); second , the winds are reported as total mi les up ch anne l and down ch anne l at all locations occupied (Figure
42) .
Figure 42 shows the observations taken with the three re corders . Generally , the winds in the mi ddle and - 26 - upper regime s of the sys tem follow a pattern of blowing out or in at all locations . However , the amp litude and period varies from location to locationi for example , the winds can be almos t twice as strong at some locations than at others during one event of activity and then be half as strong during the next event.
When working in one area of the system it co uld never be as s umed that because it wasn't possible to work in one area that conditions up or down channel would be sim ilarly undes irab le . Often on turning a point while trave l ling up or down channel it was pos sible to go almost instantly from light winds to how ling gales .
Cross channel orographic winds were a feature that appeared on occasions and which resulted in localized winds up to 40 mph . One such area was Windy Bay .
Winds appear to be associated with the water move men ts at 2 me tres depth but not as directly as would be expec ted . High winds would be associated with large net water move ment at time s but at others this re l ationship would not hold.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Like mo st In let systems along the coast of British
Co lumbia the Burke Channel Sys tem is ve ry dynamic . Early in the spring as the young pink salmon emerge from the
Bella Coo la River they are effected indirectly by the movement of weather sys tems along the coas t. Each system - 27 - as it moves onto the coas t results in an "event" , each event consisting of periods of onshore movement of moist air fo l lowed by an outflow of interior dry air as the sys tem pas ses . These events vary in time interval tending to be longer in winter and s umm er and shorter in spring and fall . No generalizations as to the yearly number of events can be made; to 4 per month may occur , or to 3 I l� per month may also occur . Spring warming conditions occur early some years wh ile arriving late other years thus markedly affecting the oce anographic environment . Runo ff , surface heating and primary production are directly as sociated with the arrival and pas sing of winter.
The environmental short term ch ange s are greatest near the he ad of North Bentinck Arm but , although still evident , they diminish intensity seaward . There in to are are as at the junction of the passages and in bays where the re are larger local variationsin conditions than at mid-stre am in the main system.
event at the head of North Bentinck Arm con An sis ts of a period of retention of surface water where at depth the salinity decreases , tempe rature increases (during warming periods ) and turbidity increases (silt-loaded wate r and/or primary production ret ained) to a pe riod of expulsion where the salinity increases , tempe rature decreases turbidity de creases the surface waters and as were dispersed down-channe l being replaced by sub-surface waters . This change in surface wate r would also mean a ch ange in available food . For example , deep zooplankton - 28 -
such as EucaZanu8 would be in evidence and available in the
surface waters during the expulsion period but not evi dent
during the retention period.
It was found in 1964 that when the pink salmon , up
to a size of 4.6 em . , emerge from the river they had at least
three swimming speeds (cruise - 0.22 knotf feeding - 0.10
knot, scared - 0.33 knot) , which were me asured during the ex periment (Appendix I) . It was found that during most of the
time they would be passive in their movement because of the high surface water movement for a good part of their migra
tion . Us ually by the time the. pink salmon re ache d the bottom
end of the sys tem they would be of a size that they would be expecte d to be more directive in their migration .
The timing of the emergence of the pink salmon
into North Bentinck Arm may be critical. If they entered during a re tention phase then the acclimation to a saline environment could be gradual and certain organisms would be
available for food. However , if they entered during the expulsion period , acclimation would be sudden (0 to 31.1% 0)
just off the mouth of the river and avai lable organisms for
food may be too large .
Ag ain if the pink salmon emerged jus t prior to an expulsion they could, in one day, be scattere d down the sys tem as far as Labouchere Ch annel. If they entered
at the beginning of a retention period , then a large number of small salmon would be concentrated into a small area - 29 - which would possibly make them more vulnerable to parasite infestation , predator mortality and overgrazing of available food supply .
What the ideal conditions would be is open to speculation and further research is needed into factors to which the pink salmon are exposed on their way from the river to open ocean .
It may be speculated that certain types of oscillations of environmental factors may be ideal for survival because the fry move through the system at a certain rate . For example , the oscillatory nature of the system is necessary to ensure that the system doesn't stagnate; during each expUlsion a probably sufficient amount of nutrient is being introduced from below to reach the surface layers where primary production is always depleting the surface nutrients . Probably an oscillation cycle of 4 to days duration may be ideal , whereas 5 the longer periods of retention may result in the primary and secondary production soon being exhausted by overgrazing by the fish population . If the system were to flush continually , the fish would move through the systems very rapidly not attaining much growth but also not subjected to such parasites and predators as during the other conditions .
The 1963-1967 oceanographic program in the Burke
Channel system has helped to reveal the many variables to which the young Pink salmon are subjected during their migratory process . The above report has concentrated on the - 30 -
environmental factors related to the retention/expulsion
nature of the system. The young, and rapidly growing, salmon
are virtually hurled from one environment to another as the
mechanisms effecting the system alter the directions of flow,
the salinities, the temperatures and the availability of food
supplies.
Although the pink salmon quickly overtake one of
their predators, the Coho, in growth rate, they must learn to exist in an environment which oscillates between hospitable
and hostile. The biomass, which is their source of food, is
also in a constant state of movement and alteration. This
aspect must be considered in further studies concerning the mortality rate of the Burke Channel salmon. APPE NDIX I
Pink Salmon Swimming Speeds
During the period April 19 - 21, 19 64, an experi ment was carried out to determine the swimming rates of small pink salmon . The siz e of the pink salmon used ranged from 3.5 to 4.6 cm . The observational areas were in Whiskey
Bay and Windy Bay, and in the holding tanks on the barge
"VELELLA" •
Procedure
observational area was cleared near the shore An where a fallen log lay out over the water . From this log was hung a current meter and a white reflecting sur face (a three-feet square piece of sheet metal) . Both hung at a depth of about 3 to 4 feet . The observer sat on the shore and timed the movement of the migrating pink salmon past the reflecting surface and at the same time recording the current velocity and direction . The data was recorded as cruising speeds , feeding speeds , or scared speeds .
During the period of observation from two locations , 35 observations were recorded under the cruising
and feeding speeds but no observations were made there
under 'scared speeds . The scared fish observations were carried out on the barge in the live tanks while the fish were held under
strained conditions .
The results of these observations show:
1. In nature , the fish cruised at an average speed
of 0.22 knots .
2. The fish fed at an average speed of 0.10 knots .
3. Scared fish could travel at steady speeds of
between 0.28 and 0.38 knots . SCIENTIFIC PARTY
Dr . R. Parker Fisheries Research Board
Mr . A. J. Stickland Fisheries Research Board
Mr. R. Wilson Fisheries Research Board
Mr. H. Neate Fisheries Research Board
Mr . R. Coulton Fisheries Research Board (casual)
Mr . R. Duedre Fisheries Research Board (casual)
Mr . R. Page Fisheries Research Board
Mr . T. Lietima Fisheries Research Board
Mr . W. Parker Fisheries Research Board (casual)
Mr . J. Ferguson & crew of Research Vessel Investigator II
Mr . C. Watson & crew of Research Vessel A.P. Knight
Mr . J. Bath Canadian Hydrographic Service
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the scientific party in the collection of data and V. Nadon for the drafting . RE FE RE NCE S
Dodimead , A.J. , R. H. Herlinveaux , 1968 . Some oceanographic
features of the waters of the Central British
Columbia Coast , Fish . Res . Bd . Canada , Tech . Rept .
#70 .
Herlinveaux , R.H. , 1973. Surface water movements in several
Central British Columbia estuarine systems , North
Bentinck Arm , South Bentinck Arm , Burke Channel ,
Labouchere Channel , Fisher Channel . Marine Sciences
Directorate , Fisheries and Marine Services , Pacific
Marine Sciences Report (unnumbered series) .
Pickard , G.L. , 196 1. Oceanographic features of inlets in
the British Columbia mainland coast . J. Fish . Res .
Bd . Canada , 18 (6 ): 907-999 . LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Map showing locations and place names in the vicinity
of the Central British Columbia Coast where research
was carried out .
Figure 2 Fisheries Research Board barge "VELELLA" used as a
base camp during 1964-6 7.
Figure Research vessel "NOCTILUCA" . 3 Figure 4 Positions where anemometers , barometers , current
meters and tide gauges were located .
Figure 5 Time series of oceanographic and meteorological
observations for the period April 1 to 24 .
Figure 6 Vertical distribution of temperature , salinity and
light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April
2, 1966 .
Figure 7 Vertical distribution of temperature , salinity and
light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 3. Figure 8 Vertical distribution of temperature , salinity and
light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 12 ,
1966 .
Figure 9 Vertical distribution of temperature , salinity and
light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April
21 , 19 66 .
Figure 10 Vertical distribution of temperature , salinity and
light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April
24 , 19 66 .
Figure 11 Surface distribution of temperature and salinity in
the Kwatma Inlet-Burke Channel junction . Figure 12 Surface salinity distribution , May 13 , 1966.
Figure 13 Surface temperature distribution , May 13, 1966.
Figure 14 Surface salinity distribution as a continuation of
Figure 12 down Burke Channel .
Figure 15 Surface temperature distribution as a continuation
of Figure 13 down Burke Channel .
Figure 16 Surface salinity distribution , May 16, 1966 .
Figure 17 Surface temperature distribution , May 16, 1966.
Figure 18 Surface salinity distributions over the "sill" in
lower Burke Channel , May 16, 1966.
Figure 19 Surface temperature distribution over the "sill" in
lower Burke Channel , May 16 , 19 66.
Figure 20 Surface salinity and temperature distribution in the
Burke Channel-Fitz Hugh Sound area , May 26, 1966.
Figure 21 Surface salinity and temperature distribution in the
Burke Channel-Fitz Hugh Sound area , May 30 , 1966 .
Figure 22 Surface (1 m) salinity distribution in Burke and
Dean Channel , May 27 and 28, 1966 .
Figure 23 Surface (1 m) temperature distribution in Burke
Channel and Dean Channel, May 27 and 28, 1966.
Figure 24 Time series of tide , current speeds , temperature
and salinity over the "sill" in lower Burke
Channel, May 29 , 1966.
Figure 25 One metre drift drogue measurements around the
Kwatna-Burke Channel junction , May 12 , 1966.
Figure 26 Drift of buoy system which broke away from its
anchored position of Cathedral Point , May 15 and 16,
1966. Figure 27 One metre drift drogue measurements around the
Kwatna-Burke Channel junction , May 17, 1966.
Figure 28 Drift measurements from a marked dead head and one
metre drift drogues .
Figure 29 One metre drift measurements around Walker Rock,
May 26, 1966.
Figure 30 Long term drift movement of a dead head with a set
of short period observations .
Figure 31 One metre drift drogue measurements, May 29 , 1966.
Figure 32 One metre drift drogue measurements , May 29 , 1966.
Figure 33 Twice daily meteorological observations of air tem-
perature , maximum and minimum , sealevel barometric
pressure , cloud cover , wet and dry temperatures taken
at Bella Coola Government Wharf , and winds from three
locations down the channel resolved into "in" and
"out" channel winds .
Figure 34 Twice daily water temperature (maxima and minima)
turbidity (secchi) , mean sea level (Bella Bella and
Bella Coola) and the daily transport (2 metres) at
six locations down the system .
Figure 35 Twice daily salinity and temperature observations
from five depths taken at the Bella Coola Government
Wharf .
Figure 36 Twice daily meteorological observations of air tem
perature maximum and minimum , sealevel barometric
pressure , cloud cover , wet and dry temperatures taken
at Croyden Bay and winds from three locations down
the channel resolved into "in" and "out" channel winds .
" -'-, ' Figure 37 Twice daily water temperatures (maxima and minima) ,
turbidity (secchi) , mean sealevel (Bella Bella and
Bella Coola) and the dai ly transport at eight
locations in the systems .
Figure 38 Twice daily salinity and temperature observations
from five depths and taken from barge anchored in
Croyden Bay .
Figure 39 Twice daily meteorological observations of air tem-
perature maximum and minimum , sealevel barometric
pressure , cloud cover , wet and dry temperatures taken
at Fougner Bay and winds from three locations around
lower Burke Channel .
Figure 40 Twice daily water temperatures (maxima and minima) ,
turbidity (secchi) , mean sealevel (Bella Bella and
Bella Coola) and the daily transport movement at six
locations in Fisher and Burke Channels .
Figure 41 Twice daily salinity and temperature observations
from five depths taken from a barge anchored in
Fougner Bay .
Figure 42 Summations of all wind data collected in the Bella
Coola system into "in" and "out" compone nts .
Figure 43 Station positions of logitudinal section along with
longitudinal di stribution of salinity (% 0) and
temperature ( C) down the middle of North Bentinck ° Arm into Burke Channel , April 8, 1967.
Figure 44 Longitudinal distribution of salini ty (% 0) , tem o perature ( C) and light transmission (% ) down the
middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel ,
April 12 , 1967. 0 Figure Longitudinal distribution of salinity tem 45 ( /00) , o perature ( C) and light transmission (%) down the
midd le of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Ch annel, Apr il
13, 1967. 0 Fi ure Longitudinal distribution of salinity tem g 46 ( /00) , o perature ( C) and light transmi ssion (%) down the
middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Ch annel April
14 , 1967 . 0 Figure Longitudinal distribution of salinity and 47 ( /00)
temperature ( C) down the midd le of North Bentinck a Arm into Burke Ch annel, Apr il 19 , 1967 .
Figure Longitudinal distribution of salinity 0 tem 48 ( /00) , o perature ( C) and light transmission (%) down the
middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Ch annel, April
21 , 1967. 0 Fi ure Lon itudinal distribution of salinity tem g 49 g ( /00 ) , o perature ( C) and light transmission (% ) down the
middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Ch annel, April
21 , 1967 . 0 Fi ure Lon itudinal distribution of salinity tem g 50 g ( /00) , o perature C C) and light transmission (%) down the
middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April
27 , 1967 . 0 Figure Longitudinal distribution of salinity tem 51 ( /00) , o perature ( C) and lig ht transmi ssion (%) down the
midd le of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel , May
1, 1967 . Figure 52 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (% 0) , tem o peratur e ( C) and lig ht transmission (%) down the
middle of Nor th Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May
6, 1967.
Figure 53 Longitudinal dis tr ibution of salinity (% 0) , tem o peratur e ( C) and light transmission (%) down the
middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May
8, 1967.
Figur e 54 Longitudinal distr ibution of salinity (% 0) , te m o peratur e ( C) and lig ht transmission (%) down the
middle of Nor th Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May
16 , 1967.
Figure 55 Longitudinal distr ibution of salinity (% 0) , and
temperature down the middle of Nor th Bentinck Arm
into Burke Channel, May 23 , 1967. o Figure 56 Vertical salinity (% 0) and temperature ( C) distri
bution at three stations in. Nor th Be ntinck Arm and
Bur ke Channel, April 12-27 , 1967. o Figure 57 Vertical salinity (% 0) and temperature ( C) dis
tr ibutions at three stations in North Be ntinck Arm
and Bur ke Channel, May 1 to 23 , 1967.
Figure 58 Surface salinity (% 0) in North Be ntinck Arm, Burke
and Labouchere Channels , April 13 , 14 , 1967. o Figure 59 Surface temperature ( C) in North Bentinck Arm and
Labouchere Channels , Apr il 13 , 1967 .
Figure 60 Surface salinity (% 0) in Nor th Be ntinck Arm , Bu rke
and Laboucher e Channels , April 18 , 1967. Figure 61 Surface temperature ( C) in North Bentinck Arm , and ° Burke and Labouchere Channels , April 18 , 1967 .
Figure 62 Surface salinity (% 0) in North Bentinck Arm , and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , April 19 , 1967. o Figure 63 Surface temperature ( C) in North Bentinck Arm and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , April 19 , 1967.
Figure 64 Surface salinity (% 0) in North Bentinck Arm and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , April 26 & 27 , 1967 . o Figure 65 Surface temperature ( C) in North Bentinck Arm and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , April 26 &. 27 , 1967 .
Figure 66 Surface salinity (% 0) in North Bentinck Arm , and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , May 13, 1967 . o Figure 67 Surface temperature ( C) in North Bentinck Arm , and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , May 13 , 1967.
Figure 68 Surface salini ty (% 0) in North Bentinck Arm , and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , May 16 , 1967. o Figure 69 Surface temperature ( C) in North Bentinck Arm , and
Burke and Labouchere Channels , May 16 , 1 967.
Figure 70 Surface drift pole measurements , April 24 , 1967.
Figure 71 Surface drift pole measurements , April 25, 1967.
Figure 72 Surface drift pole measurements , April 26, 1 967 . 128°00' 127°00'
,t ~"'", VA c>(>.· it 52°30'I '" U'-' '1> "V_....
~v~ 52°00' ~~ ~~~ 52°00' /J ~~0" 9~
QUEEN
CHARLOTTE
51°30' SOUND
129°00' 127°00'
Figure 1 Map showing locations and place names in the vicinity of the Central British Columbia Coast where research was carried out. RESEARCH -\°1111
Figure 2 Fisheries Research Board barge "VELELLA" used as a base camp during 1964-67.
() , BURKE NARROWS
POSITIONS • Anemometers 8 Barometers • Current meters Line Number
III Tide guages
Figure 4 Positions where anemometers, barometers, current meters and tide gauges were located. APRIL 1966
600
-;'400 0 "'0 a. E
-200C/) 01- z:::> -0 ~ 0 A z
...... , 200 .0 E -1020 w ~ 1010 ~IOOO B a. / 2~ 12 \ 19 \ I / \ o ~ 21 , ~ ~ \ I >- 23 I- '0' z 25 ::J ~ 27
29
31 c
9
o 6
Figure 5 Time series of oceanographic and meteorological observations for the period April 1 to 24. Menzies Pt. Flagpole Pt Whiskey Bay Sutlej Pt. 6 5 3 I
___-----6.5 10 ------ ------6.5------__-----
20
30
40 TEMPERATURE °c
0 15.0 .O~ - 20.0 20.0 10 If) Q) ~ 30.0 Q) --E 20 I I- a.. w 0 30 -31'~
40 SAL! N ITY %0
Or-----~======mIO~======~~------~--~ ~~======-=20~~~==10=====~====: 10
20
30 /' 60 40 I TRANSMISSION %
Figure 6 Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 2, 1966. Menzies Pt. Flagpole Pt. Whiskey8ay Sutlej Pt. 6 5 3 I Or-----~r-=~~~~~~---s==~~~~-- _r ~7.0-=--6.5 .. _------6.5 ------______'0 ~_----6.5------
20
30
40 '. TEMPERATURE °C
o.-~~~==~~~~~~~~~I -20.0 15.0 ------25.0------10 IJ) Q)... ------30.0------______Q) -E 20 ----- 30.5------
30
40 SALINITY %0
°r--=z~~~~~~~;;;;~====~~I~-~7777 / / 2 Z Z Z Z 240' Z Z /32' 7 7 2 7 7 Z Z ~======_------50------10 ------:------." ------60------20 ------65 70 -- -.. 30 -
40
Figure 7 Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 3, 1966. Menzies Pt Flagpole Pt. Whiskey Bay Sutlej Pt. 6 5 3 I Or------~------L----~----~------~~~~_. c::::::c.5_.5~:.:~:-=35Fr.OC-:::::::-=~=- ____ 5.0.- 10 ------_------6.0.----_
20
30
40 TEMPERATURE °c
I I I J 0 --20.0. ~ 25.0.-
10 I- - (/) ______30..0. ~ +- Q) ------30..5_ E --- 20 I- - I ~ Cl.w ______31·0. 0 30 I- -
40- - SALINITY %0
O~------~I------~I------~I------~I~---.
101- -
201- -
30- -
40- - TRANSMISSION %
Figure 8 Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 12, 1966. Menzies Pt. Flagpole Pt. Whiskey Boy SutJej Pt. 6 5 3 I Or-~======~==~~~~~~=-II 8.0 __8._5==-=-- 8.5_ = ------75------~ ______---7.0 ______~-----==== 10 _ __ ------6.5------ C------6.0 ___ 20
30
40 TEMPERATURE °c
O~----~------======~~~~~mo~~~~I 20.0_15.0_10.0
------25.0 ------10 If) Q) ..... ------30.0 ---____ Q) -E 20 I ----- I------31.0- Q.. W --- 0 30 --
40 SALINITY %0
O.------~------~------~------~--~ ------60---______C=::50 10 ~------60
20
60 30
40 \ TRANSMISSION
Figure 9 Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 21, 1966. Menzies Pt. Flagpole Pt. Whiskey Bay Sutlej Pt. 6 5 3 I °r-----~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8a.5~~=~~~==~~~~.OS-~~~~ ====------8.0 c:::= 80-=. - =______7_5=-6-.5------====~~======10 C 6 .O-
20
30
40 TEMPERATURE °c
Or-----::::!===15.0)-:::OOC:::=S======::10.0=~~1~===§~~~~~~5.g0;;~;;~----, ------20.0---- :::;q = -'------25.0 ___------10 (/) Q).... +------______---- 30.0 Q) E ---- 20 :r: h:: ------31.0 ______w o 30
40 SALINITY %0
0------L------L--~=====761~==~----4---_.------60 ____ ----- 10 =-----50 --__..---/~
20 50
30
40 TRANSMISSION %
Figure 10 Vertical distribution of temperature, salinity and light transmission in North Bentinck Arm on April 24, 1966. 128°30' 128°30' T~~;EI~T~~~~CI·:::.;~';;···:·:··;~ . SALINITY %0 May 12, 1966j·:,·j .. ,ii' \ 0
o 52 1 .-.;Ji" 52° 12' 11.5 o 12'
.:. 152°, 09
128°30' 128'33'
15 i:::t 't I,L, i It' i Ii
1;10 01> -I :I: C) w5 :I:
TIDE CURVE{BeliaBella) MAY 12,1966
Figure 11 Surface distribution of temperature and salinity in the Kwatma Inlet - Burke Channel junction. 127-1~' 127-11' 127-07' 126"03' 126" 59' 126-55' 126-51' 126·47'
Q:' SURFACE SALINITY (%0)
52" MAY 13. 1966 52" 24' 24' Contour Interval = 1.0 %0 £l~NIINCt< "'50~6 TIME ~ 18 24 NO fl'~ Bochelor Bof.,. 52" 52" ;': /~~j)/ 22' 22'
MAY 13, 1966 ~ .-:s..... j. o .- ""~ TIDE CURVE (Bella Bella) ",'v l' ~'? (, '"a 52" c 52" ...'" --I 18' o0'" ":I:. 18' '"Z '"--I Z '""" ." ." ~ 127"11' 127'"07' 126"03' 126-55' 126-51' 126-47' Figure 12 Surface salinity distribution, May 13, 1966. 127°11' 121-07' 1260 03' 126· 59' 126·!55' 12S·51' 126°47' SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) ~. 52" MAY 13, 1966 24' Contour Interval O.5°C pJlt;1 TIME (hours) I3~NfINCt< o 6 12 18 24 lSi i NOf!fi"l Cbs PI 52" 52· -'Ol~""·' 22' 22' 5 MAY 13, 1966 TIDE CURVE (Bello Blllla) CHANN£L 52· 52· 20' 20' X,v ~..--3-110------"0 05 ~~ -(.~ Tall hea Pt. c, 52· 'i-x, .::,'<- 52· IS' '0 IB' m '"'Z. -" 'Z. '" '".,. ." ~ 0 127 15' 127°11' 127°07' 126"03' 126- 59' 126"55' 126"51' 126·~7' Figure 13 Surface temperature distribution, May 13, 1966. 0 6 12 18 24 I 15 N 0 ". '.:: c.' U ~IO .... x / 0 MAY 13, 1966 0 '. ":\'\:!~:.. :: 0 0 o 0 0 ~ 0 -<) ..x o SURFACE SALINITY (%0) eUfrl(~ o MAY 13, 1966 Clt41V ::~~:{(::'::/:\'::7::::':~i:::'?:;":~":~::':":'?'::.':;; .. 1V~1.. Contour Interval = 1.0 %0 Figure 14 Surface salinity distribution as a continuation of Figure 12 down Burke Channel. TIME I hours) / o 6 12 18 24 N 15,ro-rro-r.-ro-r.-ro-rro-ro-rT-rro-ro ., / :::10 l X o (!) w o x 5 o 10.0 o MAY 13, 1966 o o oo~ OL'J-~-L~LL-L~-LJ-LL-L~-LJ-~-L~ o 0 0 o o o o o o (OC) SURFACE TEMPERATURE o o o MAY 13, 1966 Contour Interval = 0.5 ° C Channel Figure 15 Surface temperature distribution as a continuation of Figure 13 down Burke Channel. 53" 127· 34' 127" 30' 53" 02' r----""---r-:''------~...... -...!.!:;c.,..:::.'''---_____,02' .". ; ..,.,.".:.;:.) 53 53· 00 00' 127·42' SURFACE SALINITY ("100) 52· MAY 16, 1966 08' Contour Interval =0.5 '1'00 i N TIME (hours) ~~~TI2~oT'r8~~O, I 52· 52· 52· 06' '"'0'""6...----1-27"-'--34------1-27"-'-3-0,-'-----'00' 52· 52· 04' 04' ~" \.J 52· 52· 02' 02' 4, ~ Q: ;::, III 52· 52· 00' 00' 51· 58' 51·, ______-:-:-:::-:-:,.,- ______...,..,-,:-::-:-;- ___ 51" 56'- 127·42' 127"38' 56' Figure 16 Surface salinity distribution, May 16, 1966" !l1227r___ ...:.12::.;7:... • .::::34::...· _____---:"".,.._1~2:;7";.:30~·=---~52. 12' 52 52· 10' 10' 127·42' SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) 52" MAY 16.1966 08' Contour Interval =O.5°C r N TIME lhour» 15 6 12 18 ° I 52· _I /\00. I f ~7----~~.------~_---~52· 06' '0/ \lI 127·34' 127"30' 06' 5 I TIOE CURVE (Bello iloilo) MAY 16,1966 52" 52" 04' 04' 52· 52" 02' 02' -\: Q:;'" ::::, ~ 52" 52· 00' 00' 51' 58' 5617L------,:-:-::-:::-;;._------:------.J51. 5 127·42' 127'38' 56' Figure 17 Surface temperature distribution, May 16, 1966. 127°52' 12?D48' 127°44' SURFACE SALINITY (%Q) 52° 56"- MAY 16,1966 00' Contour Interval = 0.5 %0 C Mp.NNfL. 51 51° 58' I3U Rl 15. 9 • IF, • If I I Y 51° 56' -0;10 ~ I f- :r: N <.9 W 5 :r: o o 1 , 0 'T'I~E ~U'R~~(B~II~ 'B~I'lol) I ° MAY 16,1966 . Fougner Boy 127°48 127°44' 127°40' Figure 18 Surface salinity distributions over the "sill" in lower Burke Channel, May 16, 1966. ._. __ 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' A ~--- Pt. SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) .: .:.lioOlrs .\:: 51· MAY 16, 1966:;,,:.. :.:,.;>···;,·:.:·:.:::,;;i,.':··':·;·:·""·':;':·;:;;. ..:.\:~,;.:;;;.::~~ .. -::~~•. ::~I 51° 58' Contour Interval =O.5°C .0> ... ". 58' t·· E: \... 51· 51° 15. 't I i'i. I I It' i i q 56' C H ~ N N 56' euRt o 0' '~I~~ ~~~~ (B'el'la' ~e;la') , MAY 16,1966 51°1 .rr:>J F> d\<;J!te11 \'- 15/° 54' 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' 54' Figure 19 Surface temperature distribution over the "sill" in lower Burke Channel, May 16, 1966. 127° 50' SURFACE SALINITY Woo) KING MAY 26,1966 Contour Intervol=05%o HUNTER N 51° 51° 55' ISLAND 55' SURFACE TEMPERATURE(OC) MAY 26,1966 Contour Interval = O.5°C 51° 51° 55' 55' Q; ~IO ;:: :I: 12r55' 12r50' Figure 20 Surface salinity and temperature distribution in the Burke Channel - Fitz Hugh Sound area, May 26, 1966. SURFACE SALINITY (%0) KING MAY 30, 1967 Contour Interval=05%0 i HUNTER N ISLAND Boy SURFACE TEMPERATURE(~) KING ISLAND MAY 30,1967 Contour Interval = 0.5°C TIDE CURVE (Bello Bello) MAY30,1966 Figure 21 Surface salinity and temperature distribution in the Burke Channel - Fitz Hugh Sound area, May 30, 1966. ~------,------~------r------~------~5~30' I METER SALINITY (%0) MAY 28, 1966 Contour Interval·O.5%o 52°20' Pt, 1------+------152°10' 1------+------l52°00' N 128"00 127° 127-20 W Figure 22 Surface (1 m) salinity distribution in Burke and Dean Channel, May 27 and 28, 1966. r------r------~------~------~------15~3d METER TEMPERATURE (OC) MAY 27-28,1966 Contour Inter.ol=O.5°C 5~20' ;t G ~ ~~ GUNBOAT I- 15~OO'N 127" 127"20'W Figure 23 Surface (1 m) temperature distribution in Burk€ Channel and Dean Channel, May 27 and 28, 1966. 16 'I T,nr" ""'lr'I\/r- 14 IIVL. vur\VL. (BELLA BELLA) ::: 12 Gl Gl - 10 ~., 8 :r: 6 :IL __- 0 4 u.. 2 °39 I _L/7 __ __ ~ 01 11 I Co 2 (/) 3 In ffi4 5 6 1 ~9.5 t 9.0 e .2 85 ., ~80 ~ 751 e . ~------t------28 26 o o::e ~ 24 :~ o en 22 20 I I ,I ! ! I I II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Figure 24 Time series of tide, current speeds, temperature and salinity over the "sill" in lower Surke Channel, May 29, 1966. 127 0 30' 127 0 26' 127 0 22' 52°~' ~ 520 14' /:~;{lJ' 14' DRI FT MEASURE MENTS,;!i",f :~.r.;' MAY 12 , 1966 :~.~:". ',1 ~. !. 520 ,.;.::/:.:~?' 52° 12' 12' ~.~~~;:" .' 24 , Drift Obs' l I I I MAY 12 0 :"::: I 52 I 52° ::~. 7' J: 10' (!) 10' TIDE CURVE ::\~.' \ ~ 5 .... 0 (Bello Bello 1 MAY 12, 1966 \ ,'.:. ':".~. 12r30' 127 0 26' 127°22 Figure 25 One metre drift drogue measurements around the Kwatna - Burke Channel junction, May 12, 1966. 127 0 30' 1270 26' 127 0 22' 520 520 14' 14' DRIFT MEASUREMENTS .. ..;."??,:".,.:,,I%'m.' MAY 15, 16, 1966 0800/16~:<::;<'?";" .' 0;:6/6 ,"':'.:: "'0/I/. / ;.:;.;..~" ...".' ;.. /:)1 / / ;.,.,' //i 520 520 12' 12' 9 Sea Miles TIME (hours) 12 18 24/0 6 12 15rl-r'-~~~-r-r'-~~~-r-r'-~~~-r-r-r~ -.; ~< ~IO :"., 0 :"" 52 I 52° 10' :r:: 10' )i{\ £! : ....:, ~ 5 (Bello Bello) \~"" MAY 15, 1966 MAY 16, 1966 OLI~~L-~~-L~~L-~~-L~~L-~~-L~~ 127 0 30' 127 0 26' 127 0 22' Figure 26 Drift of buoy systems which broke away from anchored position of Cathedral Point, May 15 and 16, 1966. 127°30' 127°26' 127°22' ~~~ f i ..)7 · 1T~O DRIFT MEASUREMENTS MAY 17, 1966 '.:.'G,. {";"; 1b,.0/. ::;...... I~,. j::J'I: 52° 52° 12' 12' . Sea Miles :;:/>~~~~e /"'0 TIM E (hours) o 6 12 18 24 15 i c::J -CII .! 10 IS ':':: I- 52° 1330 52° 10' iF·:·t § 10' :; ~ 5 o (Bello Bello) :." -=:5 MAY 17, 1966 ~ OL' ~~-L~~~-L~~-L~~~-LJ-~~~ 127°30' 127°26' 127°22' Figure 27 One metre drift drogue measurements around the Kwatna - Burke Channel junction, May 17, 1966. 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' 52° 't. ,··X k 102' '~: .. ;;C·~6>.s'""0 .... MAY 17-18, 1966 r902 /18 May 0.3[:: Pt. 51° 51° 58' 58' "';;.O ~·t.-~JPI;'::'- ingit 51° NE:1.. 51° 56' Crl,AN 56' o 15'rr,,,-',,-r"-'''-'''-'rT-'''-'~ I3 UR t o I I ! I I! I I I I I 51°1 g-~:H'\<,)!..t:'tl t 1 54' 127°52' 127°48' 12r44' 127°40' 127°36' Figure 28 Drift measurements from a marked dead head and one metre drift drogues. 127° 56' 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' ~':.8ernhardt Pt . ., \'" DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 5/0 58' MAY ~:J~~~ ,·;;,·o W'~;~r~J;'::' pi inI g::. I. 51C> 51° 56' 15~ 6 12 18 24 156' {.:;:r0·~~~ ~~~\., I I I t i i ':. e Crl~ ., ~IO I- :r: ~ Sea Miles 9 ~ 5 (Bella Belio) /'Fougner Boy 0 1 I I I I 51°1. g' >~u: '\.~::,.p::J F.· 151° 54' 127°56' 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' 54' Figure 29 One metre drift measurements around Walker Rock, May 26, 1966. 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' o DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 7\OY 51° 51° MAY 26-JUNE I, 1966 START /' / 58' STOP 221Cl~ ';'220/29 May 0 ,~j2010 58' " .:;...v~I~;-- ;rC- 7--.L ) "O t .. _ /y"".. "o";; 7"'940 ~ / /~ 1100 25 '~1PO....J~10------7' "'~20/K/ nots ./ \~~iPI ing I. " " '1300 / 2 ------r..---22~ 1934 ------~ , / AC~04~-"\908 .5 92' , /: . j//' """ / ,"CO /"' G ,/0.3/ /0.9./ K nots____ Drogue / " 0-- ,£../v. b· / ~ 8 /) 000/ • ~O"""". .. ~ '. ...o,f L. TIME (hours) 51° / N E: 51° 56' / ,J p.. N 151~ 1 , 1 , ,2~/~ , ",{T" 1 1 1,2 , " ,I~ 1 1 1 1 ,2~ 56' C r I ' Measurements / // y/ I3 f Figure 30 Long term drift movement of a dead head with a set of short period observations. 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' MEASUREMENTS liOOIrSVO/rj .; .. 51° MAY 29 t 1966 51° 58' 58' .,::.' .,.;.:;.o (J: '~r~~i'p, ing ~;~~:3.~·· . €: l.- 51°f ~ J:~;' .:.'':t:> TIME (hours) t 51° 0 6 12 18 24 56' ~ HANN 15 56' C Rt<€: ., BU of 10 I- 0 ::t: Seo Miles (!) I /TIDE CURVE ~5F- (Bella Bello) 1"-../ I I- Measurements---l MAY 29, 1966 0[' I I I I 0 L-UII'UIIU zl[<:';~A:~ 1 Boy 51 1 '<::' :','.. ,;:':' ',:'"'' <:)8 ':":::' :',::,-. 1510 54' 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' 54' Figure 31 One metre drift drogue measurements, May 29, 1966. 127°52' 127° 48' 127°44' 127°40' " DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 51° MAY 29, 1966 51° 58' 58' f1P:if~ f l 51° TIME (hours) 51° 56' c p. NN 12 18 24 56' t1 15 1 I I I I I [I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Q) BURi o I Seo Miles t:c DO W'" 5 TIDE CURVE I I (Bello Bello) I '-./ , ,.-Meosuremenls-->; MAY 29, 1966 Fougner o LnL.LL-L.LLl I I I I I I Bay 51°1 EH·\'V~ t 1510 54' 127°52' 127°48' 127°44' 127°40' 54' Figure 32 One metre drift drogue measurements, May 29, 1966. APRIL 1967 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 60 G:'"" Coolo ~ 55 w ex: :;:) ~ .... ,minimum ex: 45 .... , /---, w , I , a. ,--, _..... -, 40 /---- / I I.... ::!: I \ /- , / W .... , " "- I l- I \ -, /, / 35 ..... / I ',I ex: _...--, / I - / I- -- ~ 30.5 Flagpole Pt. ~ vi w ,/-:-:.""::.7: :-:-.:.')~ /.~.":- ~\:-: _":"/ /. .. :':'- If 29.5 Lalkata Pt. d ~ 29.0 (]) 28.5 ex: 10 w 8 Cl :;:)g U lJ... 0 ~ ::!: w / I- 1\ I \ / \/ " \/ ex: - I « 45 I.J ~ 300 / \ :;:) \ / \ Lalkato \, -;,g 200 Pt. / 0 /\ -_/ ( "- ~z FlagP,Ole Pt. \ \, /1)- 100 .,. " \ Menzies Pt / ~ : \ 'E a : : Cl ' .. Flagpole"Pt Z:x: 100 \ -l- I ...... / ~ 5 200 \ / Z '_I 1- 300 :;:) 0 100 ~ ~ 90 >- l- i:) :e :::r::;:) w > 50 w~ ex: Figure 33 Twice daily meteorological observations. APRIL 1967 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 w a:: II ::> 10 ~ a:: maximum w 9 Cl. 1--- ~ 8 W ;- 1 -, 1 I- 7 /, / ./ ...... a:: / ------.... / ',I / \ W 6 -- V ~ /' " 3: 5 10 > BELLA COOLA I- o 5 £D a:: ::> I- 0~------+------~------~------4------~------~ ~ 0.5 BELLA BELLA /---.... / __ ~ O~------+------~~;=~/~/~----....~ ....~/~/--+-~~~,~~~--~F=~~------J~~~--~ ~ ---/ BELLA -COOLA' .... ,_ ~--- -0.5~------~IN~------~------4------4------4------~ 5 STATION I O~------~~~------~------~~--~----~------~ \\ "",';"';, // \-~ . ./ , ..... --'.... / -5 ,---_/ / . \ ...... , OUT / \ -10 10 /" \ CENTRE 2 I- IN I \ a:: / \ 0 5 Cl. NORTH 2 (/) Z STATION 2 0 I Figure 34 Twice daily water temperature (maxima and minima), turbidity (secchi), mean sea level (Bella Bella and Bella Coola) and the daily transport (2 m) at six locations down the system. APRIL 1967 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2021 22 23 24 2526 27 13 __~~~L-L-~~~~~~H-~~J-~J-~-L~~-L~~~-L~IO I I~ 15 O m I' rr I 9 19 rJ' I I 21 I ~ 1\ 23 I 1\ I I / \ -7 \ / \ (/ \/ \ R \ 0 R I bY) /I I \ I 1/ b', - 6 """\ 1\/ \/ b b 'b ~ /) ----15 13 1m -10 15 17 19 21 \ 23 <-) 6'0 o \ 7 I W \ g§ \ r- ~ 29 I 9, /\ 6 34L------~------~~ 24 5m 8 26 R / \ P \ 7 o d \ r. I "~ / °'0-0.... \ I d \ )).'0-0. \ I "0 I:) 6 22L------~~------__1 24 7 me SALINITY • TEMPERATURE 26 7 Figure 35 Twice daily salinity and temperature observations from five depths ,taken at the Bella Coola Government Wharf. 1967 70~~2~3~~4~5-r~~~.9~~IO~I~I~~~~~~~~~~~ CrC7jden Bay w a::: .1 =>60 maximum tia::: ~ w~ 50 I,minimum I- / , r ... / I '... I / ... J I / .\. ,~:'" D_eas Pt. .. \,..::-.:-:-.... /:7 ...... -:-:".... ~:'\ ..~.>.:-::- ...... ~.:-.. a::: 10 w >o u o 5 => o ....J Croyden Bay U 0~--~J----4------~~~------_+------~ 65r------+------~------~+------~ 0.: 60 ~ ~ 55 e: 50 <{ 45r------4------~------_+------_4 :r: 300 I- >. 5200 c(f) "C l;; ~ 100 Q) 'E 0 C5 Z I- Croyden Bay => 100 Deas Pt. I 3: I 0 1 :r: ~_/ b:: 0z 10 >- 90 I- 0 ~ ...... 80 ::>~ :r:~ 70 Croyden Bay ...Jw a::: 60 50 Figure 36 Twice daily meteorological observations. MAY 1967 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 w 16 0:: :::> ~ 14 0::w CROYDEN 0- 12 ~ W .,---...... , .., I- ..... ;' ----- ,.---'.... ,,'" ...... ;' 0:: // ...... "--_//minimum W ~ 3: 6 10 CROYDEN BAY r I- 0 CD 0:: :::> 5 I- 5 ..J u) 0 ... "- ...... -----_ .... ,-----_ _- ~ '------BELLA COOLA -5 10 STATIONS 2 IN 5 SENTRE \ 0 \ -5 OUT Ii: -10 o 0- (f) -15 z .:'IN~ ...... ST.~~.~~E~~ 3 ~ 10 '..,...... ".-'. . 0 . I- IN' ·· .. ·::::::-·:· .... ·... ObJT CENJRE"· ...... , 5 \.: ,~, /.' ;' .... / .. i.'7~ . .,.,:.WEST STATIONS 4 ;' ' .... ~...... ;. .,/ ...... ,...(...... ~ ...... O~------~--~--=------~=-~=-~~~------EAST -5 5 OUT IN -10 r-~~------~~~O OUT -15 -5 STATIONS 5 -20~~~~--L-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~ Figure 37 Twice daily water temperature (maxima and minima) , turbidity (secchi), mean sea level (Bella Bella and Bella Coola) and the daily transport at eight locations in the system. 7.85 MAY 1967 10.60 0 ~, \ 4 5 6 7 9 10 II 12 14 15 1\ 17 '21 14 .---.--__~--.;....,....__..-~-r____r-..,..__t_-~__..-..,._____,r____r_, \1 1 '-,0 I \ 0 I • Temperature °c , \ I'....!. v 16 o Salinity 0/00 o 19 I P 18 9 17 ~\ P'o I / I , I 20 o d \ I \' 15 :\'- ..0 , 9-,'0' 0, \../ I '~ 24 :q , 0, I ~ v , , 'I v 13 \ I 0, I 26 \ I 0 II 28 9 30 7 Om. -() o -o ...... 28 9 30-~,'~ 7 32 5 15m 30 7 32 5 M 3 Figure 38 Twice daily salinity and temperature observations from five depths and taken from barge anchored in Croyden Bay. MAY 1967 JUNE 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 r;:: 70 Fougner Bay ~ w a:: ;:) ti: 60 0::: Wa... ~ w I- 50 0::: 40 ~ 31 = U'i w H: Rocks 0 «0::: ro -- - 10 0::: W 6 C,,) Cl 5 ;:) 0 -1 U 0 ~ Fougner Bay u.. 65 ~ 0..: ~ W I- 0::: « 45 ::c I- ~ ;:)200 If'" >'0 /" .gO') / \ / f ... ';;;Z 100 /' \ Fogg Rocks <1)- I \ \ ...... E 0 ::c Clzo::: I- 100 -0 3: z200 I- ;:) 0 >- I- is 80 :E =>- 70 :I:~ ~ Fougner Bay ...J 60 a:::w Figure 39 Twice daily meteorological observations. MAY 1967 JUNE 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 w 0:: Fougner Bay ::::> 13 1\ / \ ,.. 1 !(i , .... -/ , 0:: 12 ",...... / \ w .,/ ...... / , Q.. ., ~ II /-~ -:'*" w /' minimum ~ / ...... ","",,;'" 1 0:: W ...... I ~ \------...... --- 3: 8 8 Foupr Bay >- ~ C) al- 0:: ::::> ~ '---...... !3ELLA BEL~A +0.5 ...J 0 (/) COOLA ::E-o.5 10 STATIONS 6 IN 5 0 ~ -5 10 ~OUT ~ -10 z STATIONS 7 « 0:: -15 ':';" ...... ~ / 1 ~ '... 1 « ...... 1 C) Figure 40 Twice daily water temperatures (maxima and minima), turbidity (secchi), mean sea level (Bella Bella and Bella Coola) and the daily transport movement at six locations in Fisher and Burke Channels. MAY 1967 JUNE 29 30 31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 22~-~~~~~~~~~~'-'--'-'--'-'--'-'-'.-.-~-.--n 15 24 13 26 I II I • Temperature 0 C 28 0-0 9 o Salinity %0 241m. 13 26 II I 10 9 28 (fI " ..-. u ...... 0 0 24 3m. 13 0~ w 0:: \ 0-...0.0. ..o-.o.o--a<=i ::J >- 26 , ' '() II I- I d l- \ P-o-.q / « ~.I' \ I 0:: z 28 ,9 I /. I 9 1/ W .....J ,.D--Q 0, P \ 9 oA.. ,9--0---- # d \ I 0... « '0-- 'd '00- I (f) 30 \I 7 ~ 0 W I- 0 265m. 1\ II o 9- I I o I'tf 'd \ P. 28 P I /' / b.d \ 9 I ,a.. ''d' \ O _-0, P I \ ...0--0. ' -0-- \ Ii.../ ,p-.o 'Q. 9 30 - 'O'.o-o...("J o-o' ...... u d \ / 7 'd \ / 1/ 0 267m. II 28 9 30 7 5 Figure 41 Twice daily salinity and temperature observations from five depths taken from barge anchored in Fougner Bay. APRIL 1967 MAY MAY 1967 JUNE 0r-__,5r- __,10~ __~15 __ ~2TO __ ~~r- __ ~3rO __~5 ____ ~10~~IT5 __ ~lr5 __~2rO __~~~~3~0~ __T5 __~10 Flagpole Pt. near mouth of 100 Burke Channel 100 2 0~'---~~------+~~----~~~----1------+------~~-=--~T-'+--~0 I o::> 100 100 200~~-----+------~------~------+------~------+------+--~200 Menzies Pt. Fougner Bay 100 100 ~ 02 a:: WI- 0..::>o o 100 100 2 ~ u.. 200~------~------1 200 o Cf) 'W 100 100 ....J ::;!:~ O~----~~----L-~~----~--~~.---~+r--.r--+------~"----~~-+--~O I- ::> 0 100 100 2oo1---- H------+_------r-----~------_r------~--~200 100 100 Deas Pt. 2 Or------+------_r------~--~~--+__,--~ o I ::> o 100L---~--~--~~--~--~L---4_--~----~--~--~~--~--~----~---L--~IOO Figure 42 Summations of all wind data collected in the Bella Coola system into "in" and "out" components. 126"ro' ·STATION POSITIONS 1967 BURKE CHANNEL NORTH BENTINCK ARM LABOUCHERE CHANNEL oStn.nO.26 23 20 SALINITY %0 _30.5 10 20 3LO~ 30 40 ~ I/)... Q) 32.0 -Q) 50 E :I: 0 l-e.. w TEMPERATURE °c 7.0 c 10 20 30 40 50 Figure 43 Station positions of longitudinal section along with longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0) and temperature (oC) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 8, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL LABOUCHERE SOUTH NORTH BENTINCK ARM CHANNEL BENTINCK 23 20 17 ARM 12 I Belia Coola 3. SALINITY %0 10 20 30 40 ~31.5 50 Or---~----'----.------r------.-----.------r~----.---.--' TEMPERATURE °C 75 __~ 10 ~70 .e'" 20 Q) E I ~ 30 0- W o 40 50 TRANSMISSION % 10 20 30 ~ 40 \ 60 70 50 Figure 44 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 12, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL SOUTH LABOUCHERE BENTINCK NORTH BENTINCK ARM CHANNEL 17 ARM 6rtn~.~nO;~~26~~;:23~~_2rO____ ~~~~~.~12~~~9~!I~~6;;1!!!~m3~~~!"~I~~~e~IIOCO~O 10 ~,'~==~300 20 ~ "" '- '- ______30.5 "" "" 31.0 30 ' ...... --~ 40 7.0 30 10 TRANSMISSION % 20 ______------50------~~~------30 70--____ 40 50 80 Figure 45 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 13, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL SOUTH NORTH BENTINCK ARM LABOUCHERE BENTINCK CHANNEL oSt"."0.26 23 20 17 ARM 12 9 I Bella Coola SALINITY %0 10 ~30.0 20 30 40 31.5 50 8.0 TEMPERATURE °C ______7.0 7.5 10 -7.0~ en ~ 20 Q) -Q) E 30 -:t: I- a. w 0 40 50 -'-50 TRANSMISSION % 10 40 20 -50 -60 30 40 50 Figure 46 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oe) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 14, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL SOUTH NORTH BENTINCK ARM LABOUCHERE BENTI NCK CHANNEL Stn. no. 26 23 20 17 ARM 12 9 6 3 I Bella Coola O~--~-----r----.------.-----~~----.------.-----~----.-~ ../30.0 ______30.5 10 20 ~_310-- 31.5 ____ 30 40 32.0 en '- Q) 50 SALINITY %0 ~ Q) E I 0 I- 0... W 0 10 20 30 40 50 TEMPERATURE 0 C Figure 47 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0) and temperature (oC) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 19, 1967. BURKE CHAN NEL SOUTH NORTH BENTINCK ARM LABOUCHERE BENTINCK CHANNEL ARM Stnno.26 23 20 17 12 9 6 3 I 813110 Coolo 0 29.0 28.0 30.5 31.0 /~315 30 40 50 SALINITY 0/00 0 :::=§:..-7. 8.5 8.0 7.5 ~7.0 10 20 '"~ .....Q) Q) ~ E 30 ::x:: I- a.. w 0 40 70 50 TEMPERATURE °C 0 50 10 60 20 80 30 40 50 TRANSMISSION % Figure 48 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0) and temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 21, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL LABOUCHERE NORTH BENTINCK ARM CHA/IIIIEL Stn. no. 26 23 20 0 SALINITY %0 30.0 10 30.5 20 -31.0 30 31.5 32.0 40 50 0 ao,--- 10 -7.0 fJl... ..-Q) 20 Q) E 30 :::c I- a. w 0 40 50 0 TRANSMISSION 0/0 10 20 ______50 30 60 40 ---- 50 Figure 49 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 21, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL SOUTH NORTH BENTINCK ARM BENTINCK rJn. no. 26 17 ARM 12 9 6 3 I Bello Coolo 4 SALINITY %0 ~270~-:::::::~ ~ ~---===------29.5 29.0 ______---30.0 10 ------30.5 20 3I.o~- 30 40 31.5---- 50 0 -9.5 TEMPERATURE °C 8.5 ~ 10 ______7.5 ...II> Q) 20 +- Q) 7.0 E 30 ::r: I- a.. IJJ a 40 ~70 50 0 TRANS MISSION 0/0 10 ~o 20 ~60 30 40 50 Figure 50 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, April 27, 1967. BURKE SOUTH NORTH B ENTIN CK ARM BENTINCK oStn.no.26 17 ARM 12 9 6 3 I Bella Coola -= -28.5 2 SALINITY %0 ~29.0~29.5 10 20 30 31.5 40 50 Or---r---_.----r------..~~--r_--_.--~_,,_----r_~~~ TEMPERATURE °C 10.0 9.0 8.0 10 ~7. ...en ! 20 7.0 ___~ Q) E ::I: 30 I- 0. W Cl 40 50 TRANSMISSION % 10 ~60 20 30 70 40 50 Figure 51 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May 1, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL SOUTH LABOUCHERE NORTH BENTINCK ARM CHANNEL BENTINCK ~tn no. 26 23 20 17 ARM 12 9 6 3 I 8eIIaCoola 24. ___-----::-::::-;::--30.0 20 1.5 40 50 32.0 0 10 ~...:~~==~~=::::::=-=8=.5==~====8.0 ...IJ) 20 = 7.5---_ ....Q) Q) 7.0 E 30 ::r: 70 t- o. w 40 Cl 50 0 TRANSMISSION "10 _____--- 50~ 10 ------= 80 60 ~ 20 ~90~ 30 40 50 Figure 52 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (% 0 ), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May 6, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL NORTH BENTINCK ARM 3 I Bello Coola 10 20 31.5 30 40 50 0 10.0 10 7.0------____ III... Q) 20 ..- Q) E ::I: 30 I- a.. UJ 0 40 7.0 50 / TRANSMISSION % 10 60 ____~ Figure 53 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmission (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May 8, 1967. BURKE CHANNEL LABOUOiERE NORTH BENTINCK ARM CHANNa OSlo. no. 26 23 20 3 18elloCoola SALINITY %0 30.0 10 31.0 20 30 31.5 40 50 32.0 0 TEM PERATURE °C ::::::::::=::--10.0 10 =-8.5 ___ .0 7.0 en // ~ 20 Ql ..- Ql E 30 :r: t- a.. w Cl 40 7.0 50 0 40 50 10 20 70 30 40 50 Figure 54 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0), temperature (oC) and light transmittion (%) down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May 16, 1967. 30 40 31.5 31.5 ~ 50 Q) SALINITY %0 -Q) E I t o.. W o 10 20 30 40 50 TEMPERATURE °c Figure 55 Longitudinal distribution of salinity (%0) and temperature down the middle of North Bentinck Arm into Burke Channel, May 23, 1967. TEMPERATURE °C 0~~ __~~_O~~~~~~~~ __~~ __~ __~~~6 ____J~~~ __~10 10 20 STATION 30 0 APRIL 12 1967 & APRIL 13 1967 40 • APRIL 14 1967 Cl APRIL 17 1967 • APRIL 21 1967 t:. APRIL 24 1967 50 • APRIL 27 19~7 12.67;- . --..-,yy. __ . 10 II> 20 ~ ..-Q) Q) STATION 3 E 30 :c I- a.. lLJ 40 0 50 0 :~.J 10 / ~ " 20 t STATION 6 30 40 50~------~~--~-~~----~ Figure 56 Vertical salinity (%0) and temperature (oC) distribution at three stations in North Bentinck Arm and Burke Channel, April 12-27, 1967. TEMPERATURE °C 0~ __~r- __ ~r-__ ~~ __ ~~ __ ~ __ ~~ __ ~3~2~6~~~8 12 --.:-:.::-:..:.-.::..-::------0- ---.-.. - .. -....,. ------~-.::..------a " 10 --- ":':'q- "'::', \ '- \ ~. 20 ·h .... '1 30 S TAT ION . I • MAY I 1967 40 o MAY 6 1967 o MAY 8 1967 • MAY 16 1967 6. MAY 23 1967 50 O~j~~------~~------.~-~~~ 10 (II ... 20 Q) -Q) E 30 STATION 3 :r: l- ll. IJJ 40 0 50 10 20 30 STATION 6 40 50~--~~--~r-----~----~----~-----L--- Figure 57 Vertical salinity (%0) and temperature (oC) distributions at three stations in North Bentinck Arm and Burke Channel,May 1 to 23, 1967. 127·07' 126.03 1 126·59' 12S·S!5 1 126·SI' 126·47' SURFACE SALINITY (%0) 52' 52' 22' '<22' OLI __~~~~~~_-L ____-L~~L-~~~ __-L __ ~ APRIL 13, 1967 APRIL 14, 1967 TIDE CURVES (Bello Bello) 'I" (>,,,,,,,,,, BURKE Y. 52' 52' 20' 20' 0 0 0 0 285 o· 29.0 ~" ~~ ~'? (, <.n o 52" C. *'~ -\ 52' 18' ",'<- :<. 18' ~ o:l -z. '"-\ z. ""'" 't> ." ;:. 127°15' 127°11' 127°07' 126°03' 1260 59' 126°55' 126°51' 126°47' Figure 58 Surface salinity (%0) in North Bentinck Arm, Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 13, 14, 1967. 121°15' 121°07' 126°03' 126· 59' 126°55' 126°51' 126°47' SURFACE TEMPERATURE (o~ ~. APRIL 13. 14. 1967 52· 24' Contour Interval = 0.5 °C /lRtv1 TIME (hours) o 12 IB 24/0 6 12 18 24 15 --iObsy,;t) ! 52· 52· 22' ~ ·~22' o I APR!'L 13, 1967 APRIL 14, 1967 'oO'",~~~. riDE CURVES (Bella Bella) BURK£ CHANN£L 52· 52· 20' .~J~\75 20' .. . x,V ~~=:_s~=~.o~~ ..... / ~ 80~/-~ -l' -<-'Y . "'-75" C, 2. '"-" 2. n A ... ." ;:. 127°IS' 127°11' 127°07' 126°03 ' 126°59 ' 126°55' 126°51 ' 126°41' Figure 59 Surface temperature (oC) in North Bentinck Arm and Labouchere Channels, April 13, 1967. 127-07' 126-03' 126· 59' 126·55' 126·51' J26·~7· SURFACE SALINITY (%0) tt· APRIL 18, 1967 52" 24' Contour Interval 0.5 %0 TIME (hours) 6 12 18 24 fl,M .150 NO 52" 22' LCFOO(l'O '''G5 " j'" APRIL IB, 1967 !s~trtl p, o I I TIDE CURVE (Bello Bello) 0,0 ~,. ,,0,0'" 52" 52" 20' 20' tv" l ~~ ~290 (J 52" ttv .;:,'< 52" 18' 18' ~ ~ ." ;:. 127·15' 127°[ I' 127°07' 126°03' [26°55' 126°51' 126·47' Figure 60 Surface salinity (%0) in North Bentinck Arm, Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 18, 1967. 121-15' 127-07' 126-031 126- 59 1 126-5~' 126'SI' 12"41' SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) TIME (hour.) 0 6 12 IS __24 15 ! .•.. ~ ~2'f 'j ~s.0o· ~. '''? . jW22' 22' <-';:" \",~ il/ .. 'i0D'l / ~5 0 TIDE CURVE (Btlla atria) ~2' ~2' 20' 20' 'i!- ~2' ~ '""Z. '"-\ "Z. '""'" 1> ." ~ 127-1~' 127-11' 127-07' 126°03' 126- 59' 126-~5' 126-51' 126-47' Figure 61 Surface temperature (oC) in North Bentinck Arm, and Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 18, 1967. 127-1~' 127-07' 126-03' 126- ~91 126-~51 126-51' 126-47' Q:' 52" 24' SURFACE SALINITY (%0) APRIL 19,1967 f3~tJfltJCt< H Contour Interval =0.5 %0 tJOf 52" 52" 22' "22' G'~ "''''<> 0>0.;- 52" 52" 20' 20' TIME {hoo~l o 6 12 IB 24 151 I I • I Ii, , , , I I I I , I, I • I •• I I ~v ~:~ ~'? Toll heo PI. c, «,. 10 52" -t-~ 52" VJ'( 18' IQ TIDE CURVE (Bello Bellol 18' Aprol 19, 1967 'Z. '"?< 1> ." ...:. 127-15' 126-55' 126°51' 126-47' Figure 62 Surface salinity (%0) in North Bentinck Arm, and Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 19, 1967. 127-15' 127-07' 126·03' 126- 59' 126-55' 126-51' 126-41' if: 52· 52· 24' 24' SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) APRIL 19, 1967 ORftl Contour InteMI =O.5°C t.J 52· 52· 22' ·'22' ~ "'/"'." ~ BURKE CHANNEL 52· 52· 20' 20' TIME (flours) o 6 12 18 24 ~70 15[, , iii Iii iii 1 iii i 1 •• iii 1 x," ] 10 ~~ ~'r '0 Tallhea PI. ~ (, ~ 5 '!-x, '"a 52· Co o 52· .::,'< --\ IS' -::t. IS' ~ TIDE CURVE (Bello Bello) m Apfl119.1967 "Z. '"--\ "Z. "?'. .". ." ~ 127·15' 126°03' 126- 59' 126°55' 126°51 ' 126°47' Figure 63 Surface temperature (oC) in North Bentinck Arm and Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 19, 1967. 127.07 1 126·03' 126· 59' 126"~~' 126·51' 126·47' Q: 52" 52" 24' 24 ' SURFACE SALINITY (%0) ,ARr-I APRIL 26-27. 1967 et::NfINCt< Rft1 Contour Interval =0.5 '1'00 NO C"> -,:. 52" ...-z. <~~: 22' -z. "",- <:I" ,,,,'<'""", 52" 'v.'" 52" 20' TIME (hours) 20' V i Iv ~'? C. 't-Iv 52" ",,« 52" IS' IIUC. o..unvc. (Bello Bello) IB' ~ Apfli 26- 27, 1967 m '""Z...... "Z. C"> 7'..,. ?O '!<. 127"15' J 27"11' 127·07' 126"03' 126" 59' 126"55' 126°51 ' 126°41' Figure 64 Surface salinity (%0) in North Bentinck Arm and Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 26 and 27, 1967. 127·15' 127·07' 126°03' 126' 59' 126°55' 126·51' 126°47' .. "'¥..... Ovesen· pC "-,, 52' 52' 24' 24' , .". SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) o '" c:. "-:t. APRIL 26-27. 1967 '"." '" Contour Ir)terval =05"C "-:t. 52' .". 22' Z Z '",- Lobouchere Pt. . ..9.0· 9Q. ~oo:.e. ~e.o:.o.c.'~'\e. 0,0 ~,. ,0" \.? 52' 52' TIME {hours) 20' 20' "90, 127°15' 127°11' 127°07' 126°03' 126° 59' 126°55' 126°51' 126°41' Figure 65 Surface temperature (oC) in North Bentinck Arm and Burke and Labouchere Channels, April 26 and 27, 1967. 127·07' 126·03' 126' 59' 126·55' 126·51' 126·47' ~ ~!B 52' ~~ 52' 24' ,,::;, 24' SURFACE SALINITY (%0) j\RtI1 t~ u" MAY 13.1967 f3~NfINCt< RfM Contour Interval = 0.5 %0 NO C"> -:t 52' ~ 52' -z. '''22' 22' -z. '",- 52' 52' 20' 20' TIME,{hou~) ",'v 1015~6 "liB ~~ ~~ Co 5 52' 52' .;:,fC.*-'" 18' o TIDE CURVE ( Bella Bella) 18' o May 13,1967 z " '".,. ." "" 1 27°15' 12rll' ( 27°07' 126 G 03' 126° 59' 126°55' 126°51' 126°47' Figure 66 Surface salinity (%0) in North Bentinck Arm, and Burke and Labouchere Channels, May 13, 1967. 127°07' 126°03' 126· 59' 1260 55' 126·51' 126°47' ~. 52' 52' 24' 24' SURFACE TEMPERATURE ("C) ,ARt 127°15' 127°'"7' 126°03' 126 0 59' 126°55' 126°51' 126°47' Figure 67 Surface temperature (oC) in North Bentinck Arm, and Burke and Labouchere Channels, May 13, 1967. 127-07' 126-03' 126- 59' 126-!55' 126-51' 126-47' ct" 52" 52" "'24' 24' SURFACE SALINITY (%0) MAY 16,1967 I3~NfINCt< Contour Interval = 0.5 %0 ("> ~ 52" 52" ."-z. '''22' 22' -z. '"r 52" 52" 20' 20' TIME (hound ~~ t'?- ""''' (, 52" ",""' 52" 18' 18' -0~ TIDE CURVE (Bello Bellol ~ :01.40)' 16,1967 z C"> 7<.,. ." .:. 127-15' 127-07' 126°03' 126- 59' 126-55' 126°51' 126-47' o Figure 68 Surface salinity ( /00) in North Bentinck Arm, and Burke and Labouchere Channels, May 16, 1967. 127°15' 127°07' 126 0 03' 126 0 59' 126°55' 126"51' 126°47' :::,~&" 52" ~:,: 52" 24' 24 ' <"" ~~! » SURFACE TEMPERATURE (OC) /IR~ d oeOs pl. ""0c- i3E:Nfl Net< e-. MAY 16.1967 -:L -;c '" Contour Interval = 05 °C '" e-. -:L 52" » 52" -z. 22' -z. 22' '"<"" Labouchere Pt. ~oc:.e G'~ v.ec:.oc~\e """'<9 ~ BURKE CHANNEL 52" 52" 20' 20' 105-\ I / \) TIME (hours) L--... 6 '~l'~ 18 0 'ILO. / 10 ",,"",," ~~ PI c, '~~allhea ~" 5 o 52" '"C '1-" -\ 52" \)'<- o .LLL>..l -, IS' 18' <0 ':L TIDE CURVE( BelloBello) 2Moy 16, 1967 '"Z '"-\ Z e-. '".,. ." ~ 127°15' 127°11 ' 127°07' 126"03 ' 126 0 59 ' 126<>55' 126"51' 126"47' Figure 69 Surface temperature (oC) in North Bentinck Arm, and Burke and Labouchere Channels, May 16, 1967. 1 1 1 126° 55 126° 51 126°47 SURFACE DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 52° 52° 241 APRIL 24, 1967 241 NfINCt< 0.1 13 IS .:-" .... ,- .. ::;.: ..-.: '~'iol No~frt 52° 52° 221 221 ~:,:,.,. 15 ...:::::-y.,~.s-..f. :.:.:. ~r.. .. <.T~ Q) ~IO f :r: t!) UJ 5 o . :r: ...... :... ;:.::.,,-:~~y I Sea Miles :::::::O:'~I;NDY (3'" o I I I I I I I I I o 6 12 18 24 52°1 152° 1 1 20 126°511 126°471 20 Figure 70 Surface drift pole measurements, April 24, 1967. 126° 55' 126°51' 126°47' SURFACE DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 52° APRIL 25, 1967 52° 24' () , 24' ~. ,<.:,»,'::'::::> 'V'v.":-' 53 .,:~;..i'· ,-<...~.<: /~ ---'~' ~1)'~ , 0.. 2 04,/' £.4 N-rINCI< ,-O:;~'~',./' ------' 0,8 ' 6~,:.::'·~:::·" ~\02 NOffrt-l 0.7 04 03 52° 52° 22' 22' .;.~ " ~ Figure 71 Surface drift pole measurements, April 25, 1967. 1260 551 1260 51 1 126°47' SURFACE DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 52J . J 52° 24' r APRIL 26, 1967 ~o~ ..:- 124' ~ . y'v ...... 07~',92 ' ,,"i".... ,~ . ./ 04 ,-- .( ,;;Y ~ t< n. - ~ t:'t..'llN. C .....•.. ·..·.7 0.4 o§.~ 6~'''' .... "./ ~5 os- NOR"ft-l i"·'/"?· . ~.S"';~l: 52° ...... , - ., .. ~ 520 22':,( ~~I·I';;~IIIIIIIIIIIIII 22' ~~ '::·;.:::::,1 :i~ . '::S/ ~~~ ~ 10 <9. - ~ l- I t9 ~ 5 o . I Sea Miles 00 6 12 18 24 TIME (hours) 5201 1520 20' 1260 51' 126047' 20' Figure 72 Surface drift pole measurements, April 26, 1967. 0",,_ ~ ....o~ ~ ~ )/,::::' ~ 52° (..) DRIFT MEASUREMENTS 52° 00' 00' ~ ~