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Marine Soiences Centre Zooplankton Distribution in the Arctio Ooean

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Marine Soiences Centre Zooplankton Distribution in the Arctio Ooean ---------.. - -_.---_.----------- ----- - ---- ----_._ ..... Gareth C.H. Harding Marine Soiences Centre Zooplankton Distribution in the Arctio Ooean " ,f;" .j ZOOPLANKTON DISTRIBUTION IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN WITH NOTES ON LIFE CYCLES by Gareth C.H. Harding • A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. ÎI'Iarine Sciences Centre, McGill University, August 1966. Montreal. ® Gareth C .H. Harding 1967 .' - ACKNOTJJLEDGEMENTS I ~'lould like to thank Dr. IvI.J • Dunbar, under whose guidance this work was undertaken, Dr. I.A.McLaren, Dr. E.H.Grainger, of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Arctic Unit, and other members of the IvIcGill ~mrine Sciences Centre for their assistance in and discussion of ~ this thesis. I should like to thank IvIrs. D. IvIeClellan for h~r help and also for introducing meto the taxonomy of copepods. The work was made possible by the support of the Office of Naval Research and the staff of the Aretie Research Laboratory, Point Barrow. Here I should like to thank in particular Dr. M. Britton and Dr. M. Brewer. I would also like to thank the field team from Lamont Geological Observatory on T-3; through mutual co­ operation both parties managedto collect oceanographie data for both teams throughout the summer, despite the break-down of the l\ïcGill winch and the aecidental short- age of manpower on the Lamont side. I would also like to thank my partner and good companion in the field-work, 1>1r. IVlartin Weinstein. O.N.R. funds made this work possible. ,_ .. ~ --"' .. _~.~-.~~."- ... _--_._--- - ._--- ------_. ---- / '( TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LI~T OF FIGURES • • • • • • • • • • • v 1. INTRODUCTION • . l II. r,lliTHODS AND MATERIALS . 3 III. HYDROGRAPHY . • • • • o • • • • • • • • • B Vertical Profile ( temperature and salinity) Oxygen Water Currents IV TAÂONOIvlICAL OBSERVATIONS . 16 V NOTES ON BIOLOGY • • • • .. • • • • • • •• 41 Do the Majority of Species Successfully Breed in the Arctic Ocean? Comments on Life Cycles and Depth Segregation. VI DEPTH DISTRIBUTION 0 • • • . .. • • • • 60 General Descriptive: 0-50, 50-100, 100-175, 175-300, 300-900,900-2000, 2000-3000 metre levels. Species Specific to '\'later lVIass. VII ZOOGEOGRAPHY • 0 • • • • • • • • . • • $7 Introduction. Arctic Endemic Species. Arctic and N. Atlantic Species. Arctic and N. Pacific Species. Arctic, N. Atlantic and N. Pacifie Species. Bipolar or Cosmopolitan Species. Indicator Species Studies Pacific Indicators. Neritie Expatriates Possibility of Atlanti.c Indieators iii c VIII SU1YJIVlARY • . • . • • . • 109 IX BIBLIOGRAPHY • . • • • 112 X APPENDIX • • • • • . • . • 123 l List of P1ankton Tows. II Statistics. iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Temperature, Salinity and Oxygen profiles from the Arctic Ocean ••••••• 4 2. Diagrammatic map Showing General Surface Currents of the Arctic and Neighbouring Seas • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Il 3. Diagrammatic Map Showing Intermediate and Deep Currents of the Arctic Ocean, the Greenland and Norwegian Seas • • • • • • • • • • •• 13 4. Eukrohnia hamata ( Mobius) • • • • • • • •• 19 5. Heterokrohnia polaris n.sp ••••••• • • 22 6. The Height-Diameter rat~.os of Limacina helicina plotted against size • 25 Augaptilus polaris n.sp. • • 26 8. Chiridiella abyssalis Brodskii • · . 27 9. Onchocalanus cristatus Wolfenden. 28 10. Pareuchaeta polaris Brodskii and P. barbata (Brady) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 Il. Spinocalanus elongatus Brodskii · · · · · · . 31 12. Spinocalanus magnus Wolfenden · • · • • · · · 34 13. Unidentified sp. A • . • · · · • • • • 35 14. Unidentified sp .. B. · .. • · • • · · · · · · · 36 15. Unidentified Spa B: •• . · · · · · · · • 37 16. Unidentified sp. C. • . • • • • · • · • • · 38 17. Unidentified sp. C. · ·. · · · · · · 39 18. Length-Frequency Histograms of Eukrohnia hamata from July 1 to Sept 4. · · · · · 48 v ------_.. _._~._~ .. _..... -. ... _'-_.-.. _... _.. _~-~-----. ------_ .. - ( ( Figure Page 19. Percentage Composition of the Different Maturity Stages of Eukrohnia hamata within the Six Depth Intervals Sampled • • • 50 20. Length-Frequency Histograms of Parathemisto abyssorum, from 23, 26 June to 4 Sept •••• 51 21. Length-Frequency Histogram of the Total eyclocaris guilelmi caught during the summer • • • • • . • • 53 22. Length-Frequency Histogram of the Total Hymenodora glacialis, showing six maturity groupings • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 23. Hymenodora glacialis Cephalothorax Length Plotted Against Egg Diameter •• · . 57 1 24. Number of Species and Abundance of Calanoids i' Plottedfor each Depth Interval Sampled · · 62 25. Depth Distribution of Species · · · . · · · 83 26. Depth Distribution of Species • · • · 84 27. Depth Distribution of Species · · · . · 85 28. Depth Distribution of Species · · · 0 · 0 0 86 29. Percentage Species Composition for each Depth Int erval San:pled • • • • • • 97 30. Comparison of Present Results ( T-3) on Denth ris'.::.riVx0ion v:i-;:'h Stotion M in thê NOrl"regte.n Sea • • • • • • • • • • • • • 103 31. Comparison of Present Results (T-3) on Depth Distribution with Station M in the Norwe~ian Sea • 0 • • • • • 0 • • • 104 vi I. INTRODUCTION During the Norwegian North Polar Expedition of 1893-96, the historie voyage of the ~ ( Sars, G.O. 1900), the first zooplankton collections were taken from the Arctic Basin. In 1931 the Nautilus made collections north of Spitzbergen, being the first submarine to attempt polar re- search ( Farran, 1936). During the years of 1937-39 the Russian ~v expedition made collections from as far east as the New Siberian Islands and as far north as 85°N latitude in the central part of the Eurasian Basin above Spitzbergen and Franz Josef Land ( Bogorov, V.G., 1946). Surface-fauna surveys were made over the continental shelf of the Bering and Chukchi Seas ( Johnson, 1953), and the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas, from the collections of the oceanographie investigations of the U.S.S.Burton Island during the summers of 1950 and 1951 ( Johnson 1956; Hand and Kan, 1961). The first comprehensive study of the vertical dis­ tribution ( down to 3000 metres) and the seasonal variation of the zooplankton throughout one year was made by the Russian Drifting Station N.P.2, in 1950-1951 ( Brodskii and Nikitin, 1955). During the years 1952-1955 collections were made on f 01. .2. the American Ice Island, T-3. The marine biological work, the epipelagic amphipods and the pelagie polychaetes, were reported on respectively by Mohr, Barnard and Knox in 1959. Collections were made in the summer of 1960 by the nuclear submarine Seadragon, on its cruise under the North pole, and the copepods in the upper 200 metres were described by Grice ( 1962). 1 A similar survey to that of the Russian N.P.2 was l, 1 made of the zoopoankton stratification in the Canadian Basin by the American ice floe Drift Station Alpha, in 1957-8 (J ohnson, 1963). The latest contribution was by Grainger ( 1965) from collections on the Ice Islangœ-3 during 1958 and from neritic waters of N.W.Canada. In summary, nine expeditions give information on the upper 200 metres and two of them consider the vertical distribution down to the depths of the Canadian Basin. Considering the difficulties involved in polar research, this is a weIl explored ocean as far as geograph­ ical zooplankton stumies are concerned. The present material deals with collections made in the Canadian Basin from the Ice Island T-3 during the summer of 19640 ( II METHODS AND MATERIALS Hydrographie stations with plankton hauls were made at one-week intervals from June 23 to September 8, 1964, on the Ice Island T-3, which is supported by the Arctic Research Laboratory at Point Barrow. There was very little drift during the summer; the position was 80° 53.5'N, l36°47'W at the beginning and 80 0 34.6;·N, 136°50'W at the end of the period of investigation. In aIl eleven stations were com- pleted to the following depths: Station 1 June 23 to 2000 metres Station 2 June 29 2000 metres Station 3 July 7 500 metres Station 4 July 13 400 metres Station 5 July 15 3000 metres Station 6 August 1 3000 metres Station 7 August 8 3000 metres Station 8 August 15 3000 metres Station 9 August 24 3000 metres Station 10 September 1 3000 metres Station Il September 8 3000 metres Temperatures, salinities and oxygen concentrations were measured at standard oceanographie depths with additional sampling to elarify the Pacifie and Atlantic temperature maxima ( see fig. 1). Plankton tows were taken with three mesh sizes (Nos. 0,6 and 20) and a variety of net diameters. However due to the large amount of material collected only part of the No.O mesh net series has been used here ( appendix 1)0 This nylon .30 TEMPERATURE - ·c SAUNlTY-S. -I!- -. 0 •• 30 31 3Z 3J U 35 0 00 ARC TIC WATER ....•.•...• 200 l .....•.• 200 ~ 400 , 400 "----- ! GOO AJ~T[R ! eoo eoo ) 1 800 " t ::l.000 .000 Ir 1- W t ::l:'200 1 .200 1 :z: li: 1 ~. ! \ .500 / DEEP WAlD! / 1 2000 !" . 2000 -. -O. ] 2500 . • 2500 1 1 1 i 3000 l \. 1 1 3000 4 8 9 KI OXYGEN -ML/L Figol - Temperature, salinity and oxygen profiles from the Arctic Ocean ( Station 6) 1964~ ( net has a mouth diameter of one metre and a length of seven­ teen feet. It was planned to tow at relatively high speeds in order to catch faster-swimming macroplankton previously un- recorded in the ArctiqOcean. However due to the winch's increasing speed towards the surface, an attempt was made to slow the net as it reached higher levels. At 3000 metres the winch was used at full speed ( lm/sec), from 2000 to 100 metres the rate was kept down to 1.8 m/sec. In the upper 100 metres the net was carefully eased up to avoid damage by either ramming the bottom of the ice or wedging in the tripode The net was not slowed sharply at any time. Sampling was designed to correlate the plankton with the different water layers as interpreted by Coachman and Barnes (1961, 1962, 1963). Tows of 50-0 metres (Arctic surface), 100-0 metres ( which included summer Bering Sea water), 175-0 metres ( which included winter Bering Sea water), 300-0 metres ( which included Intermediate water), 900-0 metres ( which included Atlantic water) and 2000-0 metres ( which included Arctic deep water) were taken.
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