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FAMILY ACANTHEPHYRIDAE Dana, 1852 Pelagic Shrimp, Red Prawn

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FAMILY ACANTHEPHYRIDAE Dana, 1852 Pelagic Shrimp, Red Prawn FAMILY ACANTHEPHYRIDAE Dana, 1852 Pelagic shrimp, Red prawn Geographic Range Acanthephyrids occur world-wide in pelagic zones. At present, many of the species are thought to occur more or less world-wide or in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Description Acanthephyrids are pelagic shrimp, often with a thin carapace and a bright orange to red color. The rostrum varies from very short to long and toothed. The carapace may bear teeth and carinae. Some species also have teeth on the dorsal midline of the abdominal somites. Eyes may be pigmented or not. The first two pairs of pereopods are chelate and shorter than the last three pairs. The maxillipeds and pereopods bear exopods. Molecular phylogenetic analysis on nine of the ten genera in the caridean family Oplophoridae Dana, 1852, as well as 14 other caridean families using mitochondrial 16S and nuclear 18S rRNA genes, does not support the monophyletic status of Oplophoridae. Two disparate groups of oplophorids are revealed, with different morphological characters and ecology. It is proposed that the family Oplophoridae is restricted to the three genera Oplophorus, Systellaspis and Janicella. These three genera tend to be distributed in shallower water than the other oplophorid genera, and can also be distinguished from them by certain morphological characters. They have a thicker integument, superficial cuticular photophores and larger eyes, and the molar process of their mandibles is greatly reduced or bears a deep channel. The family Acanthephyridae Bate, 1888 is resurrected for the other seven genera, which are generally distributed in deeper water and are characterised by red soft integument, no cuticular photophores, smaller eyes and well-developed molar process of the mandibles without a deep channel. (Chan et al. 2010).Three genera Acanthephyra, Notostomus, and Hymenodora, are represented along the British Columbia coast. Acanthephya Acanthephyra chacei Acanthephyra curtirostris Hymenodora Hymenodora acanthitelsonis Hymenodora frontalis Hymenodora glacialis Hymenodora gracilis Notostomus Notostomus japonicus References Butler, T.H. 1980. Shrimps of the Pacific coast of Canada. Ottawa; Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Chan, T, Lei, H. C., Li, C. P., & Chu, K. H. 2010. Phylogenetic analysis using rDNA reveals polyphyly of Oplophoridae (Decapoda: Caridea). Invertebrate Systematics 24 (2): 172–181 Wicksten, M.K. 2012. Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces. Magnolia Press, Aukland, New Zealand. ACANTHEPHRA CHACEI Krygier & Forss, 1981 Geographic Range Southern tip of Alaskan peninsula to off the coast of Oregon. Habitat Bathypelagic, 1500-2400 m Morphology Exoskeleton membranous. Rostrum with 5-9 dorsal teeth, usually one ventral tooth, triangular in shape, descending from gastric region and then ascending past cornea of eye. Eye pigmented. Antenna peduncle less than half length of antennal scale; stylocerite short; scale with lateral tooth exceeding blade, blade with mid-longitudinal ridge. Third maxilliped setose, with exopod. Carapace dorsally carinate, without cervical groove, with strong lateral ridge bifurcating at anterior margin; deep depression marking branchial cavity; branchiostegal tooth on short rise, not on carina. Pereopods all with exopods; P1 chelate, short, merus with 1-2 spines; P2 chelate, longer than first, merus with 1-6 spines, ischium with 0-7 spines; P3 extremely long, dactyl small and simple, with numerous spines on carpus, merus and ischium; P4 slender, with 5-17 spines on ischium; P5 shorter, dactyl simple, with numerous spines on carpus, merus and ischium. Abdomen with A3-6 dorsally carinate, each ending in spine. Telson about as long as uropod, sulcate dorsally and usually armed with 3 pairs dorsolateral spines; with terminal spine flanked by 3 pairs lateral spines Size Male: carapace length 37 mm; female: carapace length to 36.7 mm Coloration Scarlet. References Krygier, E.E. & C.A. Forss, 1981. A new Acanthephyra (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea) from the northeast Pacific Ocean. Journal of Crustacean Biology 1: 96-104. Wicksten, M.K. 2012. Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces. Magnolia Press, Aukland, New Zealand. ACANTHEPHYRA CURTIROSTRIS Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 Peaked Shrimp Geographic Range Pacific Ocean: Vancouver Island to Panama and Peru, and Japan, Philippines, Hawaii; Indian Ocean: east coast of Africa; Atlantic Ocean: Caribbean region, west coast of Africa, and Madeira Collected first in Canadian waters by G. B. Reed, WSW of Cape Scott, Vancouver Island, maximum depth 2178 m, 1964. Habitat Bathypelagic, 300-2000 m, greatest catches at 600-900 m, does not seem to migrate daily Morphology Body moderately deep, somewhat compressed. Shell thin but firm, surface smooth. Rostrum triangular in lateral view, as long as antennular peduncle, with 6-9 small dorsal and 1-2 ventral teeth, extending posterior as carina on anterior 2/3 of carapace. Eye small and pigmented. Antenna peduncle: short; scaphocerite long, with lateral tooth exceeding blade. Third maxilliped stout, distal segment with longitudinal ridge. Carapace with prominent carina extending posterior from branchiostegal tooth, grooves extending posteriorly from orbit and antennal region, also y-shaped groove on posterior lateral region. Pereopods: P1-2 short and chelate; P3-5 with simple dactyls. Abdomen: A2-6 with strong dorsal carina; A3-5 ending in posterior dorsal spine, A3 spine the strongest. Telson with truncate tip, 8-12 lateral spines, 4 pair distal spines; outer uropod longer than inner, and as long as or shorter than telson. Distinctions Separated from other Acanthphrid pelagic shrimps, known to occur in British Columbia waters, by markedly compressed body, especially abdomen; rostrum as triangular frontal peak, armed with 6-9 dorsal spines, and normally 1 strong ventral spine; dorsal median carinae on A2-6 produced on all but A2 as strong posterior spines. Size Male: total length 69 mm; female: total length to 79 mm. Coloration Crimson. Remarks This species is relatively rare the British Columbia coast. References original description: Wood-Mason, J.; Alcock, A. (1891). Natural history notes from H.M. Indian marine survey steamer 'Investigator', Commander R.F. Hoskyn, R.N., commanding. No. 21. Note on the results of the last season's deep-sea dredging Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. VII, Sixth series(XXXVIII): 186-202 Butler, T.H. 1980. Shrimps of the Pacific coast of Canada. Ottawa; Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Wicksten, M.K. 2012 . Decapod Crustacea of the Californian and Oregonian Zoogeographic Provinces. Magnolia Press, Aukland, New Zealand. ________________________________________________________________________________ HYMENODORA ACANTHITELSONIS Wasmer, 1972 Geographic Range Off coast of Oregon. May be found to occur in BC waters, pending future deep pelagic sampling. Habitat Pelagic, 2400-3000 m. Morphology Exoskeleton rather firm. Rostrum about equal to eye, with 6 dorsal teeth and continuing posteriorly as carina of carapace. Eye small, lightly pigmented, with tubercle at base of cornea. Antennae: scaphocerite with tapered blade, lateral tooth exceeding blade. Carapace: anterior area not inflated; with weak cervical groove; also supra-branchial and sub- hepatic grooves and small pterygostomial tooth. Abdomen: A1 with anterolateral lobe overlapping posterior margin of carapace. Telson with 6-7 pair dorsolateral spines, lobate end with numerous small lateral spines Size Total length about 50 mm. References Wasmer, R.A., 1972. A new species of Hymenodora (Decapoda: Oplophoridae) from the northeastern Pacific. Crustaceana 22: 87-91 HYMENODORA FRONTALIS Rathbun, 1902 Pacific Ambereye Geographic Range Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea to southern California. Type locality west of Unalaska. First captured in British Columbia waters by the Albatross, west of Moresby Island, at 2906 m, 1889 . Habitat Pelagic, 200-2400 m, maximum abundance at 600-1300 m. Very common in its depth range. Morphology Exoskeleton thin, not pitted. Rostrum shorter than scaphocerite, with 3-6 dorsal and no ventral teeth, tip acute. Eye without pigment or pale amber. Antennae: stylocerite shorter than eye; scaphocerite with lateral tooth longer than blade. Third maxilliped with proximal segment somewhat concave, setose; longer than first. Carapace with suborbital and antennal spines fused into lobe; moderate branchiostegal tooth merging into carina which extends nearly to posterior margin of carapace; orbital carina running obliquely posterior to v-shaped notch, then running horizontally toward posterior margin. Pereopods: P1-2 chelate, short; P3-4 with simple dactyls, spinules on merus and ischium; P5 shorter than 4, with very short dactyl. Abdomen: somites rounded, no lateral or dorsal teeth. Telson: longer than uropods, with 6-9 pairs posterolateral spines and 6 distal spines near apex; truncate distally. Distinctions Separated from locally known Acanthphyrids of other genera by very thin but not membranous shell; small eyes, almost colorless or amber; lack of dorsal median carina and posterior spines on all abdominal somites. Characters that set apart H. frontalis from H. glacialis and other species of the genus are its relatively long rostrum extending to or beyond end of antennular peduncle; less complex sculpturing on lateral surface of carapace. Size Male: total length 58 mm; female: total length 53 mm. Coloration Orange-red Remarks H. frontalis is perhaps the most common Acanthephyrid shrimp in
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