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Mukandala Et Al Proceedings, 8th African Rift Geothermal Conference Nairobi, Kenya: 2 – 8 November 2020 Project for Development of Geothermal Resources in the Ruwenzori Sector, a Preliminary Report Pacifique S. Mukandala0, Georges M. Kasay 0, 0, Vikandy S. Mambo 0,0 1Department of Geology, Université Officielle de Ruwenzori, P.O. Box 560 Butembo 2Department of Geosciences, Pan African University of Life and Earth Sciences, University of Ibadan, Nigeria 3Department of Chemistry, Université de Kinshasa Email: [email protected],[email protected] ,[email protected] Keywords: Development, Geothermal, Resources, Energy, Geology, Hot springs, DR Congo ABSTRACT The Ruwenzori sector is located in the North-Kivu province, Beni territory in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) at the border with Uganda. It has several geothermal surface manifestations, mainly hot springs in Mutsora, Masambo, Kikura, Kyavitumbi and Kambo. All these geothermal manifestations have been mapped and are currently under geoscientific investigation. The area also has a large hydrologic network and several other geothermal fields which are yet to be discovered with further research. This paper focuses on reviewing the direct and indirect uses of known geothermal resources from which the local population of the Ruwenzori sector may benefit in the future. Applications related to direct use of geothermal manifestations include greenhouse in agriculture, hot water pool for bathing and medical benefits for tourist and local people, hot water for fish farming and other several applications. Indirect use of geothermal resources would generate energy for local communities and this would allow them to shift from traditional to modern agricultural practices. Electricity would benefit the local people in transforming products such as cocoa, palm oil, maize and preserving other crops after their harvest. The valorization of geothermal resources in the Ruwenzori sector is of paramount importance in support to the development boost, like boosting tourism, and in support of peace restoration in the territory. 1. Introduction The project for development and use of geothermal resources in the Ruwenzori sector/DR Congo is a good opportunity that requires effort, commitment and consent of local and regional governments and partners. The Ruwenzori sector has surface geothermal manifestations. Hot springs are located in Kambo, Masambo, Mutsora and Kikura. The Kikura spring is difficult to explore due to unrest in the area. On one hand, the sector is drained by many rivers and streams including the famous Semuliki River. Nevertheless, a hydropower plant project on the Semuliki River would reduce the normal flow of the Nile Mukandala and al., 2020 River putting in jeopardy several lives which depend on it. Ruwenzori sector faces a lot of challenges in terms of energy and security. People depend on agriculture and small farming for their daily activities. Modern agriculture and farming require electricity. Being at the foot of Mt Ruwenzori, the sector is very attractive to tourists who climb up to the Marguerite Peak, and the rare botanic diversity at different altitudes. This is why developing geothermal resources for different uses such as hot water swimming pools, energy, greenhouses and other important applications would be crucial for the improvement of the sector. The development and use of geothermal resources require an understanding of the geology, geochemistry, geophysics and environmental aspects. Geothermal investigations in the Ruwenzori sector started five years ago. From these studies, it has been shown that many hot springs in these areas have low temperature which ranges between 37 and 57 Celsius degrees. This low temperature has led to suggesting that these spring waters can be utilized directly; however, none activity has been suggested until now. Thus, this work aims to review prospective activities which could be developed from geothermal potentials identified in the Ruwenzori sector. Most of the activities are based on direct and indirect utilization and valorization of geothermal resources. In this paper, we also gather some notes related to the tectonic activity, geochemical and petrographic constraints of the Ruwenzori sector. 2. The energy potential of the DR Congo All sectors of life in the country need energy to function and contribute to the economic growth and improvement of social living conditions of the population. For development specialists, energy consumption is an indicator of the level of development and dynamism of a country's economy. Thus, each country develops its energy policy by ensuring that the availability of energy resources is provided in sufficient quantity to the needs of its users in terms of quality, efficiency and security. It also makes sure that these resources are accessible to them physically and economically (Taty, and al. 2014 not in references). The sources of energy in the DR Congo are abundant and various (table 1), and the potential energy which can be produced by the country is very high. The energy is particularly provided by hydroelectricity in many localities of the country. Although the estimated potential of the Congo River alone is about 100,000 MW, DR Congo has a very low energy distribution and consumption network. This is partly due to poor governance on one hand, and energy transportation to remote places on the other hand. This is why many villagers get their energy from firewood, unfortunately with its related drawbacks to the environment. With population growth, energy needs are increasing. Estimation of energy needs from 2013 to 2025, in the DR Congo, is presented in Table 2. Mukandala and al., 2020 Table 1: Sources of Energy in the DR Congo (after Kabasele, 2016). Energy sources Potential Hydraulic 100,000 MW Wood 1.250 million tons, 122 million ha of the equatorial forest Mineral coal 720 million tons Natural gas 57 billion m3 of methane gas in Lake Kivu Solar To be evaluated Geothermal To be evaluated energy Wind To be evaluated Uranium To be evaluated but 1800 tons identified Oil To be assessed, but 230 M barrels of known reserves Table 2: Energy demand evolution in megawatts (MW) from 2013 to 2025 (ANAPI, 2016, cited by Makuku, 2019) Province 2013- 2015- 2017- 2019- 2021- 2023- 2025 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 North-Kivu 55-58 61-64 66-69 72-75 78-81 85-89 93 Maniema 8-8 8-9 9-9 10-10 11-11 12-13 13 Sud-Kivu 31-32 33-34 35-36 37-38 39-41 42-43 45 Equateur 21-22 24-25 27-29 30-32 34-36 38-41 43 Oriental 60-63 65-68 71-74 77-80 84-87 91-95 99 Kasai-West 34-36 38-40 42-45 48-51 54-58 62-66 71 Kasai-Est 46-49 52-56 60-64 68-73 77-83 88-94 101 Katanga 770-799 829-799 826-855 886-918 952-988 1026- 1107 1067 Bas-Congo 101-104 107-110 113-117 120-123 127-131 135-139 143 Bandundu 49-51 54-56 58-61 63-66 69-72 75-78 82 Kinshasa 751-784 819-855 893-933 974-1017 1062- 1158- 1263 1109 1210 Total 1927 2094- 2201- 2385- 2588- 2812- 3059 2115 2291 2484 2698 2933 Regarding the estimations given in table 2, the energy transportation challenges and the drawbacks related to the deforestation on the environment, every part of the country must develop appropriate energy power plants to respond to their growing energy demand. The DR Congo is known to be one of the countries with an important hydrologic network (Figure 1). These hydrologic networks are constituted of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and part of the ocean. Rivers and streams are part of the hydroelectric power potentials. The Ruwenzori sector has some potential for hydroelectric power because of its rivers and streams network. The most important is the Semuliki river which has network water with several other streams such as Karuruma, Kasaka, Kavaetsa, Kyasenda, Kyaviranda, Kanyamahigha, Lula, Lwandumbi, Museya, Musilipa, Mwaghalika, Nzalire, Thako, Thalihya, Vurondo. With all these potential sources of hydroelectricity, Virunga SARL, a company founded and managed by the Virunga Foundation which is related to the Virunga Mukandala and al., 2020 National Park, has already installed two hydropower plants in Mutwanga in the Ruwenzori sector. This is among tremendous advancements of the Ruwenzori sector energy production. Figure 1: Hydrographic map potential of the DR Congo (Hütz F. and Januar, A., 2008) 3. Geological and tectonic settings of the Ruwenzori sector The Ruwenzori sector is located in the Beni territory in the East African Rift System (EARS) which is characterized by recent tertiary magmatic extension and volcanism associated with geothermal resources (Wohletz Kenneth and Heiken, Grant, 1992). Several geological investigations have been done in the sector (Bauer et al., 2010, 2015; Delvaux and Barth, 2009; Delvaux et al., 2012; Lavreau and Ledent, 1975; Lepersonne, 1968; Noel, 1981; Michot, 1938; Tanner, 1970, 1971, 1973). Recent geothermal research was done by Mukandala et al. (2018). 3.1 Localization in the Western branch of the EARS The EARS is subdivided into two main branches, the western and the eastern branch (Figure 2). It is a tectonic tear on a lithospheric scale. The geophysics of the rift reveals that Africa individualized during large geological events with modifications of the geomorphology and Mukandala and al., 2020 deep structures. The EARS is an area characteristic of intense earthquakes and volcanism, several faulted structures, tectonic lakes and rivers, intense magmatism and several hot springs (Hirsch and Roussel, 2009). The rift is a permanent active region with active volcanoes in North Kivu and natural hazards such as landslides and earthquakes (Delvaux and Barth 2009, Delvaux et al. 2012). Figure 2: Map showing the structure of the EARS (Varet, 2014). 3.2 The lithology of the Ruwenzori sector please include a geological map The Ruwenzori sector appears to consist of two parts: the southern half, which includes the whole part of the massif located to the south of the Butahu and Mobuku furrow, made of allochthonous masses; and the northern half, which is situated in the North of this furrow, a tectonic basement on which the layers evolved (Michot, P.
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