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Ballaghaderreen and the Mayo-Roscommon Boundary

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Ballaghaderreen and the Mayo-Roscommon Boundary ..;.. BALLAGHADERREEN AND THE MAYO-ROSCOMMON BOUNDARY h Map Location of Ballaa:haderreen: In 1824 the British Parliament authorised a survey of the whole island of Ireland, at a scale of six inches to one mile. This undertaking was entrusted to the military Board of Ordnance, and the survey became known as the Ordnance Survey. The beautiful 6" maps, produced as a ,result of the survey, were published over the years 1833 to 1846. The maps for County Roscommon appeared in 1837; those for County Mayo in 1838. If one wishes to find the map of the Ballaghaderreen area in that first Ordnance Survey, one turns to Mayo, sheet 74. After the first survey, the Ordnance Survey - as the surveying body became known - continued the work of mapping the country. It produced maps at different scales, and it published revisions of earlier maps. A major revision of the original 6" maps took place in the early years of this century. If one wishes to find the map of Ballaghaderreen area in this edition, one must now tum to Roscommon, sheet 8. Clearly by that time Ballaghaderreen had moved to County Roscommon. The Ordnance Survey does not, of course, decide the county boundaries. It simply follows the boundaries laid down by the bodies, who organise local government in the country. These bodies, sometime near the end of the last century, decided that the boundary between Counties Mayo and Roscommon should be re-drawn, so as to bring the Ballaghaderreen area from Mayo into Roscommon. Since the boundary was over three hundred years old at that time, it seems of interest to ask who made the change, and why they made it. (The boundaries of Mayo had been fixed at the inquisition, held at the Abbey ofCong on 22 August, 1607.) 2. Historical Backa:round of County Divisions: Beginnings The beginning of county administration in Ireland is attributed to King John, who is said to have set up twelve counties in the year 1210. These were named Dublin, Kildare, Meath, Louth, Carlow, Kilkenny, Wexford, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick and Tipperary. However, many historians deny the possibility of such an extensive county administration at that time, and maintain that, at John's death in 1216, only three counties existed - Dublin, Waterford and Cork. Over the succeeding centuries, with the growth of royal power, other counties were added. The counties of Galway, Mayo, Roscommon and Sligo probably date from about 1570, though, there is some mention of a Roscommon county in the early part of the fourteenth century. Counties had two important roles to play in administration: (1) As units for parliamentary representation (2) As units for the administration of justice. As regards (1), each county, and each borough, sent two members to parliament - knights of the shire from counties and burgesses from boroughs. As regards (2), the King's judges visited each county twice yearly, and held assizes with the assistance of grand juries. These juries were made up of twenty three members chosen by the High Sheriff (the most important King's officer in the county) from among property owners - landholders in the counties and businessmen in the cities and towns. Later Developments Later on, from the seventeenth century, the grand juries began to take on certain administrative powers as well as their judicial duties. An Act of 1634 authorised the justice of the assize, with the consent of the grand jury, to levy the cost of road and bridge works on county or barony. This became known as the county cess. (This grand jury cess remained until the 1898 local government Act. It was them merged with the poor rate and renamed the county rate.) Later Acts gave the grand juries greater administrative powers and additional fiscal functions. Also the membership of the grand jury was broadened. Catholics became eligible to become grand jurors from 1793 onwards. While local government in Ireland may be said to have originated in the grand jury system, other factors played their part in its development. There were corporations and mayors in the cities. Also there were various parliamentary Acts: the Lighting of Towns Act 1828, Towns Improvement (Ireland) Act 1854, several Public Health (Ireland) Acts. All these played their part in the development of local government in Ireland. Also and importantly there was the influence of the Poor Relief (Ireland) Act, 1838. The Poor Law Administration The Poor Relief Act of 1838 was the first attempt to provide a nationwide system in Ireland for the care of the poor. The Elizabethan poor laws, introduced into sixteenth century England, after the dissolution of the monasteries, imposed on each parish the obligation of looking after its poor. No such scheme was introduc~d in Ireland. Here, voluntary bodies and, occasionally some state assistance, provided what little help was available for the poor and destitute. In England the poor law system was radically revised in 1834. The more human parish-based relief was replaced by the harsher, workhouse system. As the parish unit was small and too poor to support a workhouse, parishes were grouped together to 105 form Unions. This revised English system was the basis for the poor law introduced into Ireland by the Poor Relief (Ireland) Act, 1838. The country was divided into 130 Unions (later increased to 163), each with its own supervisory body, the Board of Guardians. Clearly, this nationwide system of poor relief in itself constituted a form of local administration, which would interact with and influence any other local authority. In fact the Boards of Guardians were not long in existence before they were given other functions beyond relief of the poor. They were entrusted with the duty of providing hospitals and dispensaries for the sick poor (1846): they became the burial- ground boards for rural areas (1854): they were assigned the civil registration of births and deaths (1863). Under the public health Acts from 1866 onwards, the Guardians were given further responsibilities. The important Public Health (Ireland) Act (1878) divided the whole country into sanitary districts which were either urban or rural. The rural sanitary districts were in fact the same areas as the Poor Law Unions, and the Board of Guardians administered the Act. End of the Old Order As is evident from the brief synopsis given above, local government structures in Ireland grew rather haphazardly over the years. As the nineteenth century progressed, it became evident that there was a great need for a synthesis of the various government Acts, and a rationalisation of the different bodies involved. The long awaited reform came in 1898. ~ County Boundaries and the 1898 Act: Boundary Changes The Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, made far-reaching changes in local government in Ireland, and sought to bring order to the jumble of authorities, and the confused mass of legislation that predated the Act. One small section is considered here, i.e. that dealing with the boundaries of the counties for the election of councils. Clause 68.(1) of the Act states: "The first council elected under this Act for a county shall, subject as herein-after mentioned, be elected for the county as bounded at the passing of this Act, for the purposes of the grand jury (in this Act referred to as the existing judicial county), or where such county is for those purposes divided into ridings, for the riding: Provided that the Local Government Board, by order made within six months after the passing of this At;t, may alter for the purpose of the election of such council the boundaries of any existing judicial county, and if that order is made, the first council shall be elected for the county so altered. Mayo and Roscommon Boundary Changes One sees from the above clause that the Local Government Board was given the power to alter the boundaries of "the existing judicial counties". The Board exercised this power extensively, and slightly altered many county boundaries in the six month interval allowed by the Act. The Dublin Gazette of November 4, 1898, sets out the alternation made by the Board. The orders on the Roscommon and Mayo boundaries are the ones of interest to us. The salient points for these two counties are contained in the following two extracts from the orders: COUNTY OF MAYO Now, therefore, We, the Local Government Board for Ireland, do hereby order and declare: That the boundaries of the administrative county of Mayo shall be those mentioned in Schedule A of this Order. SCHEDULE A Name of Administrative County Contents County of Mayo The existing judicial county of Mayo except the district electoral divisions of Ballaghaderreen and Edmondstown. So much of the existing judicial county of Galway as comprises the district electoral divisions of Ballinchall and Owenbrin and So much of the existing judicial county of Sligo as comprises the Qistrict electoral divisions of Ardnaree North, Ardnaree South, and Ardnaree South Urban. Given under our Hands and Seal of Office the First Day of November in the Year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and ninety-eight. Signed: H.A. Robinson, Wm. L. Micks, T.]. Stafford, R. Bagwell 106 COUNTY OF ROSCOMMON Now, Therefore, We, the Local Government Board for Ireland, do hereby order and declare: That the boundaries of the administrative county of Roscommon shall be those mentioned in Schedule A of this Order. SCHEDULE A Name of Administrative County Contents County of Roscommon The existing judicial county of Roscommon except the portion of the town of Ballinasloe and of the town of Athlone situated therein. So much of the existing judicial county of Mayo as comprises the district electoral divisions of Ballaghaderreen and Edmondstown.
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