DOCSLIB.ORG

The Correspondence of American Doughboys and American Censorship During the Great War 1917-1918 Doctors of Letters Dissertation By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Correspondence of American Doughboys and American Censorship During the Great War 1917-1918 Doctors of Letters Dissertation By LETTERS FROM THE WESTERN FRONT: THE CORRESPONDENCE OF AMERICAN DOUGHBOYS AND AMERICAN CENSORSHIP DURING THE GREAT WAR 1917-1918 A dissertation submitted to the Caspersen School of Graduate Studies Drew University in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree, Doctor of Letters Scott L. Kent Drew University Madison, New Jersey April 2021 Copyright © 2021 by Scott L. Kent All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Letters from the Western Front: The Correspondence of American Doughboys and American Censorship during the Great War 1917-1918 Doctors of Letters Dissertation by Scott L. Kent The Caspersen School of Graduate Studies Drew University April 2021 Censorship has always been viewed by the American military as an essential weapon of warfare. The amounts, and types, of censorship deployed have varied from conflict to conflict. Censorship would reach a peak during America’s involvement in the First World War. The American military feared that any information could be of possible use to the German war machine, and it was determined to prevent any valuable information from falling into their hands. The result would be an unprecedented level of censorship that had no antecedent in American history. The censorship of the First World War came from three main directions, official censorship by the American government, by the American military, and the self- censorship of American soldiers themselves. Military censorship during the Great War was thorough and invasive. It began at the training camps and only intensified as the doughboys moved to their ports of embarkation, and then to the Western Front. Private letters were opened, read, censored, and even destroyed. The doughboys themselves greatly aided the military by self-censoring their own writing. Few letters were ever discovered that contained information of a truly military nature. Censorship on the homefront also reached unprecedented levels. President Wilson’s Committee on Public Information waged a war against anything that it determined not to be “100% American.” This new organization attempted to censor out of the public discourse any item that might be seen as pro-German. German: literature, philosophy, books, music, newspapers, words, dog breeds, foods, and flags were all to be wiped from the nation. The C.P.I. enlisted an army of untrained volunteer foot soldiers, the American Protective League, to do its bidding. The APL wreaked havoc across the nation trampling the civil rights of any group that got in its way. The censorship of wartime was then extended into peacetime, with devastating consequences. The Spanish Flu had begun to spread during the war, and the news of its very existence was determined to be a threat to the war effort. It was feared that news of the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Americans would embolden the Germans to keep on fighting, so President Wilson said nothing of it. Panic spread across the land. Over 675,000 Americans would die. DEDICATION PAGE I dedicate this project to the memory of my great-uncle Clayton C. Moore who fought and died on the Western Front and whose letters home to his family inspired this work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: I feel that I have so many people to thank for helping me complete this project. First and foremost, to my committee chair, Professor William Rogers, who not only guided me through this entire process, but who has become my mentor, master teacher, and amazing tour guide during my winter intersession semester in Ireland. I must also thank my committee members, Dr. Neil Maher, who was also a mentor during my days at Rutgers-Newark and who gave me the chance to teach here at NJIT, he has been so instrumental to my success. Additionally, Dr. Alison Lefkovitz, the current chair of the Federated History Department at NJIT, who has been a longtime supporter and a trusted colleague at the university. I am also so fortunate to work with a wonderful group of scholars all of whom have assisted me along the way. Dr. Karl Schweizer, who personally escorted me to the Monmouth County Historical Society to get me started doing my primary source research. Professors Steven Pemberton, Kyle Riismandel, Rosanna Dent, Elizabeth Petrick, Debbie Morrison-Santana, Richard Sher, Maureen O’Rourke, and Elektra Kostopoulou who were always more than willing to answer my endless questions. At Drew University, I must also thank professor Liana Piehler, who’s Joy of Scholarly Writing Class got me off to such a fine start on this project. Additionally here at NJIT, I must thank Carla Guerriero for offering to help me proofread and deal with all those pesky commas and Dr. Darshan Desai for his unwavering technical assistance. Outside of the university, I must thank my Great-Aunt Velma Anderson, who so wisely saved her older brothers’ army trunk and those precious letters contained within. vi My Uncle, Clayton Waddington (Clayton Moore’s namesake) and my Aunt Sandy for also keeping safeguard over the trunk after Aunt Velma’s passing. Personal interviewees Mrs. Mable Waddington, Clayton’s younger sister and my beloved grandmother, and Mr. Paul Ray for their contributions. I should also like to thank the following institutions/ organizations: the American Philatelic Society, the Library of Congress, the Monmouth County Historical Society, the Newark Public Library, the New Jersey Historical Society, and the United States Army War College for providing me with undocumented primary source information, some while even under lockdown during the current Covid-19 pandemic (Greg Guderian at the Newark Public Library and James Amemasor at the New Jersey Historical Society.) Lastly, to Steven for threatening me if I didn’t finish, and to the gang at the Kilkenny Alehouse in Newark, you have been cheering me on the entire time. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .....................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................1 CHAPTER TWO: AMERICAN CENSORSHIP AND THE GREAT WAR ...................23 CHAPTER THREE: AMERICAN ARMY CENSORSHIP DURING THE GREAT WAR ..................................................................................................................................65 CHAPTER FOUR: CLAYTON C. MOORE ..................................................................106 CHAPTER FIVE: AMERICAN CENSORSHIP POST THE GREAT WAR ................135 CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION ....................................................................................165 APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................171 BIBLOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................173 VITA ..............................................................................................................................190 viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION “A fellow can’t write much or they will censor it and there won’t be much of a letter left.”1 The words of Clayton Moore, an American doughboy in France, who following his training, actively engaged in the self-censorship of his own writing. Two things make the level of censorship during World War One unique in America’s history. The vast and intrusive nature of said censorship, and the expansion of this censorship into peacetime America. The Great War ended just over 100 years ago and a vast number of histories of World War One have been written. However, it would be an incorrect assumption to think that there are not still many stories of the Great War that yet wait to be told. The great battles, the new military technologies, leading political figures, heroes and even villains have been written about extensively but the voices of the millions of average men who fought and died in the “war to make the world safe for democracy” still wait to be heard. 2 Their stories are the ones that speak of the true sacrifices made to ensure victory 1 Clayton C. Moore to Folks, 6 July 1918, in authors’ possession. 2 On April 2, 1917, President Woodrow Wilson went before a joint session of Congress to seek a Declaration of War against Germany in order that the world “be made safe for democracy.” Four days later, Congress voted to declare war, with six senators and fifty House members dissenting. Robert H. Ferrell, Woodrow Wilson and World War I 1917-1921 (Harper & Row Publishers, New York, NY 1985), 202. 1 2 for the United States and her Allies in Europe, and most of their stories still wait to be told. Herein lies a problem, how do we tell these stories, what sources can be used to tell the story of the average soldier in the battlefield? Personal letters written by and to a soldier are most helpful but it turns out that they do not reveal the whole story. In fact, they can twist the truth and paint a picture that almost totally glosses over the true horrors of the First World War. Why would this be? In a simple word, censorship. In the case of American soldiers who fought in the Great War, this censorship came from three main directions: official censorship by both
Load more

Recommended publications
  • And Type the TITLE of YOUR WORK in All Caps
    THAT LIBERTY SHALL NOT PERISH: AMERICAN PROPAGANDA AND THE POLITICS OF FEAR, 1914-1919 by ZACHARY CHARLES SMITH (Under the Direction of John H. Morrow, Jr.) ABSTRACT This dissertation attempts to provide an understanding of the widespread anxiety, vigilantism, suppression of dissent, and violation of civil liberties that took place in the United States from 1917 to 1919 and argues that it can be found in some Americans‟ understanding of and reaction to racially-charged propaganda. As the United States inched toward war with Germany in 1915 and after declaring war in April 1917, many propagandists began referencing the allegedly inherent characteristics of Germans as evidence of German American disloyalty and the existence of a vast “Pan-German” plot to undercut or even destroy American democracy. The imagined conspiracy grew to encompass most of the fears that had plagued the Anglo Saxon middle-class since the 1870s – immigrant radicalism, race suicide, the capability of “racially inferior” immigrants to assimilate and self-govern, and the continued deference of African Americans. To many anxious Americans, Germany and German Americans became a very real entity to which these long-held fears could be transferred. American propaganda produced during the First World War, though, was not a cynical ploy to fool the American people into supporting intervention on the side of the Allies. Leading Americans – politicians, editors, and social elites – were convinced that a global German conspiracy threatened the security of the United States and hoped to enlist the American people in staving off the existential threat they believed racially degenerate Germany allegedly posed.
    [Show full text]
  • The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days
    University of Washington Tacoma UW Tacoma Digital Commons History Undergraduate Theses History Winter 3-12-2020 The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days Offensive: Looking at Reconnaissance, Bombing and Pursuit Aviation in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Operations. Duncan Hamlin [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/history_theses Part of the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Hamlin, Duncan, "The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days Offensive: Looking at Reconnaissance, Bombing and Pursuit Aviation in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Operations." (2020). History Undergraduate Theses. 44. https://digitalcommons.tacoma.uw.edu/history_theses/44 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UW Tacoma Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Undergraduate Theses by an authorized administrator of UW Tacoma Digital Commons. The American Army Air Service During World War I's Hundred Days Offensive: Looking at Reconnaissance, Bombing and Pursuit Aviation in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Operations. A Senior Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation Undergraduate History Program of the University of Washington By Duncan Hamlin University of Washington Tacoma 2020 Advisor: Dr. Nicoletta Acknowledgments I would first like to thank Dr. Burghart and Dr. Nicoletta for guiding me along with this project. This has been quite the process for me, as I have never had to write a paper this long and they both provided a plethora of sources, suggestions and answers when I needed them.
    [Show full text]
  • Playing American: Race and Citizenship in American Theatre and Performance During the Great War, 1917-1919
    PLAYING AMERICAN: RACE AND CITIZENSHIP IN AMERICAN THEATRE AND PERFORMANCE DURING THE GREAT WAR, 1917-1919 BY MICHELLE SALERNO DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theatre with a minor in European Union Studies in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Associate Professor Valleri Robinson, Chair Associate Professor Peter A. Davis Assistant Professor Sandra Ruiz Assistant Professor Joshua Chambers-Letson, Northwestern University ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the intersection of race and citizenship in American theatre and performance during US active engagement in the Great War through focusing on performances by and about German immigrants and African American soldiers. Quickly after President Woodrow Wilson requested a declaration of war against Germany, the American homefront became a site of coercive patriotism supported by an extreme nationalistic rhetoric. A vital aspect of military preparedness would be the conformity of opinion, political expression, and outward signs of loyalty. Those who could or would not fit into the newly defined narrow view of proper American citizenship expression found themselves in the dangerous position of being outsiders. Those of German descent and recent German immigrants were suspected of disloyalty. Through a racialized process of enemization, Germans lost their access to the safety and security provided by White privilege. The performances examined in this dissertation derive from this brief period where the construction of race, and in particular the instability of Whiteness, stands out precisely because Germans were now considered White. Wartime German enemy construction was created through the modes and means of American anti-Black racism connecting xenophobic suspicions with deep-rooted racial ideologies of White supremacy.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER VI1 DURING the Night of March 25Th, on Which the Pickets Of
    CHAPTER VI1 BEFORE AMIENS DURINGthe night of March 25th, on which the pickets of rhe 4th Australian Division were, not without a grim eagerness, waiting for the Germans on the roads south-west of Arras, the 3rd Division had been entraining near St. Omer in Flanders to assemble next to the 4th. Some of its trains were intended to stop at Doullens on the main line of road and rail, due east of Arras, and twenty-one miles north of Amiens, and the troops to march thence towards Arras; other trains were, to be switched at Doullens to the Arras branch line, and to empty their troops at Mondicourt-Pas, where they would be billetted immediately south-west of the 4th Division. The eight trains allotted for the division were due to leave from 9.10 p.m. onwards at three hours’ intervals during the night and the next day; but, after the first trains had departed, carrying head- quarters of the 10th and 11th Brigades and some advanced units, there was delay in the arrival oi those for the rest of the division. The waiting battalions lay down at the roadside in the bitter cold; some companies were stowed into barns. During the morning of the 26th the trains again began to appear regularly. On the journey to Doullens the troops saw first evidences of the great battle in the south-a number of men who had been in the fighting, and several red cross trains full of wounded. There was a most depressing atmosphere of hopelessness about them all (says the history of the 40th Battalion),l but we saw some New Zealanders who told us that their division had gone down, and that the 4th Australian Division was also on the way, so we bucked up considerably.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Muckraker? (PDF, 67
    What Is a Muckraker? President Theodore Roosevelt popularized the term muckrakers in a 1907 speech. The muckraker was a man in John Bunyan’s 1678 allegory Pilgrim’s Progress who was too busy raking through barnyard filth to look up and accept a crown of salvation. Though Roosevelt probably meant to include “mud-slinging” politicians who attacked others’ moral character rather than debating their ideas, the term has stuck as a reference to journalists who investigate wrongdoing by the rich or powerful. Historical Significance In its narrowest sense, the term refers to long-form, investigative journalism published in magazines between 1900 and World War I. Unlike yellow journalism, the reporters and editors of this period valued accuracy and the aggressive pursuit of information, often by searching through mounds of documents and data and by conducting extensive interviews. It sometimes included first- person reporting. Muckraking was seen in action when Ida M. Tarbell exposed the strong-armed practices of the Standard Oil Company in a 19-part series in McClure’s Magazine between 1902 and 1904. Her exposé helped end the company’s monopoly over the oil industry. Her stories include information from thousands of documents from across the nation as well as interviews with current and former executives, competitors, government regulators, antitrust lawyers and academic experts. It was republished as “The Rise of the Standard Oil Company.” Upton Sinclair’s investigation of the meatpacking industry gave rise to at least two significant federal laws, the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. Sinclair spent seven weeks as a worker at a Chicago meatpacking plant and another four months investigating the industry, then published a fictional work based on his findings as serial from February to November of 1905 in a socialist magazine.
    [Show full text]
  • Grave Negotiations: the Rhetorical Foundations of American
    GRAVE NEGOTIATIONS: THE RHETORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICAN WORLD WAR I CEMETERIES IN EUROPE by David W. Seitz Bachelor of Arts, Johns Hopkins University, 2002 Master of Arts, Johns Hopkins University, 2005 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by David W. Seitz It was defended on May 17, 2011 and approved by Dr. Neepa Majumdar, Associate Professor, Department of English Dr. Brenton Malin, Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Dr. Gordon Mitchell, Associate Professor, Department of Communication Dr. Kirk Savage, Professor, Department of History of Art and Architecture Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Ronald J. Zboray, Professor, Department of Communication ii Copyright © by David W. Seitz 2011 iii GRAVE NEGOTIATIONS: THE RHETORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICAN WORLD WAR I CEMETERIES IN EUROPE David W. Seitz, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2011 This dissertation uncovers the processes of negotiation between private citizens, President Woodrow Wilson’s administration, the War Department, and the Commission of Fine Arts that led to the establishment and final visual presentation of the United States permanent World War I cemeteries in Europe (sites that are still frequented by tens of thousands of international visitors each year). It employs archival research and the analysis of newspapers and photographs to recover the voices of the many stakeholders involved in the cemeteries’ foundation. Whereas previous studies have attempted to understand American World War I commemoration practices by focusing on postwar rituals of remembrance alone, my study contextualizes and explains postwar commemoration by analyzing the political ideologies, public rhetoric, and material realities of the war years (1914-1918)—ideologies, rhetoric, and material realities that shaped official and vernacular projects of memory after the Armistice.
    [Show full text]
  • Living with the Enemy in First World War France
    i The experience of occupation in the Nord, 1914– 18 ii Cultural History of Modern War Series editors Ana Carden- Coyne, Peter Gatrell, Max Jones, Penny Summerfield and Bertrand Taithe Already published Carol Acton and Jane Potter Working in a World of Hurt: Trauma and Resilience in the Narratives of Medical Personnel in Warzones Julie Anderson War, Disability and Rehabilitation in Britain: Soul of a Nation Lindsey Dodd French Children under the Allied Bombs, 1940– 45: An Oral History Rachel Duffett The Stomach for Fighting: Food and the Soldiers of the First World War Peter Gatrell and Lyubov Zhvanko (eds) Europe on the Move: Refugees in the Era of the Great War Christine E. Hallett Containing Trauma: Nursing Work in the First World War Jo Laycock Imagining Armenia: Orientalism, Ambiguity and Intervention Chris Millington From Victory to Vichy: Veterans in Inter- War France Juliette Pattinson Behind Enemy Lines: Gender, Passing and the Special Operations Executive in the Second World War Chris Pearson Mobilizing Nature: the Environmental History of War and Militarization in Modern France Jeffrey S. Reznick Healing the Nation: Soldiers and the Culture of Caregiving in Britain during the Great War Jeffrey S. Reznick John Galsworthy and Disabled Soldiers of the Great War: With an Illustrated Selection of His Writings Michael Roper The Secret Battle: Emotional Survival in the Great War Penny Summerfield and Corinna Peniston- Bird Contesting Home Defence: Men, Women and the Home Guard in the Second World War Trudi Tate and Kate Kennedy (eds)
    [Show full text]
  • The Vocabulary of Australian English
    THE VOCABULARY OF AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH Bruce Moore Australian National Dictionary Centre Australian National University The vocabulary of Australian English comes from many sources. This document outlines some of the most important sources of Australian words, and some of the important historical events that have shaped the creation of Australian words. At times, reference is made to the Australian Oxford Dictionary (OUP 1999) edited by Bruce Moore. 1. BORROWINGS FROM AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES ...2 2. ENGLISH FORMATIONS .....................................................................7 3. THE CONVICT ERA ...........................................................................11 4. BRITISH DIALECT .............................................................................15 5. BRITISH SLANG ................................................................................17 6. GOLD .................................................................................................18 7. WARS.................................................................................................21 © Australian National Dictionary Centre Page 1 of 24 1. BORROWINGS FROM AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES In 1770 Captain James Cook was forced to beach the Endeavour for repairs near present-day Cooktown, after the ship had been damaged on reefs. He and Joseph Banks collected a number of Aboriginal words from the local Guugu Yimidhirr people. One of these words was kangaroo, the Guugu Yimidhirr name for the large black or grey kangaroo Macropus
    [Show full text]
  • Armistice of November 1918: Centenary Table of Contents Debate on 5 November 2018 1
    Armistice of November 1918: Centenary Table of Contents Debate on 5 November 2018 1. Events Leading to the Armistice of November 1918 Summary 2. Armistice of November 1918 This House of Lords Library Briefing has been prepared in advance of the debate due to take place on 5 November 2018 in the House of Lords on the 3. Centenary motion moved by Lord Ashton of Hyde (Conservative), “that this House takes Commemorations of the note of the centenary of the armistice at the end of the First World War”. Armistice in the UK On 11 November 1918, an armistice between the Allied Powers and Germany was signed, ending the fighting on the western front during the First World War. The armistice was signed at 5am in a French railway carriage in Compiègne, and the guns stopped firing six hours later, at 11am. Under the terms of the armistice, Germany was to relinquish all the territory it had conquered since 1914, as well as Alsace-Lorraine. The Rhineland would be demilitarised, and the German fleet was to be interned in harbours of neutral countries or handed to the British. Announcing the terms in the House of Commons, the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, expressed relief at the “end[ing of] the cruellest and most terrible war that has ever scourged mankind”. The centenary of the signing of the armistice will be marked on 11 November 2018 by a series of events. The traditional national service of remembrance at the Cenotaph will take place, as well as the Royal British Legion’s veteran dispersal and march past the Cenotaph.
    [Show full text]
  • American Amateur Diplomats During the Administrations of Woodrow Wilson: an Evaluation
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1971 American amateur diplomats during the administrations of Woodrow Wilson: An evaluation Martin V. Melosi The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Melosi, Martin V., "American amateur diplomats during the administrations of Woodrow Wilson: An evaluation" (1971). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5192. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5192 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICAN AMATEUR DIPLOMATS DURING THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF WOODROW WILSON: AN EVALUATION By Martin Victor Melosi B.A., University of Montana, 1969 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mas ter of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1971 Approved by: ChEirman, BoXrd~^^BxamiMrs A ) /) C'^fUL-^S fatfUN) UMI Number: EP40656 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. K&iwtriton PtfWishlflg UMI EP40656 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author.
    [Show full text]
  • Muckraking: a Dirty Job with Clean Intentions Courtney E
    The Histories Volume 7 | Issue 2 Article 2 Muckraking: A Dirty Job with Clean Intentions Courtney E. Bowers La Salle University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Bowers, Courtney E. () "Muckraking: A Dirty Job with Clean Intentions," The Histories: Vol. 7 : Iss. 2 , Article 2. Available at: https://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/the_histories/vol7/iss2/2 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Scholarship at La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The iH stories by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Histories, Volume 7, Number 2 2 I. Muckraking: A Dirty Job with Clean Intentions By Courtney E. Bowers ‘08 There is nothing more interesting to people than other people. The plethora of tabloids and morning discussions over who has broken up with whom attest to this fact. People love to read about the gripping stories of other people’s lives, especially when their own seem so boring and unexciting. They love the triumphs of a hard battle won, of a good turnout against all odds. But they love the darker side of humanity even more— hearing about thievery and calumny and murder and all the foibles of the lives of the rich, famous and powerful. In a sense, it is a way of “sticking it to the man,” as the saying goes. Such stories show opportunities that the average man will never have, and how they blew up in the face of those who misused them.
    [Show full text]
  • Armistice Day Secondary Pupil Resource
    3rd March 1918 21st March 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Ludendorff Offensive begins Peace Treaty between Russia and Germany Also known as the Spring Offensive. This attack following the October Revolution in Russia and on the Western Front was led by General Russia’s subsequent withdrawal from the war. Ludendorff. The surprise attack pushed the Allies back across old Somme battlefields towards Paris. 18th July 1918 8th August 1918 Aisne-Marne Offensive begins Hundred Days Offensive begins with the Battle of Amiens A counter attack by American and French A surprise attack by the Allies, led by General forces, led by Marshal Foch, which stopped the Rawlinson, against German troops. This Germans on the River Marne near Paris and offensive continued until the end of the war. began to push them back. 30th September 1918 5th October 1918 Ceasefire with Bulgaria comes in to Hindenburg Line broken through by effect Allies Bulgaria asked the Allies if they could discuss a After arriving at the supposedly impenetrable ceasefire. Discussions took place in Salonica. Hindenburg Line on 26th September 1918, the The peace agreement was signed on 29th Allies eventually broke through on this day and September 1918 and came into effect the next began crossing open county. day at noon. 30th October 1918 4th November 1918 Ottoman Empire agrees a Austria-Hungary agree a ceasefire ceasefire Peace agreement with the Allies sees Ceasefire agreed by representatives from Austria-Hungary withdraw from the war. Britain and the Ottoman Empire. It marked the end of the Ottoman Empire’s involvement in World War I.
    [Show full text]