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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pig and Chicken Supply Chains – a Global Life Cycle Assessment

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Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pig and Chicken Supply Chains – a Global Life Cycle Assessment Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains A global life cycle assessment Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains A global life cycle assessment A report prepared by: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Animal Production and Health Division Recommended Citation MacLeod, M., Gerber, P., Mottet, A., Tempio, G., Falcucci, A., Opio, C., Vellinga, T., Henderson, B. & Steinfeld, H. 2013. Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains – A global life cycle assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specic companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reect the views or policies of FAO. E-ISBN 978-92-5-107944-7 (PDF) © FAO 2013 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains A global life cycle assessment This report presents results from an assessment carried out to improve the under- standing of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions along livestock supply chains. The analysis was conducted at the Animal Production and Health Division (AGA) of FAO and co-financed by the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) programme. The following persons and institutions contributed to this undertaking: Study team: • Pierre Gerber (Team leader, FAO) • Michael MacLeod (Principal investigator, FAO) • Theun Vellinga (Livestock modeler, Wageningen University) • Alessandra Falcucci and Giuseppe Tempio (GIS modelling, FAO) • Benjamin Henderson, Klaas Dietze, Guya Gianni, Anne Mottet, Carolyn Opio, Tim Robinson, Olaf Thieme and Viola Weiler (data collection and analysis, FAO) The followings provided comments, views and information that contributed to the analysis: • Alexandra de Athayde (International Feed Industry Federation) • Imke de Boer (Wageningen University) • Peter Bradnock (International Poultry Council) • Christel Cederberg (SIK and Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg) • Jeroen Dijkman (FAO) • Vincent Gitz (FAO) • Vincent Guyonnet (International Egg Commission) • Mario Herrero (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organ- isation) • Dong Hongmin (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science) • Hsin Huang (International Meat Secretariat) • Adrian Leip (Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy) • Brian Lindsay (Sustainable Agriculture Initiative) • Alexandre Meybeck (FAO) • Nathan Pelletier (Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy) • Marja Liisa TapioBistrom (FAO, for the MICCA Programme) • Greg Thoma (University of Arkansas) • Tom Wassenaar (Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agrono- mique pour le développement) Report writing: Michael MacLeod, Pierre Gerber, Anne Mottet, Giuseppe Tempio, Alessandra Falcucci, Carolyn Opio, Theun Vellinga, Benjamin Henderson and Henning Steinfeld. iii Table of contents List of tables viii List of figures x Abbreviations xii Definitions of commonly used terms xiii Executive summary xvii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Scope of this report 1 1.3 The Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model 2 1.4 Outline of this report 2 2. OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL MONOGASTRIC SECTOR 5 3. METHODS 7 3.1 Choice of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 7 3.2 General principles of LCA 7 3.3 The use of LCA in this assessment 7 3.3.1 Functional units and ystems boundary 8 3.3.2 Sources of GHG emissions 9 3.4 Overview of calculation method 10 3.4.1 Spatial variation and the use of Geographic Information System 10 3.4.2 Emission factors 11 3.4.3 Land-use change 12 3.5 Data sources and management 13 3.6 Allocation of emissions between products, by-products and services 13 3.7 Production system typology 14 4. RESULTS FOR PIG SUPPLY CHAINS 17 4.1 Global production and emissions 17 4.2 Emissions intensity 19 4.2.1 Variation in emission intensity between backyard, intermediate and industrial pig systems 19 4.2.2 Geographical variation in emissions intensity 21 4.3 Analysis of uncertainty in pig emission intensity 35 4.3.1 Identification of main emissions categories 35 4.3.2 Selection of parameters for inclusion in the analysis and their ranges 35 4.3.3 Results of the Monte Carlo analysis 38 4.4 Comparison of the pig results with other studies 40 4.4.1 Scope 40 4.4.2 Input assumptions 40 4.4.3 Ration 41 v 5. RESULTS FOR CHICKEN SUPPLY CHAINS 45 5.1 Global production and emissions 45 5.2 Emissions intensity 45 5.2.1 Variation in emission intensity between broiler meat and layer eggs 45 5.2.2 Variation in emission intensity between backyard and commercial systems 47 5.2.3 Geographical variation in emission intensity 51 5.3 Analysis of uncertainty for chickens 57 5.3.1 Identification of main emissions categories 58 5.3.2 Selection of parameters for inclusion in the analysis and their ranges 58 5.3.3 Results of the Monte Carlo analysis for chickens 60 5.4 Comparison of the chicken results with other studies 60 5.4.1 Scope 60 5.4.2 Ration 60 5.4.3 Soybean and soybean meal LUC 60 5.4.4 Feed N2O 61 5.4.5 Feed CO2 62 5.4.6 Manure management 62 5.4.7 Allocation 63 5.4.8 Summary 63 6. SUMMARY OF PRODUCTION AND EMISSION INTENSITIES 67 6.1 Commercial systems (layers, broilers, industrial and intermediate pigs) 67 6.2 Backyard systems 67 6.3 Gaps in emission intensity within systems and regions 67 7. CONCLUSIONS 71 REFERENCES 75 APPENDICES 79 APPENDIx A OVERVIEW OF THE GLOBAL LIVESTOCK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Model (GleAM) 85 APPENDIx B DATA AND DATA SOURCES 101 APPENDIx C ChAnGes in CArbon stoCks relAted to lAnd use And lAnd-use ChAnGe 123 APPENDIx D POSTFARM EMISSIONS 143 APPENDIx E EMISSIONS RELATED TO ENERGY USE 147 vi APPENDIx F AlloCAtion to slAuGhter bY-produCts 155 APPENDIx G MAPS 157 APPENDIx H COUNTRY LIST 169 vii List of tables 1. Sources of GHG emissions included and excluded in this assessment 9 2. Categories of GHG emissions 10 3. Summary of the pig systems 16 4. Summary of the chicken systems 16 5. Values of selected explanatory parameters: pigs 20 6. Feed conversion ratios for industrial systems for the herd and for the growing pig 23 7. Factors leading to spatial variation in the emission intensity of individual feed materials: pigs 28 8. Factors influencing the rate of manure CH4 and N2O production: pigs 29 9. Emissions categories contributing more than ten percent of total global emissions: pigs 35 10. Combinations of system and country chosen for the Monte Carlo analysis: pigs 35 11. Approaches used for varying CH4 conversion factor (MCF): pigs 36 12. Approaches used for varying the digestibility of the ration: pigs 36 13. Soybean LUC emission factors and ranges 37 14. Approaches used for varying soybean percentage: pigs 37 15. Ranges of N applied per ha 37 16. Ranges for feed N2O emissions factors for all species/systems 37 17. Ranges for crop yields for all species/systems 37 18. Ranges for fertilizer manufacture emissions factors for all species/systems 38 19. Ranges for key herd parameters: pigs 39 20. Summary of the results of the Monte Carlo analysis for pigs 40 21. Comparison of emission intensities for pigs with other studies 42 22. Global average feed conversion ratios for each system and commodity. Note that the values in this Table represent the averages over the whole flock, including parent birds: chickens 48 23. Values of selected explanatory parameters: chickens 49 24. Emissions categories contributing more than 10 percent of total global emissions: chickens 58 25. Approaches used for varying CH4 conversion factor (MCF): chickens 58 26. Approaches used for varying the digestibility of the ration: chickens 59 27. Approaches used for varying soybean percent and emission factors: chickens 59 28. Ranges for key herd parameters: chickens 60 29. Summary of the results of the Monte Carlo analysis for chickens 61 viii 30. Comparison of the emission intensities for broilers with other studies 64 31. Summary of total global production and emissions for pig meat, chicken meat and eggs 68 32. Comparison of key parameters for pigs and chickens 68 33. Variation of pigs emission intensity within regions, systems and agro-ecological zone, in kg CO2-eq/kg CW 69 34. Variation of chickens emission intensity within regions, systems and agro-ecological zone in kg CO2-eq/kg egg or meat CW 70 ix list of figures 1. System boundary as defined for this assessment 8 2. Overview of the GLEAM modules and computation flows 11 3.
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