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Pasture Use of Mobile Pastoralists in Azerbaijan Under Institutional Economic, Farm Economic and Ecological Aspects

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Pasture Use of Mobile Pastoralists in Azerbaijan Under Institutional Economic, Farm Economic and Ecological Aspects Pasture use of mobile pastoralists in Azerbaijan under institutional economic, farm economic and ecological aspects Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald vorgelegt von Regina Neudert geboren am 25.09.1981 in Stralsund Greifswald, 20. Februar 2015 Deutschsprachiger Titel: Weidenutzung mobiler Tierhalter in Aserbaidschan unter institutionenökonomischen, agrarwirtschaftlichen und ökologischen Aspekten Dekan: Prof. Dr. Klaus Fesser 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Hampicke 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Konrad Hagedorn Tag der Promotion: 16. November 2015 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Content overview PART A: Summary of Publications 1. Introduction 1 2. Theoretical framework and literature review 6 3. Methodological approach and study regions 19 4. Summaries of single publications 26 5. Discussion 36 6. Conclusion 44 7. References 46 PART B: Publications Contributions of authors to publications Publication A: Economic performance of transhumant sheep farming in Azerbaijan A-1 to A-7 Publication B: Implementation of Pasture Leasing Rights for Mobile Pastoralists – A Case Study on Institutional Change during Post-socialist Reforms in Azerbaijan B-1 to B-18 Publication C: Is individualised rangeland lease institutionally incompatible with mobile pastoralism? – A case study from post-socialist Azerbaijan C-1 to C-23 Publication D: The Opportunity Costs of Conserving Pasture Resources for Mobile Pastoralists in the Greater Caucasus D-1 to D-23 Publication E: Monitoring manual for summer pastures in the Greater Caucasus in Azerbaijan E-1 to E-62 APPENDIX Appendix I Guideline for semi-structured interviews with municipalities Appendix II Guideline for semi-structured interviews with herders Appendix III Questionnaire for structured interviews in study region 3 (Jeiranchel) SUMMARY ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PART A Summary of publications ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Summary of publications Content 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Objectives and outline of the study .................................................................................. 3 2 Theoretical framework and literature review .................................................................... 6 2.1 Pastoralism in Azerbaijan as a social-ecological system .................................................. 6 2.2 Theoretical approaches: farm economics and institutional economics ............................ 8 2.3 The post-socialist transition context ............................................................................... 11 2.4 Review on possible explanations for inappropriate pasture management ...................... 15 3 Methodological approach and study regions .................................................................... 19 3.1 The case study approach ................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Study regions .................................................................................................................. 20 3.3 Data collection ................................................................................................................ 22 3.4 Data analysis ................................................................................................................... 23 3.5 Related works ................................................................................................................. 25 4 Summaries of single publications ....................................................................................... 26 4.1 Publication A .................................................................................................................. 26 4.2 Publication B .................................................................................................................. 28 4.3 Publication C .................................................................................................................. 30 4.4 Publication D .................................................................................................................. 32 4.5 Publication E ................................................................................................................... 34 5 Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 36 5.1 Pastoralism in Azerbaijan in the post-socialist transition context .................................. 36 5.2 Explanations for inappropriate pasture management in Azerbaijan ............................... 38 5.3 Recommendations for improved pasture management .................................................. 41 6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 44 References ............................................................................................................................... 46 Summary____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ of publications List of figures Figure 1 Location of Azerbaijan in the South Caucasian region .............................................. 1 Figure 2 Development of livestock numbers 1935 to 2012 in Azerbaijan, ............................... 2 Figure 3 Adaptation of the SES framework to mobile pastoralism in Azerbaijan .................... 7 Figure 4 Classification of goods according to their physical properties ................................. 10 Figure 5 Scheme of the embedded single case study design for pastoralism in Azerbaijan ... 20 Figure 6 Mobile pastoralism in Azerbaijan and study regions ................................................ 21 Figure 7 Steps of cost revenue calculations ............................................................................ 25 List of tables Table 1 Overview over field periods ....................................................................................... 22 Table 2 Main field data sources and study region coverage .................................................... 23 Table 3 Information about field trainings in Azerbaijan associated with the pasture monitoring manual (publication E) .......................................................................................... 35 Abbreviations AZN New Azeri Manat (1 AZN = 1.27 US$, Nov 2012) GDP Gross domestic product GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation / Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GPS Global Positioning System NGO Non-governmental organisation PUGASMAOS Proper Utilisation of Azerbaijan’s steppe and mountains, project funded by VW-foundation, 2007-2011 SES Social-ecological system ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Summary of publications 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Mobile pastoralism in Azerbaijan underwent in the last 25 years massive changes, which were influenced by the developments in its political and economic environment. The post-socialist transition, i.e. the change from socialism and a member state of the Soviet Union to an independent, market-oriented state, led in all sectors of the economy, politically and socially to massive restructuring processes (Roland, 2004; Stadelbauer, 2000). Azerbaijan, located at the south-eastern edge of the Greater Caucasus (figure 1), experienced during transition similar developments like many other post-socialist countries ranging from Eastern Germany to Mongolia and China. Due to increasing revenues from oil export, economic development in Azerbaijan accelerated extraordinarily, which led to GDP growth rates of over 10 % per year between 2002 and 2008 in Azerbaijan (State Statistical Committee of Azerbaijan, 2012). However, wealth and increasing incomes cannot conceal that political and social freedom is still unsatisfying in the country (Asadov, 2004; Lerman & Sedik, 2010; Weissenberg, 2003). The increasing wealth in society is visible in the capital
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