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General Requirements Trenching and Excavation Operations GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OBJECTIVES 1. Upon completion of this section, the participant should be able to: 2. Understand the Competent person’s responsibility regarding the safety concerns listed in the General Requirements. 3. Develop a safety checklist, which will cover all of these safety concerns. ©HMTRI 2000 Page 74 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations INSPECTION OF THE TRENCH The following is a discussion of a General Requirement items found in CFR 1926.651. As you will see, much of the responsibility for the evaluation of each of these issues falls upon the competent person. The competent person has the responsibility to inspect the trench and the area around the trench for any hazard which could cause a cave­in or other hazard to the employees and the keep the employees out of the trench until the safety problem has been remedied. This person must inspect the trench area for any evidence of a cave­in hazard, which might include: • Fissures • Tension cracks • Sloughing • Undercutting • Water seepage • Bulging at the bottom • The protection system integrity should also be evaluated. Unlike any other worker, the competent person may stand on the shoring system during the inspection process. Like the other employees, the competent person may not enter a trench for inspection until all appropriate protective systems are in place. Daily inspections should evaluate the following: • Visual and manual soil classification surface hazards (encumbrances) • Water hazards • Atmospheric hazards • Vibration hazards • Access and egress • Spoil pile location • Barricade and traffic control structure placement • Utilities, underground structures location and protection • Integrity of the protective system (hands­on and visual) • Vehicular and other mobile surface hazards ©HMTRI 2000 Page 75 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations Also included in this report should be • The name and signature of the Competent person • Weather conditions • Date and time of evaluation While not required by OSHA, a trench log sheet should be filled out each of time an evaluation of the trench is made. THE COMPETENT PERSON IS REQUIRED TO INSPECT THE TRENCH AND EVALUATE THE HAZARDS PRIOR TO THE START OF WORK EACH DAY. ADDITIONAL INSPECTIONS ARE REQUIRED AFTER ANY RAIN STORM OR AFTER ANY HAZARD POTENTIAL­INCREASING EVENT (E.G. RAIN, VIBRATION, EARTHQUAKE, ETC. ATMOSPHERIC TESTING The Competent person must test the atmosphere for hazards if they could reasonably have been expected to exist. This analysis would be required if the trench were being dug in a landfill; to repair broken sewer or gas utility lines, near leaking underground storage tanks, or anyplace that the soil could reasonably be expected to contain this type of hazard. Testing should be made prior to entry into the trench. Further testing should continue as conditions warrant. Acceptable atmospheres for trenching operations are: • Oxygen Level: 19.5% ­ 23.5% • Flammability: Less than 20% of LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) • Toxicity: Less than the PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit for that chemical) Ventilation may be required to keep the atmosphere parameters within acceptable limits. Extra caution and continuous monitoring should be provided in the situation where continuous ventilation is required to keep the hazardous atmosphere from building back. Many people wonder if the area within a trench could also be a confined space. OSHA officials have stated that the only time that a trench area would be considered a permit­required confined space is when there is an actual or potential hazardous atmosphere present. In that case, the trench may also be ©HMTRI 2000 Page 76 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations classified as a permit­required confined space. IT SHOULD BE NOTED THAT IF THE TRENCH IS ALSO CLASSIFIED AS A PERMIT­REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, ENTRY INTO THE TRENCH IS PROHIBITED UNTIL A CONFINED SPACE ENTRY PERMIT IS FILLED OUT. This too would probably be the responsibility of the competent person. One other point about the confined space issue. Remember that the hazard limit for flammable atmosphere is 10% of LEL for a permit­required confined space, not 20% of LEL as in the trenching regulation. WATER HAZARDS Water is one of the greatest hazards in trench work. It can undermine the trench walls or decrease the soil's ability to bear weight. Further, transmitted water pressure can turn the bottom of the trench into quicksand. In any case, the probability of wall failure is greatly enhanced by accumulating or seeping water. No worker is allowed in a trench where water is seeping or accumulating unless adequate precautions against the water hazard are in place. Therefore, if work must take place in the trench, the competent person has the responsibility to design and monitor the water removal process. WATER REMOVAL In many cases, the water that accumulates in a trench is water that is natural drainage and seepage from the groundwater table. Factors determining how deep the groundwater table will be include soil type(s), elevation of the trenching site, recent rainfall, and natural or man­made mechanisms of drainage (tile). The groundwater table should ideally be kept at least 2 feet from the floor of the trench. Dealing with water from below the soil surface can be accomplished in the following ways: Local Pumping In many cases, the water inside the trench can easily be pumped from the trench. The end of the suction line is placed in the lowest portion of the accumulated water and water is drawn through the pump and out a discharge line. The advantage of this system is its simplicity. One disadvantage of local pumping is that while it will remove gross standing water, it will not leave the bottom dry. Rather, the bottom will be mud. Also, be sure the discharge line is dumping the pumped water far enough from the trench that it does not run right back in. ©HMTRI 2000 Page 77 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations Most pumps used for de­watering are centrifugal pumps, meaning that they rely on the vacuum created within the pump for the drawing power. Centrifugal pumps do not "suck" water. Rather, they decrease the pressure within the pump to allow the weight of the atmosphere (atmospheric pressure) to push the water out. Since there is only so much weight to the atmosphere (around 15 psi), the pump can lift water only so far. A perfect pump could theoretically lift water just over 30 feet. Most pumps in real life can lift water only 1/3 that high. A good rule of thumb is the greater the vertical distance between the pump and the water surface, the less the pump will discharge. Here are some other tips on pump placement: ­ Keep the suction intake clean; ­ Have as few bends in piping as possible; ­ Use a grounded circuitry for electrical pumps; ­ Be sure exhaust fumes do not enter trench. Wellpoints In wet locations, it may be preferable to install Wellpoints. A wellpoint is a conduit with a screen­like opening near the end, which is driven into the ground below the water table. This type of system works best in granular soils. The other end of the conduit is connected to a pipe that serves as a vacuum manifold for a series of well points. The end of the vacuum manifold is a combined vacuum and centrifugal pump. When in operation, the pump creates a vacuum within the system, allowing water to flow from the ground into the system. Once in the manifold system, the water is removed via the centrifugal pump. This system is analogous to a child sucking the juice from a snow cone using a straw. ©HMTRI 2000 Page 78 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations The advantage of this system is that the water is being removed before it enters the trench. This leaves the bottom of the trench relatively dry. Disadvantages include cost, time and expense of set­up, and it may be in the way if construction near the trench is contemplated. Enclosed Excavations Special tongue­and­grove timber planking or steel piling can form a watertight barrier. This type of material will form the sides of the trench and will have to be able to withstand both the lateral pressures of the soil and water together. This type of water control is commonly used when the trench area is in saturated or submerged soil. Since the bottom is still soil, the water table will also have to be controlled or local pumping will have to remove any water seeping up from the bottom. ©HMTRI 2000 Page 79 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations Pre­Existing Tile Systems In many locations, tile systems used to control or supplement natural drainage. Locating these tiles before digging may prevent their being disturbed. Tile systems that are cut and empty into the excavation can exacerbate water removal problems, especially during wet periods. WATER DIVERSION Water can also enter the trench from the surface of the ground. It can come from a pre­existing body of water near the trench or from rain run­off. In most cases, this water will be controlled through diversion and diking. Diversion Diversion of water means to re­direct the natural drainage of surface water in a way that keeps it from entering the trench or weakening the walls of the trench. If an excavation intersects a streamed, the stream can be re­routed by digging an artificial waterway. ©HMTRI 2000 Page 80 Trenching REV­1 Trenching and Excavation Operations Dikes and Berms Berms also can keep the excavation area free of surface water by placing a barrier between the excavation area and the surface water. Berms can be used to re­route bodies of water or can be constructed around the excavation to keep surface water from entering.
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