DOCSLIB.ORG

Separation and Concentration Technologies in Food Processing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Separation and Concentration Technologies in Food Processing Separation and Concentration 3 Technologies in Food Processing Yves Pouliot, Valérie Conway, and Pierre-Louis Leclerc Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada 3.1 Introduction Another group of separation and concentration tech- nologies relied on heat-induced phase changes as the driv- Separation and concentration technologies are among ing force for the separation. From simple evaporation the most important unit operations in food processing. to distillation and solvent extraction, such approaches From disk-bowl centrifugation for industrial-scale allowed for the concentration of many liquid foods (i.e. production of skim milk to crystallization for sucrose milk, fruit and vegetable juices, etc.) and for as the indus- or ultrafiltration to recover soluble proteins from cheese trial production of ethanol, liquor, and vegetable oils. The whey, separation and concentration processes have most recent development involving phase change is the improved food processing. These technologies have use of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2), which has allowed the development of new food products and found many value-added applications for the food indus- are being increasingly used for water recycling in food try over the past decade. processing. Indeed, food processing consumes large Conventional filtration relies on gravity, pressure or volumes of water. For this reason, waste water treatments vacuum to create the driving force necessary for the liquid use membrane technologies as part of the solution to phase to pass throughout different kinds of filters (e.g. per- numerous environmental problems posed by the food forated plates, cellulose filter papers, glass fiber filters) or industries. granularmaterial (e.g. sand or anthracite). Membrane The first processes developed to separate food compo- technologies, including reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltra- nents selected physical or mechanical means that allowed tion (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and microfiltration (MF), simple separations involving solid–solid or solid–liquid use pressure differences as the driving force of separation. systems. Screening processes separated solid-solid mate- Like conventional filtration, membrane filtration relies on rials into different sizes, while filtration strictly involved filters but with much smaller pores. It thus covers a wide the separation of solid–liquid systems. Among screening range of separations from the removal of particles >1 μm methods, the pneumatic separator used compressed (MF) to water purification by the removal of solutes − gases to separate particles according to their masses; <10 1 nm (RO) (Cui et al., 2010). In addition, recent devel- the vibration separator relied on vibration to move opments in electricallydriven separations(electrodialysis), particles through different screens separating solids by low-pressure separation (pervaporation), and separations their sizes or masses; and the magnetic separator applied using functionalized membranes (ion exchange materials) magnetic fields to remove metallic particles. As for the are opening new horizons in this fascinating field. filtration method, it included conventional filtration, Future trends in separation and concentration technolo- mechanical expression (i.e. for juice extraction from gies will be characterized by an increased number of inte- fruits or vegetables), centrifugation, and membrane grated combinations, or hybrid processes, combining technologies. single units of the before mentioned array of technologies Food Processing: Principles and Applications, Second Edition. Edited by Stephanie Clark, Stephanie Jung, and Buddhi Lamsal. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 33 34 Food Processing: Principles and Applications in order to improve energy efficiency and provide environ- mentally sustainable processes (Muralihara, 2010). Table 3.1 Summary of the types of filtration equipment Several challenges must be met in the design of efficient used in food processing and economical separation and concentration technolo- Equipment Driving gies for the food industry. type force Advantages // Limitations • The diversity and complexity of food systems: each food system has its own physical characteristics whether Plate-and- Pressure Large filtration area, it is a liquid (viscosity), a suspension (size, shape, concen- frame operating at high pressures tration of particles) or a solid (mechanical and/or textural filter (up to 25 bar), filter cake press easy to remove, high- properties). Horizontal quality filtration, low • The lability of food components during processing plate capital cost // Batch mode conditions: many food components are prone to chemi- filters only, automation difficult cal changes when exposed to high temperatures, intense Shell-and- shear stress or the presence of oxygen. leaf filters • The need for safe technologies: the goal of any food Edge filters processing method is to provide the consumer with nutri- Rotary Pressure or Continuous filtration, low tious and safe foods, that is, microbiologically clean and drum vacuum manpower requirement // filter Lower filtration area and free from external contaminants. • Rotary higher capital cost The need for low-energy, sustainable processes: the vacuum (especially for drum uncertain future of fossil energy, the rising concerns about disk filters) greenhouse gases and their effects on the population call filters for new processes that will minimize energy consumption Centrifugal Centrifugal Suitable for batch or and carbon footprint. filters continuous mode // The objectives of this chapter are to provide an overview Complex handling, filter of separation and concentration technologies used in the cake (sludge) difficult to food industry and a better understanding of their under- remove lying principles, associated advantages, and limitations. Reproduced from Sutherland (2008), with permission from Elsevier. This chapter also introduces new emerging technologies having potential use for the food industry. filter barrier. The mean size particles and their distribu- tion will both have a great influence on the type of filter used. Furthermore, the technique chosen will depend on 3.2 Physical separation of food whether the solid or the liquid is of interest to the man- components ufacturer. Both efficiency and cost-effectiveness should be considered in the type of filter chosen. As shown in Physical separation methods are generally suitable for Table 3.1, pressure, vacuum or centrifugal forces removing suspended solids from slurries or for separating (discussed in section 3.2.2) can all be used as the driving solid particles of mixtures. forces for filtration, which can be achieved using mem- brane filters, disk filters, cartridges, woven wire screens or packed beds made from organic and inorganic materials 3.2.1 Filtration (i.e. minerals, carbon, glass, metal, and ceramics) Solid–liquid separations can be performed using two (Sutherland, 2008). Filtration aids, such as diatomaceous approaches: (1) sedimentation, most often by means of earth, cellulose or charcoal, are often used as absorbents gravity, and (2) filtration. In the food industry, sedimen- to control the formation and the properties of the filter tation is used mainly for waste water treatment and will cake, in order to prevent resistance to fluid flow. not be covered in this chapter. Filtration equipments are mainly used in edible oil Filtration involves the removal of insoluble particles refining, sugar refining, beer production, wine making, from a suspension by passing it across a porous material, and fruit juice processing. The uses of MF and UF (see retaining particles according to their sizes – and shape to section 3.4) for those latter applications are increasing, some extent. As the filter media retain the larger particles as more efficient industrial equipment and membranes and form a “filter cake”, the permeate passes through the become available. However, compared to conventional 3 Separation and Concentration Technologies in Food Processing 35 filtration, MF and UF membranes are less inclined to clog materials around a fixed axis generates a centrifugal force and offer greater mechanical strength (e.g. against pres- as much as 10,000 times greater than gravity, which acts sure) and chemical resistance. Furthermore, membrane differently on components depending on their specific processes are cleaner, since they avoid the use of filtering gravity. Because denser particles require a greater force aids such as diatomaceous earth (Daufin et al., 2001). to stay close to the rotation axis than lighter particles, the denser constituents are forced to the periphery of the centrifuge bowl. This type of centrifuge is suitable 3.2.2 Centrifugation (separators, for the separation of solid–liquid and liquid–liquid clarifiers) mixtures with very small gravity differences, as low as Acentrifugeisadevicethatseparatesparticlesfromsuspen- 100 kg/m3 (Sinnott, 2005). sions, or even macromolecules from solutions, according Filtration centrifuge, in contrast to sedimentation to their size, shape, and density. This method subjects centrifuge, uses perforated bowls and is restricted to the dispersed systems to artificially induced gravitational separation of solid–liquid mixtures. This type of centrif- fields (i.e. centrifugal force) as shown in Figure 3.1. ugal separation allows the liquid phase to permeate Centrifugation can also be used for the separations of through the porous wall on which
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fractionation of Proteins with Two-Sided Electro-Ultrafiltration
    Journal of Biotechnology 128 (2007) 895–907 Fractionation of proteins with two-sided electro-ultrafiltration Tobias Kappler¨ ∗, Clemens Posten University of Karlsruhe, Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Division Bioprocess Engineering, Kaiserstr. 12, Geb. 30.70, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Received 7 June 2006; received in revised form 22 December 2006; accepted 2 January 2007 Abstract Downstream processing is a major challenge in bioprocess industry due to the high complexity of bio-suspensions itself, the low concentration of the product and the stress sensitivity of the valuable target molecules. A multitude of unit operations have to be joined together to achieve an acceptable purity and concentration of the product. Since each of the unit operations leads to a certain product loss, one important aim in downstream-research is the combination of different separation principles into one unit operation. In the current work a dead-end membrane process is combined with an electrophoresis operation. In the past this concept has proven successfully for the concentration of biopolymers. The present work shows that using different ultrafiltration membranes in a two-sided electro-filter apparatus with flushed electrodes brought significant enhancement of the protein fractionation process. Due to electrophoretic effects, the filtration velocity could be kept on a very high level for a long time, furthermore, the selectivity of a binary separation process carried out exemplarily for bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LZ) could be greatly increased; in the current case up to a value of more than 800. Thus the new two-sided electro-ultrafiltration technique achieves both high product purity and short separation times.
    [Show full text]
  • Removal of Waterborne Particles by Electrofiltration: Pilot-Scale Testing
    ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE Volume 26, Number 12, 2009 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089=ees.2009.0238 Removal of Waterborne Particles by Electrofiltration: Pilot-Scale Testing Ying Li,1 Ray Ehrhard,1 Pratim Biswas,1,* Pramod Kulkarni,2 Keith Carns,3 Craig Patterson,4 Radha Krishnan,5 and Rajib Sinha5 1Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri. 2Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio. 3Global Energy Partners, LLC, Oakhurst, California. 4Office of Research and Development, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 5Shaw Environmental and Infrastructure, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. Received: July 6, 2009 Accepted in revised form: October 20, 2009 Abstract Theoretical analysis using a trajectory approach indicated that in the presence of an external electric field, charged waterborne particles are subject to an additional migration velocity that increases their deposition on the surface of collectors (e.g., sand filter). Although researchers conducted bench-scale experiments to verify the effectiveness of electrofiltration, few studies have reported on the applications of electrofiltration in larger scale facilities. In this study, a prototype pilot-scale electrofiltration unit, consisting of an acrylic tank (0.3Â0.3Â1.2 m) with vertically placed stainless steel mesh electrodes embedded in a sand filter was tested at a local drinking water plant. Presedimentation basin water was used as the influent with a turbidity ranging from 12 to 37 NTU. At an approach velocity of 0.84 mm=s, an electrode voltage at 8 and 12 V increased the particle removal coefficient pC* [defined as Àlog(Cout=Cin)] to 1.79 and 1.86, respectively, compared to 1.48 when there was no electric field.
    [Show full text]
  • Current State of Fine Mineral Tailings Treatment: a Critical Review on Theory and Practice
    This is a repository copy of Current state of fine mineral tailings treatment: A critical review on theory and practice. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/85196/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Wang, C, Harbottle, D, Liu, Q et al. (1 more author) (2014) Current state of fine mineral tailings treatment: A critical review on theory and practice. Minerals Engineering, 58. 113 - 131. ISSN 0892-6875 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2014.01.018 (c) 2014, Elsevier. Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version - refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher’s website. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Current State of Fine Mineral Tailings Treatment: A Critical Review on Theory and Practice Chen Wang, David Harbottle, Qingxia Liu and Zhenghe Xu* Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada Highlights Presented facts on escalating generation of fine mineral tailings worldwide.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Riverside UC Riverside Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Enhancement of Membrane Filtration Process via Nanomaterial Coatings for the Generation of Electrostatic Forces, Oil Barriers, and Joule Heating Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2j776395 Author Dudchenko, Alexander Vladimirovich Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Enhancement of Membrane Filtration Processes via Nanomaterial Coatings for the Generation of Electrostatic Forces, Oil Barriers, and Joule Heating A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical and Environmental Engineering by Alexander Vladimirovich Dudchenko December 2016 Dissertation Committee: Dr. David Jassby, Chairperson Dr. Sharon Walker Dr. Jinyong Liu Copyright by Alexander Vladimirovich Dudchenko 2016 The Dissertation of Alexander Vladimirovich Dudchenko is approved: __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my adviser Dr. David Jassby for his mentorship and guidance, which grew me as an individual and a professional. His sage advice, patience, and passion for research have left a great imprint on my life and will continue to have lasting influence in the
    [Show full text]
  • Electrofiltration of Solutions of Amino Acids Or Peptides
    Lait (1995) 75, 105-115 105 © Elsevier/INRA Original article Electrofiltration of solutions of amino acids or peptides G Daufin 1, FL Kerhervé 1, P Aimar 2, D Mollé 1, J Léonll ", F Nau 3 1 Laboratoire de Recherches de Technologie Laitière, INRA, 65, rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex; 2 Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CNRS, 118, route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex; 3 Chaire de Technologie Alimentaire, ENSAR, 65, rue de Saint-Brieuc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France (Received 7 September 1994; accepted 5 December 1994) Summary - Enhanced transfer according to the isoelectric point (pl) of amino acids and peptides (molecular mass 130-6 000 9 mol-1) was achieved using laboratory filtration in the presence of an elec- tric field. The permeate was enriched with arginine and lysine of negative electrophoretic mobility, while the retentate was enriched with the amino acid characterized by the lowest pl value, aspartic acid. A model which assumes no retention of amino acids by ultrafiltration (UF) membranes describes rea- sonably weil their transmission to the permeate. The peptide mixture permeate was enriched with peptides which were either positively or negatively charged according to the electric field direction. The effect was significant even under low electric field. The model did not quantily satisfactorily the experi- mental transmission probably because of significant retention of sorne peptides by the ultrafiltration mem- branes. The present study shows that electrofiltration (EF) may be a useful and efficient process for achieving selective separation of charged biological molecules provided that further work is aimed at a better understanding of which mechanisms rule the retention in EF and of the effect of process vari- ables (flux, electric field, conductivity, charge of the molecules).
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Separation Processes Also of Interest
    De Gruyter Graduate De Haan · Bosch Industrial Separation Processes Also of Interest Industrial Chemistry Benvenuto, 2014 ISBN 978-3-11-029589-4, e-ISBN 978-3-11-029590-0 Engineering Catalysis Murzin, 2013 ISBN 978-3-11-028336-5, e-ISBN 978-3-11-028337-2 Micro Process Engineering - Explained Fundamentals, Devices, Applications Dittmeyer, Brandner, Kraut, Pfeifer, 2013 ISBN 978-3-11-026538-5, e-ISBN 978-3-11-026635-1 Biorefinery From Biomass to Chemicals and Fuels Aresta, Dibenedetto, Dumeignil (Eds.), 2012 ISBN 978-3-11-026023-6, e-ISBN 978-3-11-026028-1 Green Processing and Synthesis Hessel, Volker (Editor-in-Chief) ISSN 2191-9542, e-ISSN 2191-9550 Reviews in Chemical Engineering Luss, Dan/Brauner, Neima (Editors-in-Chief) ISSN 0167-8299, e-ISSN 2191-0235 André B. de Haan · Hans Bosch Industrial Separation Processes Fundamentals DE GRUYTER Authors Prof. Dr. Ir. André B. de Haan Dr. Ir. Hans Bosch Eindhoven University of Technology University of Twente Dpt. of Chemical Engineering and Faculty of Science & Technology Chemistry Drienerlolaan 5 PO Box 513 7522 NB Enschede 5600 MB Eindhoven Netherlands Netherlands [email protected] [email protected] This book has 222 figures and 18 tables. ISBN 978-3-11-030669-9 e-ISBN 978-3-11-030672-9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromatography and Separation Science 2003 – Ahuja
    CHROMATOGRAPHYAND SEPARATION SCIENCE This is Volume 4 of SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A reference series edited by Satinder Ahuja CHROMATOGRAPHY AND SEPARATION SCIENCE Satinder Ahuja Ahuja Consulting Calabash, North Carolina Amsterdam Boston London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. s1 Copyright ß 2003 Elsevier Science (USA) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher. The appearance of the code at the bottom of the first page of a chapter in this book indicates the Publisher’s consent that copies of the chapter may be made for personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923), for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Copy fees for pre-2003 chapters are as shown on the title pages. If no fee code appears on the title page, the copy fee is the same as for current chapters. $35.00 Explicit permission from Academic Press is not required to reproduce a maximum of two figures or tables from an Academic Press chapter in another scientific or research publication provided that the material has not been credited to another source and that full credit to the Academic Press chapter is given.
    [Show full text]
  • Manuscript Anlauf
    Chapter 2 Mechanical solid-liquid separation processes and techniques Contents 2.1 Introduction and overview 2.2 Density separation 2.2.1 Froth flotation 2.2.2 Sedimentation 2.3 Filtration 2.3.1 Cake filtration 2.3.2 Sieving and blocking filtration 2.3.3 Crossflow micro and ultra filtration 2.3.4 Depth and precoat filtration 2.4 Enhancement of separation processes by additional electric or magnetic forces 2.5 Mechanical/thermal hybrid processes 2.6 Superordinate aspects of efficient solid-liquid separation processes 2.6.1 Mode of apparatus operation 2.6.2 Combination of separation apparatuses 2.6.3 Suspension pre-treatment methods 2.7 Notation 2.8 References 1 EVA-STAR (Elektronisches Volltextarchiv – Scientific Articles Repository) http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000025219 2.1 Introduction and overview The more or less entire separation of a suspension into the continuous liquid and the disperse solid phase can be realized in principle by thermal or mechanical means. One important aspect of modern drying technology consists in the integration of the process steps before and behind the thermal dryer to gain an overall optimal process design. Thus the mechanical liquid separation as an important process step, which is located upstream the thermal dryer and should be discussed here in more detail. The thermal drying procedures are not discussed further on in this chapter. As a rule the thermal methods are usually quite energy-intensive compared with the mechanical liquid separation because they require a phase transition from the liquid to the gaseous aggregate state and the appropriate vaporization enthalpy must be raised.
    [Show full text]
  • The Application of Electrocoagulation Process for Wastewater Treatment and for the Separation and Purification of Biological Media Nidal Fayad
    The application of electrocoagulation process for wastewater treatment and for the separation and purification of biological media Nidal Fayad To cite this version: Nidal Fayad. The application of electrocoagulation process for wastewater treatment and for the sep- aration and purification of biological media. Chemical and Process Engineering. Université Clermont Auvergne, 2017. English. NNT : 2017CLFAC024. tel-01719756 HAL Id: tel-01719756 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01719756 Submitted on 28 Feb 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. R ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES POUR L’INGENIEUR DE CLERMONT-FERRAND T h è s e NIDAL FAYAD ! " D O C T E U R D’ U N I V E R S I T É L R "#$%"$#"#$#&#$' #"$ $$##"$($#&"')"%* ! # $ ! %&' !! %( )! '* Mme GENESTE Florence, DR CNRS, Université de Rennes 1 Président M. TAHA Samir, Professeur, Université Libanaise, Liban Rapporteur Mme. POCHAT-BOHATIER Céline, MCF HDR, IEM, Université de Montpellier Rapporteur M. VIAL Christophe, Professeur, UCA, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand Directeur de thèse M. AUDONNET Fabrice, MCF HDR, UCA, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand Directeur de thèse ii R +, +-+./, + .,R0 . ,.1+-23../ + 4 * $",- - 5 " 4 ,. .- /,-6 .+0.0 The application of electrocoagulation process for wastewater treatment and for the separation and purification of biological media ()""/0"/1234516 &)(#+(7/ # 1 0-3! 7 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrically Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Industrial Enzyme Solutions
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 Electrically Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Industrial Enzyme Solutions Enevoldsen, Ann Dorrit Publication date: 2007 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Enevoldsen, A. D. (2007). Electrically Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Industrial Enzyme Solutions. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Electrically enhanced ultrafiltration of industrial enzyme solutions Ann Dorrit Enevoldsen PhD Thesis November 2007 T U D D C E Supervisors: Gunnar Jonsson and Ernst Hansen Copyright © Ann Dorrit Enevoldsen, 2007 ISBN 978-91435-64-1 Printed by Frydenberg a/s, Copenhagen, Denmark Preface 1 This industrial PhD thesis is the outcome of 3 2 years’study. The project was done in collaboration with the Department of Chemical engineering at the Technical University of Denmark and the Recovery Pilot Plant at Novozymes A/S under the supervision of Associated Professor Gunnar Jonsson and Ernst Hansen.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Here
    1 ELECTROPHORESIS Electrophoresis is a general term that describe the migration and separation of charge particles under the influence of an electric field. The particle may be simple ions, complex macromolecules and colloids or particulate matter- either living cells such as bacteria or inert material such as oil emulsion, droplet and clay. If a foreign phase which is charge, is subjected to a potential gradient, the foreign phase will migrate through the continuous medium to the cathode or anode according to the sign of charge on the particles. This phenomenon is called electrophoresis. Migration can occur also in a non-uniform alternative current, provided the particles are polarisable, and its transport phenomenon is called dielectrophoresis. Some of the techniques result in complete separation of the component into distinct zone, this is referred to as zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is the most useful separation techniques for the analysis and characterization of complex biological mixture of protein. The analysis of protein mixture was first established by Tiselius in 1937. His separation of serum proteins into four major component are serum albumin , alpha, beta and gama- globulins. Electrophoresis is to relate the experimentally measurable electrophoretic velocity to move fundamental parameter of ions interactions, charge and structure in the neighbourhood of charge particles or surface. The theory of the electric double layer deals with these parameters and is necessitated by the colloidal particle create their own ionic environment, being much larger and having a higher charge than small ions. The most useful criterion for classification is whether electrophoresis is carried out in free solution or non supporting media.
    [Show full text]
  • US 2014/0076728 A1 Prakash Et Al
    US 2014.0076728A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2014/0076728 A1 Prakash et al. (43) Pub. Date: Mar. 20, 2014 (54) CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION Publication Classification IDENTIFICATION AND MITIGATION FOR MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (51) Int. Cl. CO2F L/469 (2006.01) (71) Applicant: Ohio State Innovation Foundation, BOID 6/42 (2006.01) Columbus, OH (US) (52) U.S. Cl. CPC ............ C02F I/4693 (2013.01); B0ID 61/422 (72) Inventors: Shaurya Prakash, Columbus, OH (US); (2013.01) Karen Bellman, Columbus, OH (US) USPC .................................. 204/518; 204/627; 96/4 (73) Assignee: Ohio State Innovation Foundation, Columbus, OH (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 14/032,164 Disclosed herein is a membrane separation apparatus with reduced concentration polarization and enhanced permeate (22) Filed: Sep.19, 2013 flux. Also disclosed is a method for separating permeate from retentate in a fluid using the disclosed membrane separation Related U.S. Application Data apparatus. Also disclosed is a method for inhibiting or pre (60) Provisional application No. 61/702.929, filed on Sep. venting concentration polarization of a permeable membrane 19, 2012. used in membrane separation. Patent Application Publication Mar. 20, 2014 Sheet 1 of 9 US 2014/0076728A1 FIG IA Patent Application Publication Mar. 20, 2014 Sheet 2 of 9 US 2014/0076728A1 FIG IB Patent Application Publication Mar. 20, 2014 Sheet 3 of 9 US 2014/0076728A1 FIG IC Patent Application Publication Mar. 20, 2014 Sheet 4 of 9 US 2014/0076728A1 FIG ID Patent Application Publication Mar. 20, 2014 Sheet 5 of 9 US 2014/0076728A1 FIG 2A Patent Application Publication Mar.
    [Show full text]