H I S T
E O F O H I O
“ N A T U RAL AN D C I V I L .
W Y C A E A T A T E A . M . B L B R ,
' MEER OF T II E AMERICAN ANT I QUARIAN SOC I ET Y ; OF T HE RE OD E ISLAM ? HIST ORICAL socT Ir ; OF T HE L YC EUM OF NAT URAL III ST ORT OF NEW YORK ; AND OE T HE AMERI CAN GEOLOGI CAL EOCI~
' ‘ ‘ T O OE W EST ERN ANT I UI’I I ES T o ET Y ; AU H R. Q ; ux
T o PRAIRI E DU CHIEN, ET C ., ET C.
F I R S T E D I T I O N . Entere ccordin to the t o ss e d a g ac f Congre , in th year eighteen hun dred and th rt -e ht i y ig ,
B Y C L E E A B A T W A T R ,
’ In the Cle k s Offi ce of the D s of O o r i trict Court hi . T H E Y O U N ‘ G M E N’
O H I O .
f i a ou an as T HIS volume is respect ully ded c ted to y , d the des
a a n tin y of this gre t st te soo will be , so this book is delivered
af i . n n m m to you for s e keep ng I writi g this volu e , y thoughts
a a w s t in t e f n n a h ve l ay res ed on you , h ull co fide ce th t you will
c arry out all the grea t m ea sures of your fa thers ; that you
f and k a a i will recti y our errors, eep p ce with the ge n which
'
ou . Y fa a n m an n y will live our thers h ve do e ore th they eve ,
a n n a a of ask you to do. They h ve eve go e he d the age in
. s uff n an d a n a which they lived. Their toil , s eri gs priv tio s h v e
i m e in e a bee n but feebly dep cted by this work, b c use , I did
‘ t - beast in nam of what he had d n no wish to their es t y o e, as a
duty which they owed to their children .
of n a r The liberties this cou try, h v e bee n prese ved by those l who achieved them ; and their sons ' hav e also preserved them
u n n a ff a n m a til very rece tly ; bu t gre t e orts h ve bee de, are
m a n a ma f m n a all ki g, nd will be de to pull ro be e th it, the main
a s on i o m of . SO a pill r , wh ch ur te ple liberty rests f r as I cou ld
in m a f o the n i of a this volu e, pl ce be ore y u pri c ples your f thers,
as n of I a f a n . the cy osure liberty, h ve e rlessly d o e so
I a n n of f u h ve every where , spoke exulti gly the uture, b t m n f i an me nf a a l s y you g r ends, c dor compels to co ess, th t l uch 4 DEDICAT ION.
a i m n of a a a n i n p ass ges , n y writi gs, l te ye rs, h ve bee wr tte
n n of with a he avy heart . However, to you , u der the directio
n n I mmi m m a kin d Providen ce, ki d i deed to you , co t y volu e ,
a a n I f for in and all the . spir tio s which eel , your prosperity, common with your paren ts and friends . ff If this Republic must be destroyed , it will be e ected by
d of on m ar destroyi ng the liberty of speech a n the press , so e p
' ticu la a t x n n n a m nts r subject , first ; but e te di g its e cro ch e , ALL freedom of speech an d of the press will be blotted out . In that c ase the party then in power will seize the occ asion to
n n m i a an d n i tre ch the selves n the high pl ces , u less the people shed rivers of blood those in office will rem ai n an i n cubus
W a on d . n a da a a n the bo y politic he th t y rrives , r ther th yield
of n m en a r e a m n a t Up the liberties this cou try, to the who i i g
n I f own O a n their destructio , would pre er to see our hio, bre sti g
m of w ar a n if an d n the stor , lo e, n eed be , our citize s , either m a n a n n n a a and V d i t i i g their grou d v li ntly, ictoriously , or y
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n lor iou s . If Un n m a a g l , i g ’ y Liberty ever quits this io y her l st fo n m n otsteps , ti ged with blood , be i pri ted deeply on every
a n an d pl i every hill of Ohio . My youn g frie n ds ! we liv e
in an n f an d a a eve t ul period , you cn h rdly expect to sustai n
of n m the liberties this cou try, without the ut ost vigilan ce .
Wa cth e m en in at Wa n W t h power shi gton city . ha t I say to
I sa all— a m — you , y to w tch the , because they n eed it watch
-« a all a a yourselves w tch p rties, nd resist every e ncroachmen t
on . wa of f n an a your rights Be re too closely ollowi g y p rty,
an d n ot a m an a fa be sure to dhere too uch to y popul r vorite . Bitter experience teaches us to do so no more Y ours truly, CA E A W L B T ATER .
O n 25 1838 hio, Ju e , , P R E F A C E .
T HE hi o of h s w o w i st ry t i rk , h ch has be en on the au ’ t o han d m or an w n a s sin cit w s h r s s , e th t e ty y e r , e a o rigin a o ct m an d a few ll y p r je ed , d e s rem arks . T h a t it has cost m e n o m a o ion of an x n d s s ll p rt e te d e life , i tru e , bu t, w r m f i n d w i a he the y r e s ll ffi x to it, a v al u e com m en su rate w i h w ha of abo car di i en c im an d on w hi h t t l r , e , l g e , t e m ey, c it has cos t m e I do n ot now . Its a is m w n an , k p l n y o , d w as on in c m a n ow to the u b icw ho a ar d l g s e d e k n p l , pp e e to a ro of it w n a s s c. w o or i n f pp v e , t e ty y e r in e T p t o s o the o i in a i o hav b n a ad b i r a i r g l h st r y ”e e e l re y p u l sh”e d , el t ng o ou r “ an ci n w o n t t “ n h t e t rks , a d o he I dian s w o once in h abited the te rr ito ry n ow in dclu ded w ithin the s tate of
Ohio . T he Na tu r al His to ry has b een gre atl y abridged from r In a m an u ci w i o o f n i my o I g l s r p ts , th the h p e re d er n g th at
“ a of m w a ab to com m on a . p rt y o rk , ccep t l e re ders My G o o ica ur co m e m u ch i and m on u naid e l g l s v e y st t me e y ,
- W h I ha r o cd by an y go v ern m en t p atr on age . h e t er s ll p o to fi l u m o i in a an an d con inu o k ced l p y r g l p l , t e the W r , i l m s it is ef for m f i nd n a secon d v o um e , u st be, a , l t y r e s s n I w i ob an d b w ic to determin e , w h o e decisio ll e y , y h h ,
I i a w ll bid e . s a in w i in i m a T rut h has be e n m y p ol ar t r r t g th s , y l st s icu hav n ot b n fo o v ol um e . Me th od and p er p ity , e ee rg t ten by m e .
T w o u b c a is a hi o of the a and m ical s je ts , th t , st r y l eg l ed
f ion ar e om i d in hi o um . CH RLE S HAM p ro ess s , tte , t s v l e A
O D E is the son to w it hi o of our M N , squ ire , p er r e the st ry ub i it i aw u r s an ou r u d an d . o h n l s, o l aw y e r d j ges ; t p l s , 6 PREFACE .
D his v alu abl e v ol um e of Rep ort s. r . DANIEL DRAK E is as his o i ion an d in fo m a ion to i cle arl y in dicate d by p s t r t , g v e ica of ion in hi a in h s u s a histor y o f the m ed l pr ess t s st te , i o n m n w e n a u a oo Med ic al Jo urn al . T th ose ge tle e t r lly l k
chasm w hich w e a u o f for m . to fi ll u p the , h v e p rp sely le t the a on a of ou r f ow ci iz n s Rel ying on the p tr ge ell t e s , o m x n d to m e on all fo liberall y an d so p r o p tl y e te de , rm er i n s I a b n at the x n s of S o in is occas o , h v e ee e p e e tere typ g, th
firs t HIST ORY OF OHIO. I an ica cu ion how w ha is dai doin in ts m ech l e x e t , s s t l y g
Cin cn n a i in the a of boo m a in . It is an O io r o i t , rts k k g h p cio i all its a fai n in i w and d u t n, n p rts , rly rep rese t g the v e s feelin gs of a l arge m aj o rity of the re adin g p eople of this f st ate . T he nu mber o copies of this w o rk here after to be i f om w i n o u b ssue d r the p ress , ll d ep e d s lel y on the p l icdem and for it. I sh all p u blish bu t fiv e h u n dred copies at a im and i m at an in in a t e , del v er the , y p o t the st te , w h ere there sh all be a d em an d fo r them . Non e wil l e v er
f for a n m be l e t s l e , o co m ission . On a in a of m f i n h a t k g l e v e y r e ds , w o h v e so l ong en cou r a e d m e to o c in m liter ar labor s g pr eed y y , I h av e on l y to han k m for all h i indn to i old f i t the , t e r k ess the r r e n d ,
CALEB AT WAT ER.
in cinna u 5 C ti, J ne 2 , 1 83 8. C O N T E N T S .
PART I .
T De w — NATURAL HIS ORY . la are Springs Petroleum Prefatory Remarks 9 Springs 59 G EOLOG Y 10 La e EI i e its k , I slan ds and Min Sand stone 1 3 m al e 60 M stone—F n t Fam 1 6 T he Fi sh es &c ill li ily , . 63 — M arbl e Line 1 7 Rep til es 65 n on e 1 8 Wi animas &c Cli t it ld l , . 67 — — — I ron ores Clays 1 9 BoT ANv T rees s O ak s 71 —« — 23 W aln u ts Ma ples Dogwoods — Pra iries in Oh io 25 Coffee tree Magn oli as 72 — — Reliqu iae Dil u vi aii as 31 Pawp aw B u ttonwood Pines S ate an d L meston e Re ons PO l & l i gi p ars, c. 73 Limestone T h e Frost Grape 76 Mortal 39 Nati ve Flow eri ng Plants 78 Organ icRemains 40 Me dicina l Plants 81 cs Pri m itive Ro k 41 Pl ants n atu rali ze d at Cincin nati 82 - RI VERs Ohio river 44 Natmal I zed Plants 88
m 46 N tuI al I zed T rees c. Muskingu a , & 90 — Sci o o 47 GI sse n ativ e d r 92 Hocking t a s, an n atu alized l M 49 B I RDs r esiden t n d m i n Litt e i ami , a gra ti g 93 — Mad r ver 50 ME DI C L T OPOGRAPHY Diseases G reat Mi ami i A , , M — u s 51 m ate T or na oes d th e au mee San d ky Cli , d an — 52 W n ers i n h s s a e Hu ron T Cuy ahoga, i t t i t t Gran d r iv er 54 Milk sickn ess A LLUVIAL DEPOSIT ES 56 Cu rren ts of Air MINERAL SPRINGS 58 Our Winters
" PERIOD I .
C IVIL AND POLIT ICAL HIST ORY 1 07 In dian T reaties ’ Lord Dunmore s War 1 10 PERIOD II
FIRST sET T LEMENT OF OHIO 128 FirstT erritori al Legislature Harmat ’s Campaign 1 33 Remarks on the Constitution of St a r’s am ai n and De ea 13 6 Ohio . Cl i C p g f t W ayne’s W ar 144 PERIOD III ORGANIZAT ION or T EE ST AT E B arr’s Ex pediti on ” GOVERNMENT 1 76 “ Sweeping Resolution 3 C ONT E NT S.
PERIOD IV.
’ han s Defence of I -r W AR W IT H GREAT BRI T AIN 1 87 CI Og FO t Ste ’ 1 97 v en son Gen e ral T u pper s Expe d ition 9 P e r ’s ctor on La e Er e Missisi ne w ay Ex pedition 1 9 I y Vi y k i 215 Siege Of Fort Meigs
PERIOD V .
t Measu res e G ENERAL EVENT S 249 Prep ara ory l adin g to th e Ohio C an a s School Lan d s an d C omm on l C nto ’ s t o O School syste m of Ed u cati on 253 Dewitt li n s Vi i t hi o School Report 255
V PERIOD I .
CIVI L HI ST ORY 274 Protestan t Episcopal Chu rch 307 Ca na l s 275 Asyl u m f or th e De af an d D u mb 308 — T he Mi am i and M au m ee Can al 277 T RAD E AND C OMMERCE Exp orts 309 Ci ncinn a ti and W hite W ater O u r Imp orts 31 0 Ca nal 279 B anks i n Ohio 31 5 Roads — Rai Roa s 279 State of r cu tu e rice of l d Ag i l r , P T u rn e Roa s 280 Lan s ro u c d or 1 pik d d , P d e an Lab 3 6 Comm on Roa s and H hwa s 283 Ra sin of Ho s o ses an d d ig y i g g , H r Br idges 284 C a ttle 3 18 T H E ST AT E OF L E ARNING IN OHIO 285 State of the Press 318 Colleges Aca d emies an d Com BENE VOL ENT SOC I ET IES — m on Schools K enyon Col Coloni zati on Soci ety 323 l ege 288 C in cinn ati Orphan A syl u m 332 Mi am i Un i vers t — h o i y O i Un i O RGANI ZAT I ON OF COUNT IE S 333 v ersi ty 29 0 C I T I E S A ND T OW NS 335 o e e o f T e achers 29 1 C ll g Pop u l ation an d Rem ai k s 348 M e ca Co e e Of Ohio 295 di l ll g C h aI acter Of th e People 352 W oo w ar C o e e of incinn t 295 d d ll g C a i Ofli cei s of the T err itori al Gov Select School s in Cin cinn ati 297 ornm en t u c ommon Sch o P bli C o l s in Cin Sen aIOI s of Congress cin nati 298 Rep I esentatives of Congress I mmi rants Fr ien Socet 299 g d i y Memb ers of Assem bly C omm on Schoo s I n other rt s l pa Memb ers of Sen ate of the state 300 Vote on C anal s State of the m echan c ts 301 i Ar A PPENDIX NO I - Ordin an ce of h ’ T e Ohio Mechan cs Inst tute 302 Ju 1 3 1 i i ly , 787 Sta e of Rel on 303 — No I I . t igi . Constitu tion of the Re i io u Se t l g s cs 305 State re s yter an Chu rch 306 N0 I II — R P b i . emarks from a Brit Me ho s hu rch 30 t di t C 7 i sh paper H I S T O R Y CE OH I O .
' PART FIRST .
NA U RA HI S T O T L RY .
‘ G'n o L C C -Y AND ‘ M I NE R AL O G Y i
ER O REMARK S PR AT RY .
9 ° T H S a eis a . I st t situ ted between 38 and 42 north latitude, ° ' ° ’ and between 3 30 and 17 40 longitu de West of Washington
‘ city .
On fa Of a i n m the sur ce the e rth, w thi our li its , Is, almost h a m ma every where, a. ric veget ble ould, de by. the decay and
o a putrefaction f veget ble substances . Along the Ohio river ' n all ar e r a In a a a d its l g r t ibut ries this st te, r e wide interva les r a a on i n we t O. rich lluvi l soil , wh ch, whe settled In he coun try, ' a w of an f s In thick gro th gig tic ore t trees flourished . the hilly n af n d r ar e two k r egio here ter to be otice , the e in ds of soil T the silicious and argilaceou s . he former is made by the d n a n of n n n a th fa e a isi tegr tio the sa dsto e, e r e sur c , the l tter by the cl ay sla te which exists there . And where it is quite ‘ as Of n 1 3 e n o i me in ima hilly , it te , thes two ki ds f so ls, beco t tely a f a e . B r n o n e W blended tog ther y wise p ovisio tur , e see
‘ a for and an in c Inou ld here, the cl y bricks, the s d whi h to
n r of n S n or n them. The wild sce e y, this regio , eve ty, eve
a a o m a n emin n au if If an fifty ye rs g , ust h ve bee e tly be t ul y
at a m had a en an a u n n ar On e, th t ti e, sc ded y elev ted gro d, e O Of an of its a of i the hio, or y l rger rivers , the prospect, h ll mm n m a e en i fu to and dale , spread out, i e se , ust h v b e del ght l 52 10 HIST ORY OF OHIO.
a a the eye of the beholder . The spect tor beheld t ll trees ,
f a and of i an n in covered with vines o the gr pe, w ld roses, h gi g clusters from n ear the groun d to the topmost boughs . He s w a a f h of in an a a a , too, be uti ul s rubbery flower g pl ts, t ll gr sses, i f m of an d a great p rofusion of wild flowers n ull bloo , every
ll was n and n n shade of color . A Sile t still , except the si gi g
of f — aro u ette -of birds of every variety, wild owls ; the p q , bob
n n and m n i . If a n li coln, quail, turkey, pigeo ocki g b rd he sce ded
of a saw a a a f the secon d bank l ke Erie , he , wh t ppe red be ore
n an n n an n . him, a bou dless oce , or bou ded , o ly by the dist t horizo
W w as a m a am mn m hen the l ake c l , he he rd the s e sole , subli e W u m a A an . n a h , th t the tl tic rolls to its shore he the spect tor a a n a a in mid su mm er he f an ppro ched e r to the l ke , elt the l d and la a an d f all the ke breezes succeed e ch other, elt the in
n n n d an of m co ve ie ces pro uced by sudden ch ges te peratu re .
Wh on m f mmi f n n O ile he stood so e lo ty su t ro ti g the hio, and n a saw a f am m e r it, he th t delight ul stre ovi ng slowly, but m a
esticall a n n as f of m and as j y lo g , oiseless the oot ti e, resistless . i But, We will proceed, directly to our object, wh ch is , to consider for a moment our
GEOLOGY .
a of i i a o i The whole v lley the Miss ss”ipp , is wh t Geol g sts de m na a n a f ma no i te seco d ry or tion . Those who have written on e ma n a H G ology, y be divided i to two cl sses, utton ians and W n an f m n and W n - er eri s, ro Hutto er er, the fou n ders of the two
of na a . f m f sects tur lists The or er, re er all the changes Oh ’ on a fa a n of a served the e rth s sur ce , to the ctio he t, the latter W a of a . e ma sa to th t w ter y y, with great proprie ty to t hos e
: Non n m n an a m ” theorists ostru i ter vos t t s co pon ere lites . It n not belo gs to us to settle such disputes between you .
a o a a a on i Th t b th these c uses , h ve oper ted th s globe, to pro d an in its n a fa uce ch ges exter l sur ce, at diff eren t periods of m — an d, a a are a n ti e th t both these c uses still oper ti g, is
a a n . , a a of equ lly cert i But the gre t v llev the Mississippi , ex hibits few ma of an a very rks volc ic ction , whereas every thi n g
its n an n . m shows Neptu i origi Fro the Erie, Huron , Michi GEOLOG Y. 1
e an d S a i an h g n uperior l kes, to the Mex c gulp , this great
va w a s of a lley, every here exhibits, depo ite gre t depth, evi den tl f m a i n of o an shrtac y derived ro the ct o the ce , upon the e
- of , a n of In OWcr the e rth, orth this cu rrents, so p f ul a n n of n now in x l s m , th t othi g the ki d , e isten ce , res emb e the .
T a 18 ov a a t in f his whole v lley, c ered, to v st depth, with he ru s o W s a for m . t er orld Thi is the greatest v alley, and the l arge s
a of n a f r i n i . v ast tr ct seco d ry o mat o , n the Whole world T his has n bu t cn l v i i st an b c field bee re e t y sited by geolog s , d ooks an
ff d u s i aid in ma ar e a ou to ma e a or very l ttle , the re rks we b t k ,
on h u . a n x m n n Of h traet t is s bject H vi g e a i ed no small portio t is , n e a f w n r al ob e ations o i ts riIIoi l Oiit we v e tur e , ge e s rv n p pa
' “ l n a i is cd it ou i of O o e e em . On th th i es, s h o e nn t w h th es s de ' a e On ow f n . th Surf aeés L k tari , e find the same ormatio That e of all our northern lakes wer e Or iginally much highér than i ' s a now a e a in u ta i n e. they re , pp ar s c ert in frOm d bs bls ev de c “ L
O tar io has been O C a as oWa h t e of. at n n e so ele vted, t s he edg wh is howa cn i r a l e r a o t en o s h of W at , o s de b idge, b ut w ty r d sout h a d i iv r is c lle the r dge road, between Rochester and Niagara r e a ad e a i C n s n of an nd e b Th t ro , res mbles turnp ke , o isti g s d a p w the a had as n sha w su a bles , hich w ves d hed upo the re, ith ch f ha mat ria ou an d final l et W orce, t t these e ls reb nded , y s tled he re '
t now forrmn the est na r a n the UniOn . hey repose, g b tu al ro d, I
‘ zIn process of time Lake On tar io Wer e down its outlet,and set
i rfa to W We ow find i . T he fa s of ia t ed its su ce, here n t ll N gara ’ f e n to at n n nd a eascended r s b ga be, Quee sto , a h v the iver, ev en
iles the n n n ow roa . ni to i teresti g spot, Where they r
n a of la E E on s n 15 The prese t b nk ke RI , the outher side, about
n f a e the ow mm n fac of th seve ty eet bov n , co o sur e e lake. Ru nn in g all along the present so uthern shore and gen erally
“ ab m and a a f soiIth of an va out two iles h l it, is other ele tion of a ou W n fe . e a e ai n a a s re b t seve ty et h v s d ge er lly, bec u e the are t n as W of the i of an “ een excep io s, to the idth . str p l d, betw . an n w the old d e banks o f LakeErie. Cl eavelan d stands on n an o a ' O f . And a h n ic the prese t b k the l ke the e rt , wh h it
s an ds ismad of an and. s n an mo h t , e up s d, pebble rou ded d s ot ed, ‘ the a i n a st of a of the by ct o Of Wter . The fir strip l nd south 1 2 HIST ORY or OHIO.
n a a de os e no am has p l ake , is , (wh re stre brought dow its lluvi l a and an a n , a ite composed Of ebbles an d s d , w ter wor br ded ,) p of an n a f n in a . , smoothed , by rictio , w ter The whole belt l d e r all m of an an d wa n , est the lake, is co posed s d ter wor pebbles i a of an , a long its southern shore , The strip l d wh ch we h v e a n a a n f described, is elev ted bout seve ty eet bove the prese t f an d i n and mm a o , surface of the Erie , i edi tely south touch g and a a f m in its waters and gen erally about two or two h l iles , . an elevatIon width is succeeded on its southern side , by other , . i mm f in a an , of about seventy eet height, bove the l d ly ng I e n r Id e con diately alon g the prese n t lake Erie . The seco d g
on n n , sists of slate rock , which shows its orther edges every cOf a and and ma Of n where , rks the viole e the w ves rocks, ice a n a m . , driven against it by the Winds, i stor This sl te rock f an 15 i n O which lies un der the second rise o l d , ev de tly lder m m Of n a a , than lake Erie, and it is co posed seco d ry sl te cru b
a n a n of lin g into a blue d y, where lo g exposed to the ctio the cn a n m few a m and f . a t osphere , rain rost This sl te rock o t i s so e
m f n l w e find in , rem ains of sm all shells, but ore reque t y, it
zoo h n on Old a a a Of San p itae . Reposi g this cl y sl te , e st dusky s an n of am a e city, ih Ohio, w e often ee s dsto e , the s e g , with W a of n a m n a . of the slate , or perh ps eve ore rece t d te est
in n n m n n a Huron river, Huro cou ty, li esto e , lies upo the sl te
Am n an n a a of rock . o g the s dsto es , we h ve every v riety, sec
ondar in an d a n m n m a y, colour, h rd ess, ce e ted by uch, or little
S m m n n . Its a n a lime . o e san dston es ar e ce e ted by iro gr i s re
a f uen fin e m m a qu rtz , req tly very , but so eti es very co rse , so
- m as a n n . S m of uch so, to be c lled puddi g sto e o e these rocks,
n n of n n a f m a i the cou ty Huro , whe first r ised ro their n tive
“ ma n n a n a a beds , y be co ven ie tly s wed i to suit ble sl bs for build
n for n and n . S m m m i gs, gri d whetsto es o e eight iles, or ore,
Of m of a a an at a south the outh the Ge ug or Gr d river, F irport , “ ” are a are a m n a n n there , wh t c lled the little ou t i s, co sisting of
an n Of a a a s dsto e very co rse gr in . At an early dat e Of our set
lem ent of a n m - n m t th t regio , ill sto es were ade Of this puddi ng
n . It ot o a s n sto e proved n t n wer that purpose very well , bei g G EOLOGY .
' ' t Of t en sa a n an ia m destitu e h eces ry h rd ess, d l ble to cru ble into
a x sm ll pieces .
’ Of fa of a i O i ab The height the sur ce the e rth, n h o, ove the
fa of O an a i f m n nd fif n sur c e the ce , v r es, ro seve hu red , to tee
‘ ' ‘ ' n fiaet. As a m a fa e ti i te at hu dred Whole, it y be irly s mz d, l ‘ ' '
n d f . Its fa is n n nv aried in eight hu dre eet sur ce i fi itely , its
e i n m i m r n a i e i n the hilly r go , so et es it ises i to brupt p recip c s, ' '
an n n a d n a ain fallin Ofl n o n at . s dsto e regio s, n the g , g , i t lo g pl es
I s a a o of f s t wa gen er lly covered with thick gr wth, orest tree ,
W i In na a a . We ha n h s h le . its tur l st te v e either the ighe t hills
‘ ‘ nor the dee est v ales ne a a fa e n atn p , but , ge r lly, sur c u dul i g enou h for f s s T he v n ne w en , g , every use ul purpo e “ di idi g li , bet e ' “ ' the sandstone and limeston e formations, both of the Same a e n on E in m Of H urOn : the g , begi s Lake rie the outh river, O a an n o Of san dston e lying n the e st, d the lime sto e n the west '
“ a u it a t i e m ast of Co it Runn ing n e rly so th, is bou n n iles e i
m ra r e a fOu five m a lu bus, bearing the W stw rdly it is r or iles e st of t t a i a a n ah he Scioto river, qui e cross P ck w y cou ty,
’ ‘ a os SciOtO s a a mo a s n as it r ptly cr ses the we tw rdly, soo gets t l st -s fairly below Pickaway c unty, south lin e . e n n w o “ Ext di g est ' “ War dl n ear W Of a n r On a n c k it , , y, to ibut est B i b idge P i t ree ; Ofl u a and e wa n i t O i o bears , so thw rdly w st rdlyu til strikes the h ' p at Or n a A r n o osite . a i nt river e r be dee , pp M ysv ll e, Ke ucky . Then ce turni n g southeastwardly it strikes the highlands west
Of Bi San m mi e abo its on the g dy river, so e eighty l s v e m th . as we ha e a a a the a This line , v st ted, which sep r tes s ndston e f m m t n i n in on a ie‘ at m ro the li es o e reg o beg s l ke Er , the outh ' ' f H n r a d a n the tOwn Of H n o uro rive , n , p ssi g through uro , iII
n and to Oh i HurOn cou ty, extending the io r ver, at Aber
e n e the A an m n a n rout i d en, the c to llegh y ou t i s, by the e wh ch w e have In dicated.
We e to ma k n the m n as Ea Of th a proc ed re r upo , i er l st e bove
“ m nt n e— ri W n i an n Wi of e ioned li a d e begi w th the s dsto e, h ch en i n ar f f t t l es e est the surace of the earth . In man y parts o he 1 4 HIST ORY OF OHIO.
n an d m i n n n m in teresti g, i press ve region, i questio , u erous S m m a a of an n e views presen t themselves . o eti es the str t s dsto n n a a a m a e seem to have been broken dow , i to l rge t bul r ss s , are i on which are promiscuously scattered about, or they p led m a . In , e ach other, in wild disorder so e pl ces this rock rises
s as in n n n a an d a n , in to con ical bill , Licki g cou ty, e r, lso orth
Of G an . an d northeastwar dly of the town r ville Here , these in a ar an e of a f a an n m , , nds, very ri ble s dsto e, rese ble ppe c
im n n in a n of n . at a distance , the l esto e k obs, the b rre s Ke tucky a as in Fai rfi eld n Sometimes these rocks rise in to pill rs , cou ty, and an i n whose summits ar e high and their angles acute, , st d g mm of in piles n ot very distan t from e ach other . The su its a on am an d these bill s an d pill ars are often , n e rly the s e level , a c n u the seams which separate their strat , orrespo d thro gh the whole series . f a i an d a n con Hence , it is in erred , th t these b lls pill rs, o ce
a a n a s stituted a contin uous m ss , tr versed by perpe dicul r fi sures , in t m and that the elemen ts have Operated the chan ges he
Al n O in the n which w e n ow see . o g the hio river, cou ties and in n n o f al l a an d , Scioto, Lawren ce, G i Meigs, correspo di g
V n a a m a f as parts Of Ken tucky and irgi i , the hills ssu e lo ty
' t Of fiv e an d m m n n f in p ec, so eti es, seve hu dred eet , height , ris a a In f n Of n of P ing with acute ngul r sides . ro t the tow orts an n on n mouth, the s dsto e hill , the Ke tucky shore , rises , five
n hu ndred feet above the bed of the river . This rock co sti tu tes n and Of n a u fa of the broke , te br pt sur ces the hilly por
i n of S a n a n and in n t o s cioto, L wre ce , Pike , J ckso Hock g cou
. It in n an d f m l a of ties lies beds, betwee three our i es e st the Sc i a a a n n f m as ioto r ver, cross Pick w y cou ty, divergi g ro it, we
r a n n at m in Fr ank lin oun t vel orth , u til Colu bus , c ty, these beds
are n n mi a of S s i e les e st the cioto river . From these bed
n for n Of a and a sto e is procured buildi gs v rious sorts , the gre t
a a S at l a queduct, cross the cioto river Circlevi le, where the c
nal i on a of an crosses the r ver, rests pill rs this s dston e .
It is a a and an man f e sily qu rried, swers y use ul purposes . It
n in and a n — and ma in n - u derp s houses b r s it is de to spri g houses, in an n n . Of f n Of the s dsto e regio it , ro ts houses ar e built, in GEOLOGY. 1 5
C na i is n ot as a , incin ti, wh ch look verywell , though, it dur ble c as an e or a m st ne a ro k , gr it , very h rd li e o f u n u o n Wh s n Thi s ston e is req e tly sed f r gri d stones, et to es, w a a an of s s a u in O i dzc. nd l rge qu tities the e article , re sed h o, and n a i d n imi s of Sta for sa begi to be c rr e beyo d the l t the te, le to ou r n eighbors
t a a . are I m a i n n ar . n so e pl ces, is fi er, d others e co rse They
fi a n n a Wa ar a n n very n e gr i ed, e r verly, but they e puddi g sto e W in s o n . ck a and W it Jack on c u ty here this ro Is h rd , here ' n I n a n a m a W a iv letr nn n Ofl o ce stood perpe dicul r ss, ith r u u i g it n n f in i ab in n , caver s hav e bee ormed , wh ch the orig es o ce li e and fo m a n ima f n a ess v d , , be re the , wild ls there, ou d home,
‘ c a a s in a on L wrenoe W . S c p ecially In inter u h ves exi t J cks , ,
‘ d a a n . n a n f n a s an G lli cou ties Ma y such c ver s were o te used,
‘
m in m n a t. The ma a n a a ce eteries, ti es lo g p s s ll e gle, fi ds pl ce of i for i f n n s in th a e t n secur ty, tsel and you g o e , e c vities, xis i g in the ~ er endicu lar a Of k f in the O i p p w lls this roc , ront g hio r ver and a n -an d n the nam f i r amoi t lo g it he ce, e o the r ve , g he
‘ In an — KiSke l — - di s p ee a Seepee Little Eagle river . RIn some a ma of and n a in hi i on pl ces, the ss s , origi lly deposited, t s reg , an for an of an m n in m a ; by the oce , w t y ce e t the ss, n ever be
' am a bu tis an s in i e ar e iInbedd c e rock, s d till, wh ch, tr es ed,
not i d : S a tr ee wW s f n on a but petr fie uch , a ou d the high l nd, n a a i a In n a Wall man a si n f e r M r ett , diggi g , ( y ye rs ce) orty feet below the surface .
We t a It W n a s ta n suspec th t ill eve tu lly be a cer i ed, that the W an ston f ma n nor thwest ‘ of O o hole s d e or tio the . hi riv er, from
‘ ’ P a mm t so of it s towa the bu th the ort ge su i , uth , dip rds s east, abou thiit f mi e: t at in inati n nds on a sum t y eet to the l h cl o e th t , ’ mit i is the a of .t a mmit ati n e t , wh ch c use h t su s loc o wher i is, t e ak an it is to the O i S nearer h l e th h o River . hould that be ' ain be fa t an s . o ascert ed to the c , it swer t a gen eral ' ed in r n as of M i si ev e y thi g, e t the iss s ppi , which lies parallel r of A a cO a with the sho e ;the tl nti ce n, and is inclined towards
venthe Alle ha ies as a W am law and E g n hole, obeythe s e , the A an i r i n inthe m wa tl tic r ve s, or gi ate ost west rdly ridgeof md tai that chain of un ns. T he western edges of the Allega 1 6 HIST ORY OF OHIo .
m a an a n n as a n ies , ar e ore cute th the e ster o es , just our l ke n in m in a n an an rivers have more desce t the , give dist ce , th W n n O . e sa so h those have falli g i to the hio river y it is , wit
a n wh . out k nowing or c ri g, y it is so
MILLSTONE .
u hstone of which m n are ma in n a The b rg , illsto es de , co sider ble in oun of in m H n ac n numbers, the c ties Musk gu , ocki g, J kso
a in am m a a m a and G llia, occurs orphous sses , p rtly co p ct, but
n a n in m a a this rock always co t i s it , ore or less irregul r c vities .
n m m a These holes ar e occasio ed so eti es, by the se shells which
m a n fa n ou t of a I n t originally filled the h vi g lle their pl ces he rock .
a of m n m a a m n The spect this illsto e Is so ewh t peculi r, rese bli g a had n In a a of f m n ta n n p ste, which bee st te er e tio , whe moist,
a had ca d a and a m n ct ma w r ; but whe the the he t e se to , the ss
am a and m a all mar of f m bec e dry, h rd co p ct, with the ks er en ta
n ma nin in . a ar e m m tio re i g it The c vities so eti es , filled with
T f a of bu r hsto crystals of qu artz . he r cture this g n e is com monl d and br own f s y ull , its colour is whitish or redish It hard n and a n not num s n ~ ess c vities, whe too erou , re der it very use ful for mak n m n man flof ar e man fa i g ill sto es, y which u ctured, an d n all state and n n n se t over this , to the wester o es ge erally .
FLI NT FAMI LY .
We a a of in fam I h ve , perh ps, every species the fl t ily, II our
an n n . In n Of n n m s dsto e regio the cou ties Licki g, Muski gu , n and A n Perry, Hocki g the s, the several species of this family
in cn a an i . n of exist o sider ble qu tit es The odules flint, occur in n a n m a m n an thi l yers , betwee co p ct li esto e, d san dston e .
are nn t a and They so co ec ed with the rocks bove below them, that the flint partakes of the color of the n earest rocks
‘ m in n a . n r with which it co es co t ct These fli t ocks, ar e some m ma of Zoo hitae of m an n sea ti es de up p , or, the ost cie t shells , a now m which h ve beco e silicious . They gen erally lie in hori zontal n t m m n n li es , hough so eti es, ge tly decli ing, towards the
a . are Of f ma a southe st They every colour ro deep red or bl ck,
1 8 HISTORY or OHIO.
f m an a e f to ascertain ed to be a most v aluable ore o g n se, use ul the dyer and clothier . f e it n a In the s ame pulverised state, be ore d scribed, is i v l
a m an for a n a u able as a m nure , or sti ul t veget tio , ltogether superior to sulphate of lime . m and man an and It is composed of silex, li o, sulphur g ese, is i a a new mineral , wh ch we c ll the
CLI NTONI T E .
m n This min eral was subjected to one hundred experi e ts,
m f in Ma and n 1828 . by ysel , y Ju e
a a n a r a mm ma an . There is li s, e r the Po t ge su it, which kes
n n of no a a in in excelle t water cement . I k ow s lt w ter the te r ior of U S a not f m n a the nited t tes, which does issue ro be e th a a m n an f a a n men on li s li esto e, d rom gre t ma y experi ts, tried
m n of f n man a of n a speci e s this rock, ou d in y p rts the seco d ry
n of W n a f regio , the ester st tes , w e ar e disposed to the belie
a a a in n th t our s lt w ter, the i terior, is produced by this rock, f m a n fa ro below which , s lt bri e rises to the sur ce , wherever the
a has n n a h e rth bee bored deep e ough, to p ss below t is rock .
r n a n a Th oughout e rly our whole hilly regio , equ l to ten thou san a m of a o d squ re iles territory, this li s, is dep sited, declinin g
n a a . ar e a 100 a ge tly tow rds the southe st There bout s lt works, in a m in man fa of the st te , e ployed the u cture salt, about seventy of ar e a a n n which , loc ted lo g the Muski gum river and its branch
in n of M n m an and es , the cou ties uski gu , Morg Guern sey . The
a ar e in A n n other s lt works the s , Hocki g , Meigs and Ga llia cou n
n a ties . The decli tion of this s alt rock is ascertain ed to be at
a f in a m a a le st, thirty eet ile , tow rds the southe st . Man y of the a in a s lt wells Morg n county ar e six hun dred feet deep ; some of m ar e two n f . am na n the hu dred eet deeper The s e decli tio , is a n O f m observed lo g the hio river, ro the mouth of the Scioto
a of skin u m in all the n i river, to th t the Mu g , rocks lyi g n place . It is tru e of all , a a in all a n of n m n the str t th t regio , iro ore , li esto e, an n , and a . So m a a of a f s dsto e cl y it y be s id, the co l orm ation .
T hIs n f ma n of m an i or tio is i port ce, to the miner a nd the salt 9 GEOLOGY. 1
a a m m d b m manufactur er, and should be. lw ys re e bere y the ,
~ en in a a a . wh se rch of either ores, or s lt w ter
I I RO O N RES,
A f ndI an i i f fo v f re ou n qu t t es , su ficient r e ery use ul purpose, f r in almo n in hi n f om o ever, st every cou ty our lly regio , r the mmi a of a su t between the w ters the Ohio, and l ke Erie , to the
O io i i f . I ca a a n ana a h r ver tsel n Tus r w s cou ty, the c l p sses t u n WIthIn hro gh the Iro ore, whereit lies In in exhaustible beds,
’
of an a and v n a . a sight the c l, ery e r it This ore melts e sily, an l d i a oft ma a e n a for a in and a . y e ds s lle bl Iro , suit ble c st gs b rs In s m a is m in f m i c o e pl ces, it co b ed with sulphur, ro wh ch op
e a Wasma f m l In n a a i at an s p r s de, or er y, co sider ble qu ntit es Z e i e S v ll and teubenville . T h ‘ i es in e common red hematite exists in large quant ti , the
' co n i in m Of a a a H s C n u t es Tuscr w s, olme , oshocto , Musk gu ,
Ockin A n MeI s a S i A ams s H H g, the s, g , L wrence , c oto, d , Ro s, igh ‘ ‘ an - icn n l d, L ki g and several other coun ties in the hilly regio
It s a In en O o a n and S exist , lso, K tucky, pp site to L wre ce cioto n a n cou ties, where l rge q ua tities of Iron ar e manufactured , by
r . ri and . ma the a of the Mess s T mble, others To esti te v lue ufa in i s a ow is im Iossible f m the iron man ctured th s t te, n , I ro i n w e n a am n any data In our possess o , though k ow th t it does ou t ' l f m n ten i i of a ann a . s a to, ro seve to m ll ons doll rs u lly It v ue and a i ar e a i In a in andwi n a for cen qu nt ty, r p dly cre s g, ll I cre se,
u an of o is i xha . tur ies to come, beca se the qu tity re ne ustible
CLAYS .
In ni of La ncP and in m a white the cou t es wre e, erry Musk gu , i a fo a a f n in . aun a r nd r i s cl y Is ou d, b d nce , su t ble pots c uc ble , aci s It t e a a n r used Ingl ss f tor e sta ds h he t ve y well, growing
s r whiter when it i exposed to the g eatest heat . It will One da exte in an fa o f L y, be used the m u cture iverpool '
a h n war . It no n an d a e rt e es iro , Is lmost infusible be fore the blow pipe.
ubstancea denominated la s ar e m s of i x The s c y , ixture s le 90 HISTORY OF OHIO.
m m n a n n i n and alumine ; and they so eti es , co t i other i gred e ts,
a n n a . which give them various colors . Their h rd ess is ever gre t
n f and ma h ~ They are easily cut with a k i e, y be polished y the W n n a m m fin ger nail . hen throw i to w ter they cru ble ore
m m n . an of or less readily, and beco e i utely divided M y r a n m n . a a a a our cl ys, whe oiste ed, yield peculi r odour, c lled
' S m a a of m and gilaceou s. o e v rieties, by due degree oisture, ar n n a e m by proper management, e co verted i to a p st , ore or
a of v a k n of less ductile, and constitute the b sis, se er l i ds pot
’ t . O a mm in a ar e ery ther v rieties, when i ersed w ter, resolved
n a fine n a of du ctili i to , loose powder, e rly, or quite , destitute t and are m as m S ar e f n in Law y, e ployed pig ents . uch ou d n o S an re ce county, where they were formerly used in stead f p ish whiting . A few ma on of a i are ma re rks the uses cl ys wh ch ductile , y
not of a . a n m n here be out pl ce These cl ys whe duly oiste ed, if u n and na ar e a a l they possess ctuosity, ductility te city, c p b e
of a m n a f m a n . ssu i g v rious or s , Without bre ki g They possess a n af n for a n av idit for m stro g fi ity w ter, he ce their y oisture, e n and n n a e th . he ce , they stro gly dher to to gue or the lip
n a the fa we ar To the existence of clay be e th sur ce, e chief
for all n and on ly indebted, our spri gs , which rise flow the sur fa a a t f u n ce , bec use these cl ys resis the rther progress dow ' w fa n on fa wards, of the w aters hich lli g the sur ce , settle
a n the cla n a . are n downw rds, u til stopped by y be e th They the "
‘ m i a r un of of bills co pelled to rise n v lleys , or out the sides , and descend into the v alleys below them . They then form rivulets and heads of rivers . Of all a ma a n m the e rthy tters, cl ys co tribute ost to the uses
of man . ns a of They co titute the b sis bricks, with which , our
ar — asis ‘ Of m t houses e built they constitute too, the b , al os cv
a i of f m mm a ery v r ety pottery, rom the ho ely, co on e rthen
a ea if ran i oo lai . O w re, up to the b ut ul, t sluc d pr e n n so exten
i a a few fa n f a a s ve subject, cts o ly, will be brought orw rd , s m not a a ore, would be toler ted, by the gen eral reader . Cl ys are n al m of an an m esse ti ly co posed silex d alumin e, d this ixture, in an i n n a 1 5 nf In an fur~ y g ve proportio s to e ch other, i usible, y GEOLOGY . 21
‘ ‘ - . s s atmos h icair O a e Whose fir e i b er n . S m c, , upported y p , ly o, ' a s é a m n Or a m of a um n e and lIme l S Iu f l o, pur lu i e , ixture l i , , u
l u t a m n o a ; sib e, b , co pou d f these three e rths, becomes fusible
’ mhst e asil n n are a m n on e a lim y, whe the proportio s , lu i e p rt, e s ‘ on e . a and an a t . if p rt, d threep r s But the proportions of sand
a o be incre sed it bec mes infusible . 4
' E E O A n . AL X NDR BR GNIA BT of th ccordi g to M A , Director e ' ' a d rocelain fa r at Sévr s I In a th e n a celebr te p cto y e Fr nce , ge er l In all k l ll d of ma w a a ma process, S pottery, de ith w shed cl ys, y
‘ ' e the fol owin : m a n be r duced to l g six steps subject to odific tio , in diff erent varieties 1 . a n of ca a i a i . The w shi g l ys, by g t t on in water The san d W r a i of ma d subsi es, hile the fine p rt cles clay re in suspend in a e an d an a r e ed w t r, which Is dec ted , an the s dy p rticles main at bo m an ar h a a a In the tto , d e t rown w y, while the w ter,
i ne ar e ma n f a its a . wh ch the fi r p ticl s re i , is le t to precipit te cl y
T the an hus s d Is separated fromthe fin er parts of the clay .
Ha i n of an s I v ng gotte rid the s d, the next proces , is, g
2 . i o s m n f a . as i a The co pos ti o the p ste This p te , the cl y ta i n t n h n an h t g ves it co sis e cy, w e moist, dhardn ess when bak
e a a r i o a a ca d; but to this cl y, Is dded , eithe s lex r h rd b ked l y,
' ' in a at of o r e n . ca k n a st e p wde , to pr ve t r c s while dryi g nd bak in to e mn and i i and ena g, giv fir ess sol d ty, to ble the pottery to O m a S resist the f requent changes f te per ture . ometimes a fusible i n gredient 15 added to the p aste .
3 a af main n or a m in a i . . f This p ste , ter re i g ti e wter, sheat ' nde c an of n f e n and k n eaded , to re r it du tile, d u i orm consisten
c and air a ma n . y, , to drive out the , th t y be I It
4 f min a a on a a heo . The or g the sever l rticles l t r in a mould W 5 . ci n ar e a hen the article s ar e suffi e tly dried, they b ked
‘ in af na n i m n s an ar e in ur ce or kil ; but, n ost i t ces, they put
a of a n s u n ce ew c ses infusible clay . The b ki g ho ld be co du t d sl l and as th a n n a b m y, e om more s , _ he t bec es i te e the w re eco es
m e n and m a at am e i m e a or de se co p ct, but the s t me, or li ble to i a injury by alternate exposure to heat an d cold . In th s st te; 22 HISTORY OF OHIO.
n a are . a biscuit and in when merely baked, the fi er w res c lled , ,
m ma a a . appearance , rese ble white rble, or tob cco pipe
" a n of a a of a i 6 . a a n The l st step, is the pplic tio . co t gl z g to
n and f m a n d n preven t the ware from soili g, ro bsorbi g liqui s, whe ' m the v essels are employed in the arts Of life . This ena el or a n n a of glazin g is varied and modified , ccordi g to the ture the
a n Of m a and in ware . It gener lly co sists so e oxide, or e rth, m a a f a the . ny c ses , is vitrified be ore it is pplied to biscuit The
a m n n n In nam n oxide Of le d, is the co mo i gredie t, these e els, bei g
a an n in a e sily fusible . But its use is d gerous, whe used l rge
. - an a in n u n of a i n of a i s qu tities, to the he lth, co seq e ce the ct o c d m n a a n v of O . en a i upo it, or e en ils The el is ge er lly ppl ed by
mm i a a in nam i ers ng the w re, in w ter, which , the e el , reduced
a n . s a ab to very fine powder, is suspe ded The bi cuit r pidly
a and a n a Of nam nf m sorbs the w ter, thus, thi co t e el is u i or ly
o a S m m st e am of . a deposited n its surf ce . o eti e h s e degree he t
a . is required, to fuse the enamel and bake the w re For the
n o f a wa be efit f our Zan esville manufacturers o e rthen re , we
a n an fo f ma i n for m and now h ve bee to Fr ce, r in or t o , the , , step
n an o a a . In n an a e over to E gl d, n the s me err nd E gl d, they h v employed a very in gen ious m ethod Of applyin g colored figures '
‘ a T he fi ur es a r e fir st on a to their w res . g cut copperpl tes, the
in ma are m i a and n color g tters, ixed w th flux, ground i oil, an d a a an m i n a n on a a pplied to the copper pl te ; i press o is t ke p per,
“ a a which is pplied to the w re , or biscuit, whi ch is at the proper
‘ m mm in a n a nt a a ti e, i ersed w ter, u til by ge le git tion , in the
a the a fa off i m i n of w ter, p per lls , wh le the i press o the figures,
ma n on a i n a re i s the w re, wh ch is the b ked . By looki ng care ' f at m a of n a we can ully so e rticles quee sw re, discover, where
n of met on a i . It a a the e ds the paper, , the rt cle is s id, th t this art of n n on a as pri ti g figures w re, w discovered by mere ac d n . W n an a was a e in f na e t he rticle bout to b put to the ur ce , to a a in a a e n a “ be b ked , pr ted p per, dh ri g to vessel, the potter sup
in a n a an pos g th t the fire would bur the p per, d destroy it, let
a main on a was o the p per re the vessel ; but wh t his surprise , n
n and Of n an - on th seei g every figure letter the bur t h d bill, e. baked ware ! GEOLOGY. 23
to n n and mem e fam It ought be k ow re bered by ev ry ily, that
i az of a can a f no ar ticle, wh ch Is gl ed with oxide le d , be s ely
d in ara on of feed in wh a d ar e use , the prep ti or drink , ich , ci s
o a n — Or in w an a m a be b fermen c nt i ed , hich; cid y produced y It at the of a er a of f a l s tation . Is risk he lth, p h ps li e, th t pick e ,
O ls nd fat O a n . a c. re s V apple sauce, (Se put i to uch essels i ught 1 in ca ct on the n ever to be put such vessels, be use, they a oxide of a an n an the o who u se m int le d, d e d ger lives f those the , heir
’ Bn ck s nd i a e a m dof m n fer u ino s a t les , r usu lly co pose com o g u l m a a m m n an d d . r n cl y, so eti es grou d , but se o w shed To p eve t a or i n o wa c e o e the a e a az bs pt o f ter by bri ks xp s d to we th r, gl e a be a d at a n n n mm n a m y pplie , trifli g expe se , by throwi g co o s lt in thek n,when at a a . T he an n an to il l its gre test he t cie t Egypti s and Babylon ians dried theirbricksin thesu n :
H an c ar e om of a fr a a The essi cru ibles, c posed re ctory cl y and an m d ae fi e Ot ar e ma Of ld ot s d, o er t ly n hers de O p s, or a fine w a: Oiie in crucibles reduced to po der, or, coarse , the Of and t n a ea m place s , he bl ck l d is ixed with
Man fa r Of fin e roclai e n a on b e established u cto ies p , h ve l g eh ,
-I Sa n and at Se in an at . in xo y, , vres Fr ce ; Berlin, in Pruss1 a at Vi nn In A s ia at a and at e ral s in n e a, u tr , N ples , s ve town, E g “ “ an . ar e a e n Os a i at P a a n d l d T hey , or h v bee t bl shed hil delphi , a ma s n a New . Y and o e i O . W ork, y o be st bl shed In hio hy the
‘ man fa of ‘ mmon o a u u cture the co Liverpo l w re , sho ld nbt have
‘ ‘ a e In Am i a n been yet est blish d er c , Is surprisi g, but, as We havé all ma ia s w h n in s ion of is the ter l hic e ter to the compo it th ware, as e ha a wi n b m let hop , t t the w re ll soo e ade here .
' It ui e erIence nd nd fi t man fa t r r req res xp a skill , a the rs u c u e
“ ma be n e b iunder taki ’ to in r e s ar t t it y rui d y ng t oduc thi , bu will
‘ erta n be in c int O i f e m n a c i ly trodu ed o h o, be or a y ye rs, we feel
assured.
O In n a e n a o the in ccurs e rly ev ry cou ty e st f Scioto river, u s o r i n .i m a n n in al a n hilly reg o , but, ost bu d a t, G l i , Lawre ce, 24 HISTORY OF OHIO.
S A n n Wa n n an Mu sf Meigs, cioto, the s, Hocki g, shi gto , Morg , k in um n n n m n Mon g , Perry, Licki g, Coshocto , Guer sey, Bel o t, ff n Harr I son a m ana and a a a roe , Je erso , , C rroll , Colu bi , Tusc r w s a the a a It f ndin n .n a cou n ties . is ou Port ge cou ty, e r Cuy hog river . a a i am in a a m It burn s e sily, with wh tish fl e , yield g bl ck s oke, Its a and fin and a bitumi nous odour . color is bl ck , it soils the
n . S m m m n . gers, whe touched o eti es , it is co bi ed with sulphur S m a in n and n and Iron . o e beds, especi lly, Licki g Guer sey
In a a an and n a a r counties resemble , ppe r ce disti ctive ch r cte s, the c anol coal Of Englan d .
W n f l n m n a nn wi a in e fi d the o lowi g i er ls co ected th our co l ,
' s a Viz : l . f a m a and feru inous san dston ez this st te, ri ble , ic ceous g ,
. S a ilaceou s a m a fin e a n . 2 a r e co rse or gr i ed h le , or g sl te , so
im m a an d Of n m n n m t es ic ceous , te bitu i ous , prese ting i pression s of a and a m m of o le ves veget bles, so eti es fishes . Beds f
ma an d m a t m n n and a a . 4 . A rl co p c li esto e , fli t rock , h rd cl y I
ilaceous n m n n m n d r n . g iro e, or puddi g sto e , ce e te by i o ore
a a m a a fo n in a a and ar e e This co l is l ost lw ys u d str t , there thr e
“ a a n in f m an W n in V such str t , exte d g ro Z esville , to heeli g , ir ‘ t atu m n ear fa — n an n a . on e s r ; , gi i There is the _sur ce seco dly a m a n a and a on e a other str tu , co sider ble depth below it, third ,
‘ n f u er on e . T he u a bout two hu dred eet below the pp , pper str
in m a a a a n n a fa . tu m, so e pl ces , is w shed w y, bei g e r the sur ce
o e — n on e and and th It is a thin n the seco d is thicker better, e
’ ot for f as t e two a a lower stratum is n so good uel, h str t above it .
i
“ O we m a af l n a a a n the whole , y s e y co clude, th t we h ve co l
and m an n u a f fo all n . r e ough, ore th e o gh , to l st orever, the uses,
“
w e a in all a m . a to which, sh ll put it, ges, yet to co e The co l ,
' :
n and a a re all a n an in am . iro ore , s lt w ter, a bu d t the s e region
f m ma a ff i n an a m They or teri ls su cie t , to support d sust in illions of n a f a man i n n as man i dustrious , he lth ul , h ppy hu be gs, so lo g
a on a sh ll dwell this e rth .
h a f n Of a Of a and T ese three rticles , ur ish sources we lth, he lth
a n a n a d m a h ppi ess, th t will e dure , n become, ore and more v alu an d f f ble use ul , orever .
26 HISTORY OF OHIO.
a n n m of its centre , is its highest elev tio , owi g to the outh Dry ” of m a . A n a , f r u n, bei g disch rged there ro the e st ridge n in m a a a s land of con siderable elev atio , so e pl ces , sep r tes thi
on W n f r m pr airie from the Scioto, the est, the river bei g o
a a f m di an f m e n . on e fourth , to h l ile st t ro its w ster edge f an a m an These p articulars mu st supply the absence o cco p y ing map . for dOuble of ma i n a Several years sin ce , the purposes k g a w as and of a n n a n of an , fen ce , dr i i g portio these wet l ds ditch n and f m a a an w e dug In them of con siderable le gth , ro ppe r ce,
sa was f f a nd as m an in . shou ld y, it our eet wide, y depth By d in w as n on as examin ing this ditch, while the igg g goi g , well f m a a n a as the m aterials excavated ro it, we scert i ed th t this W a prairie contained a gre at abun d an ce of pe at . e h v e speci
f n and e a of m en s o it, which bur briskly, produc good degree
ts a of i in an heat . I qu lity is the very best species ; it ex sts qu
sufli ci nt am l l fiI el tities entirely e , p y to supply with , the sur f n f a m . It m o rou nding cou try, or ges yet to co e ”is co posed “ a d of a a m a . Sim a a fibres, n is th t species c lled co p ct il r pe t exists in a prairie through which the m ain roa d from this town
m a m of S a a . It to Colu bus p sses, six iles south the t te C pitol
ll a am n for in exists in a the wet pr iries , which we ex i ed it, this
n and in of a n am a n C a and n cou ty, those M diso , Ch p ig , l rk Mo t
m . In m 1 8 14 f n in a go ery Dece ber, , we ou d it the wet pr irie, f W n n and a o n of Urb ana . on adjoi i g to, e st the tow hile the
am w e saw m a a in raIrI e ki n Mad s e tour, si il r pe t, the p s rti g the
f m n a S n a n a m all th river, ro e r to pri gfield , Cl rk cou ty, l ost e w a a n a at n n of Mad y to D yto , situ te the co flue ce the river, with
a Miam . a n of C r a a the Gre t i The pr irie orth i cleville, ppe rs to
a n of m n eam S h ve bee the bed so e co siderable str , the cioto river
a . In m a f f f m r esent fa perh ps so e pl ces it is our eet ro the p sur ce ,
ancient one . On a a f of to the the l tter, once stood thick orest
a now on an n fa white ced r trees ; these trees lie the cie t sur ce ,
ff a f S m o in di erent st ges o dec ay . o e f them appear to have
n n n n bee broke dow by viole ce, others were turn ed up . with
n r m a m a a their roots, e ti e, while others see to h ve ouldered w y ,
-W f and died of old age . e ha ve a r agmen t of On e of these Q GEOLOGY . 7
n ma of an a xe of s m has on i t, evide t rks , or o e
a an c n a x m a e other sharp edged tool . Fro its ppe r e, si ce the wa s a t f a n m a a n m an v r man pplied to it , his r gme t ust h ve l i y, ey y
‘ t was in f fe cen turi es in the earth, where i te red our et below
ca d a the present edrface . There n be but little oubt, th t the
axe was O n on e of the o who c nu used, w ed by pe ple , ere ted the
ai i was n a a am cient works here . The whole pr r e o ce ced r sw p ; a m n w e ar e a e . and fromundoubted sources of in for atio , s tisfi d th t
am a . a m an yof ou r w et prairies were once cedar sw ps lso Ne r a In ai n an d I a a In e Roy lton , F rfield cou ty, n sever l pl ces the w st
‘ ern ar of i a a n nd a in war n nt sim p t P ck w y cou ty , a , lso re cou y, ‘ ile r proofs of theformer existen ce of cedar groves in wet prai
a m and a m a i n of a ries, h ve been discovered Ti e , the ccu ul t o
l on f rme fac a m ai e a deep soi , the o r sur e, h ve ade these pr ri s wh t
“ ' We have seen the bon es of deer and other animals reposmg onthe anci ent Surface of these natural meadows ; and we con fidentl e tobe ab e find in ea num r; the y xpect l to here , gr t be s " n of V ne of a bo es the great mastodon of CU I ER . The bo s th t '
‘ anim a fo n n a a n u in this State I were l, u d e r J ckso Co rt . House , , a o a in discov ered On the an cien t surf ce f a wet pr irie . A tooth “ ” m osées sion disin terr ed in an Of m ru n y p , the b k Plu , three
W o m w as In a a on a m a . miles est f é, discovered situ ti ex ctly si il r
’ a mam Manypersons seem to haveadopted the idea, th t the m sf n n ace mi and s i oth ou d I such pl s, were red there thu lost the r a a Of a famil m t a lives . Th t individu ls th t y, igh h ve thus died , no on e Will preten d to doubt ; but all the remains of that an i
' Ina] dInO i far as w n w m to a be , discovere h o, so e k o , see h ve longed to such as dieda natural death ; their bon es having been
a er a u In confiisiOn n a m t m a sc tt ed bo t , i anner en irely si il r to \ those of our domestic animals which die of old age or disease . ’ wof no et n of a i a I kno skel o th t an mal s bein g fodnd In this st te,
a of m a h a V f n though p rts the , especi lly the teet , re ery o te dis co e . T are Wa o a s am ver d hey shedout f theb nk Of small stre s,
a n wet i p ssi g through prairies . The teeth Of the an mal being
i“ c ’ T his s e men w s e os e in Letton s Mu s m ncnnati . p i a d p it d eu , Ci i 98 HISTORY OF OHIO .
of n ma less destr uctible than other p arts the skeleto , y be the '
“ f n f n I su s ect a reason why these ar e so o te ou d ; yet, p , th t, by
‘ t a n t are e xami nIn g the ear h rou d where the eeth procured, —e r n a whole skeletons might be discovered e rly whole on es .
at of ma o n ar e f n f n in It is true , th teeth th e st do reque tl y ou d
a n on n fa of and about Pickaway Pl ins, lyi g the prese t sur ce the e arth ; but these were doubtless brought . an d left where they
ar ow f In an . f un e n ound, by the di s These teeth , thus o d , were n and n o a has n e ar the dwellin g houses of the aborigi es , se rch
' been made for the remaining parts of theskeletons .
W n in situ f a u a a here teeth ar e fou d , urther se rch o ght lw ys
m a d b a c of to be de, which would ou tless le d to the dis overy
hi a a . At m n a other relics, ghly v lu ble the ti e whe our wet pr i
“ a am an d n a m m n ra ries were ced r sw ps, prese ted l ost i pe et ble
i n n a f n thickets, it is ev de t e ough, th t they were reque ted by the great mastodon and other wild an imals ; and that man was
a n n af a a a s a here lso, the , or very soo terw rds, ppe r equ lly evi
n f m ma has f Of a o and de t, ro the rks which he le t, . his l b r his
ar t on f a m n of a a . , the r g e t tree , bove mention ed
f a of n n m f o a a m The e r re deri g ysel tedi us to the re der, d on s m e an n a of m amm i hes to quit the cie t bode the oth , an d describe
T HE DRY m as — u are not as In n : P They , Ke tucky, u n der a m n n or a w e in a of O an l id with li esto e ; h ve , this p rt hio, y
a n n a . O are far as b rre s thus u derl id urs , so we know and be
in a a an i m an a n lieve, ppe r ce l ke the botto l ds lo g our stre ams .
f a 18 a a am un The sur ce rich, bl ck, deep lo , derl aid with p eh ar e a n n and m bles , which w ter wor , rou ded s oothed . Man y of n a a m a a an am of a these tur l e dows, lie high bove y stre w ter, now a i — , or prob bly ever n existen c e If we have any tracts in O , n m na DI LIIVI UM a a a n hio very properly de o i ted , Pick w y Pl i s, m three iles below Circleville, belong to that class of forma
’ n . a ai tio s This is dry pr rie, or rather was one not man y a n . a a n m ye rs si ce This pr irie is bout seve iles long, and n ear l m a . It w as in a y three iles bro d this pl in , that a human skel e n was to dug up, which c ircumstance w as mention ed by me ’ in a f m r m of S a na or e volu e illim n s Jour l , to which I refer the GEOLOGY . 2 9
of an ar e f n f n In a r ea der . The works m too, o te ou d such pr i
' a S h natu I al m a at a a e I n . r ies, gre t d pth the e rth uc e dows ,
n for m a e s of a nd bei g the ost p rt, d titute trees , h ve i uced super
‘ ’ r l n tO fieial n who n r e ect an wh a e . in e perso s, ( ever fi , d o too do t am n n a fa In the a n l ha fi ex i e i to the re l cts c se,) to co cude, t t res had been employed by the aboriginals to‘ produce that effect ! T he formation of these' diluvian p lains is en tirely different fromthat of the coun try around them ; as m uch so bén eath
. In t a o cnt n s f s a Of the ur ace a bove it r cts f ou ry,; de uded
b r e ar and h f h a a in t trees y fi , bri s bus es, ort with, ppe r heir
‘ s a . In fa . w of a and ow in a te d ct, the gro th gr ss fl er g pl nts, , ‘ whichm ov er t e n a n an a to hese d lightful plai s , Is bu d tly ble pre I n tak o of a m an f e fa ve t the mg r ot, l ost y orest tr e . The llin g I I of a a n an a rn Or of an a , , e , , w l ut I co the seed y oth r tree is h rdly ffi e n of t e n an of su ci nt to disturb the possessio h prese t occup ts , m m these ancient domain s . Theplu so etimes gets a foot hold i nd elicibus raIr Ie a i s ur a n them . a the d sweet p gr pe s e to t ke an a of m an and m u and adv t ge the circu st ce , cli b p to, cover. of th u s i ts n its l a the tops e plum b she w th i vi es, e v es and its clusters of purple fruit In du e s eason .
ad P a a Besides, h fires destroyed the trees on ick w y Plains, a wOuld ha e n ' charco l v bee discovered there, which is not the
a an has n a i h c ase , lthough the l d, bee cultiv ted w t the plow, durin g from fif teen to twen ty years past .
a ca Is as indi tru ctible a m as diam nd i f Ch r o l s , l ost, the o tsel ,
‘ a i n of a m O where it is not exposed to the ct o the t ospher e . n a S a a as a , the laIns ar urf ce so l rge, th t occup ied by p , it is h dly i l if had n nu o s b a poss b e, they bee de ded f the ir wood yfire, th t
no a a f n . m i a m charco l should h ve been ou d With e, th s rgu en t
‘ is entirely a con clusive one .
’ bOtan of s at ra meadbws and The y the e n u l is rich , would aff r ma n fOr a m A r a u a o d tter e ough volu e , To rey, N tt ll, a
‘ Mitchi l a Mu lenbur h a Ba n an or n a inna l , g , rto , Elliott, ove L eus m t he e f em im f for a e ha igh r use ully ploy h sel ye rs , without x ust I u a n all t e a W a ng his s bject, or g theri g h h rvest hich these v st
n . It a a m a o r ani v né fields prese t ppe rs to e, th t u bot sts ha e g
’ ‘ ‘ f ' l ou r a but hO e a a is not far eeted pr iries let us p , th t the d y 30 HISTORY OF OHIO.
n m f Linnmu s i a a in m . If distant, whe so e uture w ll ppe r the and a r ar e few a of fam the field is v ast, the l bo ers , the h rvest e will be the richer . n an n in m an Amon g the floweri g pl ts, growi g the , the heli thus ' fl s a a n m of a o er , perh ps, the gre test u ber v rieties
am n a n of a an d From a c arefu l ex i tio our pr iries , wet dry,
a n ar e m s an n of we ar e s atisfied th t the dry o es the o t cie t , — — the two that fires produce n either of them that in their n a
a a an a n a n n s ur tural st te , luxuri t veget tio is r isi g their prese t
‘ fa a a On ar e m l a a ce , every ye r ; th t the dry es extre e y v lu ble for a n a nd a n at no an cultiv tio , th t the wet o es will , very dist t da n an a n an of fiI el i a n y, f ur ish us with bu d ce , n cou try but
n m n a m of - and thi ly ti bered, i deed l ost destitute wood, without
' f a mm n i ou r n . If as n ossil co l, so co o n hilly regio , it is k own
fa n on n to be the ct, our hilly regio be well supplied with ir sto e, and f min a th a a n a ha other use ul er ls, together wi s lt w ter , ture s
‘ supplied the . sam e r egion with i n exhaustible min es of coal fo r m an fa . If a of S a their u cture the level p rts this t te ,
a a n n a n a a of where the dry pr iries bou d , co t i l rge tr cts rich
an th e m at an n l d, ti e is h d, whe they will be covered with well
a fa m a a an cultiv ted r s , where the rich h rvests will w ve , d where n atur aliz ed grasses will afford food for large flocks of dom estic an ima ls .
ma on P a n a . i n These re rks our r iries, Were writte , orig lly, m an n a in an d a a ore th twe ty ye rs s ce , pply especi llyto that pe riod of m . a see n ti e The re der will , how our the prediction s , a n n i h ve si ce bee ver fied, within the i n term ediate space of
im . T e ar e now a t e h y , well cultiv ted fields , cloathed with am a and a n . t e gr sses , gr i s Ou r herds of domesticated animals f eed and fa n n n an ma tte , Where , so rece tly o ly wild i ls , and men am still wilder , ro ed over the surface of these diluvi al a in . In n i n of i a c w e m a sa a pl s the co clus o th s rti le y y, th t
‘ a n a n - most and a of an n this st te co t i s the the best pe t, y state i Un the ion . \ c l 3 si m me r. 3 ,
' ’ IIE LI QUIA E fi I LU VI ANA E .
lI omm in all a The r e cts of the Deluge, though c on p rtsOf this
a W w n ow n n u s for t e n st te, yet, e ill co fi e o r elv es , h prese t, to
' those helongm g to the cOal region Of it . In the vici n ity of the i e in th un e Of a l a a n can d al o Ohio r v r e co ti s G l i , L wre e Meigs, s
.in t cn of n m and Or an on a s Of he ou tie s Muski gu M g , the w ter
‘ ~ us n m r ane n m and v i the M ki gu river, these elicts u erous very n
tel estin a a l s \ imbe andstorre a e nOt g Ne r G l ipoli , dded j , r a f ew e Of ff n nds u as the a m e and tre s di ere t ki , s ch sug r apl , on e u h e wa s f n a had been er thr ated : ll s c tr e ou d , th t p , to a
a a b the mm n red h a o ; ' appe r nce, y the co o e ded W od peck er A
“ ’ f a men of r the e for the b n r g t this t ee, with hol , ird s est init,
Was an ar n r t to l an d e , m y ye s si ce, b ough Chi licothe, pr sented
‘ to S a G no ar T ifli n . co over r Edw d ever l trees, were dis ve red
' in an r ock a u m s a a im e the s d , bo t three ile bove G llipolis, b d in the w i o in a e n diaular ma h e s. ded rock h ch t ere st od , _ _ p rp s
' “ Am n hese ree s ov r a‘ hlaek a n t Its o g t t s , we di c e ed w l u_t , Wi h ' roots projecti n g beyon d the rock in which thetrunk lay Im
‘ la oak as a i . A w n n n a bedded b ck , e r It, projecti g the s me inan
‘ n er . m a s of a a be e i ht f c r The s rock pp e red to , g y eet thi k, whe e ,
' “ w as a e n n u and n In mas On it b r , u i j red e tire; this s looking up at f om a a a and an of a it, r its b se , b rks, le ves br ches trees , p e r d at ffe n a i all n I th ‘ as e p a e di re t lt tudes , lyi g n e rock , th y were
e an now m a ar san t n deposit d with the s d, beco e h d ds o e In a
a ne r an n had n Was a a b a r i ~ r vi , Whe e the s dsto e bee hed w y, y v a W w as f un a nan an ax e Wh a t< ulet, hole tree o d , by i , with , h ‘ a m a ow to fa t n in on a tte pted , by bl , s e the tree, which he h d
S a m f to aw e f a fa n alk - e ted hi sel rest hil , a ter tigui g w The
xe ou t ark of n a d a vaised him a , struck sp s fire, rebou ded n pp , at s w as no n W a a an n . u We th thi tree, lo ger ood, but h rd. s dsto e
' “ saw amon the t -of a nt r fi , g j rees G llia cou y thus pet i ed, White .
i a n oak and ot collect dt b rch w l ut, , others n r e e
ea Zane i n In the n W a ca al was N r sv lle, i deed , very tow , here n cut t the an - sOm n a n t hrough s d rock , e twe ty ye rs si ce, here was foun d among o theI things a considerable number of tropical
an s as n a an an t of pl ts, uch the tru ks , le ves, br che s d roo s the 32 HISTORY OF OHIO.
' a f u ll fr esh n n an d n of bamboo ; the leaves, l rge, , , u i jured e tire ,
- - m e s n of tea af of cocoa nut bearin g p alm ; the i pr s io s the le , the
f f n ‘ a a m an of a an d c assia pl ant ; o er s, gre t y ; the le ves flowers
- f an f and n and of the bread fruit tree , ully exp ded, resh e tire ,
in a a an a s if in f l perfectly u n injured , ppe r ce , they were u l
a a of a f e m a n bloom . The b rk , lso, the bre d ruit tr e, uch fl tte ed
I n a . O ur O f a and compressed, we discovered sh le hio ossil d te
a and has a n an . S an on e tree, is l rge, wide spre di g br ches uch , exists on the north sideof the bed lying in the bed of the Mox
n ot for a a n n m l of ahala creek, below the st ge ro d , i e i es , west
on a an a O i an Zan esville, the ro d to L c ster, h o , The s d a an ar e m n a n ston e, in which these tropic l pl ts i bedded , co t i s
a and m a an n in considerable mic , , rese bles ex ctly, the s dsto e,
ro niar t f n a an In an . which Mons . B g ou d tropic l pl ts, Fr ce The
- at an i s m im m a m tW iron ston e , Z esville, so et es co posed l os holly
n and a of am . an n of the roots, tru ks le ves the b boo The s dsto e
“ contains the same tree and its p arts ; Small trees ar e often
a m im n a m uch flattened by pressure . The sh le so et es, co t in s
a of n iff n a of a the bark now b rks trees, betwee d ere t l yers sh le ; is
a a na a a fossil coal ; and these l yers, lter te with e ch other, sh le a nd coal .
E ar e a a n f n w e saw one FI SH S, s id to h ve bee ou d , though but
fish f n at an and a one was a . , ou d Z esville, th t pike Fossil
s ar e m f n f n in an n and had fi hes ore reque tly ou d, s dsto e , we one al a in n w s a a , sever ye rs , our possessio , it a red horse,
of n in Watersf a f sp ecies perch, still livi g our Th t fish, per ect and n f of a m a of an n was i e tire, ell out ss s dsto e, which spl t with . m n m a n w o n a of wedges , by so e sto e so s , h were buildi g w all a
a at n n on O . It Was a a n cell r, Burli gto , the hio river ye r si ce , ’ in Letton s m m at n nna . of useu , Ci ci ti The shells oysters,
m m n an ar e f n in of an an an n so eti es, u ch ged , ou d , beds s d, cie t ’ i an at n n a . . o f u ll d luvi deposite , Ci ci n ti J D r e i e s museum con
a n s. A few m a on a an at t i s these shell re rks, the tropic l pl ts,
an m a for f w a Z esville, see to be c lled be ore e le ve this town and
- n n . At da am a sa a its e viro s this y, the b boo, c s i , bre d fruit tree,
-r ’ a nu t bearin a m Ore . Ore . ar e n s a coco g p l , co sidered a tropic l
an and w n in a ma in o a is no t pl ts , gro o ly such cli te , or ne, th t
34 HISTORY OF OHIO.
ar e m i n u n in win there no longer, co pelled to l ve u der gro d, the
an d rn at n ter months, be obliged to bu whole trees o ce to keep
' the people fi om freezing .
as a n n in warmer nOt Europe, h cert i ly bee grow g , cold er , n a and a no f duri ng the last eighteen hu dred ye rs , we h ve proo
Ohi has n in n a that our climate , In o, bee grow g colder, d uri g th t
an a n ot an n atIIr e nor period . If these pl ts h ve ch ged their ,
n a n n our climate become colder, withi the l st eightee ce turies ,
ot an a the an at least ; were n these pl ts flo ted here , by oce in m m of m ? T he from tropical coun tries , so e re ote period ti e
an on a an ‘u very appearan ce of these pl ts , first view, swers s ch
Had be n a e f m an a a question . they e flo t d here ro y gre t dis
a and s a a tance , would their le ves , e peci lly their delic te blos
m n n n f an f and n as so s, bee u i jured, resh, exp ded ully e tire , they m a n n im were when in full bloo ? Cert i ly n ot . Betwee the t e
f n in f m in f an d a a o their bei g ull bloo , li e , vigor be uty, nd
a a wf m m n in i m th t ul o e t, wh ch they were overwhel ed , buried and m fa and ne ne n an d a i bedded , fixed st tur d to sto , iro sh le ,
n ow an a where they repose, d for u nknown ages p st have r e poscd; scarcely on e day could hav e in terv e n ed ; perhaps on ly w a fe hours elapsed .
‘
We a fa . An d st te cts , besides , whole trees , turn ed into ston e
m and n a w with every root , li b , the tru k ; with the e rth , here n n t it grew tur ed up , showi g th at he tree had been on ly pros trated n ot m w a , re oved , other ise th n thrown down by violence ;
a a ml ma n at Chittenin o New such tree , he ock , still re i s, g , Y u n a a ca a a ork , less tr velers h ve rried it w y for specimen s . That tree grew in exactly such a form ation as our s in Ohio and must be referred to the s ame period of time with ours and m a n m am a a ust h v e bee overwhel ed by the s e c t strophe, i lm a m a a wh ch overwhe ed , our p l s, d tes, b mboos, a nd other tro
a an . Ima na n can a a pic l pl ts gi tio h rdly gr sp , the horrors of a a f a a th t dre d ul c t strophe, which scooped ou t those v ast beds of a a and a all a se s , b ys l kes , round the n orthern end of our
in a a n Al l globe, fill g the v st sp ce , betwee the eghe ny and the o n a n i R cky Mou t i s, w th the rui ns of the northern portion of — an n n a t our pl et ; coveri g our o ce tropic l region , with he r a G EOLOGY.
O W o . d . m wh n ins of the l world ell ight he, wrote our o ly “ r of th e u e e a a the f n a n of short histo y del g , d ”cl re, th t ou d tio s a W t o ou t a on the gre t deep were broken up . e hr w suggesti ,
for the consideration and reflection of our readers. If we suppose quite the la rgest portion of our globe to be wa nd We a no a some a ot e n u ter , a h ve re sons to to ny h r co cl ck if x t to n ns i u o f and ev n Oontr a si ( we e cep op i io , w tho t pr o , e r to l n a n a e n and ern contin v y a l evide ce) d, that the e st r west t an a e da I a of cu s and their isl dic pp n ges, lie n the w ters the
‘ ’ a k two ieeber s In sea a n un Oce n, li e g the , it is e sy e ough to der
a a n and W a v an the n of st nd , th t whe ever , by h te er me s , ce tre gravity is lost which now keeps these con tin entsexactly Where i
‘ they ar e, a re vol ution Of these eOntin ents Will take place al
m n an . B a a h ar o d sWe t ost i st tly y this c t strop e , the e th w ul be p f all an an ma who W u all s e h a s o its l d i ls , o ld peri h, xc ept suc
' happened to be on the earth Where the two new poles zWould
f rme at m me W n t e n a n . be o d, the o nt he h eve t h ppe ed
f all r an ll n s ana un In I the ivers d a the curr e t in the Oce lso, r
Sam di r ctIo u t the e n, not n e sea, an d e ean, b e o ly ev ry ev ry oc ) eVer i r eVer d e an d en er w; y r ve , y brook , a n very rill , ev ev y sho
f i r ram n a l— a a or o e the , s ow or h i m y every dew wou ld h sten
ca o on an n a h f . Bu t r other gra d t strop e this globe the ivers do . ' r I n all r u n in t e am bu t on . Red ot h s e , opposite directi s The ’ Of n Ba n n a is i s a River Hudso s y ru s orthw rdly, the M s s ippi nd T " its branches southwardly . he waters of the northern lakes — move nor theastWar dly and the current in the ocean along our l an a n in am t— a Atl tic co st ru s the s e direc iOn . The stre ms issuing
“ from the bases of the All e hanies and the ROck MOu ntains g . y ,
ru n in opposite direction s . Wherever rnOu n tain streams ar e e in i u on One of a n an short r the r co rses side mou t i , than On the
id e scn I a an the i other s e , th ir de e t s gre ter th r vers on the Op posito sideof their common! sour ces ; and the shorter riv ers hear along in their currents an equ al weight of matter with the
r and ar i e s. T h t a f all longe l ger r v r is is rue, prob bly, o the r v s in the W bu t it is not a i er orld, where so, cur rent in an adja
; nt a ma s W a ce oce n ke up the deficiency. e h t e been long since 36 HI STORY OF OHIO.
' o a had n x n of surprised that n uthor oticed this e hibitio Wisdom,
i of m n a n an d n the form ation ou t i s rivers .
W n ot sa a f m a a o of e will y, th t or erly, c t str phes the globe
a n ff n n n of a h ve bee e ected, by the ru i g rivers, which c rried
a in n a t of m a a s - b long their curre ts such weigh tter, , y that
m an an thO n r of a in a an d rm e s to ch ge ce t e gr vity the e rth, p
o of a f a a a a duce any n e the w ul c t strophes , which h ve sever l
m m wor ld w ith m a n an d a~ ti es overwhel ed our , te por ry rui desol
a it m n . All sa a a m n tio we y, is, th t by ex ctly such e s , _ ight
a n ff a m in a m m n and a all the ff h ve bee e ected , l ost o e t, th t e ects
of a n ar e all . such revolutio , visible , over the world Every
n of a m an m a n at m portio the e rth , by such e s, ight h ve bee , so e
a a a n an of a an . d y, tropic l regio , d productive tropic l pl ts
Man and a n f n in man a I n his works , h ve bee ou d y pl ces , the
Va of in a f s a . Acc n i lley the Mississippi , o sil st te ordi g to n
f ma n n o r n a n f m or tio received eightee twe ty ye rs si ce, ro the
’ ' n a m a th n a Of U S a Ho or ble Tho s Tod , e Judge the n ited t tes
a m an n in an an n n m n Court, hu skeleto , buried cie t sto e ou d ,
“ n f fa of a w as two hu dred eet below the sur ce hill , discovered
"
I n n . wn of an Ke tucky The o er the l d , dug through the bill
at a for the of n n m a e its b se, purpose u iti g two s ll cr eks , Whose
n a f en n m a n of a u ited w ters were su fici t to tur the chi ery mill .
In f a n a n a per or ti g the e rth, betwee the two creeks , n an cien t
n m n n n of man a a was met sto e ou d , co sisti g y c rt lo ds , with, and on m n n an re ovi g the sto es, en tire hum an skeleton was
' f n at ’ m n a . saw a ou d the ou d s b se Judge Tod the pl ce, the n and man n m sto es the hu bo es, but y memoran dum of the con a n m ea n and f vers tio with y l r ed revered rien d , does n ot state
a wa the pl ce , where the discovery s made . T he death of the
n m n . in u Judge , preve ted y visiti g the spot q estion . We r e sp ectfully fam if n w request his ily, they k o where it is, to
nf m . W n i or us To his orthy so s , Robert S . Tod an d Charles S . T — od, w e a for an an Esquires pply swer to this request . In a n a a m n of ea n a r ead tur l ou d rth , e r the high , some f of a m n of ourth ile , orth Circleville seven hum an skeleton s , , f n a n a , n . n were ou d bout eightee ye rs si ce These skeleto s , la am n a and i y o g e rth pebbles, ev dently brought there and left GEOLOGY. 37
‘ wa — sea T e la in n lina i n ‘ t by ter the . h y y every I c t o with he and lu horizon, were deposited by the de ge , where they were
At il n w n dI In the ana e o Louisv le, Ke tucky, he gg g c l th re, n u fa o a flat m n f a of the s r ce f rock, a y eet below the surf ce the
a a the k of man f n . e rth, bove the rock , wor s , wer e ou d Fires ' '
o w . S n had been made n the rocks and men had d elt there . i ce
' fi had as u n a f e of a had these res ce ed to b r there, sever l e t e rth
a a On fa of an t of h ar e ccumul ted the sur ce the rocks , d rees, t e l g
' st ha beOn in on a a n e al cen e size , d grow g th t e rth, duri g sev r
tu ries .
SLATE AND LIMESTONE REGI ONS
W of eolo ica lin f r m n n d mm e rals est the g g l e , be o e e tio e , the ar e ff n f s i n We very di ere t rOm tho e of the h lly regio , which
'
a e n cn n . S a of n i l i alon h v bee o sideri g ev er l the cou t es, y ng g
n W of t ar e n a a la as this li e, est i , u derl id , With cl y s te , such
a n i e n a a u a a n de a we h v e ot c d e r l ke Erie . s ch sl te u rl ys the
We n a of aw an ran l n cn it ster p rts Pick ay d F k i ou ties . pre
‘ domin ates all Over Madison coun ty ; mostly so in Fayette
un and I nUn i n n a — a as i a n co ty, o cou ty lso s well n the e ster p arts of Clark and Clinton coun ties .
W at a n a a and m here th blue sl te u derl ys the surf ce, co es to,
“ a a dis Olv e i n a a and o s or n e r it, the sl te s s to blue cl y, pr duce
W f Ou r a the n n swampy lands . e re er re der to Li ki g a nd n n a all ou r mm n Of ré , i deed , to e rly “ su its, orth our hilly
l W of h fin d s ch a and s g oh , or est it, where e will u cl y, uch
‘ am n n of m Of n am sw ps . He ce , the origi ost our po ds, sw ps and Wet an all s a . T e x s n a all l ds , over this t te h y e i t e rly the wa a i s a f m P n an a n t a o y cross th s t te , ro the e nsylv i li e, to h t f
In an a on s mm be Ween Sain a n di , the u it level , t the t L wre ce a n d ll Mississ i ppi ya eys.
O LI MEST NE .
' Jé Ou rs is . a subspecies the comp act liIIIeston ey and is a very
‘ v a a e min a . It a in en i om lu bl er l usu lly occurs, ext s ve, solid , c 38 HIST ORY OF OHIO.
f a n an d m m s pact masses , whose r cture is dull, spli tery so eti e
n da . It a at its though, rarely co choi l is op que, the edges ; more common color is bluish or grey ; it is seldoma pure car
nat n ain f m two ten n . of i . S m . bo e , but co t s ro , to per ce t s lex o e are m a m a an of these limestones, so i pure, th t they elt , r ther th
Our m n of a n f m a n en burn in to lime . li esto e is rece t or tio , g
rall and ma al l m n . It is f n e y, y be c led, she l li esto e either ou d
n mm n a n . Its in hills, with rou ded su its, or u der level cou try
‘ n n n a a of a a and strata are Often thi , lyi g betwee str t cl y sl te
is composed almost wholly of sea shells . This limeston e of
an n and a s . ten presen ts fis sures d re ts , holes c ve
a of a n and on e of m In Ke ntucky, ar e c ves v st exte t, the , has n n -on e m n n a bee explored twe ty iles, u der grou d, c lled the W mamm a in n of n . e a oth c ve , the vici ity Gree river h ve but
a few a n in m n n and ar e of no c ver s, our li esto e regio , they
great exte n t .
In an n ar e m a n n a S n n Highl d cou ty, so e c ver s , e r the i ki g ’ n and a f ew a f n in spri g, sh rks teeth were ou d it, sever al
a in . m a a of m n now n ye rs S ce The ost v lu ble bed li esto e , k own
in a a mi a m to exist, this st te, is situ ted five les bove Colu bus,
on m a n an of S of the i br ch the cioto river, the property Mr .
n McCo . a ar e n an a n f m Joh y L rge blocks co st tly t ke ro it, of
an a for a an d for f n of y desir ble size , pill rs , ro ts houses . It is
a a and a if n n an dur ble be ut ul buildi g sto e , d be ars a toler able ’ . In McCo s ma a n ffi good polish y rble qu rry is sto e su cient , to a m an n for S un l st y ce turies, the cioto co try .
Our m t n fu rn ishe an n m fo li es o e, excelle t li e , r buildin g . Its calicin ation now ff o is e ected by wo d , but the he at should
not be grea t .
u n mf has n n an n for n n Co t Ru ord , i ve ted ove bur i g lime . It
a n the a at is high cyli der , with he rth the side , an d at som e an a a . n a dist ce bove the b se The fire bur s , with reflected , or n m e a . m a n at m i vert d fl e The li e is t ke out the botto , while
f a n of m n ar e ma at resh dditio s li esto e de the top , so as to keep n a n n a . m n the ove co st tly he ted Li esto e , either moisten ed or
a n a . If dr just dug, c lci es e siest y, it should be moiste n ed when n put i to the kiln . 3 GEOLOGY . 9
his is mm nl W m a on m a n . e have a few re rks, ki g it T co o y W n an anno a mixture of san d and slacked lime . he s d c t be - a Or r an as e . had, pulverised dry cl y b ick dust, will swer w ll
‘ m if ir on du st m an an To the San d and slacked li e , , or g ese be
a a ma ma a n n a . dded, cement y be de , which will h rde u der w ter W m a be ma tan a and cel ith such a cemen t, cisterns y de , v ts,
l ar a a an man f u e . w lls, th t will swer y use ul p rpos s
m a lI Is f n e as man a n ou r h Co p ct me, o te us d , a ure, d s ell
im e for t a . S m m the t n l e, is ‘ th best h t purpose o eti es, s o e is
~ nl m n . a of our ma o y pulverised, so etimes it is bur t M ny rbles
a are f of ar e a if a a . th t ull shells, very be ut ully v rieg ted , with San and m spots of different forms and colors . d e ery, putty
m in n a d tin . a ar n filings, with w ter, e e ployed polishi g this f ew e s Of lim eston e . As yet, w e have discovered but b d , this
n me an d fur e ea sto e, which are used as m arbles . Ti ther r s rch
a c ma at n o ant da in my dis over to us, other rbles , dist y, our
m n n . It a a the e ma s li esto e regio Is quite prob ble , th t b st rble
i a t an w e ha as e t s u fo lie deeper n the e r h, th ve , y , o ght r them .
S of S rin fie d on ther a to a n is a; l m outhwest p g l , , o d D yto , i e n of Its n d sto e peculiar appearance . structure a aspect re s m I w Y m nd m e ble , those n western Ne ork , where gypsu a li e
a m n n a n . a n a S n es ina sto e bou d Th t e r pri gfield deserv ex tio , b m n a n i s mn a of s e y so e o e, acqu i ted w th tho e i er ls we t rn New
'
Y . It s s e a l m t n n a S in ork i quite po sibl , th t the i es o e e r pr g
a an a Od o for a of mn a field m y swer g o purp se b cks chi eys, nd
a a a ought to be tried, by exposure to gre t he t, nd, by then s n n a a . a t a throwi g it i to w ter, whil e thu he ted Th t i is n ex ce llen t m n for n m a not a db li esto e, produci g ort r, we doubt , n y m in t a r n of an t ma ix g with i p oper proportio s d , i y produce a m n a i a W ce e t th t w ll h rden u nder ater . 40 HISTORY OF OHIO .
E I ORGANIC R MA NS,
m n f m a n in am n and Found in the li esto e or tio , the Mi i cou try ’ 0 11 S in McCo s a . above Columbus, the cioto river, y qu rry
anan f n n am of m R . Buch ur ished us with the es the
o hit Z o p ce.
FAMI LY . — Calu mopOr a four speci es . ' — Cyathophyllum three species . — Syr ingopOf a On e do .
Casin opora .
T hestra .
— Encrinies many species . ' COnclIgfcr a — Spirifer man y species . — T errabr atu la man y species .
Produ cta do do .
la— Modio three species .
.
Mytilus ‘
t Turri ella .
Or thocer atites c Cr usta ea .
Calymen a— several species
Isotelu s
“ an ma n f un in nn and n The org ic re i s o d Te essee Ke tucky, and ba in O not men n a pro bly hio, tio ed bove , viz :
FAMILIES. SPECI ES.
‘ ‘ A ra Del hin a a st , p t . n r m Pe t e ites, Enomphal u s n Belleropho , Naticaf
a Am a a N utilus, pull ri . am A a H ites, s phus . Ammon ites
Of a i s a r a m ta F vos te g e t any . long a v lley .
42 HISTORY OF OHIO.
We saw n n e of m of ak e stan ce attending them. o the , west l
n a a and U . Michigan , betwee th t l ke, the pper Mississippi n m n an e n a f an a of They are found , i so e I st ces cov ri g h l cre
— a . 15 a de os surface and sometimes, three cres There such p
n on n a n en d of a a i , Itc, resti g the orthe ster diluvi l h ll just south n n n a a of the read leading from Dayton to Ci ci ti , bout three
a an r m of a n . miles, perh ps less th th ee iles, southerly D yto in n n n of There is such a deposite , the orthwester cor er the
i ar tl cov er ed a m tOwn plat of Circlev lle, p y with e rth, by so e
later even t than the one which brought these rock sh er e . There w n was e a e on the as, whe n this tow first settl d, such deposit , ' ‘ f a m n in n . north side o the gre t ou d , this tow These rocks in a n n are found in considerable n umbers M diso cou ty, rest
f a a a a n . ing On the surface o th t elev ted , diluvi l pl i ma now n n On Con siderable numbers, y be see , resti g the bed
‘ a m n of of the Olentan gy creek, sever l iles below the tow Del W a n aWare b etween that town and orthington . They h ve bee
a n a a of a a n undermined by the w shi g w y, the cl y sl te u der
ks a n f n for m n and These rac , h ve bee o te used, illsto es
a as m a a mi one boulder, is so l rge , to ke sever l ll
" T a e s for an . r stones. T hese are gr itic rocks hey u ed too, ‘ - in Ma underpinnings of houses and barn s . T hecourt house d
coun an On . ison ty, st ds these old rocks
B w a m an re an e a y h t e s, we these rocks, tr sport d here, nd
ft on our surfac? a ha n n le , e Th t they ve bee brought here, lo g
incthe re i n w an n and a s e volut o , hich deposited our s dsto e sl ty
rock s of S n a f ma i n m n f m fa , eco d ry or t o ; see s evide t, ro the ct , that they rest on the surface of a diluvi al deposite of roll ed
‘ . i a i of &c. m pebbles Th s diluvi l depos te pebbles, is ore recen t
han the San n and a ro . It m n t dsto e Sl te cks see s evide t, too,
a f r trans Orted m W th t the o ce which p our pri itive rocks here , as
not So a as On e i an e n gre t the wh ch tr sport d the rou ded pebbles,
a a otherwise, the l rge boulders would h ve been whirled a round
ls at hfl and f n n of m . the , le t the souther e ds the ' t n na a f n u s of iceber es oa in in Nor her vig tors, o te tell , g , fl t g m W a a in em . pol r se s, with rocks , i bedded th e see the s am e GEOLOGY. 48
t a c n a ma a i ll hing t ke pla e, o s ll sc le, n a northerncou ntries; ' ’ where the ice a of r on re dheres to , the beds the ivers, the
n of s in n the n hr ak tur the pr g, whe curre t e s up theI ce . At bottOm e es a n w e are n downw its , p bbl dheri g to the . , bor e am ,
the n and an o n i ice v by curre t, tr sp rted , u t l the is dissOl ed by the Wa m of the Su n . So in o a n in r th , p l r regio s, powerful w ds an a s b r a th r ock s at t d w ve , e k up the Ices, e heir lower surface a ceber es a d are home a a m fa dhere to the i g , n w y, to cli es r dis
an . f m na e . Wha a s t n t t ro their tiv beds t dd to he evide ce, in
av of a tr an ta i n of our miti i rocks f or such spor t o pri ve , Is the a t a i w s a e ow e f c , th t the r lo er urf c s, Sh vident marks Of having e n a c a and in b m n in n ac i b e scr t hed , r ked jured , y co i g co t t w th o a on h r n i . u fa e : and bst cles , t ei j our ey h ther The upper s r c s ma s of a s a not on m k n . side , h ve the , r equ l viole ce The last n or a t of o r k revolutio cat s rophe u globe, brought these rocs n d m th fa o t e an here, a they oved slowly over e sur ce f h oce , at n s n r th at ab its r then elev ed o ly even or eight hu d ed , ove p es ’ ent level . If ame a a r at n m n the s c t st ophe, its comme ce e t deposited the r n I n n arrow r end n n a ou d pebbles, oblo g, n hills , thei s poi ti g lit a of n ou m i k h tle e st orth ; r pri it ve roc s, though reught here by
a Curr eiIt of a e ha a t e s a the s me w t r, yet it d, by th t im , lo t n e r ly all fo and had its fa e fi e nd fe t at its rce , settled sur c , v hu red e , a at at me and on af wa ded h o e ther le st, th ti , , so ter rds , subsi a g , d ft ou r reSent a s and i o a t an le p l ke r vers, t ccomplish wha they s t have done since . Lake Erie ha se tled its s urface one hu n
’ d and n f nce a ri an m n f riv red seve ty eet, si th t pe od , d a y b . our s t o d in e am m . ers have also l wered their be , h s e ti e T hes e
are GME S or I T O Y nO beeVerlo e r rocks, FRA NT H S R , t to ok d, by
J . . a S ea a l n n t to m t n . he b un he histori . T y p k a guage o e is der
‘ s T he ma s of in the s of our ! an s tood. s es rocks , hill s d tone
s on e n rn n a a f region, how th ir orthe e ds , nd Si des, m r ks of v i ol c — are ra ra a i en e s tce k nd i u v en e . they c h d , ed nj red by ol c We a m n d es oin s O r c on t r h ve exa i e th e p t f o ks, the northe as e n e n a d s of bi ls In S ioto La en ack n Fa rfield ds n side l , e , wr ce, J so , if , ' H n and n ie and a wa f n h ; me ocki g Meigs cou t s, we l ys ou d t e sa v n of vi n o e i n r i i { If e ide ces , ole ce d n to the r orthe n extremt es, 44 HISTORY OF OHIO.
n a in The primitive rocks , were ge er lly stopped , their slow
a in S a of O be progress , southw rdly, by the hills , the t te hio,
n saw on e of m In n nn ; c ause, we ever the , Ke tucky or Te essee f S a of nor did we find them in the southern parts o the t te
Illi nois . all n The sam e curren t seems to have swept over the cou try,
l anies ma n f the w r i west of the A legh , but it re i s doubt ul , with
an im an ter, whether y pr itive rocks , were tr sported by it, im ar e w e st Of the Mississippi river . Whether pr itive rocks n W nn a and a S i we not foun d , betwee Fort i eb go l ke uper or, do
not a n i a a a of n in know, h vi g v sited th t elev ted tr ct cou try, person.
RIVERS.
Of a w a i and i i The streams w ter, which e c ll r vers, wh ch or g
S a a e a of a inate in this t te, r the tribut ries , either L ke Erie or of the river which gives its n am e to the . state .
T E O I O I VE H H R R,
in n nn an a Assumes that n ame at Pittsburgh , wester Pe sylv i , ' ‘ o a at the confluence of the rivers All eghan ya nd Mon ng hala . m P I n a en tle cu rrent a Fro ittsburgh , it flows g , , southwestw rd ° l n n n m in a 37 y, i e hu dred iles , to the Mississippi river . l titude ' “ ” it in a a as In d an north , where is lost, the gre t w ter the i
m m — M s see ee In ' a a in f m n a e i plies ee y p . str ight l e ro Pitts
it six n and f m s m in n burgh , is hu dred orty ile to its outh, lo gi
° W s 12 of a n n . It m an a tude , west shi gto city e bre dth, is
a un a . Its n n in a mm n bout eight h dred y rds ge tle curre t, co o
a of a no a at in a st ge w ter, is where gre t , except Louisville , l ti ° ' ’ 38 10 n in a m an tude orth , where, bout two iles dist ce , it de
- n n f . i ana a sce ds twe ty two eet The Louisv lle c l , obvi tes these
a and m a r pids , pro ises to be forever useful to ll the towns locat
a on O i a ed bove it, the hio r ver . Tow rds the upper end of this r ar e a an of h a la iver, sever l isl ds , the largest whic , r e B nner ’ h a m t w ’ ssett s , below the outh of he Little K anha a ; Zan e 3 near
W n and one a few a heeli g ; , miles bove Steubenville , formerly RIVE RS . 45
I BetWe n a of O and o wned by General Darke . e the st tes hio
are no an in thI i nann n . Ken tucky, there isl ds s r ver, worth g
an are me n of mud. T en Those n ear M chester, re collectio s niOn n V meof a n states of the U , co tributeto the olu w ter, flowi g nn f the O — wit : NewY r a long In the cha el o hio river, to o k , en n an a O In an a in i V n ia t a na P sylv i , hio, di , ‘Ill o s, irgi ; Nor h C roli , al o n s and Al a ama. Its Kentucky, Te n e see b v l ey ccupies
and of n d . It eight degrees of latitude, eight degre es lo gitu e
u t a two m n s i t e a remains impededby frost, b bout o th n h ye r,
o S , from Cincin nati to its m nth. o m any of its tribu tarIes ris e o a a in a a d O n n its southern side , th t it closes l te the ye r n pe s a a s e rly In the succeedin g one . These southern s tre m ; have
in m one af a as s a ‘ freshets the , ter nother, so c rcely ever to be
all i at an one m . I p, y ti e
When the freshets I n , the southern .branches have done
Ou rin i n a a n O n n s p g the r I cre sed w ters i to the hio, the n orther o e
to n it t na m c s t ams begin pour theirs i to , hough, i s u h a he stre ‘ in O io all in a am an on t he h state, rise bout the s e latitude, d sam a n f n b e elev tio , they o te rise a out the same time The Al
‘ leghany and Monongahela branches rise in the Alleghan y m n ain am n : n and w as Of a A n n a d ou t s, o g the s ows th t lpi e regio , n e O t e ar e a th . who d alOn h se the l st to swell hio Those well g , O h fine n f - t an f m. f w he b ks t is river, k ow, ro the dri t ood; an d oth
‘ n a n a a ar am has er i dic tio s, wh t p rticul stre , produced the fresh f San sOmetim s b et . . e n n f m s u 1 ces The Big dy, ri gs dow ro its O , a t Nrth Car n he e an . T he m k a f m in O oli , re d c e he loc flo ts ro W the head waters of the Allegheny . hen this last river is “ u andit he a i af of I i bea s descn p , is t l st to r se , the r ts p ne rd h e d
the OhiO fam s m n n W s n , , covered with ilie , re ovi g i to the _ e ter - a . h n a n w m th al l w v st tes T ese bri g lo g ith the , eir their i es, n r e a s f s a n d fur childre , ho s s, cttle, dog , owl , w go s , an household f h a of all . S m m f f e af a itur , sorts o eti es rom our to s ven r ts, ter havedescended P u ni all and h a they to ittsburgh, te , together, e t n a in ati a a W r Cinc n fl before re e a . o w rd to they “ s p r ted hereve ‘ the af Is the mm a n or an and. r t sold , i igr nts either settle dow , l d , ' * f a I n e wa o s t e h i tO e . move orw rd th ir g n , o wher t ey w sh s ttle S n n n f ea a t e ld e b a Is i ce the i troductio o st m bo ts , h o _k el o t, 46 HISTORY OF OHIO.
And n O an ark seldom seen on the Ohio . , eve the old rle s , is a am m less and less used, every ye r, while the ste er is e ployed
n n and i . more and more, to co vey perso s the r property
a n an a If the surface, dr i ed by y river, gives very correct
a n off a idea of the qu an tity of water, p ssi g through its ch nn el ;
as all in nn an a the Ohio is as large , the rivers Pe sylv i , New
- w Y and a n a . It a Jersey, Ne ork the six e ster st tes rises e rly
n n n al in r for in February, and co ti ues up , ge er ly good o der
'
in n in A . m a m n steamers , u n til July or eve ugust Fro th t o th n a for na a n an d frequently, eve e rlier, it is too low the vig tio
n n n h m n of vessels of much burde , duri g two, or eve t ree o ths .
a as in a a a u ntil the autumnal r ains r ise it, so to be good n vig ' t an d fa a f on an a ble condition . I rises lls, bout sixty eet, ver
a e a n t e a of a of O . In g , lo g h co st the st te hio deed it rises, m an f m m as a in even ore th sixty eet, so eti es, it did , e rly the
o a 1 832 n i -five f and spring f the ye r , whe it rose s xty eet, produced
mm n n a in off f n ha an a n . i e se i jury, by c rry g e ces, houses, y d gr i
It a e off on n a a a i . c rri d the bridges , or e r it, cross its tribut r es
‘ m Wh n tOC n nn a this fr eshet a a a o Fro eeli g i ci ti, did v st de l f
am a all of . It a o d ge, to sorts property flooded the lower p rt f
n n n a and a a f or a a n a all Ci ci ti , drove w y , sever l d ys, e rly the
n in a of . w people , residi g the lower p rt the city This as the
fr n n n m highest eshet ever k ow , si ce the settle en t of the west l ern a n . a na w as a st tes, by the E g ish This, extr ordi ry rise , occ sioned a of all the am at am m , by rise stre s the s e ti e , which
m n O r n a n e pty i to the hio, whether o igi ti g n orth or south of its
m a w chann el . This circu st nce as n ever kn own to have occur ed f and ma not a a n h n a n be ore, y occur g i , wit i ce tury to com e .
m a h a f — B ell r iv But, we ust le ve t is be uti ul river this e ier e , of
a n m na an d a an the e rly Fre ch issio ries tr ders , d, n otice some
“ of an a as n a in T he T hriv its br ”ches ; especi lly such origi te, in S a an g t te, d we begin with the
Wh and n n m sof ich rises ru s wholly withi the li it this sta te .
In an n i na in a am not Richl d cou ty, it or gi tes sw p, over thirty RIVE RS . 47
'
' in a line frOm a . n In a miles, direct , l ke Erie The po ds Port ge f m n a a a and cou nty, (ro whe ce the Tusc r w s Issues , southerly the a a n are l m an m an Cuy hog ortherly,) litt e ore th thirty iles dist t, in a a n f m a i . . f a ed a in b str ight li e, ro l ke, Er e The sur c r ed y the
n m ma fa sima at a t t o hun Muski gu , . y be irlye t ted, bou w dred
a . It a whOll miles from e st to west p sses y , through a hilly r e
n n in m n a m ef man . Its gi on , abou di g the i er ls , ost us ul to cur
’ wi few a d In and ren t is gentle , th r pi s it, these wil l soon con tri
t ut in m t n ma n of a a n m Of bu e to p o io , the chi ery gre t u ber mills and factories . an Of i i frOm ts m On the b ks th s r ver, i ut ost sources to its cOal and n a m fossil re a ndan . In a a a outh, Iro ore bu t Tusc r w s , a n n ral is n suflicien t a n an for hi lo e, these mi e s ex t i bu d ce, t s state during a cen tury to come . n O io the Next, lower dow the h river,
r
n ocxn ocm e,
its t ts aen a a - - POurs int i m . T h HOck ribute o p r t l stre e hOck uk ,
’ Of Ind an a r n t of an a [Bottle river] the i s, rises r the or h L c ster, and af m an n a n m u s m na en ter e deri g lo g eighty or t) ? iles , fi lly
Ohi in cn me an . ters the o river, Meigs ou ty, so dist ce below ’ - v m s b a l hassett s i an and n fi e . B anner sl d, twe ty ile elow M rietta
I s m a ima f om a e is e t size, y be est ted r its v ll y, which ighty ' mil f mn and a in a u fif n es, ro orth to south, aver g g bo t tee or twen a Its nl i ar a ty miles from e st to west . o y rap ds e n e r the town
O n a t fa Of in . f Loga , c lled he lls Hock g
am n thrOu h a m n a i i n This stre ru s wholly g i er l, h lly reg o ,
w f sl ca i n d a wa e a un . here os i o l, ro ore, an s lt t r bo d
I tO O i r at P m h fa to es of n the h o rive , orts ou t r the w t the
Ho kin flOws a if mi d and n ckhoc g, the be ut ul, l ge tle
SCI OTO
" It is on i ma s s mmi e e E i r es, the h gh, r hy u t l vel, betwe n the r e
’ a nd O i in n s of Ha n Ma i n l ke, a the h o river , the cou tie rdi , ro ,
C UniOn a a and an . Its an hes rawford , , Del w re Richl d br c 48 HIST ORY OF OHIO.
d n m n In an n am Se e o ! ar e long an ”u erous ; he ce its di e, y toh “ On the a of m n Greatlegs . e st side it, e pty i to it, the Little W S O n an Gahann ah, a n Wa n , cioto, le t gy, or Big l ut, Little l ut On ar e M l an d Salt creeks . the west side , Rush creek , i l
’ a and a n and creek Boke s creek , D rby, Deer P i t creeks, these , ” n le s for . all r ise in a m a are all Zo g g , their size They co p r ‘
d a a n Sa . ativ ely level an lluvi l cou try, except lt creek an d a fa of Where they rise , lso where they flow, the sur ce
r n n a n . the cou ntry, is either level , or ve y ge tly u dul ti g The
an a nd r u n as f i as an soil, where these br ches rise , is ert le y n m a a an d ain of all can be in the world , produci g ize , gr ss, gr
ar e a in a . At i the ki nds which cultiv ted this st te Ch llicothe ,
n an n n and as the Scioto, e ters the hilly, s dsto e regio , p ses through
f a m in a a o in . it, to the Ohi o river, v lley, sever l iles width S a an Above Chillicothe , the cioto spre ds its br ches, like the
of a fan f an f m n a em of frame work ully exp ded , or i g s icircle ,
a a about seventy miles in di meter t its upper extremity . The Scioto may be estim ated by the con te n ts of the surface of its
It on n and m in a in v alley . is e hu dred thirty iles direct l e ,
f m mm m at Pou rtsmou th . Its a ro its su it to its outh, bre dth
a a n mi . m from east to west, will v er ge seve ty les Fro the town
a a a an of n m f m of Del w re , to Chillicothe , dist ce seve ty iles , ro
in mm m n s ra north to south , the su er o th , the t veler sees the
m a f n in O . It a f a a wav ost be uti ul cou try, hio is per ect p r dise ,
a and and a n as far as can ing with gr ss gr i his eye see . The n an ma a n in a if n cou try is i ted by people , livi g either be ut ul tow s, or along the road side on farms ; Sometim es ar e prese n ted to
f a an . a o , d m a a view, l rge . droves c ttle horses hogs Fro Del w re
a un n a O n an . m C to Columbus , the ro d r s e r the le t gy Fro olum
n a a a m e the anal bus dow w rds, the tr veler l ost every where s es c ,
a a n of n an d th with its bo ts, he he rs the sou d their hor s , sees e ‘ Scioto windin g its w ay alon g to the Ohio river . T his is the
Scror' o OUN R fam in all m n m an C T Y, ed , ti e , si ce dwelt on its
f a for a an f . a a sur ce , its be uty d ertility Th t ncient race of men who a n a an , were the e rliest i h bit ts, dwelt here in greater
n m an an l in n a T h u bers , th y where e se , the wester st tes . e
In an of n a f n an di s the prese t r ce , pre erred this cou try , to y other,
50 HISTORY OF OHIO.
~ as and in as e a are as healthful, and their people good , live sy
as an f a me in a . a an i ndependen ce , y r rs this st te Tow rds the
fall s and a s. head of this river are some rema rkable r pid m m of Descending the Ohio river, thirty iles below the outh f the Little Miamiyw e come to the mou th o the
GEEA T MIAMI
' S It on am mm as the n m and , rises the , s e su it , Muski gu cioto
n in n and ma l a . in wet , m arshy grou ds , or po ds , s l l kes t i in a n n and The m ain branch of his river, r ses H rdi cou ty ,
Au a a a -of some of its waters in terlock with the Gl ize , tribut ry
m SO a a a of n fiv e m m a the Mau ee , th t by port ge o ly iles , we y aw m a of i these of St . L p ass fro the w ters the Miss ssippi, to the T e n nna an d a n an a r r n nOrth re nce . h Ci ci ti D yto c l IS p og essi g
Wa l and n m a a l n eof mm n a n ana rd y, will soo ke i co u ic tio , by c l
a f m O L a EI ie . n vigation, ro the hio river to ke
MAD V RI ER,
a Ma in SOm e n f m A tributary of the Gre t i mi , rises po ds , ro Mad which I Ot onl the Gr eat Miami flows b ut the SOioto also . , I y a n ami at Day n a thr iv ri ver e mpties its w ters i to the Mi , to , ing o n of 5000 i am a l has a a e n t w_ people The M i v l ey lw ys b e
' admiI ed fOr its beautifully v ariegated and fertile surfac e . Its v alley may be estimated at one hu ndred and ten miles from
n h tO and f m m f m a e . ort south , orty iles , or ore , ro e st to w st " SOm Of i i I M am I n e t n In an a . is a I l es di This c lled the cou try,
ahd a e all In all for i ma a - m t k it , , so l , cli te , w ter power, but ore still for its improvem en ts in a griculture, and for its densen ess
of o ul atIon m a an a of a and is p p , co p red with y p rt this st te , it ' n a n i nna a a all a u surp ssed Ci c ti Is l rge city, with the rts ’ of OheL al l the n n whiOhar e a at enoble a i stitutio s c lcul ed to , ex lt
a m an fam . h ppy, the hu ily
X n ia HamiltOn S n l Ur ana a e , , pri gfie d , b , Troy , Piqu and sv ar e n n in . Ros ille thrivi g tow s, this region i ’ n u st a for a e tovvn s an a But, we le ve while th se , d the w ters ' RIVliIRS o OI _
' ‘ i i i and asSOve the mi mar mm of thé M ss ss ppi, p r ry, shy su it at
a and i the a Va of S . La n their he ds, v sit Gre t lley the t wre ce .
n w Ov to the A d, e will cross er v
O a T o t f l ke Erie . he surfaces f he states of Ohio and Indi
‘ ana a In a f nd a n ua , h ve, rie ly w y, co tributed eq lly to mak e
' i as c n of s am w . this r ver, the itize s the e state s n o are unitin g
' i ff ma a en ana a n l the r e orts to ke spl did c l lo g its who e len gth. whichrises
' ‘ ' { SrOSses nt the fa of O a dfeein n ew f afl Or itf ifiias i o s te hio, n l g li e ,
' m d a n m ' avirhil e “in rr to ti ”fina Iéar s; ove lo g _ l our te i ry; lly p
° madly from rOck to I'dek ' for tnifi g for ei ghtee nl mi les l f abeve ' Perr sbur h One Of : s if not the e ! mii y g the be t, very b st i ' ’ S th . At the a e n it findS iISelI On 29 é Vel in e stat e l tt r tow , l
' ' a s at aki V SelsI vilI OS e with lake Erie, nd i rest The l e e s O jridit
“ “ O Perr Sbu h . T he a mee Is OrIé a d r t y g M u , h n h, a " ’ and for the first fi fty miles froirr its mama
:~ One ‘ of e a e r i Os d . t th r n th Sta eh ty r d wi e I is l g st ivers e te .
s a a e h and e n OS vér twlI Oultivat It b nks r hig , b gi to y e ed
e re fin m an s and a ar e ;Along its bord rs, a e botto l d its w ters stor
’ ed with fine fishes from the lahek
T he a Of O I S a o t tOma a a a n st te hio, b u ke can l lo g it ixt fee wi et dizS wi II y t de, p, t .
Set Of loOk s a s adm ak v esSels . tOna a it F , so to it l e vig te to ort ' nO d an da the MaumSe e l] ist t y, vall y m by thickly e m a nd t Oanal W w ll i proved ; , his ill be studded w a i fl i h n i a tO nS nd i e . w th our s i g v ll ges, cit s
SAND USK Y
' i s in W rn a of la o n t R ver,ri es the este p rt Rich nd c u ty, on he
“ ' a um a o f . s me S mit level , with the he d waters the Muskingum
i r and n n a a f d S n a Sa . r ve , tur i g westw rdly, crosses Cr w or , e ec m 52 HIST ORY OF 0 1 110 .
cu nties fi dischui es du sky and Hu1 on o , and nally g its waters
e m u th of ba . It is into Lake Ei i , at the o Sandusky y about
l n f om a a eighty miles o g including its winding s r , str ight line , T and its v ol u me of water I S abou t equal to . that o l the Little m m a W in Miami . Its Indian na e, i ports water with hirlpools
o a fi f an d n it . It ab unds with l ke shes, and it has a sa e excelle t W fo m . e harbor , r lake vessels , at its outh proceed to
H URON
m u th i s fe w m a of River, whose o a iles e st the Sandusky
Hu r i i i n n of bay . on r ver r ses Richland cou ty near the heads the Sandusky and Muskingum . Running slowly out of Ri ch
n Hur n la d into o county, which it crosses , it pays its tribute
of Hur n . f m to the lake , at the town o It is orty iles long and
i n i ts . turns many water wheels , course l m Sailing eastward y , sixty iles , along an iron bound, and ‘ m rocky shore , ostly ; we arrive at the mouth of the C u yaho
" - nuk of a . gha , the Indi ns
In a m i our voyage , we have p ssed two s all r vers , rising in Medin a ' Lo u i county, and running quite across rain co nty , n ‘ — . T fi ne m m for to lake Erie hey are ill strea s , short ones forty m . T ar e B a d k v u iles long hese lack river n Roc y ri er . B t we are now at the m outh of the
C YA O A U H G ,
Or Cu aho han u k , as the Indians called it y g , Lake river.
i s m lake ri ver i n It e phatically ; it rises lakes , and falls into a
. i n G a n mm lake Rising e uga county , o the su it , it proceeds
E i n along on that second level above the rie doubt , whether to u . nite its waves with the Mississippi or St Lawrence , until , it r wends its way cautiouslyalong, ac oss Portage county, to its f m e in a alls, which are about thirty il s, direct line , from the m lake , where having deter ined which way to go, it leaps exult m in l , f o one and fi ve f g y ro rock to r ck hundred twenty eet , in one m a m ile , pouring along its channel , even in dry ti e , fi v e thousand f of ' m ” cubic eet water, in a inute; creating the very best water ' ri1 { i i so o a is T e a re power, i the state , w th n sh rt d tance h se
' ‘ CUYA HOGA FA LS m l sof sor e T HE L , on which, i l all ts al e er cted,
‘ e cr ti an e r n and r us vil and recting , _ ea ng activ , th ivi g prospe o m be m a th a f lage . T he p eople see to e ul ting e ctivity O the
“
W r e a m . T he saw an the a me mills, and ate , n r the , the pl e , h m r, t and a 1 iva lii in th r he trowel the axe , re l 1g speed, e roa ing, t m n h a u bling, descending waters . Tur ing abruptly, ere, way f m l o S a s rom the dull ho e y ponds , n the outh, the Cuyahog run
' r d i om E fal on an aVer a e eagerly _ an rap dly to j lake rie , ling g ” C a a t m e f n m . T he us ou leven eet i a ile uy hog , ab eighty iles
’ in f m le s of or mre are on same length, orty i that distance , o , the ' c m a us a . f m su mit , with theMahoning nd T car was The or er runs
t a d in o Pennsylvania, n
’ ter is the main branch From these falls to (3 great, and
‘ on t e not r far n f m f th h canal, at Akron , ve y dista t ro these alls, e s m c of un r n m t a e descent, is already de the o trol an, crea ing
- ‘ n h l c t t e d of u . ix m twe ty eig t oks , wi hin h istance abo t s iles.
" ‘
m on an em a e and n l . o Fro Akr _to Clevel d , ther y h , soo wi l be , ne n i u e f r t o h r - m es A co t n ed villag , o the dis ance f t i ty eight il ' r n » ore of di e ent ves, are i o , s andstone fl r
and of u e for ui l -1 good text r , suitable b d i ' and m n ng stone, grindstones, Whetstones a y us f - os l ca i s l on e ul to man. F si o l ex st a so, the
r l t e m of lt he e are a l h aterials industry, hea h, happiness and
x ro er . T he f r s resents its r e the h l s out p sp ity o e t p t e s, . earth o d m er s and w e ff r l t8 ~ n a n r i n her in al , the at r o e s ever f ili g powe , of s i all fo tns odu e w a aid indu try n its r , to pr c e lth in all its
“ h e and i n all m e of ek istence s ap s ; happiness its od s , eitherear
’ oreal m n o m e . m and a s p , e tal , r ix d Fro Akron Cuyahog , _Fall v c ow a Clle el and n ud the l n me nd a ll S ce to , i l ing ast a d t n ; the pa n he he n u l one betwee them, t re will eve t a ly, great cityof fiv e e o a e l T the l t al d e . e r he th hundr th us nd p op h rive , cana , co , e i r th s and fi a on ore , e andstone, , n lly, the most beautiful inland
sea in the oons ir e t o the s m reat . , all p , produc e , a e g result
' The of Cley elan ow r esen ts in S mm “ as harbour d n p , u er, a p ort bu a ean h a - r as the o stling, ctiv d e rt sti ring, port f Baltimor e. ST ORY or 0 1110 . 54 HI ,
‘ “ l v the m of s v n hu n T he canal boats, the ake essels, stea er e e m i ts w dred tons, with its tall asts, ide expanded sails, with the : ” ’ “ fill m of sailor s ye up ye o, the ind the spectator, with life and energy.
E GRAND RIV R,
o of T r m Rises in the n rthwestern part u bull county, and
ou sl a10n o e e .cau ti proc eds y . g t wards the lake , turning, som m the f n of ti es to theright and then again to le t ha d, a distance
m to ~Au stinsbu r c its thirty iles, g in Ashtabula ounty, where
u off co rse being arrested in that direction , it turns abruptly to
westw ard f at Au stin sbu r and m the a a ter its repulse g , runs ore n m f l E rapidly twe ty iles arther onward and enters ake rie , at
A R OR . r Pain esville m i f m m I S F I P T Gene al , three les ro its outh, I
“
. n Or e u its the largest town , on its banks Iro abo nds along
i n m f for m f u shores, so e places , and a urnace its anu act re is in M A erected, its vicinity . ills are erected on this riverat u s tin sbu r m g , and at so e other places .
n m ma a nd. s Fairport, is as good a port as its a e i p rts , both side of a d m r e m r . T h e n the river, at its outh , i p oving U ite States e the ‘ t d l hav improved harbor, which is con stantly V i si e by ake
- v . It m st f essels is thirty two iles ea o Cleveland .
i e t nci al Thus we have not ced , very briefly ind ed , all h e pi i p
‘ m E of T strea s , along lake rie , within the State Ohio . he
U EE i s m — the MA M uch the largest longest , widest and deepest .
T he C u ahO a s r ank s n e t s y g , in ize x ,and i the best for mills and I m m ' . It has m . mi achinery, oved by water power the ost n
' . an r m . . eral wealth on its b ks , o near the As to canal naviga the of i , m u t on , Cuyahog a has the start the Mau ee , tho gh the scene will be shifted withina few s O _ short year , when the hio a e m c nal , nding at Ports outh hundred and
' nine miles ih length, will b e surpassed by the Wabash and
' u m fr m Ev a sw ll e Ma ee canal , extending o n , near the mouth of W a E the ab sh , quite to lake rie , at the entrance of the Maumee
‘
. T , he of m 1 river into the lake lower end the Mau ee bay, is m i n several iles width, and this canal mingles its waters with SUMMIT LE VELS;
‘ " i ' a If the i vers Which desee i e a at a a . those of th l ke, M nh tt n r 1 ci
s Ohio i f m t e ame s mm t e e e the a e into the r ver, ro h s u i l v l , wh re l k
’ i - 1 m at .ar n a t e a e afe n6tso rivers or g e, e lo ger th n h l tt r, yet, they
r T v s d i he O o useful as mill stre ams . he ri er escend ng into t hi
" ‘ a n to edu ce b r s river, seem to h ve bee intended pr , y thei lug ishness a i a uv al n r W ere n ou om g , r ch ll i cou t y, h grai W ld best c e matu an d a r r a es n an d to rity, the l ke ivers , by thei gre t d ce t
' ' ' constancy of Volume,were designed ‘ to furnish a Water
' ’ “ . r i o a and man fa e s611 t to grind thei ne ghb rs gr in , to u ctur the h
' ern m inerals 1nt0 'all the articles, that a Whele great state shall
‘ “ Here,. a f ew remarks jon the level of 511
LAK E ERI E i s fiVe hundred and sixty -fiv efeet above theStirf-
° an 1 1 5 fa of sea . T he mm and rivei d 1 11 11 ce the su it between Gr 1 , ing is three hundred and forty-tWo feet above lak e Erie— that s mm a d u nr e nd w -f f is the lowe t su it, n two h d d a t enty our eet above the Ohio river at the mouth of ‘ t ' - lim it bétw n t eCu a a T he. s m ee h y hog n is it a swam tage cou ty, p, aw n e an into the St . L re c d
’ there four hundred andthin feet
" di ed and twelve feet, above the
' . The summit of Black ri ver of “ ' of us m 1 branch the M kingu , s
feet ’above la e and e the k , thr e
the ‘ “ ’ i T he summit between the sot ‘rces6T theSci6toand sahdiis l k i h hu d ed a11 fift -foii f a y rivers , s t ree n r d y r eet bove theilake ' ‘ ' and four ‘ hu ndred and fifi y above lbWWatéfi fi the i Ohio river at Pertsmouth ' T he 91111111111 betvveen the Maumee and Great Miami rivers ’ ‘ is three hhhdr ed and fifty-four feet aBOVe thelake;and sixhun f a e them h (i f dred eet bov out the Miami river. ' Th eare the l wes um t e e b tWéén the waee6f es o t s mi l v ls e t r . ’ ' ' ' 13 " e 1 St. T the Mississippi 11 1111 1 1 LaWrerice 111 theétafte6f Ohi6. h 5 6 msr oa r or 0 11 10 . ar e a mm and highest lands i n the state, long these su its on the — summits between the v alleys of the largest rivers such as — . and m and the Scioto the latter, the Little the Muskingu , an a Highland Lawrence d Guernsey Miami river . J ckson , , ‘ d as a in counties contain as highly elevated groun s ny the umm a a E ar e s te T he high grounds, on the s its ne r l ke rie, ta . n i n the swampy and wet , but, in the counties lyi g southern ‘ mm are m a i p arts of the state, the su its dry, ount inous , or h lly tracts . a ti a a T he swampy lands in the st te , (excep ng those ne r l ke e the a as m ar e Erie, ov r which, l ke flows so to drown the ) a of a and mostly underlaid , with blue cl y , such thickness ’ W a . e compactness , as to prevent the w ter s descent below it a am a , r e except, too, the sw py, grounds long the rivers which ' too low to be drained . ALLUVI AL DEPOSIT ES. of a a a and b Those beds cl y, s nd , gr vel pe bles which consti ’ tute so large a portion of the earth s surface al on g all our riv fa to O o are a a a ers, which ll in the hi river, c lled lluvi l depo T a a ra sites . hese subst nces, which h v e been disinteg ted , by of m a a the action the at osphere, frost an d w ter, . been . h ve a 1 n transported subsequently by the rivers , nd deposited hori al i n a i n of r am l a . zont beds, v lleys , the beds st e s , or in p ins S T hese deposites ar e of a compara tively recent date . ome of them have been deposited within ou r own memory andothers ‘ formin u nde ou r own a . T ar a r e now g, r observ tion hey e pe ’ lia l a a a i a cu r y interesting, indic ting import nt ch nges n the e rth s f and the xam a of m su r ace ; e in tion these deposites, is i portant a of men — f m m a m to many cl sses to the ar er, iner nd anufact T ar e m m a a a u r er . heir contents so eti es very v lu ble, bec use a of a ar they often cont in beds cl y, which e useful to the brick ' ma t and . B a ker, the pot er the clothier esides pe t, they often - n ca ou c ai a d Cal re s tufa . ont n bog iron ore, ‘ m a of Besides trees, the re ins extinct animals are sometim es f t . N m ound in hese deposites u erous organic remains , the 5 8 HIST ORY or OHIO. T he skeleton of this a ncient and venerable chelonian reptile a of M s i and a was found in the ancient lluvion the is issipp , ne r the mouth of that r1v er . a a of s Of the m stodon , thous nds, doubtless their skeleton a u a i l . repose , in our ll vi l deposites, wh ch wi l be yet discovered w as fa of a T hey ar e all on what once, the sur ce the e rth, _ f u h f ‘ and are now, from o r, to t irty eet below the present sur face . ma a an T he bones hav e been preserved in ny pl ces, by the ticep ticnature of the e arthy m atters which cover them . T rees ar e often found imbedded a grea t many feet below . S f at of the present sur face . uch were ound the junction the O a d E a a Oh at m . Se hio n rie c n l , with the io river Ports outh al s w d man f ver tree entire , ere discovere y eet under the u fa of of a gro nd , on the sur ce which , trees the v ery l rgest had a a f had growth , grown up , since this subterr ne n orest been or a fa . buried . Doctor Moss is our authority f the bove cts ’ a a s a a ar e f f our , M n s works , such rrow he ds , o ten ound in — a a a . S an a a a a w as f lluvi l e rths uch rticle n rrow he d , ound ‘ f fa a l for ninety eet below the sur ce , while digging wel the W w . a b at C a . T a as Hon J co Burnet , incinn ti h t ell dug on the e o a f a . a high pl in , where the upp r portion the city st nds T h t a v a a a . T he pl in is dilu i l , not lluvi l upper level of Cincinnati am a e an d am belongs to the s e g , to the s e c atastrophe of our a a to of globe , th t the s nds ne our hilly region does . T he cur m a a ih rent which oved the s nd long it, being checked in its of de os course , by the hills on the Kentucky side the river, p ited a a a for of its lo d here , cre ting spot, one the most beautiful of a W cities the west , to st nd upon , here the citizens could be — an d a f f . high, dry he lth ul orever MINER SP AL RINGS. T HE W YEL LO SPRrNGs . N m of a d m ine iles north Xenia, n the s a e distance south of S fi a a f m C m C a pring eld , on the st ge ro d ro olu bus to incinn ti , ' ossess m e c a a T w . he at s p strong di in l qu lities er i a chal y be ate , MINEfl A L SP RINGS. so rt mo and m an n u all ' b and is reso ed to, re ore , y, y persons in ' ‘ a as as n a . . T he a mmo a a he lth, well by i v lids cco d tions , t the ‘ in s ar e as o a s a cou n tr spr g , go d could be expected , in y so , new as . T i s a ffi as as a a this here post o ce there, well t vern, f h m n n t e mm . with one hundred guests, reque tly, i su er onths T he proprieter has l aid out some beautiful gardens on his “ and has a i . grounds , erected suit ble build ngs T m: D ELA WARE SPRINGS . Ar ei n toWn of Del w ar e tw en t -f6ur m l ho Cc the a , , y i es nort f a a mm o m lumbus . Here re cco odations f r a considerable nu ber of T he a in i i m a guests . w ter the spr ngs s strongly i pregn ted T a m a with sulphur . his w tering place i s ore n d m ore resorted to a al b o ar e of al a , nnu ly, ythse who in pursuit he th or ple sure, o at th am m . r both, e s e ti e ' ' la t t T here ar e many chalybeate watering p ces i n . he s ate . ‘ ‘ i ‘ at W am m e of C T here s one illi sport , ten il s west ircleville , o . A m a one at C a 18 m n Deer creek si il r hillicothe, lso, co ing cf ‘ i a an a . into repute . It s situ ted on cclivity west the town t i a of b a n as W A the spr ng, good view the town is o t i ed , ell s of a ac a e an d C i . a the dj ent country, bov below h llicothe am n of the a of C It belongs to T homas J es , preside t B nk hilli cothe . 1 PET ROLEUM sr nrNGs . Four or five miles abov ethe north lineof Wa shington cou n v c and h the m of t a a of y, on w ter Duck reek , wit in li its Monroe o county, petroleum wasfound by boring f r s alt water . T his ' s a f f . 1 3 t su Senec a oil , rise bout our hundred eet It subjec to ch of as as f all a a tremendous explosions g , to orce out the s lt w ter a of o m aff ons ea in the well . The s le the petr leu ords c id r ble a nd a i n am s profit , the rticle begins to be used l ps, workshop , aff a ea and and in m anufactories . It ords cl r, brisk light, Will be a v a luable article for street lam ps In ou r futii r e l arge ci ties . ' ‘ ‘ m r Chatau ua Ne w Yo T here is a petroleu sp ing, in q county, rk, 60 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . at a all from which the light house Portl nd, is supplied with “the a a m . T a a oil , used in th t est blish ent his spring indic tes co l in that region . i all oa T here ar e many other such spr ngs , over the c l reg1ou S f m a of of this state . uch springs issue ro bene th beds either ‘ ca a and dou bt not m anv . o l or sh le , , we , such springs will be f am m a ua of ound, in the s e region , fro which , v st q ntities petro ' ' Lai e a of l leum will be obtained . g qu ntiti”es this petro eum ar e “ a Am a Oil and for a sold in b ottles l beled eric n , used spr ins , r a m has a u ab heum tis , gout, It cq ired consider le cele ' br and fa the an of m e it already, should it ll into h ds so e nter y, ” a m SW I M a a f prising w ter, doctor, or so e, A , l rge ortune , would be realised bv the sale of it RI E I T S TSL NDS A ND MI NER LS. LAKE E , A A d a f m e of Lake Erie boun s this st te, ro the w stern limits a a m of a e a Pennsylv ni , in the iddle the l ke , ext nding westw rd l a a of a m ba . y, along to point in the w ter, north M u ee y ‘ a E a a L ke rie bounds this state , in direct line, bout one hund red and sixty m iles . T he a f a m a l ke itsel , is ne rly three hundred iles in length, nd on e m a a is hundred iles in width , in the widest pl ce . Its ver a e a is a u fif m an d - mf g bre dth , bo t ty iles, its circu erence is at ’ a n m f a le st seven hu dred iles, ollowing the v rious windings of . fa a m its shores Its sur ce occupies , bout eight illions of acres of a a a f a s a a a s w ter. It is be uti ul inl nd e . nd is useful as it is a f . has ma a a a t be uti ul It ny l nding pl ces, nd, since he United S a a m the a a u t tes h ve begun to i prove h rbors ,” long its so thern ‘ shore it has a a ‘ , sever l excellent h rbors, for such vessels as n av ' i ate it. T a f m Sa ba . g ow rds its western end , ro ndusky y, west a na a a a a w rd , it co t ins in it, sever l v lu ble isl nds . T heir n am es follow, viz ’ C am a -in -ba s a unningh s isl nd, Put y i l nd , a a B ss isl nd , Gull island T he S S a three isters, hip isl nd , a a Rocky isl nd, Pick pocket isl nd , LAKE ERIE. ’ s a s a Point Pele i l nd , Bolton s i l nd, e a ell and e Middl isl nd, H chick ns, i on t a k a St i n islan d, T ur ey isl nd, ’ S a a C a n k e isl nd, edar isl nd, d ma a i l w . 1 Besi es, ny islets, when the l ke s o All Wh a these islands are west of the line, ich sep rates the — a e f 1 se r e h s ndston from the limestone ormation, they a eit er o m of i d ed. m1ner underlaid with the latter r ck, or so e its k n r f lim 1 or a s . a f s a l Some of them contai n be uti ul ulph te q e, crystaline gypsum . ‘ One a d centains m s a of S a s to isl n so uch ulph te tronti n, a g ive the whole island the name it bears In the summer of 1 828 of m m a . w , while th t region , e procuredhundreds speci ens of m a we m and n w this iner l , which brought ho e, o describe m as he lie f r . T r mas and the , _ t y be o e us hey occu both sive r he a s ar e f - regularly crj stalized. T cryst l usu ally our sided ' ms a mdifi and rm at b - f or pris , v riously o ed , te in ed y two, our e mm s m m m ss a . ight sided su its, o eti es co pre ed into t bles - Its m mm i s n f m . ost co on form, a oblique our sided pris , ter minated at e f fa a e s at b th ends, by our ces, st nding on the dge , the e . T h a are a s l sid s e cryst ls frequently long nd ender, col le cted fa a se fa a a into scicul r groups , who ces h ve strong lustre, b t are not a a tra ce n ; Its f a 18 u tr nsp rent, though nslu t r cture —1 - 1 1 fo at and . c a 1515111111 1 li ed glistening ; its olor v ries, but , bluish, - lk . white , gray or reddish S a a abbu t f m San tronti n isl nd , is twenty miles ro dusky City, a nd 1 th mi ne al o i tJ T a s well worth visiting, by e r g s his l ke r f r n m a h n i n o h s o ises seven eet highe i so e ye rs t a t er , s that i a a ma b C v e a h sl nds one ye r y e o er d with w ter t e next . We a a ma of t a c v ) an m a h e s id , ny hese isl nds ont i gypsu , but, th t mineral i s found 1n great abundance u nder the waters of San ba and t e a dusky y, on h point qf l nd which lies between that ba and. l a . . T s a a m a y the ke his i a gr nul r gypsu , cryst lized a nd a f a a e a of ed and . be uti ully v rieg t d by stre ks blue, r white Large qu anties of this gypsum are dug and carried away d w a a far as as . t i s o n our c n l , Muskingum county . I s used a a cm and as a m a mu a fo a e o e ent nure, or sti l nt r veget bl s ; f r 62 H IST ORY OF 0 11 10 . i h we a a w e c annot say wh c , though do know, th t it cts v ery a u beneficially on all sorts of vegetables, in cert in soils , tho gh a s m fi a a a not on others . It ct ost bene ci lly on v eget tion , in W an d a m of dr owth. e a a to be s andy soil, in ti e h ve ‘ re son a a f a of m x a lieve , th t this be uti ul v riety gypsu , e ists in gre t ma of a a far a all abundance, on ny the l ke isl nds, westw rdly, ‘ a S a of the way possibly, to l ke uperior , or even , on the isl nds — the Superior itself. of a a a ac T he comp act limestone these isl nds, so e sily ppro h m a a and a ed by vessels, will soon beco e very v lu ble , be tr ns a of a E a ported all along the e stern end l ke rie , where th t rock T e beau tifii l a of a is not found . h red ced r, these isl nds, too, for and a a and s will be sought , tr nsported , to the l ke cities town , on the southern shore . ' It is now one hundred and fifty-seven ye ars since the first a E in ffi . Our har white man s ailed across l ke rie, the Gri n ar e a a a m a i m a bors, along lake Erie , lre dy v isited by erc nt le of a an d m a . rine, no little v lue i port nce of a a e a m eba Beginning at the west end the l ke, we h v M u e y i T at the entrance of the Maumee in to this inland sea . his bay a m and for all the a is sever l iles 1n width, deep enough l ke ba a a C . T vessels . Next to this y e stw rdly, is Port linton he a Sa ba next port e stward , is ndusky y, which is sheltered from all in an a . T w ds , and is excellent h rbor here is a light as in a m ba and t house here , M u ee y, built under he control of S a . N east ardl the United t tes ext y, is the mouth o f e S a a m u Huron river, where the Unit d t tes h v e done ch for a . At m of a r iv er C n a its h rbor the outh Bl ck I , o gress h ve m f to m a a harbo N expended oney very use ully ke r . ext go in a a m C e a a g e stw rd , we co e to lev l nd h rbor, where a great ' ; a of a . T the m of de l , l ke shipping resorts his is outh the Gu y ah a and of the ' Ohio a a a og river, the end gr nd c n l . So a o as A 1834 we - long g ugust , ,counted , twenty eight a a a a an c n l bo ts, twelve l ke schooners , d four large steam ers a h a a f d and fif n e c ver ging our hun red ty to s , lying in Cleve a a at m l nd h rbor, on e ti e . T he steam vessels had tall masts, and “ they c arried sails . I C. T HE F SHES, ET mm : n a a a a O ur co erce is co st ntly incre sing on this l ke , nd n as an a for a m T e a will i cre e , nu lly, ges yet to co e , h re is at C v a and 1\ 1 NE light house le el nd, there ought to A , 1AR , OSPI T L for a d am . a H A , dis ble se en Proceeding eastw rdly, the “ ' a of m W a a t't e a ‘ of FAIIiPonr' dist nce thirty iles , e rrive h h rbor , . he e a u a d an 1ncr easin mm . w r there is light ho se, n g co erce ‘ '‘ '‘ a T he CONNEAIIi and ASHI AB ULA are ports farther e stwar d . b f m e are the rm c1 al 1 . o t in O a e ore ention d , _ ‘ p p p r s , hio, on l ke . Er e S a a is ie, upon which the Unit d t tes, h ve w ely exp ended ’ improve them . T o of who a d k o m at the ficers h ve isbursed the puh oney, these s are m a a ou r a fi d a r ba port , we co pelled to w rd unqu li e pp o ' for an l and ~ tion , the science d skil , industry enterprise , econ om and ma a m w h a la y good n ge ent, hich t ey h ve disp yed, in ‘ all W ‘ ice a a . e W o l n m h h th y h ve d ne, i proving these h rbors . t t lia we . a am m 1 n or ant regret c nnot n e the , we being g on t a ot n o h m - a s h t point, n k owing even one f t e , ! but their l bor a m mu . pr ise the _ ch “ ak E has . a and sea 1n mm and L e rie its l nd breezes , su er , it presents the same boundless prospect to the eye and the " - am s mn u m hu m t . e ar a a m as s e ole , s bli e e the , in c l , the ' a . a rm a E to all oce n does In sto , l ke rie, the senses , pre the m a t as A a a a sents sa e spec the tl ntic , when swept by g le ' s a sea a a In of wind . Thi inl nd is not riv lled by ny other, the r a o f l . n a world , fo be uty r use u ness Its cities will soo riv l the m s mm an a . Atlantic ones, ize , co erce dwe lth l x ’ H FI sn I N OUR v ns PONDS AND L ES AN ' HE T E ns, Rr n , ; AK , DI “ DIFFERENT MODES 0 F T AKI NG T HEM . " n was fi fi f W. s e b hen thi cou try rst s ttled y us, shes were ound " in all a in a ab a cbu tsmce man am our w ters, gre t und n e, so y ste ‘ are the O and m a am a boats employed on hio river, so nyd s h ve e all i fi he a e m been rected on our other r vers, these s s h v beco e a d d ffi to a . T e a a scarce n more i cult t ke h kinds usu lly c ught, a and e h r are bl ck , yellow white perch ; spotted p rc , pike , t out, ’ ‘ e e a of s of r e 1 buffalo , s ver l species sucker, two ecies stu g on, ‘ p 64 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . a nd the one is the shovel nose sturgeon , eels herrings , (not a an d a ar fish e astern herring, but l rger,) t ken in nets ; g , chubs wo a k an d o . an d m 1nn ews ; catfishes of t species, bl c yell w s m a fi ar e a 1 n the Along the Ohio a n d its branche , ny shes t ken 1 s a a tr t lin e the spring months ; by setting what c lled , o , where T he a f m f six tv water is deep and still . line is usu lly ro orty to T he m d of b u o s w hile yards 1n length . id le it is supported by y , a . T o a its e nds ar e fastened down , by l rge stones this line , fa d book s a a l arge n umber of short lines a r e stene , with tt tched - ' W min n ews a fishes . T to them w ell baited, ith or cr y his line d f a m an is visited morningan evening, or even o tener , by , in ‘ ' a of m am n an d m f a canoe, who t kes hold the li e , pulls hi sel of along by it until he comes to one these shorter lines , which a a off fish a a a and o he pulls up , nd t kes its , b its it g in so pr ceeds of m a a off the fis along the whole length his in line , t king hes, man catfi she s ar e m and rebaiting the hooks . In this ner so e W a times c aught, weighing one hundred pounds . hen the w ters ar i n mm m ar e a and a e low, the su er onths, seines, dr wn , l rge ar e m m a i n qu an tites are taken by them . Pikes so eti es c ught ‘ f and fif . T 1 s a h nets weighing thirty, orty ty pounds here not er a fi a a m m s method used , in t kin g shes which is with spe r ; so eti e ‘ Of m of fi the a by torch light . this ethod shing, Indi ns were ar a a e fa f extreme ly fond . T he fis hes e ttr ct d to the sur ce o the ‘ a e a ma a a w ater , by the light, nd th expert spe rs n d rts his spe r ' im and d a im t skifi a . into h , r gs h in o the or c noe ' ak E ar e f all fi a w e a n am In l e rie , ound the shes th t h ve ed, as b O and a . And a eing in the hio, br nches in ddition to these , r there a e many others Whose names we do not even know . T he fish of a Eric a a a fish and a white , l ke , is v lu ble delicious one a m a too . V st nu bers of them r e caught in Detroit river with ' . T he a E e a ffa o seines speeled trout is in l ke ri ne r Bu l e . ' T he a m trou t of an m of E s l on Michig , the uskelunge the rie, a r and S ar e a a fi es m Michig n , Hu on uperior , v lu ble sh , illions of ar e a a a an d m f which t ken , s lted , b rrelled up , so e o them sent a a a down our c n l, to the towns long it . But there ar e not . ca n or a f fo o enough ught , one h l enough r our population . N t ' a few a r of shad mack er el a m as as b r els , , s l on , well dried cod = 86 HISTORY OF OHIO . m s . and as i tend their researches into this obscure, yet , quite understood subject . a for scient1ficreaders we ee Having said what we h ve , , proc d i ma a. w a in the com mon method to treat th s tter, in y, to suit common re aders . ' We have taken but a few steps into the p ath of Natura l His ' a a for m tory le ading the w ay and pointing he d , the young en w and w e and ta of this state , to follo us, when stop short , s nd w a a m ma f a of by the y side , we pr y the to rch orw rd to the end An of m f s m the path . y one the who eels within his own bo o , a an a m m a a e of Na th t he holds ppoint ent, _to ke corr ct survey ’ f m a n f m Na u ture , not ro y civil ruler, but ro t re s God , let such a m a and fam and l f a . n one ove onw rd , e g ory will ollow his l bors o a im a a him . T he N governor will ppoint h , nor Legisl ture p y Creator will rew ard him . . We have fresh water cl ams— (unio) in all our tributaries of W O as as a f . e a the hio river, well in th t river itsel h ve strong reasons for belie ving that this fam ily of shell fishes inhabit all am T irt or f ea the stre s in the Mississippi v alley . h y orty y rs i fam lO tS f since , th s ily were divided by C OnCll O n into our species ' f o . S a im a a m a m unio ince th t t e one n tur list, kes the three hundred species ! We have seen this a nima l in all the l arger am of O a am Wa a stre s the hio riv er ; in th t stre , in the b sh , Illi an Wi nois , Missouri , Upper Mississippi , Rock river, Ioway, d s ’ ' con sm e a v of ‘ fam riv rs , but we believ e th t e ery species this ily, an a an d T ma existing y where in the western st tes erritories , y f S i W be ound in the c oto river . e ar e not among those who be lieve that natural history gains any thing by multiplying spe of a ma a a cies ni ls , on p per, which h ve no existence any where else . ' L innmu s m fi sc1 ence and it a si pli ed , rendered e sy to under a a st nd , so th t any child of twelve years old could underst and and m co prehend it . MI ss ELI ZAB ET H BUCHANAN of Cincinnati ' an o a . S n da of is excellent b t nist i ce the ys Linnaeus , weak men a f of h ve o ten been , the pests science , by using terms not mm a . T a understood by co on re ders hese qu cks in science , w ould be quite below our notice , did they not impose upon those 1 . T . WILD ANIMALS, E C 67 in power, who ar e sometimes quite ' as ignorant as these pre ' tenders; No m an more scorned such qu ack s fhan Governor ' Clinton who often condemned them 1n his wri tings . ' ( We a e c of a a the am nu h v ten spe i es sn il , or, ex ctly s e m ber f u o o nd east f the Alleghenies . W w T e have the gopher which lives In our et barrens . he prairie wolf never lived In Ohio, nor east of the Wabash coun for c we f t t a fu and we a t try, whi h eel qui e h nk l , h ve not ei her, ’ r e a of far -w the g en pr irie fly , the est, which is there so trou ble some a it ffi u a m a e to a s to render di c lt , in the w r we th r, tr v e l a imm dW ll it cross those ense prairies where they e , unless be in the night season. a ima i e t But our wild n ls will soon be destroyed , nd ed hey are m l O ost y killed ff already . ’ ' WI LD ANE AIS ‘ SE o OIsEs AND OT MPHI I OUS I , RPENTS, T RT , HER A B T he a m a of a ar e as f m . wild ni ls this st te, such were or erly I a a Am nh bit nts of Kentucky, T ennessee and Indi ana . ong carni e ous a ma a t a a d l the v r ni ls we h ve he be r, black n yel ow f an a an h wol d the p nther, d t eblack and gray fox . Of a m a a ar e carnive rou s and f r w those ni ls , th t herbi e ous, e a the O s m a a and m k . T wOO h ve pos u , r ccoon, polec t in he d ‘ c and ra b ar f r . Of s u i huck or ground hog , b it, e herbi e ous q r W r we a a a s a fox . els , h v e the bl ck, gr y, triped nd squirrels e a a s irr els. T h a r a h ve too, the red , nd flying q e n tive ats re a and ma a O r a bl ck s ll , but the bo ts on the hio rive h ve long am since introduced the wharf rat. Mice ar e of the s e species W i a s a . a a a with those n the e stern t tes e h ve the we sel , nd a ’ smal . a 1n lar e n m l porcupine Be vers were once here , g u bers on th a at j t a f Our e high l nds , he he ds o rivers , but with those who au m a l a a f m am c ght the , they h ve ong since dis ppe red ro ong u . A few a a ou and m 1 s otters rem in , long r rivers , the uskrat s m e mm I a al n a . or co on; doing njury , to our c n s i pl ces W a k a e h d. and el t m a once the bison the , in v s nu bers ll over hio Whe Ci clev ille was ar a O h n r , first settled , the c c sses, 68 1115 1 0 11 1 OF 0 1110 . ‘ of fif a of fam of la rather skeletons , tyindividu ls the ily elk, y fa scattered about on the sur ce , which the Indians had left W had an a a Of and ar e m here . e bund nce deer, they nu erous still in the n ewer parts of the state . T hey ar e the common red deer . a a a of c Our serpents r e r ttlesn kes , two spe ies , one is a ma a and f m a . T inhab large one, the le bl ck the e le yellow hese ' a a and a ited al l this st te, especi lly the hilly regions , they r e T e ma a a th there now . h s ll spotted r ttle sn ke , dwelt in e north o a a . s a western corner f the st te, in the pr iries there It is c rce an ly twenty inches in length d is quite venomous . Cap a few of m tain James Riley encountered not th e , while trav “ W e r u n . h eling in that region erev r hogs in the woods, they ‘ At an a of destroy the rattle sn ake . e rly period our settle t a a a was f a S m ent , he l rge r ttlesn ke ound long the cioto, in a m t he a a a s consider ble nu bers , but newly settled inh bit nts, certaining that these serpents burrowed in a l arge stone mound a f w m a ar f m C af ~ e iles northe stw dly ro ircleville , ter the ser a h a f pents h d gone into t eir winter qu rters , enced in the a d as am of o mound , n , the serpents c e out it in the spring f the “ a k m a It a next ye r, they illed the , so th t is r re thing ~ now , find . m a C m to one in this region Five iles bove olu bus , on the a a Of ' S t w as f m m in br nch the cio o river, there , or erl y , a den of of the a na fam and a . T » serpents, r ttles ke ily, Mr homas Back who a us, then owned the l nd there , endeavored to destroy “ a. fire m the serpents, by keeping , during the winter onths, a a a had in c ve , where the sn kes entered their den . T his f expedient, not succeeding, he enced in the den, a n d put a “ ‘ a m of . T ff l rge nu ber hogs into it his e ected his object, and few Of are f at very these serpents now ound , or near the pl ace . Wh of hO y the bite this serpent should not injure the g , we do nOt know, unless it be, on the principle , that Oil is an ‘ a of n . T he Of O ntidote to the poison the serpe t oil lives, is ' fl k nown to an a a fat of ma be be ntidote , nd the the hog y so, likewise . T he f of at n hog is ond e ing the serpent, a d his poison is no ‘ W ILD A NlmA Ls,, ET C. 269 W f c n a a t m . t e ha etwo or prote tio g inst his, his worst ene y v f a a an d s three species o bl ck sn ke , v ery long lender, one with W a a a of sev a white ring around his neck . e h ve w ter sn kes ’ eral species and the common garter snake;bu t mine of our ser a a e a a d pents r e poisonous , except the r ttl sn ke, n the copper a two at i ar e m fi now to u r r he d The l te , ostly con ned , o hilly W s of tor i and . e a e reg on, will soon be gone h v , three specie ' ‘ s viz z a l a srnall w ith ellow s ts toi es , l rge b ck, brown, u y pp on its s o a f . T he a shell , nd the so t shelled tortoise l tter live wh lly in W a and 13 a sea e for f od. It h the w ter, equ l to the turtl , o eig s m s x t S m m . fro i to en pounds , ometi es ore zz s a and i . Li ard re mm n n a a w a _ co o in the woods , ple s nt e ther w n i sun . N ar mm a o n e i n .o b sk old logs , the shine e ts co on , ur Wa r nd l n o i and in all i te s A the t r ver, indeed, our r vers , is an an imal and a a an d 1s Of ak e t , between the newt llig tor, ten t o f0 1 fis . 19 om im t o n on hooks set hes It s et es w , or, even three f i n and of a m n a . it eet length, ost disgusti g ap pe rance . Is the Proteus -l ater alis ? “ C a fi ar e lfi tér a a low a r y shes q bund nt, in our l nds, some of ar e sixin w O s. which ches long, eighing eight unce T hey ta ste i and a of d l ke the lobster, h ve the property repro ucing their” a a Off. T e r m e ntenn e, when broken h i li bs wh n cooked , taste — " o st W t l the or y erg a . e av a s Of fr O s ike lobster ; ' s ltish h e ll orts g ' ' ~ an d toadss O u r bull frogs are larger f than any east ' of the mountains . our r e m a to. m a insects too nu erous be even enu er ted, u nl ess s we dhvoted a l arge pace to them. One of themost interest and u i s the a a . i s m a ing curio s , cic d It so ewh t smaller than the a T are a a a at a h rvest fly hey s id to ppe r regul r periods , i m a fi at ii a wh ch so e persons h ve xed once i seven ye rs . Others a e a s a h h v s erted, th t t ese periodical returns ar e on ce in four a s— Ot e sa a teen ye r h rs y, once in seventeen ye rs . His com ' mOn ame a ea m l ‘Of Ma n is he pp rs by the idd e y, and ‘ t e ar e all a . fi a a On h y gone , e rly in July When he rst ppe rs , fa of ar h e m a the sur ce the e th, rese bles grub worm; is h alf an n and h - of an i am inch lo g, t ree eighths inch n di eter . He rises dicia l f om ar er en u i . ho r the e th, p p y, by a , h ma ‘ le whic he kes, 70 m sr onr or 0 11 10 . f i of a with equal ease through any kind o so l , whether s nd or fi a a fa , and of clay . T hey rst ppe r on the sur ce in the night, T a m are then white and soft . hey cr wl up so e bush , tree or a limb , and w it until the sun dries their shells, which envelope ’ a of them . T his shell bursts on the insect s b ck , out which T d ar e t at prison the locust crawls . heir bo ies v ery ender a d a e a far . fir st, n they c nnot then , ither cr wl or fly In this m state they remain one night, their bodies still oist, their ' and da f wings expanding, during the y ollowing , they begin to at a im and fi can fly a few feet, t e, by the rst night, they fly T he e has now a at f ma . several rods . ins ct rrived ull turity was fi and d When the state rst settled by us , uring twenty f a v m . T he years a terw rds , wild bees were ery nu erous Indi a a of an d a of an s collected gre t qu ntities honey, sold b rrels it a O to the white settlers . In the woods long the hio river, but f mm a a all a more still in the orests i edi tely round our pr iries, . all a m a bees lived in the hollow trees During the w r we ther, these usefu l and industrious insects hovered over the profusion m a an air of wild flowers in these e dows , d flew through the to A l and from their homes . long the intervals Of a l our rivers m and a a ong the wild roses sweet bri rs , they plied their busy air m a work , spun through the like so ny wires , in right lines , and man lulled to rest , the wild , by their buzzing, humming m . ar e m a an d am a usic But they beco e sc rce, t e bees h ve not , W as a . e a fe w be e s a n yet supplied their pl ce re r but , d hon ey W is not f a . h n ot o ten seen in the st te y, we do know . ‘ ’ BOT ANY . 71 B O T A N i ‘ TREES. ak White o , Quercus alba . E a ak u e s ca a u Common rope n o , Q c pedun ul t . ' ss cu oak u oliv aforrms . Mo y p , Q ercus ‘ O c wh oak ma r a a . ver up, ite , Qu ercus c oc rp Post Quercus obtusiloba . O e u a a. v r cup oak , Querc s lyr t ’ ' Swam white oak p , , Quercus prinus discolor Che snu t .white s n s , oak , Quercu pri u ’ ' ROck s oak m la . che nut , Quercus prinus ontico ‘ oak n accu mn atu s ~ Yellow , Quercus pri us i . Sm a e t o u a n ll ch snu ak , Querc s prinus chinc pi . W u i oak h ll u s . llow , Querc s p rinus p e “ Laurel oak . Quercus prinus imbric aria) la d o o Up n will w ak, Quercus prinus cinerea. ' in oak m a Runn g , Quercus pu il ar am oak o B tr , Quercus heter phil la. Wa oak a a a ter , Quercus qu tic . a a Oak f in Bl ck J ck , Quercus err ug ea. B ar oak banist e , Quercus era . ' Ba oak rrens scrub , Quercus catesbaei S a is oak fa a p n h , Quercus lc ta . ’ a oak e i Bl ck , Qu rcus t nctoria . S a oak oc c rlet , Quercus c cm ea . oak br al Grey , Quercus b e is . " ‘ Pin oak a , Quercus p lustris . R am a Quercus rubra; 72 HIST ORY or 0 1110 . E a a a a . Common urope n w lnut, Jugl ns regi a a a . Black w lnut, Jugl ns nigr Ju lan s a a a . Butternut, g c th rtic aw n u t a Oliv ce for mis . Pec n hickory, Jugl ns a am a a . Butter nut hickory, Jugl ns r W ick or u lans a u ati u a . ater butternut h y, J g q q u lans m . Mockernut hickory, J g to entoso a am a . Shellbark hickory, Jugl ns squ os a ckor Ju lan s a i a . T hick shellb rk hi y, g l cin os u lan s a . Pignut hickory, J g porcin N m a m risticoe . ut eg hickory, Jugl ns y porcinis MA PLES . W ma A e oca a hi te ple, cer r rp u m lba . i ma A m . Red flower ng ple, cer rubru ' S a ma a ug r ple, Acer s cchar in u m . a a m a A a . Bl ck sug r ple, cer nigr N a ma A orw y ple, cer pseudo platanus . A Box elder, cer negundo . ma A a m a . Mount in ple, cer ont nu s D OGWOODS W i i C flo h te flower ng, ornus rida alba . . C fl v Yellow do ornus a a . O EE C FF T REE . C ff m a a a o ee tree, Gy nocl dus c n d ensis. a a a ran Big l urel, M gnoli g diflora. Sma m a a ll gnoli , Glauc a . C m e ucu ber tr e, Accuminata. Heartleav ed m C cucu ber, ordata . m a T U brell tree, rip etela . 74 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . and ima r a i a m m e“ cl te to their g owth, th t th s st te ight, with or” a an of a OREA . propriety, th n y portion Greece, be c lled M ‘ W abou t f a l a a v of a and e hav e our thous nd p nts n ti es the st te , ‘ of a T e 0 u a we know no pl nt, either in enness e 1 Kent cky , not ‘ a . Of oak fam w n ative of this st te the ily, e have more spe a an at has nd if n a cies , th n y other st e , a a y n tive tree deserv es ’ l m Of ou i a to be an emb e it, the , deserves th t distinction . a m T he walnut has the next cl i on us. W a o cma S hether we consider our l titude , ur li te, our oil, our se co a ma a a sea w e r eadi nd ry for tion , or our low elev tion bove the , l a a a a l s . T o e of our a s y scert in th t, our bot ny rich thos p tron , “ who are h a and all a , t orough bot nists , possess the l rge works on a an ma can m a m n o bot ny y re rks which we ke, in this volu e, ssar il f all w l . T o comrnon ce y brie on subjects , ou d be useless W a readers they would beequ ally useless . e sh ll therefore con fin e ma f a the re rks which ollow, to our gr pe vines , flowering “ and a a as are m a f shrubs p l nts, nd to such edicin l or use ul in the a rts of life . And we a a a and begin with p r site and lover of all the trees, w e h a t a of a shrubs , which ve no iced , under this he d bot ny, a T hat p arasite an d courtier is the gr pe vine . MI FA LY! B OT ANI CAL NAMES. r a . G pe vine , Vitis l SPEC ES . SPECIES. a Vu l l na . Fox gr pe , Vitis p ’ S ai a Sciotoensis weet pr rie gr pe, Vitis . a . Hill gr pe , Vitis Accu minatis W V a A a ma ma . hite gr pe , itis lb xi V a a a ma ma . Red l rge gr pe , itis Rubi xi a V a a ioe sis. F . oh n rost gr pe, itis Gig nte e are a a ma a of s Besides thes , there , gre t ny v rieties , the e vi nes . T HE FOX GRAPE has a a f as as an l rge ruit , big ounc e l ' a r and a a . b l , it is whitish in colo , produces bund ntly It is t a m a cul iv ted i n any pl ces . T he W HIT E GRAPE a a and , is the l rgest gr pe the shortest vine, c and am u i n B an d C growing in ri h , wet sw py gro nds , rown ler ts a n u i s. f is ee mont co nt e I ruit transp rent, showi g every s d, a e i nea an ame : T he in the gr p , wh ch is rly inch in di ter vine, a a of nd ha f an 111 ame att ins height only ten feet, a l inch di ter. ‘ a . o r of Cin It deserves to be extensively cultiv ted, by L ngwo th innati w o h s l w hilx em o e i u t a o , h a been ong ort y pl d, a c l iv ting I y ll t v n e a sor s of vines , nati e a d naturaliz d The n a u abl a i now a tem t to intr duc ext v l e n tive v ne, t p ed be o to u i s th S I RI E G PE It f i s r ed p blic notice e WEET PRA RA s ruit ed, and e d i a t e n of SciOto wh n wil , grew extens vely long h b ks the a I , a m a r m r inOu r once extens ive n tural e dows . It neve grew o e a f t an was th n twenty ee m height, d its vine , only one inch am t m s a e 111 di eter. I grew near the plu bushe nd cover d them, the s a w1t s l a t proper e son , h its vine o ded with he delicious , sweet at o r of f u . a i we a s n cluste s its r it T wenty ye rs s nce, h ve een e ie ar us o -S t e m a w h l v w, (ne n the cio o,) tre less e dows, ith w o e acr of leaded i f u nd n th ow es these vines, w th r it, a coveri g e l m uS s . a c he a m a h s uce plu b P cked sug r, t ese gr pe prod e x el: ra s an d ma s a m c lent i ins, d presse , their juice ke ost deli ious ' vvi w f ne, which e pre er to any imported n a is a s of Myers e r i , r i es more and more in appearance an d fl avor resemble the grapes brOu ht froin g I I Lisbon . T ar e a a i u a a v a hey ex ctly l ke except o rs is n ti e, nd I , b of t o. t hrives est here, the w ‘ T IS a a a fo 0 r1 l nal l r here l rger grape th n these, und g v on Dee ‘ sOme w m l t Of ire lev ille . T creek, t enty i es southwes C he 1 a b t a d so e as our S e a fruit s l rger, u h r ly sw et cioto, sw et pr irie a e. he DEER CREE GRAPE l s a iz and gr p T last one , or K , n tural ed T HESOI O O GR PE VI NE on a T A , grows gentle cclivities , i n nd a ain . f I in this reg o , a : tt s , twenty or thirty eet n t i s stem is half an inch in diameter . It grows on sunny s ides ' of h am - and a fru it ll no ills, ong under brush be rs we , when t ,too , I m c t ' ' sha e Its fi u t net l r e s f u h ded by re s i is so a g , a either O I the orementioned a and r f gr pes , it is ather too well stor d with I e ’ s . a a it has a n co tr so eeds For t rt or jelly, no riv l in a y un y, a d s. n it the a . ma an x l _ deliciou pure is , to t ste It kes e ce lent and Is e l w o w preserve , highly priz dby a l h kno its worth. 76 m sr oa r or 0 1110 . ‘ ‘ All t w e che er fu ll an d an d a m hese vines , y, pressingly w r ly E f C a f N. n o introduce to our riends , Lo gworth , squire , incinn ti , ‘ d W am an d of n a a a an to illi Prince sons , the Li n e n g rden , Long ‘ We a all of a Island . wish lso to introduce it to other lovers ‘ of mo m an d m . a vine , dest erit, genuine odest worth H ving a “ e hfimble a s n brought forw rd these vin s , , to prete sion , show a of m a famil an d p arade , which they void , like those the hu n v, who rely solely on their own intr m sw goodness and worth; we now mention E ROST GR PE T H F A , W ’ am f m " e hose vine, in di eter , is ro twelve to eight en ‘ and m bon hs often m a l uches , whose top ost g tower ore th n of a s one hundred feet on high , covering the tops the l rge t a O and all a . T trees , long the hio . river , , its tribut ries his m a v aft m a a af all ost st tely ine , er cli bing to so gre t height ; ter f ff and a a a f its lo ty pretension, show, e ort p r de , produces ruit a ma o f a - rtaste an d of o r v al th t is s ll, sourish bitte , _ is little no u e . m all ts a a a It rese bles , in respec , cold , he rtless p olitici n , Ha m f s a m an hi m who tters , so e ooli h , we k in power, to help i t a in a a a a m up to the h ghes st tion , st te , which the p r site erely s hadesWith h is luxuri ant foli age,without producing in return f fa a of a or the n a . vor , single cl uster y v lue But we dismiss a fam a f ew ema . the whole gr pe ily , with r rks We hav e in O of fo , hio, not only one the best regions r the grape a a a for fo vine , but the very best gr pes, now lre dy, wine or r r ai f . o and ar e a o wn and m a . sins , these n tives our soil cli te Lying am a a u of in the s e p r llels with those co ntries Europe , where the 1 9 fo vine flourishes best , our soil even superior to theirs , r our m f a . a an own ost delicious gr pes H ving the ruit , the soil d the “ m a a a a all a e cli te best d pted to these gr pes, th t is now need d , is ‘ the disposition to cultivate our own vines ! Every f amily m i a who a few a es of a m h rais th s st te , own cr l nd, ig t e , an n u a all a w c . . mm an lly, the gr pes hi h they need Properly tri ed , d ’ ta a of s t a f an ken c re , the vine never grow too old o be r ruit , d ar e a are a there vines now in It ly, which two thous nd ye ars old . S a m a a a l a uch vine ight be l id on stone w l , on ny sunny side “ . r BOT AN Y. 77 I . ( ill ‘ 11 a e a for m o f a b , 1 our hilly be tr in d long , iles in . E n o m 11 or a length ve ne such v ine , ight time supp t great i 1 i um be r of e b th a of a w n e a p rsons, y e s le its gr pes, i e , vin g r, m wo ar ffi te a f dzc. A v u ce ll br ndy, uel olu e ld h dly su to I all ad an a a em f m the v t ges, which this st t ight derive , ro the cul ’ a foi' t tivation of the . Ou r i fit vine h llyregion is, in pl ces, no h e t a of all a a ing else , y it is dapted best pl ces , to the cultiv tion of the vine T he m m Swi z a and caeof vines , i ported fro t erl nd the p Good e cn ltivated a t Galilo olisb ou r f MENA GER an d Hop , p y old riend, I ‘ s b N. Lon w ‘ of a a a an a ple Vev y, Indi n , thrive v ery d produce bun f own O a all we pre er our hio gr pes, to others, m ' ' n s a w l d. T h e w i e of a am the wor the pl ces which e h ve n ed , “ ' ’ ar e a a nd ca much s irit in m as to m ak e on e s h rd , ont in so p I the I ' a a s af r k a eof t at ‘ e he d che , everely, te drin ing bottl i dinn r, W a o r wm es ma a S and am e here s , u , de long the cioto Mi i ri v rs , I f m ow a e e an a a ff c ro our n gr p s, never p roduc y dis gree ble e e ts, ' T W as on those who drink them . his ine is d elicious as cham ’ I ma o at paigii or Burgundy . t kes ne s lips w er to even thi rik of W m a of own a r a our own delicious ines, de our n tive g pes, ' an o ou a of m . with t either sug r or spirits y s rt, in the ' ur i r- i s m o e of e w a O c de wine , co p s d cid r, t enty eight g llons, ‘ h a and a e ib a o s. . gr pe jui e , three or ur g ll n In suc c ses, sweet a e ar e ma e and i m i ls ppl s used to ke the cid r , th s xture sel at 1 u a about fifty cents a gal lon . It 5 sed m the upper Mi mi coun t as l a s all a S i e . ry, wel long the cioto r v r a We a cu rr en t 1n ard s Besides the gr pe , h v e the , our g en , ar e e 11 f h r n ew s whose berries often us d 1 the ruit , eit e , pre erved ia in or . T ant o pots, n de into wine his pl , thrives n where , better a i n s a an d o w r m b th n thi st te , n here p oduces ore or etter ber . T ma an a r a al ries hey ke excellent wine, but, require g e t de ’ of a sug r to render the wine palatable . H IST ORY O F OHIO. NAT I VE FLOWERI NG PLANT S . ' We m a feW of m for the m a s ention only the , not ere bot ni t, o all a . T who a a m but f r other re ders hose w nt technic l ter s, ’ l s of S ar e referred to Nu ttal Botany the United tates . Y OT NIC L N ME. S PECI ES FAMIL . B A A A C . Ca a Bed bu ercis n densis . a a a an d is T his pl ant is between shrub nd tree , it every u o a O and where dispersed thro gh the wo ds , long the hio river, s W - all its tributarie . hoever sees, but even once , the red bud , ’ S i W111 m ma on in e arly pr ng, never lose the i pression , de his . T he fa of a mind , through the eye tree is then, one sur ce be u m . a a m tiful, red blosso s It is redder th n the pe ch blosso , which o m a . a a t it uch resembles , in spect Its whole top ppe rs be one a o m f m a ful a m ss f red blosso s, or ing delight contr st, with the o a d . du ll, br wn woods roun it T o an of a who a a o O i 111 y lover n ture , p sses l ng the hio r ver, a am ff a a a r i . ste er, the red bud , o ers rich tre t, in e rly sp ng In stantl am af es r ed l m fam y, l ost, ter this tre hows its b osso s , the i l of flor da of a e y dogwood , cornus i , two v rieties , one with whit ' and th al ~ e llow o m floiv er s an d eother with p e y bl sso s , opens its ' T adds much to the b eautiful aspect of the woods . hese two ' . as w l a a m are n a of trees or shrubs, e p e s e to c ll the , e rly the ' am One s ecies of - o as a and s e size . p dog w od h white the other ' a a - l flower nd a a m p le ye low , a they both exp nd their l rge blosso s , a the am me. T u w e a w an bout s e ti h s, h ve red , hite d yellow f e r od at the am m At low rs, in eve y direction in the wo s , s e ti e . a distance a e m a m a , e ch tre rese bles in spect , so ny large I of bunches flowers every where dispersed i n the woods . a m a fi In utu n , the red bud, is lo ded with its pods, lled with s . . T he sil u ae are a as a as od of eeds pods, i , bout l rge the p s a ma a a cm a s ll be n , where s , the o us , is lo ded with red berries , - a n 1 n a . re d in . T a riv lli g its sp ect the bud , spring hus e ch tree , a a t kes its turn , in we ring its beautiful scarlet livery S everal birds live on the berries of the cornus flor ida1 n Win and man a of o as a m ter, uses the b rk ”its ro ts , edicine . It 18 m a the a and i s as a deno in ted yellow b rk , v luable, as the qu1n ' BOT ANY v 1 79 of S Am a and 1s f 1n t he s u quinu a outh eric , o ten sold hops, nder w o a m an that ”nam e T he ood f the s me tree the A eric box wood 18 a very valuable Wood of which to make flutes andother m i a i u m 1 s al the e a of us c l , w nd instr ents It _ used so by ngr ver q n his trade . a l a a as the En wood cuts, i It is equ l y v lu ble glish o i h e mh m . b xwood , wh c it v ry uc rese bles V Q ‘ Y B OT NIC L N ME. SPECI ES. FAMIL . A A A Pawpaw . i s a a f s s n a r . S m Th1s be uti ul bu h, between a hrub ad t ee o e ' ‘ of m t f a d are r fe inches in the grow hirty eet high, n th ee or ur ' is a an m d am . d its ea s ar i eter 9 Its trunk str ight s ooth, l ve e long, an are ha t s of a T d they s ped like ho e the tob cco plant . heir co ‘ 10 1 18 a t . f i ts f u e em brigh green Be ore ripe, r it r s bles in ap a T e r n Ce a of the da of A A a. e mbl a p a e , th t te ustr l si his r se nce s s its ha a . T he f ws. n exi t too, in s pe, size nd color ruit gro i n of f and fi ve l n m and som m s bu ches three, our nu ber, eti e , they s l n and are n s n iame It ar e twelve inche o g three i che i d ter . s ‘ a d i s of a l ed . fioWer. 1s trumpet shape d n pa e r color Its blos msa a a ou am me‘ t t se of do and so ppe r b t the s e ti , wi h ho the g wood - w a r all a O bud. T he a o an the red p p w g ows long the hi , d its a Wa t s. of the tribut ry ters , in the riches soil For the size tree, ' of an a i n it bears the largest fruit y pl nt our oWn forests . T he f t e aw a are of a - w c e are a seeds o h p p w dull bro n olor, th y fl t, " Wh its fu a nd of a large size en ripe, fruit rnishes the opos fo . he s l f it suin with a delicious od T quirre pre er s , when near l r W f f u 1s e ow and“ r semes y ipe hen ully ripe, the r it y ll , e bl 1 the custard l n taste arid aspect . T s fa a f l S a a va hu r, we h ve o lowed the e son in its d nces, as to ‘ t1me bu t av me n d one u me - a e flowver W wil , h ing ntio e tr p t sh p d e . lin l f r a m a a O g y re e to others which be r si il r sh ped blossoms . f ' h ar e ten fif e . he a one mm t ese , there or t en spec ies T l rgest , 0 11111111 1111 has a m a s 111 d am i s a v n ste sever l inche i eter It i e, n ou f s t the of r e a c r i e h . s endi g lo tie t rees , to tops the high st u ghs Itis alre adyextensively domestic ated . T his creeper and crafty i a ca n m u t e o an s ? the pol tici n cli b p h side f y hou e, and cover W e o f it a and b of blossorh s T e hol r o , with s vines, le ves unches h se ' ' ’ v i a ea nc s 1n n t m fi sha ed nes h ve flowers , sev r l i he le gth, ru p et p , 80 HIST ORY OF om o. W t e f off . i of a beauti ful red color hen h flower alls , a pod , (sil ' in ste ad which a . c q ua) app ear s on the vine, , grows sever l in hes ‘ T he li ht i n length . seeds are ali winged, very g and are easily ’ T transported by the winds , to a great distance . hese plants W can will soon cease to be wild , here our cattle get at the f of vine , which they are ond eating , at least its bark, which being destroyed , the vine dies m -flow er s of i T here are other tru pet , a wh te color , as large as the one which we have described T hese are all about to dis appear from the same cause with the red flowered one . ' We have less ambitious trumpet flowers, than these of every red the ' color, tint and shade the , the white, blue , the green , T the yellow and of every i ntervening shade of color . he vines m of m of the latter . are so e the longer, others shorter, running emin en ce wher e along upon the ground, or ascending any little , _ ' l T they can show themse ves and breathe a purer air . hese w f . e v flowers are _ indeed very beauti ul Besides these , ha e of c m h s of two species honey suckle , whi h cli b the hig est tree ' f r t m S of . our o ests, in our bo to s , and how an abundance flowers m ultiflor a - rowm i n But, we have a rose , a , g g our richest, w ca fi n d m oist lands , hich ascends the very highest tr ee , it n , “ s m of . in all the wood , to the very top ost bough a tree It blooms for months h f f om r c toget er, hanging in estoons, r b an h to branch, d f m wit its an even , ro tree top to tree top , clothed h gorgeous of . bunches roses Its aspect regales the eye, the bees that “ mth m n m , e mm hover a o g its blosso s ‘ char ear with their hu ing fill air noise, while its odors all the , with their delicious per e . T m f um r y his rose is do esticated . How m any other wild m - roses we have , besides any sweet briars , we cannot say, ‘ e m but we know , that we hav any growing in every sort of and mm ms e i a soil , acco odating the elves to ach, in s ze, color, nd . for of m w aspect But , the present , enough these a bitious flo t n m u s ers, hat boldly challenge our observatio , and co pel , to ' m celebr at thel notice the ,and e r praises . We o have three species f LILY . T hey first appear in July A . T he t its and ugust larges one , is red , stem rises from three v f i n t ~ fi e . f m five to os to eet, heigh and throws out, ro , twenty bl RY 1 6 11 89 HIST O 01 10 . “ mm in e n r of the a e and su it level, the north r pa t st t , carried all ' ' ff for e W i ov erit and o ered sale at high pric s , h ch they r eadily f n s m be m bring Many other use ul , wild pla t ight entioned , ' of a an d a o such as the senna two species, one l rge t ll, gr wing sm an d in rich grounds, the other low and all which grows in T m e s m our hilly country . hey both u ed in edicine As as tr in nts m the of m ge so e persons use bark the red aple, the bark and unripe fruit of the persimmon (dios piros Virgin ians ) craw f of the ‘ oot . beech bark , and beech drops, the bark wild cherry e . T he tree , and s veral other barks and roots leaves of hops ‘ ’ f eXtern all a lied W m are o ten used both y, pp ar to the body, and ' t f internally in a tea to preven putre action . T his we know to be l m m a ost valuable re edy, in such cases, it having been the m a of f r umm of 1823 e ns lengthening our li e , eve since the s er , ' when appalling disease and death swept ofi great numbers of W our people in all the estern States . m of flow r s -f Besides these , we have a vast nu ber e rom ear l m . f y springto late autu n, appearing in succession , day a ter an d m f m an da lw a s f day , onth a ter onth, ever new, y beauti ul . ' ' m m of So e persons have naturalized any these wild flowers . r v e of Mrs . Ma y Douglas , and se eral oth r lovers botany in Chillicoth e have 1 n trodu ced these wild flowers 1 nto their gar dens A T S AT RA ZE A T CI NC N PL N N U LI D I bI AT I . SCIENT I FI C NAMES. Er i in ia T . g bulbosa, urkey pea t Anemone halictroides . Rue anemone . T m Anemone Virginiana, hi ble weed . Er theon ium m Do stooth y albidu , g violet, white. Er theonium m m Do stooth y A ericanu , g violet , yellow. T m W rilliu sesile , ake robin, purple . T m endal um . W w rilliu p , ake robin, hite . T m randiflor u m W rilliu g , I ake robin, white . u G . Corydalus c cullaria, olick weed Corydalus glauca Coliek weed . 130 7 11111 116 33 niu l lor a l fip Werin . Delphi mst tieo ed; L rkspur, ear y g ' u t a w . Delphini m enalta um, Larkspur, tall l te flo ering » Blue violet . Viola pubescens, W l s t , . Vio a tria a, hite V. iolet n e a . Viola canadensis, Cha g ble colored ' ' io a a Enene n bitern t , ‘ ’ a r ca u h sio . Leptandr Vi gim , C lver s p y i1 a dd a m . Mon rda i ym , Berga otte Monarda oblongata, Bergamotte u ' Bl e flag . m ca a Com elina Virgini , D y flower : t r a f Hous onia ce ule , Dwar pink, Houstonia purpurea, Dwarf pink . ’ Pulmonaria Virginica , Blue bells . Batschia e bu lo c anescens, Fals g s i Ii samachia il at f t y ci ag Money wir sa a a fo Ly machi qu dri lia, Money wirt . L samachia M y hybrida, oney wirt . ' Do e t f m d catheon in egri oliu , False cowslip . ‘ e a Sabbatica angularis , C nt ury plant . ' o m r e d m . Hy r phyllu Vi ginicu , Burr flow r ‘ bri ta fi a m . Phacelia m , Mia i mist ‘ Mar landl ca t . Spigelia y , Pink roo Ea l we et wl m Phlox divaricata, r yp il ia . E r e W - 1 a ly prairie swe t illa1 1 . l T m d W Phlox panicu ata, all ea ow sweet illiam . al T m ow Phlox pyramid is, all ead sweet William. ’ ‘ ’ m a m a Phlox aculat , Spotted ste sweet willi m . ' l x t w W l m Ph o rep ans, Creepings eet il ia m e e Pole onium r ptans, Gre k valerian . ' m ‘ ca l flow r . Campanula A eri na, Be l e Lobelia cardinalis i w e s e . , Card nal flo r, carl t o r n Clayt nia Vi gi ica, ‘ aonothus . C e e e e . Am ricana , New J rs y tea j ‘ Gentian a onari aj p a, c ‘ u rs . Gentiana ochrole a, Ma h gentian “ ‘ HIST ORY or 0 1110 . ‘ in u eflora . Gentiana qu q , Marsh gentian r a . Gentiana c inita, Fringed genti n m u m u . Eryngiu aq aticu , B tton snake root c ' . T rades antia Virginica, Spider wort ow e r i . Allium canadensis , M ad ga l c ‘ k . Pontederia cor data, Pic erel weed , ‘ ‘ W cn t l n tu rn h a h. Phalangium escu e , ild y y n M a ; Lilium ca adensis , e dow lily m . Li li um su perbu , Superb lily ’ C s . , t bei Lilium ca es , atesby lily ’ m o . Conv allaria racemosa Solo n s seal C on v all aria gr a n diflora Large flowering . ’ l w la iu m m o e . Me nth hybridu , B ack fl r lo111 s u o e . He a d bia, Black fl w r I ’ Sau u u s ce r u l e u m s r r , Lizards tail ‘ ' Os O o a r andiflor a r m r e . en ther g , Large p i i a bi n is E . Oenother e , ven ng rose ' 1 bi h i s ; c , Virginia loose strife t t r f l an dica e . M , S nna ' s a 1 tchr ista . Ca si ch m , Senna ‘ Ba ptisia cerulea , Indigo weed , blue . ‘ 1 Silene Virginica , Catch fly scarlet color . m Silene regia, Catch fly eadow pink . m Sedum ternatu Stone crop . of m . Spirea , , lobata, Pride the eadow ' i u of . m Sp rea arunc s , Pride the eadow . n . Gillenia stipulacea, I dian physio G f a n h sio illenia tri oliat ; India p y . ar v iflor a m . Rosa p , S all rose ‘ u bifolia Srii all . Rosa r , rose ‘ ‘ a n s . Ros lucida, Ma y specie u s Rubus odorat s , Rose flowering ra pbe rry. ’ i . Meconopsis diphylla, Celand ne ‘ San u m an a . g canadensis, Blood root Sar acenia . purpurea, Side saddle plant m O a Ny phae dorat , White pond lily . “ v 1 e e Naphar ad ena, Y llow .wat r lily . a a s W o m Aquilegia cn dens1 , ild c lu bine ' V i ‘ a Clematisi irg n ic, ‘ 3 ' C m sviorn a f Leatherf floweri le ati , ‘ ' a a r . Calth palust is, Americ n cowslip f Liver lea. f Lynandr a grandma s; Liver lea . m m , Dracocephalu Virginianu , Dragon head cll f S c . Scutellaria cordi olia, u ap c m a n n Eu hro coci e , lli str e ens c R u e e p , Painted up . m linar dia Antirrhinu , Snapdragon . ' ’ ‘ ' - Collinsia Verna, Snap dragon . a h . C helone gl bra, Snake ead m . Pentste on levigata, Beard tongue ' ' ‘ . o oscoides j . co Martynia pr b , Uni rn plant ' ' . a ia Derit r laciniata , m u m 1 Geranium ac latu , militar u s m Hibiscus , Swa p hibiscus . a’ scar1osa a Li tris , Bl zing star . L S t f iatris pica a, Gay eather . m coel estinu m a Eup atoriu , Blue eup torium . '7 E ator mm c up , Various spe ies s an l1ca . E man A ter nova g , N ngland aster y Spa. sh rti f Aster o i, Star wort . r ecs of Aste , various sp ie So v ar 1ous lidago, species , ' h ea m f m Ac ill ille oliu , ' 3 liu s twent s ies sunflo 2. .Heliant eo w , y p , Wild er. ‘ m W sun w Rudbeckia purpureu , ild flo er ‘ be v W su nflow Rud ckia, arious species, ild e r . s ! Coreop is tinctoria, Sick weed s s ec1 Coreop is, Several p es. Ragged capi ' Habenaria/ s choides a dca p y , R gge p. a i Haben ria ncisa , 86 HIST ORY OF OHIO. t Ga . Orchis spec abilis, y orchis iu m m t; Aplectr hye ale , Putty roo m b Mocasin Cypripediu specta ile, flower, m Mocasin Cypripediu pubescens, yellow flower. m m . Cypripedium Candidu , S all white s w . Asclepia tuberosa, S allow wort f . Asclepias quadri olia, Swallow wort ’ ticilata S a . Asclepias v er , w llow wort ' Ap oein ema can abin u m, Indian hemp . l ifolia m . AmOonia sa ix , Indian he p W Asarum canadensis , ild ginger . of of O T he foregoing list n ative plants hio, was furnished u of i . T he m of m m e by R . B chanan Cinc nnati ost the hav e been cultivated in his own garden . Many of them are foun d of . of . . in the gardens Mr Joseph Clark , and Mrs G Lea, and u f n of N. _ Es all of them in the bea ti ul grou ds Longworth, quire . ’ T his gentleman s taste for the collection of the elegant and of of curious plants our own region, is deserving all praise . Wh m for y should we be indebted to other cli es sickly exotics , ' t w oods d m of f whilst he an pra es our own state, urnish the u f of fl w erm r most bea ti ul variety o g plants , th oughout the sea son ? T hey are all perfectly hardy and are cultivated with but little trouble . e m sseltoe n of O T h i grows on the ba ks the hio, and near it m . m m the By procuring s seeds in Septe ber, it ight be ' t e of ou r oods transplanted into h tre es w , where it would grow an W mo n . well , y here al st, i this state We see all along the bottoms of the and the Great _Scioto m ll w Mia i rivers, a the plants that e do along the bottoms of m n and n ca the Cu berla d T en essee , excepting the reed ne , growing still, near these latter rivers, where protected from cattle . O Such plants as require a very poor soil are rare in hio, be l s of cause, we have ittle such oil ; so those that grow in very high latitudes, or in elevated grounds . Such is the arbor vi f t e r in tae ; it is ound near h Yellow sp ings, Greene cou nty, Ron n i . t u wi the amame is or witehhazle the d and ho gh th h l , , al er, . Ca nadian yewa T he red ce dar 1s found l 1i several places on the i ’ liflS the a r of cio i e e high , along l rg tributaries the S to ne ar the r in a n T he t ce or e is heads , Del ware cou ty whi e dar cypr ss ' found on some few clifls near the head of the Scioto It once ew Wet old be of bu t l n gr along the , ds the Scioto, that was o g s and W i e the ma f e m s h ince, h l stodon requ nted our swa p , whic l t were then altnest impe netrab e thicke s . o our t m r tree n a n o m n M st Of i be s, will soon be go e , nd ea s ' e t f are y resorted to, to restore the orests which we are.de In m n ow stroying . any places even , woodlands ar e more “ a a fi s. is e t v luable th n cleared eld It tru , hat in the northwest of a f et s . i part the state , we have v st orests y , but it equally ' ’ ’ h ma bowm f the wo d true, that t eir j esty is g be ore o choppe r s [ W Ot r t a axe and i n . e n he dis ea , w ll soo be gone do reg et pp ri cof f b e m m r h an e the native orests, ecaus by that eans , o e u man beings can be supported i n the State, but in the older a s of O m be p rt hio, eans should even now begin to used to r e u fOr f f t m for store trees eno gh ences , uel and i ber, the house ‘ If. . f f builder and joiner . our orests we ar e by ar better Off , i ‘ ‘ a WiscOn sin i vi' ' th n Illinois state , , or Iowa Territor e s, I ei e wood scarce n now and a 1 s l at is , eve , co l equal y so, this early date of their s ettlement . s d s a T hough fifty years have pas e by, since thi st te began b et e f f ed to be settled y us, y we hav vast orests un ell in our “ and in the n r cOrner Of the e hilly region, orthweste n stat , a IOn the O an Eu o he Even g hio river, r pean , as passed along am t f m he saw of the stre , would na urally suppose ro what it _ , a i r as r e f th t our nte ior w occupied by one unb ok n orest, tenant ed only by wild beasts and wild m n . _ e k 1n n b f the fa of m an and Man ind all ages, eve e ore ll , n mm . r st t the i r and i all co unities , have fi se tled along r ve s, ” m s s their banks are even now, o t den ely populated . Paris, LOndo and th e of E n, Vienna, all e great citi s urope , rear their tall and g littering spires on the margins of T d i n his remark holds goo every region”of our globe e where a d nse , population do congregate . Canals are 88 m sr onr or 0 11 10 . ' m but artificial rivers, and attract to the a dense population , ' com etition f s e t Good r oads come in p next, a ter river , i her natu W in . e m h m ral or artificial, attraction are ultiplying t e , and m m thereby, i ncreasi ng our nu bers , our wealth, and our oral power; in a of But we return to travel our n rrow path, out which, r t . m ‘ W ehave taken two or th ee s eps Fro the wild woods, we [ a We come back to continue our botanic l journey . next treat un of such plants as have been long cultivated . T his we do der the head of NA T URA LI ZED PLA NT S . “ “ T he cultivation of the ‘ yellow leafed tobacco has bee n 5 l . T attended with signal success , in our hi ly region his of h kind tobacco, sells igher than any other, in several E u a G m . uropean countries , s ch as Holl nd and er any It ’ has O m im i sold even in hio, so et es as h gh as ten dollars - l a f . It r m n a hundred , in the lea is cured in a particu a as i 0 1n ner, and grows only on rather a thin soil , such ex sts in w l of hilly region . It gro s on new lands, just c eared their A of t d u W d s . crop whea oes well on the gro nd here the n tobacco had grown in the preceding season . I stances lik e W the followm g have often been known . ith one hundred dol f m of lars , a ar er has purchased eighty acres hilly land , in the his f m off woods , which he , and a ily , cleared , or deadened what timber he an d they did not cl ear of . He then planted the f fi whole in yellow lea tobacco, the rst year , except such land be for ab . hou s as reserved , corn and veget les He erected his of d d his tobacco of fir e . es logs, in which he rie , by the aid In ' f n b e him to the winter ollowi g, sold tobacco enough to enable f of m f purchase six hundred and orty acres the ost ertile land, ' ‘ ' m ar t of the m m in so e other p state . In the eanti e , be bed a crop of whe at coming forward on the same land where t he to T he bacco had grown . latter crop , which when arrived at m u s for m him m at rity, he old oney enough to enable to re ove to lar e farm an d f m m . his g , to go orward with his i prove ents there ‘ w ‘ In a fe years he became a wealthy and independent farmer . 90 m sr oar or 0 11 10 . ’ T ES ET C . NAT URALI ZED . RE , n a Besides our ative trees, shrubs, pl nts, flowers, vegetables, d m an grasses, we have i ported nearly all those , which are cul W tiv ated . f m , in the eastern states hen introduced , ro places ls of ud m lying in our p arralle latit e, they even i prove by the c of . hange, soil and longitude ' e e m. T he apple , pear, cherry, p ach, quince , do well here , ' a m m and produ ce new v rieties , so eti es, which it would be well f to give back, to our eastern riends, as a restored loan, and as the interest on the principal which we have borrowed from ” f and th emi m . Ou e the r western ruits , are delicious , y are i far grat ng, like their owners, to the west, where we hope f m e m . T he their ortunes will be ade better, by th ir re oval ah r m f s pe c ,pea and plu tree , are o ten destroyed , in old ground , by a white worm existing in vast numbers about its roots . A of thorough washing the tree , with hot water, and by digging ‘ a f m in f away the e rth ro the roots, early the spring, and as o ten - on and of as necessary, pouring the ground on the very roots , a m and the tree , boiling hot water, will cert inly kill the wor s . In m m be preserve the trees T ennessee the sa e wor , we lieve, destroys the apple tree . T e f m h peach, originally brought ro Persia, perhaps, flour m m ishes ost, in a southern cli ate “ It does better 1n west T en ssee and in m in O . T n e , Alaba a, than hio he tree grows larger, and f is a lasts longer, the ruit larger and better, there lso ; and f W can whereas our apple tree , its ruit do best here . e m of m . exchange with : those neighbors, by eans our stea ers W an m and e c carry the , our apples , bring back their dried peaches and their cottons . ° T h f in 4 e potatoe , (which we believe , was ound latitude 0 ° in Amerl ca i n m 45 south, South , which te perature, is equal to n l not a es orth atitude ,) does lways succeed here as well as it do f r in . Ou r mm ar a ther north, either q uantity or quality su ers e . ‘ ‘ too for t . long its grow h It is quite disposed to grow awhile, st0 i p , start aga n and grow, and start again, producing a rotten inside ; an unpleasant and unhealthy plant . T his depends on O ' 7 B TA NY. 9 1 t e s s m bu t on h ea on , so e years it does better, , the whole , our e i n a co r o Irish potatoe is unequal to thos raised lde regi n , in W n a . ester New York , or C nada Our n a b ll ’ co i I di n corn is unsurpassed, ya the other rn n the “ o we a -s d w f w rld r ise the gourd ee corn , ith twenty our, or W ‘ ' ' n r on cob. One a d a or eve ith thirty ows the . bushel n half ' ' of e r o e o o x a s, produce n bushel f shelled cr11 . It e cels all ' com in s es and s W other , weetn s, produce two quarts more his the ew‘ ‘ T key to bushel, than the N York corn . his plant grows ' i n and u s mm only the richest land, req ires so long a u er, as m f n 41 ° 30’ rarely to co e to per ectio , above north latitude . ' T r was e in r n his co n originally cultivat d this egio , by the Indi ans f m e . , rom who w derived it It grows on the most fertile s f m E . land , ro lake rie, to the Mexican gulph It grows, along ’ t e m o a o and i h Mississippi, fro R ck Isl nd , d wnwards, indeed , n ° ’ of he i 0 4 1 30 n h the whole valley t Miss ssippi, be1 w ort It m m in f l f produces, so eti es avorab e seasons, ninety bushels o corn a i n m and sco vallies bu t fif s to the cre , the Mia i iot ; ty bushel I “ “ t omm n . T he i s he c are perhaps a c o crop ground plowed, but orn n ed. an can u is ever ho Four boys, dfour good horses , c ltivate f one e o n . If as hundr d acres this cor , after it is planted hoed , 1n a d et r in a nd the _ the east , this gr in woul be b t e quality, o cW on a for e r . pr du t ould be e third gre ter, the b tter cultu e ‘ WHEAT succeeds well within One half of our territorial ‘ “ limits Our country Droduces fromtwenty to forty bushel s to o l . 18 no the a cre , n all good lands well cu tivated It w, April l u s 1837,worth on e dollar a bushel it sel s even higher . Let ’ ca f m fi i n S and M a s lculate, a ar er s pro ts, the cioto iami v lley if h r t n ot him m t n e aises corn, or wheat, i does cost , ore than e o an a c b u t and his 0 a d llars cre to ultivate , get carry cr p to f f fi f m . If o orn fi arket a crop e , at tybushels to the acre , at ty e a b s -five ten s e e c nts u hel , is twenty dollars ; deduct dollar , l av s t fif an a l a fi . u s teen dollars cre , c e r pro t S ppose , hat he raise o am nt . f co three hundred acres rn annually, which ou fi If i sa o n e thousand v e hundred dollars . he ra ses wheat, y d s f a an ten r hundre acre , at orty doll rs acre , deducting dolla s “ s t a a r h for expense , leaves thir y dollars n c e , t ree thousand dol 92 Hi sr oa r or 0 11 10 . m fi ve ea lars ore, in all seven thousand hundred dollars a y r, his f . fi ve r besides all pork, bee &csay, two thousand hund ed ' dolla s esides f m . S f m r b supporting his a ily o that, a ar er, who of am owns a thousand acres land in the Scioto or Mi i valleys, a u a ou cn lay up, they generally each lay p , or r ther lay t, near ly or quite ten thousand dollars a year, in buying congress m for . T lands, Illinois , their children hese are our wealthiest farmers who own larg e farms . f m s m w If any ar ers are pro pering ore than ours, then we kno ' w fo m not here to look r them . Far s which produce such a pro fit for f an . , could be purchased orty dollars, acre It is easy to ‘ ‘ a su m for w ic ' t e see , th t they are now worth, twice the h h h y might be bought . ’ e n ssns AT E ND T RA ZE . n , N IV A NA U LI D W fir O s ci hen st settled , hio was a great grass country, e p e ally, along our rivers and m our prairies and barrens . Even m m of in the woods, any parts our country, grasses grew every where . In prairies there were grasses, intermingled with m . T bu f flowers, in e”ndless nu bers here was a clover, called faloe o ur m clover , but , native grasses have disappeared , ostly, the and naturalized, red top, blue grass , herds grass , red clover and white clover, have conquered and expelled the natives W f m ou r . ro soil Illinois, isconsin , Michigan, Missouri, and f - the arthest west , are still covered with wild grasses but the am one m t e grasses will day banish the along with the Indians , Ro m . T he f over the cky ountains decree has gone orth , and it is in the course of a speedy execution T hat a ll the W est , I f m ” shall be covered by well cultivated ar s, all this coun try for v was intended cultivation , and all those ri ers of the far west m will be navigated by the stea er, and the largest cities in the W i n world , ill one day, be the west , aud exert a v ast influence on of T the destiny this nation . his decree is r egistered and e r corded . ' n mans, RESIDE NT AND nte Ar me . 9 3 S . I ' I I ' BIRDS; RnsrbENr AND MiGRAT ING. T hese are nearlythesame as those of Pennsylvania d i P an in ls of at de. Maryland, corresponding paralle l tu OUR CONST A NT RESI DENT S Are the u bu a k e s c turkey ; t rkey zzard ; h w , thr e pe ies , a n d l a w ducS ve phe sa t ; partri ge or quai ; blue j y; ood k, e n , i ' - m s a w r i o e fivé s ecl es . pecies ; sp rro ; edb rd ; wod peck r, _ p A ong ‘ - a se the c . and e mm he h . T , e le, the are wood ock y llow a er I g ‘ ’ lar e b ; small eagle and gre eagle raven and g _ aldheaded y , “ - - - owls . fisher Sti e w e o r crow King ; sap ck r ; r n , sn w bi d ; , two s s en or and le ov pecie ; prairie h grouse , turt d e ' ' T h u - d is i n a of e bl e bir seen n the souther p rts the state , e’ e a n W rm i n the . v ry ple sa t , a day winter ' MI GRAT i Ne B m Ds . T he i o e y l sl ts on the Sc ar in the a utum w ld go s I us I ioto, e ly n, " ' ' ‘ and- a;r e u s u riti s rin ivin t e or n i t ri s with l p g, l gon h c n the fields and f n t r h e n o . n of m eedi g on h g een , ewly s wn wheat Ma y t e a e m at o ‘ e ethe air of fo and r do estic ed , th ugh th y hav a wild wl , ' m et m s he t W , e e r a e b dro in so i e join ild on s, unl ss estr in d y pp g i W1n s T l tr s all wn b n u s the r , g his bird i e i ter a out Sa d ky bay, and from themes southwardly to Pickaway plains Sever al sp ecies of d uck appear among us in t he sprin g; as they are o w l t the f r- er tli passing n rth rd y, on heir annual Journey to a n ' a ‘ he wild o T . . m r n m m es iri M el I pigeon c es in the sp i g , so eti er y, en e on his o o t and r ft n ti s ‘ or ev earli r, j urney n r h , a er payi g a ' ’ i of a o th , rn n o r n . In e V sit , about , passes n his jou ey f Septemb r rn se e us a S n i he retu s to gain , pe d ng Six weeks with 1s I 1 , ’ fe e r l a' a ’ asting on the pigeon b r y, phyto acc dec ndra, the new and e h f d“ od ce acorns , oth r nuts, and suc oo as the countrypr u s ‘ m . - ' For erly the pigeons tarried . he re all summer, buildi ng m sr on r OF 0 11 10 . .94 u is their nests, and rearing their young ; but the co ntry too “ for well settled for them now ; so, like the trapper beaver, and off t f We the hunter, they are in o the distant orests , h re their ' m i n 1 s abundant an d where there is none to disturb the food , their lawful pursuits . O v t m Loons are seen along the hio ri er, but hey are seldo t he s killed . T he heron and crane vi it us in the spring, and he m . T tarry here all sum er, and rear their young sand hill crane lives on the Scioto, and tarries there nearly all the -r ed b an d m year . T he robbin reast , black bird, Balti ore oriole ' su m v isit u s early i n the spring, and tarry here through the m er . Four spe0 1es of swallow visit us : the barn swallow, the a m . T chimney sw llow, the artin and the ground swallow hey u spend the summer with s, until their young are reared , when he m om . they leave us abruptly . T agpie c es in April or May - m of m a We call him bobw f lincoln . He is not uch a usici n , f though that i s not his ault, as he labors hard to sing as well a s he can . W m e have the yellow bird, rese bling the canary bird , ex ’ l W of sam e fam i . e cept in his color . It is undoubtedly the y - l have several species of hum ming birds and the go dfi n ch . - - T he whip poor will visits us n ot very early in the Spring . m s T he king bird co es as soon as he think the bees , hovering about the flowers, are numerous enough to feed himself and T H D OF 1 E A RT E T his young ones . his EA D P M N , lives only on the m ost industrious classes of insects . ' Afte r a m f m m of ff long stor ro the southwest , any birds di e s f of m f m rent specie are o ten seen here , a ost beauti ul plu age , ’ f s f We which disappear again a ter a week air weather . do , T he cm not even know their n am es . pewee o es early and s m f retires early . Gulls , or tor y petrels are o ten seen along O f m . A few the hio river , be ore a southwestern stor years ‘ ar o u e tts the since , p q , in large flocks lived in woods , along the O f m ’ m hio river , ro Miller s botto downwards , and along the f m m m Scioto river, upwards ro its outh , to where Colu bus now . T a re a stands hey still in. the woods long the bottoms below RE S E T «A ND R BIRDS, ID N MIG AT ING . 5 he 1s ChillecOt near the river, where there the proper food for m and h for t m me b ‘ the to eat, birds enoug he to tor nt y, their - f sqallin g noise . We have the cat bird o two species, Sn ipes l ”“ ‘ and the real ortolan . W f of r' misn bu t b one e have our species n , the rown deserves our Special notice for his He delighted once to live along the of f d son ste r s w a n great variety eathere , that then d elt lo I g g ' h o o. f m n the banks of the Sci t As we have o ten , ore t an twe ty l a 11 n n years since , whi e tr velling 1 the then woods alo g the ba ks ' i e him h of the Sc oto, stopped awhil to hear sing, and see im act his several com edies and tragedies ; it seem s no m or e ‘ than right to give our readers som e idea of his several per ‘ ‘ ‘ for an ces snob . T Shak s ear e m s m on occasions his I p a ong bird , ‘ m f m e the e of seats hi sel on so e tre , where great st variety all m his m a l sorts of birds dwell , and akes it business to ock nd mm m . e n m of m disappoint the H nce, hls co o na e ocking vm e m e f m bird Ha g seat d hi s l a proper place , he listens profou nd silence to the songs of the several sorts of birds n v on m th around him . I the ernal seas he akes e love call of a ' ' fe m ale of m a nei hbor with e - n m o I so e ne r g h h art stirri g el dy , u m m in fiock s . e d m ntil the ales co e to caress th ir love ate , I e e find when 10 ! no such lovely birdis th r . T hey instead of ' m f on e h. the lovely air , a ho ely brown thrus Having succeed ‘ " - ed in imposing on one spewes, he p recee ds to play off sim ilar . ” ’ “ a . c hi s tricks upon other tr vellers He ontinues play , until ' ’ he is satisfied with his own m ischief and his neighbors disap pointmen ts . I W o e u c s h ' hen the th r birds have yo ng ones , he wat he t eir s n the f m t of f od W nest , u til parents have le t the ln ques o , hen , m f m he m es se ating hi sel near their do iciles , i itat the scream ' a or m t of f of the h wk so e o her bird prey . I the parentsheed s m m m r i not e thi screa and ce e ho e , ve y well, but f heed d hy m he m of the , proceeds to i itate the voice the young ones in ' m r an u h the ut ost dist ess d agony . He tter s t eir shrill cry and d n h the ff and affl c ? their yi g groan , w en a righted i ted pa re nts coin e flying m the utmos t haste a nd e trepidation to re » 96 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . ff lieve their su ering, dying young ones , but behold ! no one is m near the , but the innocent , the lain , the honest p I and candid if in MR . . R S T H U H, who retires as laughing his sleeve , at the ' ofi trick which he has played upon the parents . I f In the evening , a ter the birds have rearedtheir young ones , a m s of nd when all join to raise their several hy n praise , the m f ' thrush seats hi sel in this woodland orchestra, and begins by s of singing in succes ion , the notes and songs all the birds ‘ a him of em u sm n ot s an round , beating all th , g their own e , d sm gmg their own songs . ' n ofi Havi g thus , as he supposes, carried the prize in this m for his nale a usical contest, he prepares fi , by taking his se t ' ou m e d of of f the top ost n the highest bough the lo tiest tree , ' on h r ov e and standing the ighest ground in all the g , then he mm n his m co ences , to si g own clear notes, and his own ost f . m ar e delight ul song At ti es , his wings expanded , his neck d f t his is exten ed , every ea her on whole body, quivers with of mb o i his exertion every li , and his wh le soul s exerted to its m s to m f m ut o t power, produce the ost per ect elody that was ' f ' hi o i ever heard in the woods o O o. He c ntinues h s delightful ' m f all the usic , until a ter I other birds are silent and still , so that his. own song is the only one , then heard in all the grove , him for o m . far and wide , all around , a l ng ti e T rin ci al ’ hus we see , that he can act a p p part in the beggar s I in com of » ope ra , or the edy errors He can play Falstaff 1n the W of W m Merry ives indsor, the Ghost in Ha let , or, Mac e W ' beth in tragedy, and well des rves to be called ILLI A M SHA KSPEARE m not of f a ong the birds , Strat ord upon the Avon, ‘ n but of CH ILLI COT H E u po the Scioto . T OP R PHY DISEASES C IM E MEDICAL OG A , , L AT , T ORNAD OES ND T HE WINT ERS IN T HIS STAT E A . the um of I806 f of m m In Aut n , a ever the re ittent type, ade c f m O its appearan e , extending ro the hio river, on the south, to Lake Erie 0 11 the n orth . ‘ Its s m toms in f e ten and I y p were chills the or noon, between 9 8 11 1sr oar or 0 1110 . m in m o r m of t dull pain, which soon ter inated a spas , a cra p he i T f v ma stomach . his was qu ckly ollowed by violent efforts to o contihu ed for f fiv e ti it, which our, , six or seven days ; or un l If l death closed the scene . the patient recovered it was on y to receive at no very distant period , another shock , equally terri T e a a of t f s ficand appalling . h geogr phical r nge his ell di ease, was confined mostly to the barrens . T he ia n ostick s i s d g between th s disea e , and the Cholera of f m fi Morbus , was the obstinate constipation the bowels ro rst the to last . Many treatises have been written concerning dis of ease, but as yet, our knowledge either its causes or cure is W ’ m f . t f m s i i per ect here the cattle are kep ro wild gra s , th s dis f . It in ease is never ound is now no longer known, only his tory , we believe . T he of m e description Autu nal diseases , as just given, has b en without variation ; except in the violence of the symptoms in o 1823 . any f the succeeding years , until 1 813 14 f In and , the disease , which prevailed as an aw ul m W e epide ic , in these two years, was not peculiar to the est rn We m s m o country . ean the disea e named in so e sections f the ”— “ ” United States pneumonia typhoides o r typhus pleurisy ; m ”— in other sections, pneu onia biliosa but in this country ' ” c . alled, the cold plague mm a f Heavy and long continued rains, co enced bout the our te enth of m 1 822 and lm Nove ber , continued a ost daily, until the -of e first day the nsuing June . w as m m be It co puted by so e persons , that the country lying and i m had of tween the Scioto M a i rivers, the twentieth part its f r m of a and sur ace covered , du ing the onths , M rch, April f mm con May, with water . A ever co enced its ravages , and m of l u tinned its course , during the onths June , Ju y, A gust, m of O . w of Septe ber, and during the early part ctober It as ’ m afi ectin m m the re ittent and continued type , g ore or less, any, " of . perhaps , nineteen twentieths the people No intermission - of f , was noticed in the course twenty our hours _ nor was the of m of low country the Scioto and Mia i , the only location this f ° orm of fever . In north latitude between 39 and this dis 99 of e ase wasfound,over a great extent country, without (ax c tin the e . i e s f. ep g Allegh ny r dg , it el Previous to this year, m and pu lmonar y consu ption was rarely seen, epilepsy was a . T ow rare disease in Ohio . hese diseases are n as common as a me m in the Atlantic states. Dyspepsi has beco a very co mon a and o has i a dise se, d ubtless, been a sequel , to long continued t mittin and m f t he er of ei l g re itting evers, by exhausting pow s the liver . In 1824 there were very fe w cases of intermittent or remittent ‘ o has t ere en m . 1 827 fever, n r h since be a general epide ic In , a whi e wa fu th it, was known, th t le the riv r country s h ealth l , e ‘ sm t ms b 10 f 1th ir fi cted all s rea had the inha itants e banks, a e with dysentery . It m fi bl ight be pro ta e , to our citizens, to mark out the wide ' ' ff IS m d s e di erence between , what , by co mon people called y en — ter and t t flu x. T s sa s of y, the rue dysen ery or he e di e se dys enter and cf n with x ac e e h ei y diarrhoa, are on ou ded other, as b ng one and the s m e r 1 in a , whe eas they are as opposite, their na u and i n e r m t re , th i appropriate re edies, as any two diseases , f c h m . T e fi of c that afe t the u an body h rst , consisting a ontinu and t of f m ed stricture constipa ion the bowels , ro first to last, ’ an for w d requiring evacuants their remedy , hile the last con s in f the fi r an d e astrin r ists a relaxation o intestinal b es, requir s ‘ f ccu r ed f m o . m o gents f r its cure Much ischie has, ro a want i Wefind of discrimination n these diseases . accordingly that n h of a d is upo the approac cold weather, congestion an d ten of and f e tion the liver or spleen , take place , r quently , a painf ul ) ff io of om ts i i s m t m f a ect n the J , wh ch called rheu a is , arising rom the use of astringents in dysenteryor flux . We o fii rther in e r of 182 have nly to add , that s c the yea 7, l of our of an the hea th state, has been unparalleled by that y ' s te in the n of fe other ta U ion, scarcely a case ver to be seen , f ' m1827 1 837 of the s mm h ] e l Fro to , south u it ive , betw en ake Er e and O tev ens r . i i the hio river, have been ve y rare T he As a was in Cin ih ati ev tic cholera cn , Chillicothe , Columbus , and s e a o e n in mm h d a s u r l th r tow s two su ers , while t at esol ting no rge F O 1 00 HIST ORY O HIO. W prevailed in the Un ited St ates . e h ave enjoyed a degree of health unparalleled in the whole Un1on duri ng the last ten ‘ O u r m m cl ou d in years . autu ns al ost without a View , have been \ We f truly d elightful . see the rosy cheek , the cheer ul con u l e of in nance , the quick , light , elastic step , and hear the sound f and i n du stry in all its li e vigor , all our growing and prosper W s ickl seas on . e ous towns no longer have a y , eve ry y ear, ha iq as all new countries have , but in their stead, health , pp . m n ness and prosperity prevail Fro all we hear, see, and k ow, m of ou r country and its cli ate, we have reason to believe , O of s and do believe , that hio will be one the healthiest region T f o f . he r in the world orests are cleared f , to a g eat degree , of over a large portion our territory, and the grass and weeds, . T h in the woods , have been ate down by the cattle e whole f of m com sur ace our soil , even in the woods , has beco e dry , a T pared with what it was twenty ye rs since . he whole at m os f m f m pher e is drier than or erly, and the ogs and ists which m m f n once rosefro the earth every orning, and ell dow upon it f m of again in the evening in the or a heavy dew, are no lon f m . T fi nd ger seen , elt, or known a ong us hose who wish to m . Ou r d these things , ust travel beyond us to the west roa s, m l f twenty years since , were ost y shaded by a dense orest, and m u d m ~ the was abundant in the , even in August . T hose for m ests , are ostly destroyed , and our roads, are dry eight W m . few O onths in the year ithin a short years, hio will pre ‘ as ect of sent the p an old settled country, traversed by canals an d roads , thronged with travelers and animated by a dense population . Ou r winters have very little snow,and what w e f e of W have soon disappears be or the rays the . sun . hile the e of e fi p ople New York and all the astern states , even Philadel ff f m phia, are su ering ro deep snows , and intense cold, it is not mm h m f unco on with us to ave war weather, reezing a little in da the, night, and thawing during the y, opened by a white frost in the morning . T W M hus our inter proceeds, until early in arch, when the ' f rm r fi a e plows his elds , and sows his oats and other spring grams . 102 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . of currents of air, is the cooling the waters held in suspension ' m con se u ent descent of in by either of the , and the q the water . T i s m the form of rain, snow, hail, or dew here ore rain on - o of mo the summit level , than there is either n rth or south it ; re frost and snow . T he southern current of air is always warmer than the north ‘ western one , and those who live where these currents alter ' m m chan in sev eral ' m nately prevail, so eti es g g ti es in a day , feel all the inconveniences resulting from such frequent chan m . T ff f m t ges of te perature his di erence is ro three to wenty, or even more degrees of Fahrenheit : Where these changes m the ff m occur in very war weather, e ect on the hu an system f . Our W is very sensibly elt westwardly ind, in the lower part " of of the state , is generally a dry one , and a gentle current air . T he ff t f m e ec produced by this wind ro the Mexican Gulph, is very sensibly felt by us in winter . It is the p r 1nc1p al cau se O m m cast . why our winters in hio, are uch war er than they are of of 1827—8 had the mountains . In the winter we the south of . m western current air all winter It ca e loaded with water, f W of which ell in torrents , during that inter, and on the eighth th e f o January, there was greatest reshet which we had had f r ' cioto s f . the S year be ore And on , we had no ice that winter, - more than three eighths of an inch in thickness . u W f D ring all that winter, hile the rain was alling in tor i n O no rents , hio, there was rain and but little snow on the Miss issi i in W n t Upper s pp , the isco sin coun ry , and in all the region west of lake Michigan . In the following spring and mm no r in m of su er, there was ise the strea s that region, worth ' m . T he whole win ter f m na ing , there , was air, al ost without ' and m a cloud, it was excessively cold , ore so than common in of in f or that coldest all countries the world, its latitude . m for ff r of m So uch the di e ence cli ate, between Ohio and Wis T r consin er itory . R " OU WIN T ERS. 1 03 oUR W INT ERS. ’ We have been at considerable pains to get as accur ate in f m n W e ef we m or atio as possible , as to our int rs , b ore ca e into ' a d own l ' for e the state ; n our recol ection 1s relied on , a p riod of -fi We twenty ve winters past . proceed to state our f r o W u collecion s as W ino ati n , as ell as o r r e t , to the inters m ( i 1 78 s nce 5. ” ~ 99 e . 8 l 1826 m ; 1 785 mild 17 sev re l 3 cold . ild ' 1 0 4 mn 1786 . 1 80 : 1 81 m . 1 827 . mild severe . ild i 1 8 . m . 181 5 m . 1 828 m 7 7 mild ild ild ild . ” 1 88 m . 1 802 . 8 6 2 1 8 9 . 7 i d mild 1 1 mild . cold l 1 1 1789 mild . 1803 m ild mild. 1830 cold. 4m 81 m . 1 83 1 . 0 m . 180 1 179 ild ild . 8 ild cold . 81 9 . 32 . 1 79 1 severe 1805 mild . 1 mild 18 mild . 1 833 m . 1792 severe . 1 806 mild 1 820 mild . ild 1834 d. 1793 mild 1807 m ild; 1821 mi ld . m il 835 m . 1 794 m 1 808 e . . 1 822 m . 1 ild . s vere ild ild " 5 . 0 3 m 1 83 . 2 . m d 179 mild 18 9 severe . 18 ild 6 il 1 ” 1 l 1 796 e . 18 10 m 1824 m . 1 837 m s vere in . ild i d ’ 1 7 7 s . 18 1 1 m . 1 825 m . 1838 m d 9 evere ild ild il . 1 798 severe . is12 mild . T e of 179 1 - 2 was nd G Se r ean t“ h winter . severe , a overnor g m u f 1 1 m of co p ted the snow that ell 1 the onth January , at twen t -fou h ! On the 23d of a a 1792 m m _ y r inc es J nu ry , the ther o eter T he W of 17 6- 7 s unk seven degrees below zero . inter 9 is con sideredthe severest on e ever known l n this state . On the m o 8th of u 1797 h m m e . orning f the Jan ary, , the t er o et r sunk h n W b . t e eig tee degrees elow zero During that inter, h ther m m eter T he w o sunk below zero seven other mornings . inters o 1 79 1 and 1792 n ot e1796 f , were quite cold , but severe , lik and 797 . n ar Oh was 1 Duri gthese ; last mentioned ye s , the io fr f e and ozen over, our we ks , frost occurred so late as the t -f of wenty ourth day May . In of 1834 a f O i K en the spring , we h d a rost all over h o, and n of tucky I diana , as late as the s ixteenth day May, which ‘l‘ - ‘ Snowtwentyfour i nches deep at Fort wayne. 104 HIST ORY or 0 1110 . ' o &c. killed the leaves u the trees , the wheat, , in Kentucky ' It f far along the Ohio river . destroyed all the ruit , and wide, m P n n s lv a and extending its ravages beyond the ountains, to e y . T w as nia, New Jersey and New York here ice at Louisville , m Kentucky, an inch in thickness, two ornings in succession . November is often one of the m ost pleasant months in the f year, and such weather o ten extends nearly through De ‘ f m . T he cember . February is requently a pleasant onth w f of O quantity of sno that alls in the southern parts hio, is e n for o . quite inconsiderabl , ever enough any go d sleighing ’ Hoar frost is often seen on a pleasant winter s morning . f f ’ W Snow has been known to all two eet deep at Fort ayne , f of O . While rain only , ell in the southern parts hio All the — v Wa l snows which we do have , in the Scioto alley, below Big f m f . nut creek , generally ollow, a rain , and elt as they all n i n T he southwest wind bri gs the rain , wh ch bei g turned aside of an f by . the northern current , the latter lets all its light load of snow upon us . Northeastern and eastern winds are scarcely ever known ' . m All e hanies here Fro their rage , the g interpose a barrier ff f f m f which e ectually de ends us ro all their violence and ury . While all the Atlantic cities feel the diref u l effects of those m s f m E stor s which weep across the Atlantic , ro urope , we i n ' of f u fi o this valley the Mississippi, eel not even one gentle p f ’ air f m st . T ro the ea his whole valley, on such occasions , W smiles in peace . hen we have often crossed the Alleghe W diff mm i nies east and est, we saw little erence in su er n the f of 0 i n m orwardness the cr ps, the sa e latitude ; but in winter, f m of the m we always ound ore snow on , east ountains , than of west of them . And near the e astern base the m oun of f m tains they have occasionally, cold currents air ro the Al l e han ie s an d g sent down to cool the courtiers courtezans, who ' W e v wm ter W e visit ashington city ery , which neither need t o O nor wish have , in hio . ' As um m ha s to h idity, our at osphere undergone a wonderful for change the better within the last ten yea rs . We have mentioned two several tornadoes which have oc~ 1 06 m sr oar or 0 1110 1 i an ear . O se bu ild and New Hampshire have n y one y ur. hou on an in m s in and ers work out, average, n e onth the year, m n s h and then work indoors , the other o ths ; or they travel out , us there spen d the winter, at their b iness, where the weather is warmer and their wages higher . of E i e in Win Immediately on the shore lake r e , the weath r t m t ter, is abou three degrees colder than it is twenty iles sou h s . An d ten of the ridge , where the lake rivers ri e it is about in: . degrees colder at Cleveland than at Cincinnati , winter s w ff T ravelin g from the lake outh ardly , a very sensible di er “ the ence is experienced on reaching the Scioto vallev . So in of mm a heat su er, in traveling to the l ke , a coolness , highly v f m . in igorating is felt by the traveler ro our valley Hence , mm for su f a tour to the lake , is advisable in su er, those who e fr om o f r the heat f the south . Whether our atmosphere will continue to become m ore and m as f d “ f we ore dry, our orests isappear be ore us , _ cannot posi tiv el l not y say, though we can see no reason why it shou d be f the case . All the effects which the cultivation o the Whole of m valley the Mississippi , will produce on our cli ate , cannot f e be certainly oreseen , but we believe , that our s asons will be m T m f co e warm er and drier . hey will be ore health ul in the of m m states west us, war er, drier and ore equable in temper ature , and possibly , the soil will be less productive , in this state, than at present . . T o m [ all hu an appearance , this great valley is intended by oo e fo m of its great , g d , and wis Author, r a vast nu ber people m in which to live , ove about , and act , and eventually , to con f trol orever , the destinies of the most powerful nation on the . f e u m fix globe A ter the n xt cens s , will be the ti e to on the s f course which we and our po terity will orever pursue , in ' ‘ ov e rn l n ou r sel v es and g g the eastern people . T hus far w e 3 “ ” m of o have been ere hewers wood , and drawers f water for . of m w the east As the wheel ti e revolves , we , ho are now m mm W ’ at the botto , shall be on its su it . e shall do ourselv es m w m t justice , in due ti e , and be , hat we us be , an overwhelm m of ing ajority this nation . ] ' ’ ‘ ~ - 1 L . AN o I I oA H a Y CI VI D P L T L I ST o . " “ P E RI OD F I R S T . ' THI S PERI OD ExTENDs FROM T HE FI RST D I SCOVERY AND NEV I I ' ’GAT I ON oF ZLAK E ER E ET T HE RE C 1680 To I , F N H, IN , T HE I ‘ ' A AP RI SET T E E OF AR ET T I. 7T II 88 . L M NT M I , 17 I T ComPRI sEs ' “ I - . Rs ONE HENDRED AND E IGHT T EA . fi E i on t c T TE he h. I rst uropeans who vis ted this regi , were Fren I In 1680 La S e chm a t ou' an e and , all , a Fren an , st r ed xpedition , passing u p Lake Erie and Lakes St . Clair and Huron and m f . cruising along Lake Michigan, dise barked near t ere ort o st . s n a C Chicag o n w ands He traver ed the i termedi te ou ntr y. ' between that plac e and the Illinois r 1v er . He descended that d n s he iv streamto its mouth . ) Descen i g the Mi sissippi, arr ed at “ t month af n u m n n s and length, a its , ter passi g thro gh a y da ger m to anb s a re a s . G n F e he b e g at h rd hips oi g ho e r , returned y , to " s s and I n endeavor in r u the m u Of . , o th the Mi sis ippi g tI o pass th o gh the ou b C a a his f m d r c ntry y land , to n da, he lost li e , being ur e d on of ow t m e In nowthe e by his , n par y, so ewher what is e I ' ' / l as asw e can d from his nar ati e s state of Il inois, near u ge r v , j i Missionar Ie s 'v 1s it d From this period forward the French , e the i v fr an d e m t v alley of the Mississ ppi ery equently; their gov rn en mn the ians e ncili was engaged I n sending persons a o g Ind to o t n e m the c ate them; and mili ary men wer e se t to xa ine ountry , ' W l for ertificati n s . e an d select the most eligib e site s f o ho ver er l o the ona of he cun r er , l a t on ce . o ks at p t o try t av sed wi l I p I I ' ' 3 ceive With what pi u dence they executed their commissions . ' ot a O w Nia ar a rivé e -Islte ;Dfe Que bec , M n re l, s ego, g r, Pr sque , 10 8 HIST ORY OF OHIO. t n Of . troi , Macki aw, the Straits St Mary, Chicago, Pittsburgh, fo m c, r &c. & St . Louis , were as well selected ilitary posts , as could possibly be done, even at this day, when this country is of . w. ell settled and course , well known E on t e T he fir st vessel ever launched by uropeans, h upper ffi in 1680 lakes, was the Gri n, built by La Salle, , and was lost on f its return voyage from Chicago to Niagara river . A ter its de of f of an of parture it was never heard , nor is the ate y its crew man on r of known . Not a white dwelt the bo ders that lake , nor in the Western States . Sixty years had elapsed since the - ‘ T he landing of the pilgrims on Plymouth rock . western states on e e were vast, wilderness , inhabit d only by savages and wild T n f Of animals . he contrast is consoli g to all the riends a hu m an happiness . T he French intended to keep possession Of the Canadas and of “ of h m the whole valley the Mississippi , whic they clai ed ei b a ther y ctual settlement, or by discovery ; as well as by their i fi m m treaties w th the Indians, and con r ed to the , as they said, by the treaties Of Aix La Chapelle doc. with the European m T t r govern ents , ha they intended to erect a g eat and pow f m erfu l State in the new world , is evident ro the vast expenses in f at they were at , building orts all the proper points of com m u nication ; from of e l , the great extent th ir church estab ish ment ; their large endowments for colleges and other schools of . T m i learning heir extre e anx ety, to keep possession Of this vast territory is seen in every thing they did respecting f I A “ T it . Pro”essor SILL M N in his our between Hartford and m “ he Quebec , justly re arks, that knows nothin g that has m in a m excited his surprise ore Canada, th n the nu ber, extent and of m of m e variety the French institutions, any the , intrin sicall of the m of y highest i portance , and all them according to ” , o . T m their views , p ”ssessing that character hey are the or e e m xtraordinary, he re arks , when we consider that the most Of h m m Old a t e are ore than a century , nd at the time Of their f was f m oundation , the colony eeble and al ost engaged in war . m f m f f It would see ro these acts , as i the French contemplated the hm of r d establis ent a pe manent, an eventually, of a great OR 0 112 1 10 HIST Y 0 1110 . this war, in which the Indians engaged , on the side Of the of French, against us, which Logan speaks , in his address to nm . Lord Du ore It was , indeed , a long and bloody war, in XIV V X . which, Louis lost Canada, and all the country w a d O ter e by the hio river . m 1 764 1 774 Fro up to , there was no Indian war, on thi s f rontier, between the whites and the Indians ; and had it not for m m m en been so e badly disposed, and bloody inded , perhaps, ‘ of u those scenes cr elty and bloodshed , which we are compell u m ed to notice , tho gh slightly, ight possibly have been avoided altogether . But so it was, and our regrets , cannot alter the f fo1 m of acts, which now a portion history , and having been O i ’ acted on our territory, belong to h o s history . LORD DUNMORE’S W AR OF 1774 . From the peace made with the Indians by Sir William John m 1 764 ston , at the Ger an Flatts , on the Mohawk river, in the , of 1 774 was War O until the spring , there no Indian on the hio . On 27th of 1774 river the April , , Captain Cresap , at the of a of m en W V1r 1 n 1a of head party , at heeling in g , heard two m of f m u u Indians and so e their a ilies , being p the river h nting, ’ not m m ofi f m a n d any iles ; Cresap and his party ollowed the , “ m ro kill ed the , without provocation , in cold blood and in p f eace l f mm m ound p A ter co itting these urders , on their return W con oes o to heeling that night, in their bloody , they heard f m m m of C an Indian enca p ent down the river, at the outh ap mm m u r d tina creek , and they i ediately went , attacked and er f ed all these Indians . A ter these unprovoked and cruel m u r f n u m ders, a party under Daniel Greathouse , orty seven in Wh a f ber, we believe , ascended the river above eeling, bout orty ’ m m of iles , to Baker s station , which was opposite the outh Great T m n of Yellow creek . here keeping his e out the sight of the Gr eathou se w ent r econoitr e Indians , Captain , over the river, to m r . the ground , and to ascertain how any Indians we e there m him He fell in with an Indian wo an , who advised , not to stay m . On t e among the , as the Indians were drinking and angry f ' ’ ceiving this riendly advise , he returned over to Baker s block M ’ ' LORD bUN ORE s W AR . 1 ' ' ' and d d s n at s to en hou se , he in uc e the per o s the tation, tice ov er h and et m n T all the Indians, they could t at day, g the dru k his m su ce d m of the m diabolical stratage c ede , any Indians ca e over; l of r ain get drunk and were s ain by the party G eathouse . He r g ’ u twO s m to w t fi n the g ns, Indian ca e over to Baker s , see ha the ri g T s as as e . of the guns meant . he e were slain soon they land d m nd at t r cm us w was By this ti e , the I ians hei a p, s pecting hat ’ o 8 v an m farce e e g ing on at Baker , sent o er ar ed , but these w r w e on n d s l m firedupon hil the river, a evera of the were kill T e s e m e to i m ed . h survi vor wer co pell d return to the r enca p ' t ‘ of omm m . fi e css v en A ring guns then c nced a ro the ri er, ' one of o m the but not the whites was even w unded . A ong was the m who l murdered , wo an gave the captain the friehd y ' and we all c S ! AmOn advise , they re s alped, who were lain g ‘ m a a d wc was n the urdered, at Captin n Yello reek , the e tire ’ m of f n of the W fa ily Logan, the rie d hites w c u v ‘ m s w Kn o ing that these ruel and npro oked urder , ould be S db th t e the peedily avenge y e Indians , all h whites along o e f the u in sta ntl or wh l western either le t co ntry, y, retired into their block houses and forts ’ An c o of V1r in ia W m express was sent to the gov ru r g , at illia s u the of m f m him t had a n b rgh, seat govern ent , to in or wha h ppe h cn a i t W r s n and m n er T e e s ed . olo i l leg sla ure e in e sio , ea s w e ' diatél commen ce m i s ini me y used to a ca pa gn against the Indian , ' ‘ ' an d penetr ate into l the heart o f their country On the SciotO ri ve r . G n T he planof this campaignwas soon determ ined on. e m f rc and eral Andrew Lewis was Ordered to raise a ilitary o e, f U in and f om re ndezvous at ort nion , now Greenbriar county , r ‘ n s d nb m on O the ce , de cen the Great Ke awa to its outh, the hio ' T he Earl of Dunmore intended to raise troops in Lower i m h m m e a n Virgin a, and arc ing up the Poto ac to Cu b rl nd, i Ma lle hani es n ryland , cross the A g , u til he struck the Monon ebae hen f ow e m Own a ds r a gh l , t ce , oll ing that str a d wr , e ch h and f mF e en O P n Pittsburg , ro ort Pitt , to d sc d the hio to oi t s Pleasant (as we now call it) a nd form a junctionwith Lewi . 1 1 2 HIST ORY OF 0 1 1 10 . T O of n d c his was the riginal plan operations , a , in ac ordance Botetou te n e with it, General Lewis raised troops in r and A gu s ta counties, on the high grounds , near the head waters of the . m r Shenandoah, Ja es iver, and Great Kenbawa . T hese coun f of ~ ties were then , on the very rontiers the colonial govern ment of . Virginia in which so m any celebrated s rl n s exist ” ”p g , 2 “ “ ‘ T he W T he W m T he such as” hite Sulphur, ar , Sweet &c. a d a Spring, , n in a country too, then occupied by sh rpshoot r iflem en . f m of ers , hunters , and Collecting ro all parts this m of m country , two regi ents volunteers , at ca p Union , now in r 1 1 th of S m Greenbriar county, Gene al Lewis , on the day epte 4 w of 1 77 m . ber, , arched for ard, towards the point his destination His route lay wholly through a trackless forest . All his bag mm gage , his provisions , and even his a unition , had to be trans ' on e m m ported packhorses , that w re cla bering about a ong ' clifi s u the tall . , or winding their way thro gh the danger defil es f mm of ous , ascending or descending the lo ty su its All e han ies . T he m the g country at this ti e , in its aspect is m one of the m ost ro antic and wild in the whole Union . Its m natural features are m ajestic and grand . A ong these lofty mmi of su ts and deep ravines , nature operates on a scale gran m mi n deur, si plicity and subli ty , scarcely ever equalled i any other region , and never surpassed in the world . At the time of m an this expedition , only one white had ever passed along . m an the dangerous dehl es Of this route . T hat was Cap ' r b f u tain Matthew A uckle , who was their pilot on this pain l m . and slow arch During nineteen entire days , this gallant band - pressed forward descending from the heights of the Alle han m m o of of g y ountains , to the uth the Kenbawa, a distance T i m m f one hundred and sixty miles . h s arch was ore pain ul ’ ffi ov er the . On fi s and di cult than Hannibal s , l Alps the r t day of O 1 774 of ctober, , Lewis reached the place his destination , E m but no arl Dunmore was there . Despatching two essen i n of m gers quest Governor Dun ore , Lewis and his Virginians 9th of O n a t . On conti ued Point Pleasant the ctober, three at ’ cm f m messenge rs from the Earl arrived Lewis s a p, and in or — ed himthat the Governor had changed his whole plan that o the Earl would not meet Lewis at Point Pleasant, but w uld 1 1 4 HIST ORY or 0 H10 . . m of m f e of and soldiers, any the severely, who a t rwards died T he of . m w as n a l their wounds . loss the ene y ever cert in y - of e f on known , but thirty three their dead bodies w re ound or - it n m near the battle ground , and was not doubted that the e e y of v r of had thrown many his dead into the ri e s , on both which m th his warriors were posted,as we have seen . Fro e char of 0 0 a acter our tr ps, being all sh rpshooters, and backwoods o s Was men , it is pr bable that the lo s , in killed and wounded of m b . T he m about equal, on oth sides nu bers the two ar ies , ’ am ‘ f m h were probably about the s e , judging ro t eir extended “ of fi da t line battle , and the constant ring all y, along hat line , ‘ f w f m . T he for ro river to river next day a ter the battle , Le is tifie d his ”encampm ent (he should have done so before the ac t of ion , as soon as he arrived there,) with logs on the outside m . f it, and by digging an entrench ent Here , a ter burying his f m en dead , he le t his wounded under a strong guard , and m O arched up the hio river , in obedience to his recent order m . o f from Governor Dun ore M ving orward, through the dense f O m him orest along the hio botto s , we leave and his gallant of u f band patriotic western Virginians , ntil we have ound the E of m m f William sbu r h arl Dun ore , who we le t at g , the then of m seat the colonial govern ent . T he f n governor, a ter despatchi g Lewis into Botetou r te and Augusta counties to raise two regiments of r iflemen ; himself 0 0 m raised about one thousand tr ps a ong the old Virginians, of W for . m east the Blue ridge , this expedition ith these en , m w W he arched , by the old route in hich ashington and Brad All i ’ dock had passed the eghan es . He m ar ched up the Poto m ac m m m to Cu berland , thence across , the re aining ountains, to Fort Pitt . Here , procuring boats, he descended the Ohio W s m m t river to heeling, where he re ted so eti e , tha is, several his l days , and concluded , to change whole p an . Instead of m a be eeting Lewis , at Point Pleas nt , determined to descend O m of ock H hockin the hio to the outh the g, ascend that stream off to its rapids , and then strike , westwardly, and reach the oh ect of im i w as the j his ult ate dest nation , which Shawneetown, f e o a at the south rn end Pickaw y Plai ns . In accordance with ’ " LORD bUNMORE s WAR . 1 15 ‘ ‘ J w l n Of e . E r is m in o this ne p a op rations, the a l and h ar y n e of a f w r dim hundred canoes all sizes, nd a e boats of la ger en f W nd descendedsthé.0 hio m u of sinu s, le t heeling a to the o th the o k hock in . h s r caf and H c g Here leaving i wate r t, a guard to e his ot am f w e prot ct fl illa , he and his r y ollo ed up the H ck ‘ ' h 1r1 w r of L GAN hOW . ocking to ear he e the town . Q stands Here “ ' “ ef riVer ‘ and’l s e the umm tw he l t the , pa s d ov er s it be een the ’ ” ‘ Hoekh ckin and ve ari r d acof e g Scioto ri rs , d eache the pl e his ' t h n il s ’ of t an d destin ation . Wi hin t ree i e the Shawnee own , a w of i sOu th of v D m n m little east it, Go ernor un ore e ca ped , in W l clom thewondis th bu t on th f rm of ci f . En p en , now e a George b t i a of s sing a out welve acres, w th strong breastwork tree and s m his m AR OT TE i n of - the n , he na ed ca p CH L , honor the , “ log ' ‘ t ‘ ce n tr e o f m m young Queen of England . Ia he this enca p ent ’ was t u w a deep ditch was dug,the earth hrown p, and logs ere “ ile so as to e of t a e of rou p d up , rend r this sp ot abou one cr g nd , m . t en r of t i the E hed his i pregnable I n he c t e h s citadel arl pitc ’ marqu ee for hl mself ahdthe superior offi cers of his army. T he enemysued forpeace after the battle at Point Pleasant ’ i him f h of e h Messengers net , be ore he reac ed the place his ca men t d s a ahd f s e m mp , e iring pe ce , a ter his tr ng ca p was ' m m m m e mer e im a ~ co pleted , the ene y beca e or and portun te , to effect an object so necessary to his very existence; Dunmore d to but he‘ a e em was determine grant a peace , was lso d t r ined f e rm to prevent being taken by surprise . He there or pe itted “ ' n W ors his o a time w e o ly eighteen arri to enter uter gate , at _ , her all their firm s had to be deposited with a strong guard there ' t W a ll w for t e constantly pos ed . hen things ere arranged h ’ u was o d b a o f and sv purpose , the co ncil pene y p wer ul, impres i e ' ‘ m e C ot LA NT h not r s k who i n a ad by R ( Co n tal ) , , tone t ” ' ‘ f o so o as to h e the ivliole m . o v ice l ud , he eard ov r encamp ent of s of n the ar d a e twelve acre grou d , by all my; bol ly ch rg d the h wi of s lo . o w ites th haing the sole cause thi b ody war L gan , ' f m m d whose a ily had been all urdered , the p rece ing spring, ' ' ” ' rt ou the Ca tiii a an d a e o i n pa ly p , , p rtly at Bak r s stati n , was r1 the e f ur m of r 1 s wr1tte . Shawne town, o iles south whe e this “ ’ r i u not t on m un in s T ho gh he would at end Dun ore s co cil , per on, OF 0 11 1 1 5 HIST OR Y 10 . et w e u be re y , being urged by the Indians , who re anxio s to ‘ ’ u m m h in of lieved from D n ore s ar y, he sent his speec , a belt w m E nm f f ampu , to be delivered to arl Du ore , by a aith ul . oak on f m of W f interpreter Under an the ar Mr . ol , this splendid effort of heart s tirring eloquence was faithfully deli m m . T he vered by the person who carried the wa pu oak tree , L m s under which it was delivered to ord Dun ore , still tands in ' m f m in - o a field , seven iles ro Circleville , a s uthern direction . and An interpreter delivered it , sentence by sentence , it was au then 1t 1 . written as it was delivered . Its ti cy s placed beyond wof t and of a d the shado a doub , it right belongs , n . forever w of O ill belong to the History hio . ’ LoeAN s sp nnen . ’ an man if I appeal to y white to say , he ever entered Logan s cabin hu n r and him n ot m if m g y, he gave eat he ca e naked ' x and I clothe d him . a and cold, not During the l st long and War m bloody , Logan re ained idle , in his cabin , an advo cate for . m for the m peace Such was y love whites , that y coun ‘ tr m en m e m e 1 5 y , as they passed , pointing at , said , Logan ’ the friend of the whites . I had thoughts of living among you for of on e man . Cr esa but the injuries Colonel pfi last spring, ' m o in cold blood, and unprovoked , urdered all the relations f m m T Logan , not sparing even y wo en and children . here runs not one drop of my blood in the veins of any living crea ‘ ' his call e on m e for . I ture . T d revenge have sought it ; I f m have killed many ; I have ullyglutted y vengeance . For in mof . not bar my country I rejoice the bea s peace But , do ‘ m . of f . bor the thought , that ine is the . joy ear Logan never Wh w n ot on f . o felt fear . He ill turn his heel to save his li e one is there to mourn for Logan ? not . ‘ he m of an d T ter s peace , were soon agreed upon , a peace was o an was m isin orm ed in art as to the murder it was not Ca tain L g f p , ; p ‘ ’ esa but Daniel Greathou se who m urdered art of is amil t ker s Cr p , a p h f y, a Ba we v e r l at station, as ha e ed. - 1 1 8 HIST OR Y OF 0 11 10 . “ “ ' to m the a f ri Charlotte , . was! ake Indi ns riendly to the B tish f the ‘ colonists of w ar be crown , and un riendly to , in case a w o f ed cam ai ri tween the t o countries , which so so n ollow this p g , ' ‘ e W C n . e we can never know, with absolut ertai ty are well ' E ERA EOR E WASH I EGT ON a aware though , that G N L G G alw ys did ’ m was e a believ e , that Dun ore s object to _ ngage the Indi ns to the t m o take up o ahawk against the colonists , as so n as war ex isted between the colonies and England . So believed Chief ' m k now fr o . Justice Marshall , as we , his own lips T am o f ~Ear l m o N em hus ended , this c paign Dun re , in ov ber, ' 1 77 b which of 4, y , a cessation hostilities was obtained , and a ' w e n . fe prisoners were xcha ged , but this was all T he u npro vok ed e m the m of , cold blood d urders , at outh Captina creek , and of the Indians who were encamped at the mouth of Great the m of C m Yellow creek , within now li its olu biana county, c i n m Ohio, produ ed this war, which the end cost any lives, as well as much money ’ the a of ~ m It appears , that Indians knew the pl n Dun ore s cam a1 n m of f . T r p g , and took the best eans de eating it hei e m t of operations were so secr tly anaged , hat Lewis knew their ' approach only fifteen minutes before they attacked him . By C hemm ing him into a orner, they intended to destroy Lewis ' ' and m e flected m his ar y ; and had that been , Lord Dun ore, with m en l his thousand , would , in all probabi ity, have been destroy to ed . CORNPLANT E R r ev en t of also intended , p the junction m . T he Lewis and Dun ore Virginians, (with what truth we do not i now m pos tively know ,) did believe , that Dun ore, while at W in v f m m heel g, recei ed dispatches ro his govern ent, in which he was instructed to patch up a peace with the Indians, and f make them friendly to England , and un riendly to the colonists . e of T hose who thought so, said, hence , the chang his plan, in . T m r not joining Lewis , at Point Pleasant hat Dun o e had a u n W f f good ndersta ding ith the principal Indian chie s , be ore d him Lewis reache near Charlotte , is certain , otherwise he f r mi would not have ordered Lewis back with a o ce , which ght have been otherwise greatly needed . Before Dunmore had reached the Ohiori ver the people about ‘ ’ 1 MORE S W A R . L0 RD . DU N 1 1 9 o o Wheeling,1 n the earlypart of the m nth f Jun e , had sent out a force under Colonel Angu s McDon ald of about four hun dr eh n who e far th m e , pen trated into the Indian country, as as e o f Wa atornica h e no muth o the pp , near w er Dresden w is , on the a s u v . a T m a Musking m ri er Jonathan Z ne , ho s Nichol on nd T T eddy K elly were their pilots . hey destroyed the Indian ' ' W i s tO n s al o ki m the . nd ng the Mus ngu _ river, exasperated I an a and a t m d , . s , gre tly, kille one Indian returned . hey ca e carry i n t m few n e 1 11 g with he , a priso ers , which wer exchanged the ’ r of mo 3 c lo i autumn, at the t eaty Dun re amp Char tte , near P ck away Plain ' ' 1 - f m Ea D m n n A te1 his ca paign was ended, rl un ore soo aba doned . ff o n o E n . his c lonial overnment , and we t to ngla d g ” Congress decla red us an independent nation 4th Jul y 1 776; and m they sent out a small force under General McIn ' s ' w f . . T s f fo f of . to h, r the de ence the estern rontiers hi orce a P O r m arrived t ittsburgh , and descended the hio, thi ty iles, and f m of W re Be erected a ort at the outh Beaver creek , he av ‘ i ’ ter now a a it E m McINT osn . T l t f was is , ndc lled o his i tle ort, m six . I n well supplied with provisions, and had it, a pounder m of McIn tosh o .b s the autu n that year, was rdered , y Congres , ' ' t t to p ene ra te the Indian coun ry and destroy thetowns .ou the ' ‘ Sa u sk v ' W o thou and men he a em “ d ri ei . ne n y ith? s , tt pted to ‘ obe y his orders, but the ‘ - to o no f r bu t e for ti and a Zoar he concluded g arthe , rect , a t rry ’ ‘ r He t f and e LAWRENS in o o f the e . erec ed a ort call d it , hh n r of the president of Congress . Pr ovisi n fo and n o ne Gi s a n d o o ng the rt, leavi g c lo l John b on ne fif m en in to s r in iMcIn hundred and ty it , stay there until p g, h to u m of is f . tos returned Pittsb rgh, with the re ainder h orce T sf w as the f T i n - hi ort on bank Q the uscarawas , the present ’ o of T aa ne n m s of c unty usc r was, ar the ca al , three ile north ' G . T he s r d the s n of f alena Indian soonlea ne exi te ce this ort, an m a u 1 779 e h it 1n d J n ary , th y approac ed , stole the horses, h to the a ri and ki theb ells. off the nig t , belonging g r son , ta ng m cf m e ee the , sent the horses to a distan e ro the fort, and s cr t d, mse b wh h h1 h r i 1 the lves eside the path ich led throug the g _ p a r e 1 20 HIST OR Y OF 0 11 10 . u . ms i grass near the garrison Having th s secreted the elves, n the a high weeds and gr ss, they rattled the horse bells , at the n o of f f m f f m e d f the line those arthest ro the ort, who or ed this m . T he t m f : m en a bu_scade stra age succeeded per ectly sixteen , f m f o u t for of f ro the ort , were sent the horses, and these , our 1 two w er e m a teen, we e killed by the Indians, the other , de prison a of m af ers , nd but only one the returned, ter the peace , or was ever heard from by his friends . 0 o f m m 11 the evening the sa e day , the Indians , arched 1 n e file in f of slowly, singl , across the prairie , ull view our people f aw n s an d in ort L r e . Dressed painted, in their best war style o f to m of they thus marched al ng, in ull view, the nu ber eight f . m v hundred and orty seven warriors Having shown the sel es , s of they took their po ition on a high piece ground, on the oppo of o f new of site side the river, south the town Bolivar, and i so near the garrison , that they could be heard dist nctly , and T of easily from the fort . his body Indians continued to invest ' for t du r 1n 31x W at of m the , g eeks, the end which ti e , they pre to off m e tended go , but , in reality, divided into s all parties , th y for of m f continued in the vicinity , the purpose doing ischie , ' m ff too well . ore e ectually, in which , they but succeeded Colo and m en d off nel Gibson his , supposing the In ians to be gone , t off of m star ed Colonel Clark , the Pennsylvania line , with so e m McIntos twelve or ore invalids , to Fort h, but being way ' m of m W b ' laid , the ost the ere killed y the Indians , about two m f m f . T he iles ro the ort Colonel and three others , saved their a f m ‘ . A f lives, by running to the garrison p rty ro the ort, on the same ev en in gg'm ade a sortie and recovered the dead bodies of m f of f . the invalids , and buried the in ront the gate , at the ort T f f e . . M hree or our days a t r this disaster, General cIn ' ‘ s m en ov 1s 1 to h , with seven hundred , arrived , bringing pr ons . ’ O of f mm verjoyed at the sight this relie , Gibson s co and, fi of fi m in bon er o f . T he r red volleys, rear s the occasion p e on c visions were pa khorses , and these horses t aking fright f the . fi rin o off at g the guns , ran into the woods , and scat tered f m far the provisions through the orest and pra es , and ll “ wide a around the fort . T hus it was mostly los t or fell into ' 12 2 m sr onv OF 0 11 10 . e fi . m christian Indians, wer nally, either all urdered, or driven a W m and his in _ 1 782 . way by Colonel illia son party, Anoth er . expedition immediately afterwards started from Wheel ing Under Colonel Crawford ; it pressed forward to Upper San u fi f f s and d sky, was nally de eated ; Craw ord was taken pri oner im of burnt to death at the stake , within the now l its the county T i for f of which bears his name . hose who w sh a ull account this of ma Dod last expedition , in all its horrors detail , y consult ’ ’ ’ ’ drid e s Heck ewelder s Loskiel s g notes, narrative , Moravian m m d. issions , or any si ilar publication , relative to that perio ’ w m m f m w a r For ourselves , we ish a o ent s respite , ro Indian f i are , and to say, n conclusion, that there was one expedition f f f m a W a ter another, year a ter year, ro bout heeling , and O along the hio river , above that point, into the Indian country , — f o m 1 774 1 782 3 . r the year , up to All these expeditions were w unauthorized by law , they began wrong , ere badly conducted , and ended in nothing beneficial to the white settlements . T hese expeditions were undertaken at the expense of in divi u of of d als, without the aid the nation or any state authority . T d m m ff here was no good iscipline a ong these ilitia , who su er f ou f m ffi ed dread ully, their pain ul arches, without a su ciency of fo a m of m mm . T e xas e od,r i ent, or ar s and a unition hey p ' - m . T m rated , but did not conquer the ene y he Indians anaged their aff airs pretty much in the sam e way until the nation fin al W ly put an end to the whole business under General ayne . _ For the honor of human nature would that these things had ' nei er been . Having related briefly indeed what was going ‘ f r a a f of O o ward in the e stern h l , what is now hio, ever since x f m 1763 u the French were e pelled ro the country, in , p to 1782 or 3 whi ch Was the last of those fatal efforts to estab ' h ou r d m n on lis o inio over the Indian nati s , during that period ; We now descend the Ohio river to ascertain what had been n m of doi g that part Kentucky, adjacent to us . In 1754 m McBr i , Ja es de had traversed some part ( f K e . of ntucky His flattering account the country, when he m o a returned ho e , induced Daniel Bo n , thirteen years f terwards m to visit the sa e country , in company with McBride DIFFERENT LA ND cu ms . 23 and s The com an w ere b n other whole p y , slain ythe India s, t w to N m 1 77 1 E t excep Boon , ho returned orth Carolina igh ft m famil f o . v years a erwards , B on , acco panied by his and orty ’ men f m we i o h ar , ro Po l s valley n N rt C olina, traversed the wil ‘ d finall s ttl ve h erness and y e ed on K entucky ri r, at a place w ich they named Boonsb orohgh m o n Con I m ediately after the declaration f Independe ce , n ecticu t a l to h N w set up c aim, w at is now e Connecticut , in mm ar lan ce t 1s nor a of O co on p , that , the th p rt hio, above latitude 4 1 ° cm O l e north . Virginia lai ed hio below that in , as being with m . in the limits of her charter . T he United States clai ed all he i m a c t territory with n our li its, as h ving been onquered by a mm and mm . e r w n co on exertions co on tr asure , which cong ess m , . In ted With which to pay off the natio nal debt . the ean me ass an f r di an on ti , Virginia p ed act, o bid ng y one to settle this territory, until this dispute should be settled . Congress contended that all the territory which belonged to the Briti s h co of the of ‘ w r wn , had passed right into possession the hole na a ov er e1 n . Vir 1 n ia an tion, s a s g g contended , that to dep rive y on e of or tion f i ts wa d s the state any p o territory, s to i solve w . n u ad t of u m t hole Union Havi g th s h the bes the arg ent , wi h r in r he to ive awa t e vhol t ue Virg ia libe ality , s consented g y, h fi e n of all n no sovereignty to the natio , the la ds which lay r thwest O on s o ef hio river, condition , that Virginia h uld retain the right of soil ‘ of all the country between the Scioto and Littie W Miami rivers . ith this land , Virginia intended to reward of the n W a e her soldiers revolutio ary r . But Virginia requir t do the m ed o her states to sa e , by their soldiers . T hi s sub ect a l the cm d j at th t day, great y agitated publi in , but, fi f m nally Virginia by a or al deed, relinquished all herright a d all c n r of the O title , to the ount y northwest hio river, ex s f c s cept a be ore ex epted . T hus congre s became the peacea ‘ of y as ble owner all this t regionof country . o r an e f e c n f n i h C ng ess had y , to this ou try , as a u d with wh c , 5‘ ;to discharge the national debt of grat1tu de 1 to our able defend ers in of ev o to o who the , the war the r oluti n ; th se were na tional creditoi's for m b of e m , oney orrowed them, or oth rs clai ’ l 24 11 13 1 0 11 1 or 0 11 10 . n for m m. as ing payment of the natio , su s due to the As soon l e n ded t E the w ar was f air y wi h ngland , country north _the - m b of ' West of the Ohio r 1 v e r beca e the su ject public discussion , ‘ n for the re asons which we have assigned ; hence the attentio T he of the old congres s tb this country at soearly a period. t o was u f m very first hing t be done , to acq ire the country ro T m the Indians . his was atte pted by congress, by appointing - mm had commissioners to treat with them . Such co issioners already repe a t edly be e n appointed and had m et the I ndians at u e McIntosh &c. f a s Pittsb rgh , F rt , , and a ter this we shall see , ' eti or ts w er e m d C o to tr e at t constant a e by ngress _ wi h the Indi It r m ans . is ha dly necessary to relate all the circu stances m attending these treaties , so we will only ention the several T times of holding them . hose who wish to see all these trea m a u m of be, ties , y cons lt the volu e Indian treaties , now lying ' f few e ar s . ore us , published by congress a y since a l l t i ad At avery e r y day, in our revo u ionary war, V rginia h . w ho e w heth promised all her soldiers, s rved in that war , lands, m o r a er they were regulars , ilitia, belonged to the n vy . As . t e e soon as that contest was closed , h legislature conv ned at m v n tieth da of O 1 783 Rich ond , on the e y ctober, , and during that session passed an Act for surveying the land given by law to the officers and soldiers on continental and state estab ”T a s m n t for . ct . li h e , and the navy his passed on the seven ‘ 83 ’ tee nth day of Decem ber 1 7 . It authorised deputations from s — c m ' these line ontinental , ilitia and navy to appoint a survey ' for . T z he ffi or each line his act recogni ed t o cers, deputed by m e s ffi those lines , by na e , and authoriz d tho e o cers or any ' of m . On m three the to appoint their surveyors the sa e day, c . o on which the act passed, Ri hard C ;Anderson , a Col nel in rm was e for the a y, appointed principal surv yor the continental .l of m ffi m au t ine the ar y, by the o cers na ed in the act , as hor iz . On 2oth of 1784 ed to appoint the surveyor the day July, , ffi for Colonel Anderson opened his o ce , entries , at Louisville , ' e u . T he Kent cky tract appropriated to these soldiers , i n Ken tucky , lay between Green and Cumberland rivers . Having exhausted that tract, Colonel Anderson closed his offi ce for 0 1 26 HIST ORY OF 11 10 . we or . and IS called , the stern Reserve , New Connecticut It m f m extends one hundred and twenty iles ro east to west , and i n f m . on an average is fifty miles width , ro north to south Its area contains about three million eight hu ndred thousand acres . of t off Five hundred thousand acres this ract , the west ' of C ff end, - the state onnecticut gave to certain su erers f . o by fir e, in the revolutionary war A part the ceded O l m of lands, lying along the hio river , inc uding the ouths o khockin the Muskingum and H c g rivers , was sold by Oh o m . T the old con gress , to the i Co pany his was the ’ first sale of lands before the p r esen t constitution of the Uni o for ted States was adopted; It was s ld one dollar an acre , i u payable in congress notes , at twenty shill ngs in a po nd , , w hereas the interest on those notes m ade themworth twenty T ei ght shillings and Sixpe n ce on the pound at that tim e . hese securities were funded under the constitution of the United of a f m m States, and becam e a part the nation l debt , ro that ti e forward un til paid off within the few last years . So the Ohio co mpany made a very bad bargain for themselves w ith con Joh ‘ l v mm of . n C e es gress Sy es , New Jersey , was the next — h of s purchaser of land I n Ohio e bought the old congre s, the m of Miamies x land lying between the ouths the two , and e tend ix in s . g northerly , so as to contain hundred thousand acres ' mm av ix - for Sy es g e s ty six cents an acre his land . On 1 3 of 1 787 m the th day July, , congress assu ed the juris diction of this territory and passed an ordinance for its gov er nment of , by the provisions which ordinance, the territory b was to be governed v a Governor, Secretary, and three ud es . T he ffi T J g President appointed these o cers . hese per sons were to make the laws and execute them . T his form of f r m W de ective gove n ent was to continue , until the North estern T erritory contai n ed fiv e thousand free white m ale inhabitants - of over twenty one years age , when the people were au thor iz o m T ed to elect a legislative house f asse bly . he house of ’ r r of ep esentatives the United States congress, were to n om ' in ate a legislative council, and this legislative council and the ss m i a e bly were author zed to appoint a delegate , to congress . “ . DIEFE RE NT L RND C LA IMS . 1 27 T his second grade of colonial governm ent was to continue u n til the population of each part of the North Western Territory ow it Was r < int hich _ eventually to be divided, (not less than m v e atnou n te d three nor ore than fi states) to sixty thousand . ‘ Then this colonial governm ent was to cease; and such térritoe as m .a be m r y w to beco e state , arid ad itted into the Union , on the same footing with the original thirteen states . T his act of of 1 787 a n of , the old congress cont ined other ‘ provisio s the r a B o a ewas e r r g eatest v lue . ythat rdin nce ther n ve to be eithe slavery or invol untary servitude ln the territory n orthwest of m w a f v the Ohio river . All the larger strea s ere decl re d ore er . m f f m ll al to be highways, and re ain ree ro a obstructions, to l T W who wished to navigate them . hey ere declared to be a and m in f e . T s are the m oat ma highw ys , so to re a or ver he e ter ial of of .provisions this ordin ance the old congress, Virginia had reserved the land lying between the Scioto - m ( o s of t v , t d he re Little Mia i rivers which she gave her sol ier o m a s r elution , belonging to the continental ar y , a reward fo T th n m . their services . his we call e Virgi ia ilitary tract And the United States had promised her soldie1 s who served th e of e l fo during war the r vo ution , lands r their services ; SQ congress laid ofi a tract for that purpose lying south of New C f m . O i n t e t onnecticut, extending ro the hio r ver o h east , o o T s i e a m the Scioto n the west . hi s the Unit d St tes ilitary T m f n e tract . here were so e re ugees, duri g th revolutionary f m S m e of war, ro Nova cotio, to who congress gav a slip land extending from the Muskingumopposite Zane sville to the Sci m u s is s m . T h m oto, at Colu b ; it everal iles in width e re ain, “ ing part of the state was surveyed by congress and i s now T of o m . Ou r n t u r ostly sold hat portion state , ntil then pu W ” ’ s of the a as c u s Mr. s cha ed Indi ns, eded to during Monroe a m m m . In th d inistration, except so e s all reservations e Uni ’ ’ S t e V i m i n of S mm ted tates lands , h irg nia ilitary , and part y es o his f om purchase , the original wner obtains patent r the Uni ’ ffi . O b ted States land o ce Lands ceded to hio, . y congress, o of m a and n condition aking certain c nals , our Governor Se cretary of state give deeds to the purchasers of those l ands. F I R S T S E T T L E M E N T O F O H I O; P E R I O D S E C O N D . TH I S PERI OD C OMPR I SES T HE T IME DUR I NG W HIC H T H E T ERRI R A L GOV NM N ExI ST ED COMMENC I NG A R 7T H T O I ER E T , P IL , 8 ND E ND I NG ON T H E D M I SSI ON OF O O T O T H E 1 78 , A A H I I N N As A ST A T E E R A RY 1 9T H 1 803 . UNI O , , F B U , T HE O m C v mm “ hio co pany, and John le es Sy es, having pur s cm cha ed , the lands, as we have stated , the o pany havin g u rchased' the the O i m o p tract on hio river, ncluding the ouths f ' m Hockhockin m m the Muskingu and g rivers ; and Sy es, the e Miam ies— O o m country betw en the the hi co pany , early in ' 1 788 of m of April , , took possession their land at the outh the n m mm the a um of Muski gu , and Sy es , in ut n the sam e or next m of m year, settled near the outh the Great Mia i at the North -in- Bend, where General Harrison , his son law , now resides , on the same farm . of r of 13 1 787 Under the act cong ess July th , Arthur St . of W Clair was appointed Governor the North estern T erritory . m . m . m ms Sa uel H Parsons , Ja es M Varnu and John Ar trong o es . T he i ffi were app inted Judg latter not accep t ng the o ce , W John Cleves Symmes Was appointed in his place. inthrop Sargeant was appointed Secretary . T he e . Gov rnor and Secretary , and Messrs Parsons and Var n um f m m of followed Ru us Putna and associates , to the outh the Muskingum where they had settled on the 7 th of April - O l r l e tta 9 th of preceding . T hese fficers anded at Ma on the J mm m o f l ; July 1788 . 1 udge Sy es joined the s on a ter their arriva 1 30 HIST ORY or 0 111 0 . of Viz : other justice s the peace, Archibald Cary , Isaac Pierce, E n m to t and T homas Lord, squires , givi g the power hold the cour w of . T f of of Quarter Sessions hey ere in act , judges a court common pleas . Return Jonathan Meigs , (our late governor) E was appointed clerko f this court of Quarter Sessions . benezer ff of of W Sproat was appointed sheri the county ashington . ' of the su rem cu t William Callis was appointed clerk , p e o r , Ebenezer Sproat was appointed colonel of the m ilitia , Rufus ‘ of . . P u tnam was appointed Judge Probates , and R J Meigs , of . junior , clerk that court m d 25th of m St . Clair by his procla ation , ordere the Dece ber 1788 to be kept as a day of thanksgiving . W 2 of 1 790 . On the d day January , St Clair, at Fort ash in ton of m g , now Cincinnati , organized the county Ha ilton , con m f of . taining within its li its , the western hal this state m ffi Cincm nati at He created the sa e o ces at , that he had fi m f . Marietta ; and he lled the as ollows , viz W m f W m W W m McMillian illia Go orth , illia ells , illia , Judges mm T of the co on pleas and Quarter Sessions ; Jacob opping, f . o Benjamin Stites , John S Gano, justices the peace ; John w s ff of of mm Bro n , heri ; Israel Ludlow , clerk the court co on I m . a m pleas . srael Ludlow , Ja es Flinn , John S G no , Gersho of m t . Gard , captains the ili ia Francis Kennedy , John Ferris , . T Luke Foster , Brice Virgin , lieutenants Scott raverse , ~ i b Eli ah . Ephraim K b y, j Stites , John Dunlap, ensigns n 5 y 1 790 O the th Januar , a law was enacted ordaining, that the courts should be held four tim es in the year ; on the first m T uesdays in February , May , August and Nove ber . W W m as . Fro Fort hington St Clair and inthrop Sargeant , tar O 8 his sece y, descended the hio,and on the th day of Jan f of mmi uary they were at the alls that river, co ssioning ofii o cers there , and pr ceedi ng as they had done , in the two coun W of m . m ties ashington and Ha ilton Fro Clarksville , they d n of proceede westward , and at Cahokia , erected the cou ty fi e St . Clair, and created and ll d all the necessary military and cfiices . T he o civil , in that county dangers f those times may be learned from an ordinance of the territorial government en ' L " Z Fmsr summer11111111 r . a at th r o h we h cn d i W c cted e pe i d, w ich ave under o si erat on ; hi h all the t z s f m e e an I strictly prohibited ci i en ro nt rtaining y ndia e f m n m 111ta1 C mm n an or n ro, without in or i g the y o andant 1 the _ g ‘ ’ ef of a n m z s heu s v n of th r e . ici ity, act the st nger bei g the citi en m b of a m W d e co All the . ales capa le bearing r s , ere or er d to n ‘ stan l m Or e m a wh n ty carry the , ke p the ne r by, even ile atte d in u l B e c m m s g p b ic worship y n gle ting, so eti e , to obey this ' l o o f w men los s. rder, n t a e t their ive We return to the feeble settlement at the mouth Of the Mus k ingu m . e a a a e O m s t As we hav lre dy st t d, the hio co pany, began their e ' tlemen t at mou of the m 0 11 7i of , , the th Muskingu , the h day A 1 788 and m e e m Ono pril , na ed th ir town Mari tta, h r of the ‘ ' n f F a n a A to T the queen o r cef M n a n mette . he settlem ent was commenced under the sti per in tenden ce of Ge rier al Rufus ‘ nm son w of v on nam Put a , a the Re oluti ary General Put . T he fi s er e f m m n fromt rst ettl s w re orty seven in nu ber, e igra ts he es of Ma o a stat ssachusetts, Rh de Isl nd and Connecticut. T hat “ h fif e of r m l season , t ey planted ty acr s corn , and e ected a i ita r W of suffi t m f m y ork cien strength to_ protect the ro the Indi ans. u the mm u m of h D ring su er and aut n that year , t ey m ‘ were joined by about twenty ore families. T he first settlers m s m t ffi s of were o tly ili ary o cers and soldier the revolution , 1 n nu r ed f and h d ae s to atigues ar ships, and habitu t d to danger and l f l of . T h di ficu ties all sorts hey a ways went to t eir work , with ‘ t m and had n o t em their guns near he , se tinels p sted also near h , m Of a W on m “ so e high stu p tree Such ere their watch towers . ' On the 1 1th 1 789 m t W April , settle en s ere begun at Belpre , and ew the fi fif m e ta N bury ; rst was teen il s below Mariet , and w t -five Oh the latter, t en y miles below, on the io river . Strong is - ou each l se ttlemen t to w garr on h ses were erected, in , hich, ” ‘ e for afe vvhén e b n the s ttlers fled s ty, attack d yIndia s . Con si e abl m n d r e nu bers lived i these houses . T here were three ‘ i B l r he a was F m ’ such houses n e p e , t l rgest one called the ar ers c astle Other settlem ents were made on the Mu sk m gu m river t s . fi of t fif rs also Here hese rst ettlers his state were , tyyea ‘ s cfew m m ar f a a in e, nu ber, f distant rom ny other settlers nd 1 32 11 131 0 3 1 or 9 11 10 . ' m f m d a shut out, al ost, ro the civilized worl , without a mill, b in n " ow ' mm road , a ridge or any th g beyo d their n i ediate resources . m n aw ated No stea boat, then g the Ohio river ; they had no ‘ r fe w on O far nea er. neighbors than a settlers, the Upper hio, " o ‘ t v m ; n n , abo e the no e lower the river un il they , descended to " far Limestone , now Maysville , and these distant neighbors had ' f m a ain st the enough to do, to de end the selves g savages. T he of now means traveling were not then as they are , and they were surrounded by warlike and savage nations . T o one who of f now sees the growth any new town , avorably situated , in , r of n ew Indiana or Illinois , the t ue situation the settlers on the ’ Ohio Company s Purchase 1n 1 788—9 can hardly be conceived m he O m of But we leave the , and descend t hio to the ouths the 6 f Miamies . On 1 th da o m 1 89 two the y Nove ber 7 , Major f m Pe nns lvania at of Stites , ro Brownsville , y t the head twenty fi ve m of m others , settled near the outh the Little Mia i river, ‘ . T f e Ou t and erected a blockhouse hey a t rwards laid a town, Cinc1n n ati m six miles above , and called it Colu bia . mm m Sy es and Stites had beco e acquainted , in New Jersey, and united their interests so far that Stites had purchased a Of mm this earl . part Sy es tract , and settled on it , at y day Symmes preferred ' the North B end near the Great Miam i’s e . mouth , and settled th re m But , leaving these weak settle ents just begun, we are call ‘ ed off to treat of the Indianwar which followed these settle m ents . v m i ' -five men At the ery ti e , that St tes and his twenty brave , bl ckhou se . Ma or were erecting their o , j Doughty was at Fort W m mo of ashington , nine iles below the uth the Little Miami o 1 of m . river, and six below the town C lu bia m l Lieutenant Colonel Josiah Har ar, a brigadier genera , by mm fi brevet , who co anded the rst United States regiment of ' f been ordere d f e in antry,had to this rontier, by the old congr ss, ' . and he was here at a very early day . He seems to have been the m ffi f highest ilitary o cer, originally, on this rontier, about that m f of u ti e , but his orce reg lars, could not have been, scarcely 1 34 HIST OR Y OF 0 1110 . r . m of w tucky,with his voluntee s Major Ja es Paul , Unionto n , mm n of m Pennsylvania, who co anded a battalio volunteer ili m n a nd tia, fro western Pen sylvania, Virginia, also joined this mar m e re arav army . General Har having co plet d all his p p O f n tions , crossed the hio river, and ollowingthe old India war h of path, visited the Indian villages on the ead waters the m : m u Little Mia i Fro those towns , he str ck across the woods , m now an d m on to the Great Mia i , where Piqua is , arching ’ forward when he came to where Lor amie s s station has since m been , three Indians were discovered early in the orning view T f m m ing his encampment . hese were ollowed by so e ounted tw sca e d. n o.e me , one Indian was taken prisoner, but the other p ’ the m . Next morning , ar y crossed the St Mary s river, and Colo for n el Hardin and Major Paul , beat up volunteers, to go to the f m Indian town , ahead , supposed to be about orty iles distant . m f ffi Six hundred volunteers arched orward under these o cers , in m m advance of the ain ar y , and arrived at the Indian village f T he m on the second day a terwards . Indians had ostly fled , of m a m on the approach Hardin and Paul , but so e sav g es re ain few m en : T he ed , and exchanged a shots with our Indians m T m m had burnt their wigwa s . his detach ent re ained in the Indian town four days before Harm ar cam e up with his bag . m gage , having had to cut a road along which his tea s and wag . f m r he gons could travel A ter Har ar ar ived, tarried one ' . In m m s week in the deserted town the eanti e , the Indian f m him . E w ere collecting ro all quarters , around very party f m m w a la ed f . sent out ro our ar y , was y y and de eated A par t f m m y under Colonel Hardin , ell into an a buscade and any T f of his m en were killed . wenty three out o thirty fell in m that skirmish . General Har ar finally concluded to return to “ o W an d m m F rt ashington , actually arched eight iles on his h e f m m return , when received in or ation that the ene y had taken of f possession their town as soon as he had le t it . Harmar to ordered Hardin return and attack the enemy . T his oflicer a for m of beat up, gain volunteers , and a considerable nu ber men . volunteered their services Hardin, and his Kentucky and , Pennsylvania volunteers, returned , attacked and drove be ’ HA RMA R S CAMPA IGN . 1 35 the n m m fore him, e e y, until they had crossed the Mau ee , 1 n ’ and t. on r f m r their front, the S Mary s thei le t Hardin had a ch ’ “ w . (in to ed do n the St Mary s its northern bank, its junction with “ ‘ ’ the St Joseph s Here Captain William Crawford who com anded r s M m m the Pennsylvania volunteers , c os ed the au ee , and attacked the Indians who lay on the north bank of the St . ’ and d t e m u a r 1ver m s and Joseph s, rove h ene y p th t , several ile , ”W e returned triumphantly, over to Fort Wayne, or rather h re is . that . town now ’ o w m en o . C lonel Hardin, ith his cr ssed over the St Mary s In 1an s 0n 1 h u and followed the d up theSt . Joseph s e so th side ‘ o a r 011 ds f th t rive , but marching carelesslyalong , the low lan he ’ o e adjoining t river, he p ermitted the Indians to tak e p ss s o of of im cm e h a si n the high grounds, south , by whi h e ns , h ot f ss m mman . g de eated with great lo , considering his s all co d ' In h diflei'en t on e t ese engagements, Harmar lost hundred and h m en f m m of n un i eig ty , ro the ti e his leavi g Covington , t l n W s o o his retur to Fort a hingt n . Some acc unts place the a h m . loss even higher th n t at nu ber On the whole, though rm of . i mm Ha ar boasted a victory, yet n co on parlance it is ’ W » called Harmar s defeat . Major yllis and Lieutenant Far thin ham of e fi fif of g , the regulars , f ll, ghting bravely ; . and t m y m n f on fi . Of their e , were le t dead the eld the ilitia under H n f s r and ardin, ni e o ficer we e killed , one hundred private sol W m f s fewm en . diers , whereas Captain illia Craw ord lo t very W H f e s mi of him u noccu hy Colonel ardin le t the h ight s th , ‘ ‘ N we o r . f action pied , never c uld lea n A ter this severe ,Hardin and wf o . t e m i m it e Cra ord j ined h a n ar y , and , r turned to Fort W ashington . T he ff of s f ex itmn e ects thi un ortunate ped , were very soon f w l of K u «O io severely elt , along the hole ine the ent cky ;and h W f . . the n in and s V rontier All cou ties Kentucky, e tern irgi n ia m e a W m , im ediately p titioned Gener l ashington to co mit the d f of f o to m a nm t entire e ence the r ntier their iliti , u ixed wi h regulars ; so that these troops m ight be forthwith drawn ou t to W punish the exulting foe. T hough General ashington retur n n w t t n ’ him ed a conciliati g ans er o these pe itio s , pre sented to , ' ‘ 1 3 6 HI ST ORY OF 0 11 10 . in e e to by their representatives congr ss, yet he did not yi ld B u t f u to erSUade n r ss to them . he had the good ort ne p co g e m m of s a w o n authorize hi to raise a regi ent regular , nd t o th usa d " for m o a Ma or ra volunteers six onths ; to appoint, als , l j Gene l, in cmman and a Brigadier General , to be continued o d so long s of 179 1 h e as necessary : T his was in the se sion , w ich end d 3d of March in that year . a of G a of Under this ct congress , ener l Scott Kentucky, of n an was sent out in May, with a body troops agai st the Indi ' W e n towns on the abash . And another xpedition was se t to in m of e r com the same towns Septe ber, that y ar, unde the W m n v e w mand of General ilkinson . So e India illag s ere m few k burnt , their corn destroyed , and so e warriors were ill m men m h C a bu t ed ; so e old , wo en and c ildren were aptiv ted , all this rather exasperated, than conquered the hostile spirit of the enemy . ’ S C MPAIGNAND DEFEAT . ST . CLAIR A “ Under the authority of theact of congress of 179 1,Arthur “ r o W had . f St Clair , Gove nor the North estern Territory, be en - - s appointed Major General and C mm in chief. He wa . o ander em powered to treat with the Indian tribes ; to be in fact a m a i of ‘ ilit ry,as well as civ l Governor the T erritory . Presi dent Washington did his duty faithfully ; he appointed all ‘ ffi or ' m the o cers , f the ca paign , but the nation wa s poor and E m weak , especially in the west . very exertion was ade to an m and m for raise ar y and provide provisions ar s it, and to l w as concentrate it as early as possib e in the season , but it September before it was ready to march ; nor w as it even m then co pleted in any respect as it deserved to be . It assem W . On 1 7 of m bled at Fort ashington th day Septe ber, _the 179 1 rm f W , the a y le t Fort ashington, and cut a road through e m the wildern ss , to where Ha ilton now stands . Here a f and m ort was erected, called Fort Ha ilton . It was on the of m 1 east bank the Great Mia river , about twenty miles with i m n the present li its of this state . Having completed this fort 1 3 8 HIST ORY OF two on and encamped in two lines, and they had rows of logs W m in f n of fire . hen the ilitia crossed the creek ro t the regu w t on l ars a fe Indians appeared, but hey precipitately fled , ’ oach of m . . the appr the ilitia At this place , St Clair intended ' u s o Hamtram ack to have thrown p a brea t w rk , as soon as th m ain of rm returned, with the baggage , while e body the a y f to m l pressed orward the Indian towns on the Mau ee , eaving ’ Hamtr am ack s . T s the baggage here , under care hi he said , f f his . af a terwards , was then intention About h l an hour a ter mm f m m f m daylight, i ediately a ter the ilitia were dis issed ro 'b the m parade and roll call , they were attacked y ene y, with T m and m f . he the utmost ury 3 ilitia fled , in an instant, ca e ’ m r confu running into the regulars ca p , and spread ter or and T m sion where they ran . hese flying ilitia, rushed quite ’ b 'the o through Butler s line , and were hardly stopped y sec nd ’ . T h ffi h m u t line of regulars e o cers exerted t e selves , to the ost to i e . m , _ restore order, which though, was not ent r ly done T he Indians pressed close upon the very heels of the flying ’ u mm militia, and instantly engaged B tler s co and , with great f . T e m intrepidity and ury h action forthwith became war , and the enemy passing round the first line within fifteen minute s f fi a t e e m was a ter the rst ttack , h whol ar y surrounded by the h 1 n tr In dians . T e artillery was posted n the ce e of each wing ‘ ’ h m m w whic the ene y attacked with the greatest violence , o h m T i n n t e n . he m g dow artillerists, i great nu bers ene y fired f m f m ro the ground , and ro every tree around, and were only ‘ f m t. en e seen when flying ro covert to cover At length, the m m m of y boldly arched up to the very ouths the cannon , and f of men war ought with the daring courage , whose trade is , and who are impelled to vigorous exertions by all the motives ' r wa s which ope ate on the savage mind . It s oon perceived that while our soldiers were falling every moment before the of em et ‘ em bullets the en y , y , hidden , as that en y was , little iin r ession m p was ade on Indians . It was then resolved, _the e the that Lieutenant Colon l Darke , should charge enemy with of t he com: the bayonet, at the head second line , which he " manded. T was m his charge ade , by nearly all that line , ’ " sr . C AI R S CA A . 9 . L MP IGN 1 3 “ ~ ’ u m f and t m eflect that the . w ith the t ost ury, wi h so uch f , Indi ' ' ' ' ‘ a ns re ab u t t s bu t n o soon er had we driven o hirty, rod ; Darke is an n o r eturned to h position th the I dians were there als , this ta was owing to a Want of rifiemen to press the advan ge , which had obtained by driving off the enemy . .Darke l h e e m Instant y after this c arge , G n ral Butler was ortally w n the a s ounded , the right wing was broke , rtillerist were a . th b m and t e nearly all killed e guns were t ken y the ene y , h . camp was everywhere penetrated by his ferocious war riors . o is o e a m t Maj r Butler, though h leg was br k n by ball, oun ed and edhis a . his h orse , bravely l batt lion to the charge Majors n Darke a d Clark led theirs also to the charge . T hey charged the enemy with the bayonet, drove the Indians out of t he _ ' m and e . u t ca p, r stored the guns B while the Indians were e i u pressed with the bayon t at one po nt , they kept p their con t ual fi e f m o t w f ff . in r ro every other p in , with atal e ect Every a ma dr o he n t th i ch rge , when de , ve t e emy back, a e po nt where m n o ff was on it was ade , but, general e ect produced , the ene m . of a nd fi y Instead keeping their ranks ghting , the troops l e d fi and e hudd ed tog ther in crow s about the res , w re shot . T he Offi did b l down , without resistence , cers their duty rave y, and n in m m who were shot dow great nu bers, by the ene y, f a m m took a sure an d atal i at the . T he Indians always shoot ffi at the o cers. ' h t m . a f an All t is i e , St Cl ir was so worn down by atigue d sa a a ot to m di e se, gout nd rheumatism, th t he was n able ount m . or dis oun t his horse , without assistance Al l t now m e a s o hat re ained to be don , w to bring ff the m s of . e d a re ain the army . General St Clair ord re Lieuten nt W m i t e e o l Colonel illia Darke , wth h s cond regiment t c ear away the enemy from the path mwhich the army had march e fi an d o ed to the spot wh re they were ghting ; E , he rdered Major Clarke to cov er the rear of the army . T hese orders m s so t m n con were obeyed , and a o t di rderly fligh co me ced, and ' ’ tinu ed fo f m was . ten 11 r about our iles . It now o clock 1 the f e o . m f . Our or n on All this ti e , the carnage was dread ul ' ' r s fin awa r m , a nd ed for t , oldiers ally throw y . thei ar s fl their li es 1 40 HIST ORY or 0 1110 . in fi m Many were killed the ght, to ahawked and scalped ; ' m f at - any were captiv ated and a terwards roasted alive , the ' . T he . of W Stake elder Caray Mana ce , the innebagoe s, was e nf m of w e th re , and i or ed us all the partic ulars , when were at du 1829 Prairie Chien , in July, . f l m of A ter glutting their savage vengeance , by ki ling any m en m our ; and, having taken as any prisoners as they could W m f off i and to ell anage , the Indians le t the r pursuit, returned T in the battle ground . here lay the dy g and the dead ; there stood the artillery and trains ; and there also stood the baggage . m wagons Here , the ene y now glutted his vengeance to the ' m t e . Bu t very ut ost, on h dying, the dead , and the living , we for m fill . leave the horrid picture so e other to up , not we O ur r of f m en troops , who emained the ourteen hundred , that ' m n f Jefierson i o or ing, at early dawn , fled to ort , a d stance f m m thirty iles or ore , - m u f mm e In this ost n ortunate battle , we lost thirty eight co is sion ff on . ed o icers , who were killed the battle ground Six u - mm ffi h ndred non co issioned o cers and private soldiers, were - m . T one mm ffi either killed , or issing wenty co issioned o cers not f ew of m of were wounded , a who died their wounds . T wo hundred and forty-two non-commissioned officers and privates ma of m o of were wounded, ny who died als their wounds . m t e A ong h dead, were General Butler, and Major Ferguson , ' ofiicers c two brave , who had served with great distin tion , ' ’ l . through the who e of the revolutionary war . General Butler s m death, was justly and severely la ented by the whole nation, ’ In of a as an irreparable loss . the list those who sh red his f m in t e ate , were any who had participated largely, h toils, ' ' ‘ lor f of . r T dangers and g y o the war the evolution . hey fell in nobly doing their duty to their country ; they rest honor, n a d deserve our gratitude . ' At of of t the head a list the wounded , stood he names of T m an d W m lieutenant Colonels ho as Gibson illia Darke , Major Ad u tent e of Butler and j General Sarg nt, all whom were ffi of a m veteran o cers , gre t erit , and who had behaved with i a a l a distinguished gallantry n this dis strous b tt e , Gener l St . 1 42 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . ' * T here were in the army, at the commencement of the , fif m of m fift -six action, about two hundred and ty wo en, _who , y . he em m ri were killed in the battle , and t r ainder were ade p m t m m soners by the ene y , e xcep a s all nu ber who reached f ton . O e o Fort Weishing n the survivors , lived until recently - . A T AR E ER . «T s m in Cincinnati, a Mrs C H IN MILL hi wo an ran ' ‘ 1 fli ht f m fi l of of m n , e d ahead the whole ar y, their g ro ‘ the of fl e . red hair, oated in the battl Her large quantity , “ long f o as breeze , which the soldiers oll wed through the woods, their - m w the of f or e r unn er that oved rapidly on ard , to place their ultimate destination . u t ff . m et Hamtr a O re aching Por Je erson , General St Clair, m f m m m ack , with the irst regi ent , who we have entioned , as h no r aving bee rde ed to bring back the deserters , and protect - had the provisions, and heavy baggage wagons which been f m m of m . le t slowly aking their way along, the rear the ar y A council of war decided that they would not return to the t the w ff . ba tle ground , so leaving ounded in Fort Je erson , St " h m m of m Clair, wit a ere re nant his ar y , returned . to Fort W ashington . W e hile congress was in session at Philadelphia, arly in De ember W ffi of c , President ashington received the o cial account m cm s of 4th of m i this ost ala itou battle the Nove ber, wh ch information was forthwith communicated by him to the national t . m e legisla ure Nothing could have been or unexpected, than T he m in this disaster . public ind was exasperated , a high ' fo a of ffi of degree against St . Clair, but r w nt o cers a rank ' him m high enough to try , no court artial could be , or was ' l s on V in of 92 hi c duct. Late 17 cal ed upon the session , con o d mm i u o c gress app inte a co ittee to nq ire int it, but, that ivil ommi im c ttee , acquitted h . T he War now m s Indian assu ed a serious a pect, and the reputation of the nation required to be retrieved from the dis . T he t grace it had sustained whole wes ern frontier, lay e to f s of m expos d resh inroad the ene y, now flushed with so dreadful a victory . General Washington wished to have congress give him ' ’ ' ft C sr . CLni s A MPA IGN . ‘ ‘ o s a e im t of foot a1i authori tyt rai e three dditional r g en s , d a of for u s l b e squadron horse, three years, nless peace hou d t s sooner made with the Indians: A bill con aining the e prov1 othe h of t s ut t sions , was introduced int ouse represen ative , b i met with great opposition th ere It was objected that the na t on the war u tionhad n ot the money osarry , upon s ch a scale ; . W s we not that while the British held the estern post , were f r i a i 11 9 m able to protect so large a rontie ; that , by w thdr w ng t W st T e and b m the O i he North e ern rritory, y aking hio river ' boii nda r “ a d r da the y , n , by t eating with the In i ns, a peace I I might be restored to this frontier . e S m of t he' i n o Such wer o e reasons, ass g ed by the opp sition W n o T v w ll to General ashingto , in c ngress . hey stro e ith a t f a for e fe of theNo Wes heir might , to de e t the bill , the d nce rth w o u s of T hose h supported the measure , rged the neces ity f f f a e s , el de ence and sel preserv tion , th y presented to congress , t of e f n i — a nd t n ot a pic ure the ble ding ro t er they proved, hat fi m n m an l e s h f n . r t e ohi l s t an tee hund ed Ken uckians, , wo en d d Who b had b ren, were peacea ly, pursuing their avocations, een , ' i n . e m h n either slain or carr ed i to captivity by the ne y, wit i the , e and n ot t t e f then , last seven y ars ; it was doub ed, that h ron t m ns of had Stiff er ed tier set le e t Pennsylvania and Virginia, * u 1te as m me of m . T he m s q uch, within the sa period ti e easure of G l W i enera ashington they said , had always been concil ato H rma ff r owa e . n y, t rds the savag s It was show , that a r o ered w in a of m to treat ith the savages the vill ges the Mau ee river, th ia fi s f s t a and n s e for but e Ind ns , at r t , re u ed to re t, the , a k d a s to co d s o the d thirty d y , nsi er, n ubject, which was grante ; T as in mm ef 1 790 an heend of t his w the su er , d at t he thirty da f s d i o s ys , the savages re u e to g ve any answer, to the pr po als w « . In s m s v H m r to treat that a e thirty day , ho e er, while ar a , ‘ f r of en W orbore all hostilities, by the express o ders G eral ash in ton to h ff c n i n m me g , t at e e t, the India s , the eanti , had either killed or captured one hundred and twentypersonson our fron of t e e s s tiers . Many h prisoners had be n roa ted alive by a low fire . r 1 44 HIST ORY o 0 11 10 . . T c -4 he bill was passed and be ame a law . St ; Clair resign ed is mm h military co and , and General ANT HONY WA YNE was - - appointed commander in chief . T his was in the spring of 1 793 . W E’S W AYN AR. Among the several considerations which now Operated on ' the mind of General Washington at this trying period of our ‘ which w e m fo national history, are co pelled to consider r a ' m m o of o ent, was the p verty the nation , loaded with debt, with ' m mm of out uch co erce , and the general poverty the people . T he of t people the eas , looked upon this western war, as a bur r . den , which the weste n people ought to bear Hence the duty s th of on distillerie , owned mostly in e west,which grew out the of T tax d whis expenses this Indian war . his , led irectly to the k W y insurrection , in estern Pennsylvania . And , it need not o be disguised , that the opposition to the present c nstitution, of laid hold every thing within their reach, to render General W . T f e ashington unpopular hey pretended to ear, so larg a m of fiv e f m en ! standing ar y, thousand our hundred they saw W ’ m Mrs . and m f too, with alar , ashington s levees, the po p o n of Colo el Pickering, General Knox, and other heads Depart m of ents, with salaries three thousand dollars a year ! though e m f m the comp nsation was so s all, that they, and their a ilies not . T he could live decently on it French revolution too, was and raging , Genet was busily engaged , in his endeavors to e of E . draw us, into the vort x uropean politics General Washington was be set on all sides ; French agents and partis t f m ans , on the A lantic border, were o enting discontent ; the f t British and their Indians, were desolating our western ron ier, and m o with fire the to ahawk , and the war who p waked the sleep of the cradle . in W It was early this year, we believe , that General ash ington after appointin g General Wayne and other officers to mm m all the co and the western ar y , and doing that he had m of W power to do, ade a tour to the Indians estern New 1 46 m sr onr or 0 11 10 . ’ prepare for a vigorou s war against them . Al though Ge neral W a m and ayne promptly accepted his ppoint ent, entered on its f u no m ll arduous duties, yet, it was o nd easy atter to fi up the in minor appointments, even the verynext grade to the Comman _ “ - - f of m . der in chie , this ar y Several were appointed to these odi ’ wa f em . s f ffi ces who re used to accept th It ound di cult too, to enlist soldiers for this hazardous service . Every thing moved he t along slowly, and t season was spent in doing very li tle , to ' an ff . he r mm of f y good e ect T B itish co ander the ort at Detroit, ‘ a for t of m fo had erected at the head the Mau ee Bay , r the pur it m of pose, would see , protecting the Indians , in allianc e with e for them . Here the Indians resort d protection ; here they h f sold t eir urs , peltries and skins, received their annuities , n ot and, we doubt , that they received here, also, the price paid for the scalps of our murdered countrymen . ' W not f General ayne was idle, but urged orward all his ou r ff m easures, vigor sly, p udently, and in the end, e ectually . 5 m 1 793 met Phil On the th of Nove ber , congress at adel m the phia, to who President said in his speech at the com ' “ ' of T m en cement that session , hat the reiterated attempts m to ff acification which had been ade e ect a p with the Indians, had issued only in n ew and outrageous proofs of persevering of m ” hostility, on the part the tribes , with who we were at war . ' ' of and T m He alluded to the destruction Hardin rue an, while ’ e f m nof o on p ace ul issions , under the sanctio flags f truce ; and their families were recommended to the attention of con t ff of E E W gress . Notwiths anding all these e orts G N RA L as n I N r ON f of b f G , in avor this leeding rontier, congress and the m ts nation , were too uch engaged with other objec to bestow much attention on this distant war T he French revolution had turned the heads of many mem T bers of congress towards that dazzling object . hey were of the opinion that m ankind were all to be regenerated by it ; that by som e secret magic it would make mankind n e w beings ; and that the whole world would soon become something m ore than its Author ever designed it to be . T he and mm of 1793 m b spring su er , having been e ployed, y ’ W A S YNE wx n . 7 ra .Wa n in endeavorm m k and i Gene l y e , g to a e peace , n pre n for So t wa S pari g war , that i s eptember, beforehe wasready to o f d of “ the m ve orwar into the heart . Indian country . Gen al W er ayn e collecte d his army and marched six miles north of Fo Jff n ' rt e erso , where he established a and f fi camp, orti ed it, and l d nEEe LLn cal e it G . T he town of Gr eenvillei s not ’ far f m m a W ro where this ca p was . Gener l ayne, having m m me and in th e ade this enca p nt wintered it, early e n xt m ch f d t u St spring he ar ed orwar o the gro ndwhere . Clair had bee n d fea d on the 4th of m 1 e te , Nove ber 79 1 , where .h e erect a f ifi a and o ' Y ed ort c tion, called it P xr RECOVER . L this ost eaving ,p he moved forward to the gro und where ’ H m r f i n 1 790 ar a had been de eated , and erected a work of de f and Fon' WAY E ence called it rj N , which nam e the town now t e IS the of M m h re , bears It situated at head the au ee river, ’ ’ ' n c of th v n e . an . at the co flue e St Joseph s d the St Mary s riv . ers 0 11 the 8 of 1794 G W th August , eneral Anthony ayn e with his m r e m of t e Au laiz i f ar y ached the outh h g e, a tributary the ' Ma m f fiv e m r m w W e and u ee , orty iles, o ore belo Fort ayn , the ’ m distan ce L b m n the , sa e , yhis co putation, above British post, o m e e. e . 1 11 th e f r sof se ea the Mau Her , , o k the rivers , Gen r l ' W e e a o an ayne er ct d a strong milit ry w rk, d called it by a very ' r a m as he onr am on . app opri te na e, ( did all his posts) F D T of n of en he General fully informed himself the stre gth the ? ‘ s ui and and in an s m e y, that the British di , nu b red only about twe u a d own u w o n u tho s n , whereas his reg lars, ere ab ut as ’ merou s m nr m u n en as the ene y, besides eleven hu d ed o ted m , m had w him f om k u m ainand who he ith , r Kentuc y, nder the l W n a de ad of General Scott . T his gave General ay e cided / ou and o e. vantage over the enemy, as he th ght, as it pr ved to b ‘ Bu t is u in nu mbers etwith notwithstanding h s periority, ; 11 ‘ a d r a t e . of s n st nding h high discipline hi troops, their pat iotic ’ fo ff r of e to ene ardor, r a battle ; yet he o e ed terms p ace the for t : he em nte w ar my and Waited . he answer T en y wa d , c on the 15th da of 1 794 r l n ot pea e ; so y August, , Gene a W f F am Denn is n and m ed M mee ayne le t o o , arch down the au , 1 4 8 HIST ORY or 0 111 10 . O his ri ght being covered by the river . n the 18th he arrived la 1 t the head of the rapids . Here he y on the 9th erecting o oi. some temporary works to protect his baggage , and to r ecn i ' H fou nd tre the enemy . e the Indians advantageously posted ’ O 20 he f . n th 8 t in front of the British ort the , at o clock in of m in m l e morning that day, the ar y advanced colu ns ; the T ’ gion along the bank of the Maumee. General odd s brigade of mounted volunteers formed the left flank . General Bar ' ’ m of m r of bee s ounted brigade volunteers , arched in the rea ’ m in f of the the army . Major Price s select band oved ront m m of an . T whole ar y, so as to give ti ely notice attack hus m f r fi v e m e e arching orwa d , iles wh r Major Price received a fir e f m heavy ro the Indians , T he m f m i n l h ene y had or ed three ines , wit in supporting dis a of III f f m t nce each other, a wind all, extending ro the west bank of m t d m in f the Mau ee , wes war ly about two iles , ront, resting T on the Maum ee and protected by the British garrison . his f xt fi v e m ' of 1 11 prostrated orest e ended iles west the river, , f f m which allen orest the Indians lay in three lines , two iles in ‘ m . T length resting on the Mau ee . hey could not have been f m m f W ’ better protected ro such a ounted orce as ayne s , than i e of f m . T he they were by the r xtended position , allen ti ber fi ff of the ‘ e n em mi 1n rst e ort y, thus extended two les , length , f of fi . was to turn the le t flank our army . At the very rst dis of n f m n the charge a rifle , the legio was or ed in two li es, and f a m ront was ordered to advance with tr iled ar s , and rouse the e m f m of ne y ro his thicket at the point the bayonet ; then, but not then deliver fi fir e s m till , the rst , and pre s the ene y so close ‘ l i ' y as not to give h m tim e to reload his guns . Seeing the ' of m strength the ene y , and that he was endeavoring to turn ' ft W our le flank, General ayne ordered the second l ine , to fi - m . T he l 1 support the rst , already engaged with the ene y e ' gion ary cavalry was ordered to press forward upon the enemy ’ who 3 an lay on the river bank , d where there was 11 0 timber in wa . m their y General Scott was ordered to ake a circuit , so far as ou tflank , to and turn their right flank . All these orders ere m e u t f o ou fi w pro ptly obey d , b t such was he ury f r rst 1 50 HIST OR Y OF 0 11 10 . ’ ’ ’ W f con r ess men tion ed W ashington in his speech , be ore g , ayne s m a op erations with well erited appl use , but congress in the i r f m . Mr . reply, re used even to allude to the Madison then led in ff the opposition the house, and though he o ered something i n 1 n ff m lieu of it, yet, it was couched such o ensive ter s , that the ’ for m T e President s friends would not vote the a e ndment . h e of whiskey insurrection, which gr w out the expenditures to m of m m m carry on this war, had soured the inds so e e bers ; and ' w to mak e the wonderful French revolution , hich was all hon O ' est m en happy, by shedding their . blood , had poisoned the m d of W of of m . m n m inds, still ore No ention was a e ay e, nor his m eritorious services, by congress . Next summer Wayne held“ a council with all the Indians on of 1 79 1n . 5 living this territory, and _ the third day August , f at Greenville, he purchased all the territory, not be ore ceded, m m 1n f fi of w ithin certain li its , co prehending all , about our fths n of O . T he the prese t state h”io line is called to this day , the T e f Greenville treaty line . h Indians were le t with about one o O in fifth part f the territory which is now hio, lying its north r. T I f i n O west corne hus ended all the ndian war are , hio, m for (if worth na ing, which we here put together, the sake unity . and m After all these great , splendid eritorious servic es of W no n of him m General ayne , congress took otice , not so uch his m m as to allow , even na e to be entioned on their journal ! O w a m in m n his y ho e , Pennsylvania, he died , al ost unattend e of an inn in r o ed , at a wr tched hovel , the then palt y village f i Presque Isle . He was there nterred , without a stone to tell . f son where he was buried Years a terwards, his Isaac W m fewof f and ayne acco panied by a his old riends neighbors, f of trans erred his bones , to the place his nativity where they now rest in peace . T W man o hat General Anthony ayne was a , f most splendid l on e talents , both natura and acquired , no can doubt for a m m . E of f f m o ent , who reads his history very action his li e, ro e f of r can youth t _ age , shows this act ; and no panegyric ou s ‘ en m n m r der it ore plai or ake his character shine brighter . T 1 F1RS of (111 10 . ' ' " ’ dema O u es mi ht tr a him w h c um and 1 Political g g , g e t it ont ely but e base ingratitude, they cannot obliterat a single syllable , “ m s a . His f n f which record his brilliant ctions a e will ever ade , i 1 to end of m 1 so 1 butgrow more fresh and gr een the ti e . Every n f O K nd of al l W s i for and daughter o hio, entucky, a the e t, w ll ' acherish in e ar e ea m m of ANr n ol ever , th ir he ts; the ver d r e ory W a s ' ' a Y AYNE. v N Forty two years h e pas ed way since his . decease and this 1s the first full account that the writer has is o a of 1 f ts seen of h ser vices n this the tre his ea , in arms . O as dthe t w h we ow e him n art e hio h pai deb hic , i p with oth rs, l ’ so far as calling a large county after him goes; and we have - 1 1 1 w i m ft im . twenty three to n s or townsh ps na ed a er h . ' s 1n ec n of m He live the r ollectio his country en to lead fu tur e patriotwarriors to glorious victory . Death has purified l m ’ f and on r e of . his ame, placed it bey d the ach ca u ny Party ’ icians ~ thos m s ma se and f a and eX ir e , e eteor y ri all , fl sh p , ’ 111 a moment ; bu t the SUNof Wayne s glory wil l nev er set in “ ’ esteriwhoi'izon of M a our W , ississippi s wide v lley, until the l ’ m f m f archangel s tru p shall call his body ro the grave to . li e “ for the f m s m Having, sake o unity, related the o t i portant ' e e of n war on sf we now v nts the old I dian , thi rontier, go back ’ - to i f t on. O m an d inform the n an colony, the hio co pany s lands , f a n d the reader what h d been passi g there uring this period . ' ' n whole Indian war the e . a on Duri g the , s ttlers kept const ntly ‘ ” “ the a r f mfear e r e le t , ro to six rang rs, who we e called spi s, o and if a whose duty it was , to scour the w ods , ny Indians “ ve e n v t a m were disco r d i the vicinity, to gi e he al r ; that b eing ’ o the m un fi . f d ne , alar g was red at the ort , and every person ’ hastened into the garrison T he gate Wa s closed and every re eration 1 n m e v h e mi p p was insta tly ade to r cei e t eir en es . he m at e r v u w T settle ent Belpr lost seve al indi id als ho, ventu r toofar i othe s e no “ ed nt wood , wh n Indian signs had been re ce nt l ’ e e y discovered in th n ighborhood. In 1 793 N HAN OO A E a of Massachu , Major AT G D L , a n tive ts and an ofiicer of . ol l a m in d n . set , the co tinenta r y, went out to ‘ t F hau l som e mb a x he orest to ti er with n e team. He was 1 5 2 H IST ORY OF 0 11 10 . s r n taken pri one by the I dians , and carried off into captivity ) T he supper was long kept waiting for him on the table by his f ' anxious wi e and children , but he never returned to eat it , m m of him His tea returned ho e , but nothing certain was ever heard for a long tim e . From an examination of the ground where Major Goodale was taken prisoner, it appeared that two I m i large ndians, had secreted the selves beh nd a pile of brush wood ; that these Indians sprang upon the Major an d binding him off f his hands with cords , they led into the orest . T he tracks m ocasins o of two Indians with on , and those f the Major with ’ a m shoes on , between the Indians tr cks , showed the anner in which he was led off into captivity . He was taken to Upper of f m Sandusky, where he died a ever so e six weeks after he ' was taken prisoner . His neighbours followed his tracks six m iles and then gave u p the pursuit . C f m o aptain King, originally ro Rh de Island , was shot and w killed while cutting wood. He left a ife and two children ; James Davis was killed and scalped about a mile from the s m of . garri on, at the outh Congress creek Benoni Hurlbut , _ o f m of a one the spies , was killed at the outh the Little Hock in 1 79 1 n f m . g in , while retur ing ro a scout f T hese were the principal losses o the Belpre settlement . M d i man e ajor Goo ale was the pr ncipal at B lpre , a brave , enter m an r prising . whose dest uction was justly and deeply lamen a ted by all who knew him . Hchad p ssed through the war of the revolution , whose dangers , “ he had shared and whose lau f a r . rels do ned his brow He le t a widow , two sons and fiv e m loss and daughters , orphan children , to ourn his , who do hon or to his memory . T he m m Newberry settle ent , experienced so e losses , and was e m harrassed continually . On wo an and two children were ’ ; One m a m killed child was to hawked in the other s arms, but T he m n survived . wo a and children were going to a party at a m f . work in a field , ne r the garrison , to carry the ood Pursuit m m was instantly ade , but the urderers escaped unhurt . In 1 790 a settlement was began at Big Bottom on the Mus . k in u m thirt -fiv m On g river, about v e iles above Marietta . the OF 0 11 1 54 HI ST ORY 10 . m v a settl ement some twenty iles abo e Marietta . In 1795, -t f . Sherm an Waterm an was killed , on little creek . at ff m of T he settlement Marietta, su ered, so e in the loss m s ca ttle that were shot by arrows . So etime the cattle returned W m . Ro hom e with Indian arrows sticking in the bert arth, O 1 792 oo fi was killed, in pen day , in , while cutting w d , in a eld , w as near fort Harmar, and Mathew Kerr killed in a canoe while W m W f . of crossing the mouth of ol creek illia Rogers , one the f m in m spies , while returning ro a scout , co pany with another m of s ranger , by the na e Henderson , was shot and killed , wherea ' his Henderson escaped unhurt , with a bullet hole through ‘ him . ou tru n n blanket , which hung loosely upon He escaped by ing his pursuers . 792 . f In June 1 , Return J Meigs , a terwards Governor m of e of the state , and Post aster General , the United Stat s , w Ind had a very narro escape , when attacked by two S m Mr . com an ith u . ians . In p y w yo ng Mr Meigs, were a y onds, - in fi . T he and a black boy, who had been hoeing a corn eld m h Indians had secreted the selves be ind the path, near the m Muskingu , on its west bank , where they had the river to a s cross . At a turn in the road our laborers having their b ck fi . m towards the Indians , were red upon Sy onds was shot 0 11 in the shoulder , when Meigs rushed the largest Indian with his tom ahawk raised to throw it . Meigs rushed upon him m fi r e m and atte pted to his gun at the savage , which issed fir e . a . ar tl k nock ed Mr Meigs then p y down the Indi n , and escaped by plunging into the river and swimming it . T he Indian m . S threw his to ahawk at Meigs, which grazed its object y “ m t onds plunged in o the river, and floated down to the f w ar m w as u mm . ort , though one seless in s i ing He was ' ' b m en of f m an d e v en tu all o a taken up y the ort Har ar, y r ecv er of his . T he f ed wound black boy , twelve or ourteen years m e e bu t m old , atte pted to _ scap , was to ahawked , killed and s s v scalped by the Indians . Mr . Meig a ed his life by his daunt of an d un m fir less attack the Indian , when his g issed e , by t i knocking down his an agon st, and then out runni ng the other Indian . ' ' RST s E T LE MENr OF 1 FI . T 0 1110 . 1 55 T s Ind1an s mme a e b he e were i di t ly pursued , y the spies , but ill s gaining the adjacent b , they e caped by flight . m d few During all these ur erous attacks , very of the Indians ‘ s . on on o lo t their lives Henders , the spy, killed e f thr e e Indi ans in com an on the l Mu sk ir um was , a p y, Litt e ig ; andone killed m on f m . Duck creek , about three iles ro Marietta Hamilton K r m of of . Kerr, a son Mr e rwho was killedat the outh Duck r n Indian ta lso. c eek , killed a , Although signs of Indians were oftend i scovered near the t m the d se tle ents, and although, Indians were pursue instantly f et u a terwards , y , being well acquainted with the co ntry, they generally escaped unhurt. Another reason why the Indians a fo m f h d esc ped, is und the act, t at In ians select their bravest, b r for c t . 1 est warrio s su h en erprises . m i 17 93 on Vir im a d John Ar strong, in Apr l , lived the g si e ’ of O u end of Bla er ass tt s the hio river, opposite the pper nn h e I d. w th n m i d slan He o ned e floati g ill , wh ch groun the grain the a of aii hi . A ar r ised on both sides river, y where near m p ' t of n u w n m O f m y I dians , abo t t e ty in nu ber, crossed the hio, ro - the m h of ? m s Arm 1 out the Little Hocking, twelve ile below ’ t ei e wi o the S u t strong s , secreted h r cano s under the ll ws on o h of r 1 v e r the o 1 av e l ern side the , and reaching sec nd bank , t ed ’ u m u n l t i n of m o 5 p the strea , ti hey were sight Ar str ng house, l a o c . In and there y c n ealed through the day the night, they o h a a ll appr ached the ouse , w tching it, during nearly the night, f m e w en \thc m e an ' until the a ily w re all asleep , h y ad attack t and m of h l . upon i , killed Mrs Ar strong, and three her c i dren . m m of o s Mr Ar strong ade his escape , and two his s n ,”who slept in the m m t s . . ill , we1;e un oles ed by the savage Having killed Mrs ' m and n d n ofl Ar strong her three you gest chil re , they carried , c d E e u e o aptive , three ol er children ; lizab th aged abo t leven r ten and J twelve years , John about years old , ere years . Having regained the hill from which m W s mi tw I h l f arching e twardly, a le or o, the ndians a ted, ormed l e . er s an d. a circ e , around their three prison , d lighte th ir pipes f f h ec a i . o Speech a ter spe h was m de , n a low tone voice, whic he not t a but af , t children did hen , underst nd, which was ter 1 5 6 m sr on r or 0 11 10 . m - of wards explained to the by one the Indians then present . T he Indians were apprehensive of being pursued by the p eo ' ’ of e l e e ar l the m m ple B p r , y in orning, as soon as Ar strong s - of mill should be visited ; and it was contended , that one the f children, was too young, to travel ast enough, to keep up with m the party . It was suggested , that now was the ti e to kill l d h hi . e im m One Indian , however, who had the child , seeing ' m ju p over the logs , in his way , and otherwise , showing great ffi activity and sprightliness , interposed his good o ces , and even m offered to carry Jere iah on his back , should the child grow f f m tired , on their march . T his o fer, saved his li e , and , arching f f rapidly orward, they ound their secreted canoes, crossed the m m m of river in the , and running the into the outh the Little m Hocking , they there secreted the , ascended the bank, and in of . gave the Indian yell , token success f Hastening orward , they crossed over the high grounds , between the Little and Great Hocking and ascending the lat fa f m ter, to, not r ro where Lancaster now stands , they reached f m a m m . n their enca p ent Here they had le t a young , by the m of m h m ~ na e Cox, who t e sa e party had previously taken pris ’ few m m o oner, a miles above Ar strong s , on the sa e side f the O . m t hio He belonged to the Marietta settle en , and he and . Park er sbu r h his brother had killed a deer , just above g , and one of m for the had returned to Marietta a horse , on which to car r W n y in their deer . he attacked , he had the deer, on his horse , m w n of u m en carrying it ho e , he one the yo ng was killed , by b u t 1 ~ the Indians ; the other, with the horse and ven son, was car off m of s carried by this sa e p arty avages . T f m f m hese Indians with their our prisoners , oved orward, fro ~ a . near where L ncaster is now , to Lower Sandusky After run ning the gauntlet , they were adopted into the Indian nation , as . C ox m f m their children Young , ade his escape ro captivity in m f w as m about six onths a ter he ade a prisoner . Elizabeth Armstrong w as placed in the family of Simon Gir t th e u m . y, on Ma ee river She was afterwards rescued from the Indians , at Detroit , went over into Canada , and there m ar ’ . the T m . Dolson s f ried a Mr Dolson , on river ha es At erry, I T 1 5 8 H S ORY on 0 11 10 . ndre d m illion six hu thousand people , within the short space of fifty years . of congress of 1 800”the North Western In the session _ T 1 i s . O ow erritory was divided into two territor e urs , n con ) ' stitu ti of O an d fiMichi an r e tai n e t e ng the states hio g , d h old ‘ Indian a Illinois and W name ; but what are now, , isconsin,was . T he f m erected into a territory and called Indiana or er, (or t a m of f his territory) contained eighty thousand squ re iles sur ace , whereas Indiana as it then was , contained one hundred and eigh St. ty thousand square miles . Clair continued to be the Gover W m H bu . nor of this territory , t illia H arrison , our then delegate ' ' ' w as a oin ted the fi of to congress pp rst Governor Indiana territory . fi a Winthrop Sargeant , our rst territorial Secretary, on being p r of T ffi pointed Gove nor Mississippi erritory, resigned his o ce W W m here , and we had Charles illing Byrd , illia Henry Har an . T he rison d Francis Dunlevy , in succession as Secretaries ' es — m Ju dg y too , were changed John Ar strong never served , fi a m . though appointed at rst , with Messrs V rnu and Parsons John Cleves Symmes was appointed ln the room of Armstrong ‘ of h e o and retained his seat to the end t t erritorial g v er nmerit . W n ndian a e n t r e he I was rected i to a e ritory R turn J . Meigs becam e one of its Ju dges; ’ f W . um A ter ayne s decisive victory , on the Ma ee , in July 94 m . 1 7 , the savages ceased to urder the white s Spreading m the selves over the territory, they hunted where they pleased , a n f f fish ‘ wild m d o ten exchanged their urs , skins , , eats, sugar for b a nd . and honey , our powder , lead , pork , read blankets T m f f our hey beca e per ectly riendly to people , or those who r om were not so, went over into Canada and settled there . F v m the British,they recei ed annuities , as allies , and held the in a of selves readiness to att ck us, ln case a war between us and England . of m At the end the territorial govern ent, the Indians own fif of i n i ts ed about one th part our territory, lying northwest e rn . m m o angle At that ti e , only a s all portion f our lands h a d bee n surveyed by the United States . And our settle me e m nts were w ak , and the people were ostly poor . T hey R T SE T T E ME T or 0 11 10 . 1 5 I FI S L N w f o f war did not ant o d a ter the was over, as the country pr o 1 du ced a never failing abundance . It s hardly possible for any ' now for fi me e th o m one, who , the rst ti , se s is c untry, to i agine on e half the har dships to Which the settlers were then subject f ‘ ed; but the ti m es have changed, and we hav e change d with ' ’ ”1 them . T he mm e and Indian war co enc d , the Governor was called ' off . 1nt0 w e s i f r the mil that as have ee n, unt l a te he resigned . . it h “ ein ary comm and. During t at period very little was don the way of civil governme nt . In 1 79 1 m imm 1 r ants e l o , so e French g s tt ed nthe Ohio river r c i . at a place, which they app opriately alled Gallipol s T hey had been swindled out of ab0 ut on e hundred thousand crowns in er ew v who silv ; by a f arch kna es , , visiting Paris , pretended to 0 Wn of mme e n a large trac t land, i diat ly adjoini g on the ’ ” “ of Oh m n . T e Was m west the io s land h re , so e . co pa y few e of de of the “ y ars sin”ce , one the eds pretended Scioto an n i n mo m l d compa y existence a ng these innocent French en , and Saw it v OE BA RLow ! we at Gallipolis, signed, J L These i u 01d i and suf people lived at Gallipol s d ring the Ind an war, fered m f m the a l s f m and ma so e ro Indi ns as we l a ro sickness , n ny privations in a far wilderness. In co side ration of losses sw d e -f h by the in lers , congress gave these settlers , tw nty”our t ou d of f a n i n i san acres beauti ul land t the French gra t , . Sc oto ma ll e lo r w 1c. county, and sold the they want d elsewhere, at a p e of e mm s fi m m s bv Many th se i igrant , nding the selves i po ed on, ” the swindlers calling themselves the “ Scioto land company ’ off i e K . en v . went to V nc nnes, askaskia, St G evie e and St Louis, and e S m to a and settled ther o e went Philadelphi , other places, w o em a and o for r eiief so that those h r ined , petiti ned congress , ' succeeded very well in tarrying at their townon the ?Ohio 1 1~ river. j ( a s on 2d of n r 1 790 As we have alre dy tated , the Ja ua y , - Hamilton county had been organized by the territorial g ov 1 ernmen t an d the m m h i s n w i , sa e authority ade w at e C ncinnati , the of s for x seat ju tice th at county . During the ne t seven s no new r z b t m af year county was o gani ed , u so any persons 1 60 m sr onv OF 0 11 10 . l ter the Indian war was ended, sett ed along the Ohio rive r, t me O b w opposite he white settle nts above , pposite , and elo u Maysville, in Kent cky, that a county was organized where m . they had settled , and it was called Ada s T his was done u on the 10th day of J ly 1 797 . Settlers din ing the same pe r iod O , had been crossing the hio, and settling on its west side , W 1 11 a opposite heeling and Brooke county, Virginia, this terri O tory was organized into a county, and called JE FFERS N county . 2 m T his was done on the 9th day of July 1 7 97 . In the ean m the of ti e , Scioto country had attracted the attention the a of i militaa Virginians, and they had surveyed . great deal the r — r m . y lands, between the Scioto and Little Mia i rivers Gene of ral Nathaniel Massie, acting as the deputy Colonel Rich . ‘ A der s0n a of ard n , the Surveyor Gener l this tract , was busily m engaged in surveying and locating ilitary warrants , during -t m of w r mm f . the very i e the Indian a , and i ediately a terwards 1 796 McAr thu r In General Massie , assisted by Duncan (late of m of » governor the state , and a general in the ar y the Unit ed States) laid out a town in a dense forest on the west side f O E . o the Scioto river, and called it CH ILLI C T H T he territm m co rial Govern ent organized a county on the S iot , and called . T ou 20th o 1798 it Ross his act passed . the day f August , m of and it ade Chillicothe its seat justice . By this time many settlers had come into the state in m any of ; 1 796 parts it In New. Connecticut began to be settled . ' 1 796 m mad the mou th of As early . as , a settle ent was e at C on eau t creek . Cleveland was laid ou t— the lands began to e be surveyed in New Connecticut . T h whole of that region T m . T was organized into a county , and called ru bull his act passed on the 6th day of December T he Hocking n fo m m 9 c ountry had b ee settling r so e ti e , and on the th of m fi w a Dece ber , Fair eld county was organized , and Lancaster s of ‘ m ade its seat justice . So den se and extensive had the pop u la tion m W Wellsbu r h beco e , opposite heeling and g , in Vir i ff w as t of gin a , that Je erson county divided , and the cou n y ' Belmont (it should be Beaumont) was organized and St Clairs ‘ O 11 1 62 HI ST ORY F 0 10 . mm 15 5 1 all m license attorneys at law, and co on the ilitary and civil offi cers . For every license and every commission he f f m T he eo exacted large ees ro those who received them . p . ' le w er e fi p excessively dissatis ed, at what they called , selling ' " ffi ff . s to all the o ces, to di erent individuals T he fi rst licen e fer r e m of to keep a ry, was g anted to Robert B nha Cincinnati, ' t O i . T he n be k ep at that place , across the h o river gover or ffi of for r created the o ce attorney general , the whole te ritory, ’ fiice . . o and appointed his son , Arthur St Clair, junior, to that T ffi of m e his o cer, and the clerk the supre e court, w nt around ' th ter ritor f m . e y, ro county to county , holding courts But we t of hasten to an even , which the people that day hailed with pleasure . T HE RS O E S A T RE FI T TERRI T RIAL L GI L U , i Began its session at Cincinnati on Monday the 1 6th day of f m 1 799 . T h e o Septe ber, legislative council consisted Jacob of Hen n of Burnet Cincinnati , rv Va derburgh Vincennes, now ’ of in . J fier son and in Indiana, David Vance Vanceville , e county, O of Robert liver Marietta . w as of u Henry Vanderburg elected president the co ncil , W m . c . illia C Schenk , se retary and m George Howard , doorkeeper, Abraha Cary , sergeant at arms . T he fi of T err itoral ov rst house representatives , under the g ernm ent of W m of W m McMillan consisted illia G orth, illia , John m n m S ith , Joh Ludlow, Robert Benha , Aaron Cadwell and Isaa c f r m m Martin o Ha ilton county . m T m W h am Fro Ross county , ho as ort ington , S uel Finley, E m Ed T i lias Langha , ward fiin . W n ew of ayne county, state Michigan, Solomon Sibley, . Chober t Joncair e Vis Charles F de and Jacob ger . m s a Ada s county, Jo eph Darlington , Nath niel Massie . cou ntv Knox now Illinois , Shadrack Bond. ' efler son O m J county, in hio, Ja es Pritchard . W s onatha i a hington county, Return J n Me g T E O L E IS AT FIRS T RRIT RIA L G L URE . ' el eced E T ifii n S c . T hey t dward peaker ; John Reilly , lerk ; a and m n a . C t Joshu Rowland, door keeper, Abraha ary,serjea t ‘ arms . T w a fi u l e for his s the rst legislat re , e ected by the p ople , the or W T the of O old N th estern erritory, now embracing states hio, ' ‘ W n ndan and sco T r . I i a, Illinois , Michigan ; and i sin errito y i f a e e b Gov Be ng ully org nized , both Hous s w re addressed y on 25 t f t m e 1 7 c ernor . h 99 in a St Clair, the day o Sep e b r , , spee h, in which he ' br ou ght forward all his peculiar views of govern f er n ing the territory . A t adverti g to the several objects w he mm dto t h c his ee hich reco ende heir attention, e losed sp ch i fi of . ss e by say ng, A large eld busine has been here op ned to - v n m n and for a t n not your iew, ge tle e , it calls pa ie t , but I hope a f of acu lities ma a pain ul exercise your f , and it y be dded to, in of the s o a s n m T he the course ses ion by cc io al essages . ( n of m . T he for and gover or was fond the ) providing , the regu lating the lives and morals of the present and of th e risi ng n for s of and mm and for ge eration, the repres ion vice , i orality, of and i n en for the s cr the p rotection virtue n oc ce , e u ity of pro e and the u m of C mes u m m o m n . p rty, p nish ent ri , is a s bli e e pl y e t E aid m m ff a nd very y power will be a orded , I hope we shall e r in m and me of f t e b a ind , that the character deport nt h a and n e an d e f en m ple , their happi ess both her h rea t”er , dep d V mu ery ch upon the genius and spirit of their laws. His excellency withdrew and the two houses separated. On ex da oi the n t y, Jacob Burnet was app ntedto prepare a ’ s ctfii l 28th r e e n . p answer to the governor s speech O the , Mr Burnet had prepared and introduced his ans wer to the gov ' r nor i was and e , and t instantly agreed to signed by their speaker . n u t y ccu r di n ad 1t l Being se t to the Ho se he on re it, n was dciv l ' S . a r t e to it . ered to t C i , who. ins antly r plied Joseph Carpen the 30thda of m ter, was appointed on y Septe ber, public printer, . first on e e and he was the e, v r appointed to that office north ‘ he v w est of t Ohio ri er . On t o O e 0 ‘ t the hird day f r, 11 111 u me , and e t ‘ ctob ho ses lec ed 1 64 HIST ORY or 0 11 10 . ' W m a delegate to congress . illia Henry Harrison , received c . . . r e eiv e leven votes, and was elected Arthur St Clair Junior, ’ T . so . cd ten votes for the same office . his was St Clair s n of t m Harrison being the secretary the erritory at the ti e, fi of ffi resigned that of ce, and the governor took charge his o cial s w a An papers, until a succes or s appointed” y act, which pass for ed both houses, was sent to the governor, his approbation . him the u inw If be approved, it was returned by to ho se hich mm of it originated , where it was signed by the co ittee enroll “ m a of ffi ent, the great se l the territory was a xed to it , and for f then it was deposited with the governor, sa e keeping . if . b be But the act was not approved y the governor, kept it n of be i his possession until at the end the session , assigned ' for ot . In . his reasons n approving it this way, St Clair retain m on e ed the act regulating arriages , one regulating taverns , ‘ ffi of to create the o ce county surveyor, one to take the census of of of the eastern division the territory , (all east the Scioto and for n river,) all the ac ts erecting new cou ties , or changing of . m the lines old ones . St Clair, in true ilitary style , said; me in his proroguing speech, it appears to ; that the”erecting of new counties, is the proper business the executive . In as si n in his for of g g reasons not approving the erection the county , ef . r Clark , St Clair exp essed his doubts whether the people in it were able to support a county . And he expressed his belief that nearly every man in the county had signed the petition for m on e it , and their nu ber was only about hundred. T his mm its territorial legislature , which co enced session on the 16th of m u day Septe ber, continued to sit ntil the 1 9th of De cember w v , hen the go ernor, in true British style , prorogued m . u m of a o m the D ring this ter , b ut three onths , they passed m m about thirty public acts , any of the long and complicated o . m fi w of nes Fro these rst la s the territory, we have derived ' ma of our ’ ny present ones . Hence the val u e of Chase s stat ’ , in m are d utes which volu es they collecte , and to which , we f f . of respect ully re er the reader Near the close the session, m this general asse bly, prepared an address to the people of the t r t , t was I n u . of e ri ory draw p by Return J Meigs, the 1 66 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . ; R n f m October, to Marietta eturni g ro thence to Cincinnati, e r f an d m of the they . penetrat d th ough the orests swa ps north ' . west, to Detroit Having held this court, they returned to Cincinnati . ~ Af ter being a member of the legislature of this state repeat of . m edly, Jacob Burnet was elected a judge the supre e court — 821 2 . T be fi t of this state, in 1 , his station lled wi h distin ' b t m f r gu ished a ili y; Fro this station , he was trans er ed to the be m o United States senate, where exhibited the sa e traits f r m — character, fo which he has always been re arkable clear of n ness, and depth understanding , sound reasoni g , equable and m in fine for s m happy tempera ent ; , real wi do , great learning and singleness of purpose . f fi of the seat A ter this rst session the territorial legislature, j — m m m of govern ent was re oved to Chillicothe , where it re ained while the territory e xisted . Here t he state constitution was e m n n 18 10 framed, and the stat govern e t conti ued here until , “ ” i when the sweepers rem oved it to Zanesville . Du r n gf the f m 1799 1803 remaining period ro to , the territorial legislature ' m et m m to t a annually , but ade not any laws , owing he extr er dinar f on of on y powers con erred the governor, by the act c ' of Ju l 1 3 th 1 787 . T he o w as gress y g vernor obstinate , and ' him . far E EA T the people disliked How _ his D F , while at the of W T errritorial m head the North estern ar y, contributed to his want of popularity we do not know . T hat doubtless had its effects on the public mind . m u Settlers slowly ca e into the co ntry, extending their settle m f ents into the interior, and preparing; in that way, or a change in the form of government . During the time of our e n territorial pupillag , co gress passed an act dividing this coun try by the Scioto river ; all east of that line was to be a terri O “ W f . f tory by itsel the western division , the abash was its ' w as western boundary . St . Clair accused of getting that act m be of t passed, so that he ight the governor he eastern di h vision during his lifetime . T e people informally sent T hom as W W n a . or orthi gton to congress to get it repe led Governor , thin ton f an d ot - g was success ul g the obnoxious act repe aled . ' RI L LEGi L A r' U R FIRST T HRRIT C A S E . ' ” 1 “ who r cured sa e of a act but nb t wer th the zp o the pas g th t , , it is emes: was» rem tl wre aled trouble of giving their m It p p y pe , ur he two threugh the ;agency of T homas D ingt a e ure and the or thr ee years between the firs t. ter r iteri l l gislat ’ w ne a a m was don no done by our ge r l sse bly, “ c n ew cou i fi co se s . r s of the territory ; He e e ted nt e , xed unty at , i ff c Hewas an ctive and commissioned all the h gher . o i ers a hei r etum ed he is ei ng ct of neW. a s legis r e traets t a s . f hi s ran a Worse than all ; the o he r ct o , he g ted l g (is in th new s a o Il o s n a ves. land e t te f lin i , to his ; ear rel ti T e ut r bf no al e ran hese acts b ing terly void we e v u to the g . ' l i de . few an d s wl rness , with roads til churches or school houses. What few mails reached the terr it ory were carried on horse ' ' 1 1815 ea r ia es i be an . t be used in conVe iri e m i and , r g f g o, f y g th a ls passengers." IT i the m; 1 Only: tWe nty: y ears have passedaway sinces ush ’ Man r i e s rin the erriterial' y a t cl s , uch . du g t ’ ’ h e m s for ea t alt the i sat or s undr d ile a l d ot s , to Sc oto l w k e ii e h or l ai'ticle wher he{ ga t ree four do lars a bushel for the . , ' ‘ “ be ex ecd«511111111 1 0 se or sst h sixo r s even do ars it p te ll it f le an , ll 1 68 HI ST ORY or 0 111 0 . ' r om W ca i . r bushel on his retu n h e , to his n e ghbors hen the riege of ironcost two hundred dollars a ton from Baltimor eyto . f r Ohio, that article was dear As to oreign cloths , they we e -b mas of t m ma dispensed with y the s he people . T he ho e de mocasin s mm hunting shirt , a cap and , were not very unco on in the western countr y . T hose tim es are passed away and : now s with them all these articles of dress . Our people dre s if of . as well, not even better, than those any other state o And as a whole they are quite as able to do so . T hey w rk ” r W m . hard and earn the clothes, and use the ight to ear the of not a , At the early day we spe k , our houses were logs , f t m always laid very close together . Be ore our people had i e to fi d d f clear elds that woul produce a harvest , the woo s urnished ' ’ s which the ir fed f . T he nuts on hogs and , attened wild gras es mm . fed the cattle and horses abundantly, winter and su er Better beef or sweeter pork , never was tasted, than the wild f m of i grasses and the nuts attened, in al ost all parts th s now of m of state of Ohio . Many our old settlers , ourn the loss o that breed f hogs , which ran wild in the woods , and lived i d o . T he f of on nuts , acorns and wild r ots bee too, that per o , ’ an d m i m the old settlers think , was sweeter ore l ke wild ani als em . flesh than ours now is . In this opinion we agree with th w m . T he T he honey of those days , as ade by wild bees Indians f d . Ou r su abundantly procured it, and o ten sol it to our people m f m few of gar was ade ro the maple tree , and not a us even ef now, pr er it, to that which , at a low price , we now procure m W f . ild turkeys were abundant all over the ro _Louisiana and m for woods , were so easily taken , that they sold in arket A o for on e only twelve and a half cents each . go d deer sold m s dollar, or even less . Hogs were al o t as easily raised as the wi deer, and thousands were never seen by their owner until th his gun he went out to kill them . T he friendships of those days were pure an d disinterested; ‘ and m r of e f in no s all po tion the pur riendship , _ now existing m n “ f m e this state , a o g the people , is ound a ong the old settl rs a i nd . E in of f their posterity ven these days party eel ng, s f s and thi ancient riendship breaks down, all party distinction 1 170 11151 0 111! OF 0 1110 . the m Ohio was admitted into Union , and beca e a sovereign state . f w m 0 o t e 30 We go back and make a. e re arks 11 the act f h th April 1802 . ' In the act of congress which enabled the people of that portion W T f m of what remained of the North estern erritory, to or a sepa f 1s r ate state government , a ter leaving out , what now the state ff m eo~ of Michigan , congress o ered certain induce ents , to the p f ple to comply with , certain requisitions, a ter the state was a a m m n m m formed, nd d itted into the Union , as a co pone t e ber “ n ss ff the , of f . the con ederacy Co gre , o ered people , one thirty ~ sixth part of their whole territory for the use of schools . T hey I I ff n s on s o ered them also, certai land , which they suppo ed salt ff m fiv e of water might be procured ; theyo ered the per cent . all the net proceeds of sales of lands , owned by congress ; three f be in m o 1n per cent . o which , was to laid out , aking r ads , the a two . on m f m m st te , and per cent a road to be ade ro Cu ber in . T al land , Maryland , to the state hese were the princip ' ff o ers , which congress held out to the people , but, congress of of i r a . required the people the terr to y constitution , which should be founded on republican principles ; which should adopt ' " of ordin ances of 1786 1 787 as part their constitution , the I , , so far as was consistent with their being a separate state . T he was r state constitution , to be in strict acco dance with the con tio T h t stitu n of the United States . e state was prohibi ed from a on of levying ny tax, the lands the United States, lying in O f for five f hio, be ore they were sold , and years a terwards . ’ Lands for a college i n the Ohio company s purchase ; and a town ’ 1n mm 5 f m ship , Sy es purchase , had been given be ore this ti e , f a a granted to the purchasers o those l nds , wherewith to endow n m . ff i acade y Such were the o ers, and such the requisit ons of W of 30th 1 802 . e the act the April state the substance . And met a the convention when , ccepted these conditions , and cm m . f o plied with the In twenty nine days , a ter they assem d fi ble , the convention nished their labors , and adjourned, mak of m for ing Chillicothe , the seat govern ent the new state , o . r duringa certain peri d Not wishing to stop our na rative , RE ARK S oN T 11: M 11 C ON ST IT UT ION . 1 7 1 we o s o o the an ee thr w the con tituti n, int appendix, d proc d with a few m o ns a d fe re arks, n its history, its provisio , n de cts . REMARK S ON T HE CONST IT UT I ON 0 11 0 11 10 ; ' t T e f mersof con titu tion e as e er h ra this s , w re w ll qualified, p I I I I s e for t a en hap , ven better qualified, their ask , than ny other , I ' m ih the t . u t r then erritory B , they we e generally, young ‘ . m en ee t n in i a . T did , who had b n li tle e gaged le g sl tion hey “ ' not a d d a of an , n they coul not, take very wide survey hum . A d v m not om m i societies n , besides, go ern en t is like s e ach ne ‘ i of frarned after a model . It s nothing more than a bundle s but not f of m k a habit ; , as a ourth July orator would a e it , nose ’ ‘ a . i s of , the r m e g y It a rule action laid down, by sup e e pow r ' of t mm m t s and f o e a sta e , co anding so e hing orbidding th rs ' ‘ o m not so mu i wn d Good g vern ent , consists , ch n laying do goo as n 0 11 o s t o rules, , i constantly p ractising, th se rule , un il go d a fi m fi nv i e to ed h bits are r ly xed, and i ar ably adher d , by the p ‘ ' e. In o o me e a for m lder c untries , r ccident, expediency the I mom ent, or dire necessity, have set up governments, or given msom n ew i an d m the e direction,which time , exper ence , custo a d an ma e h vef d erm . s stem df o a inally s nctione , de p anent A y g v ' m nt not bu 1ld1 wh1cma o u ern e , is like a ng, h ybe c nstr cted entire m m v ly according toa previo11s plan . It ust be i pro ed by skill a d and ma l r eVen n care , ybe grievous y inju ed by neglect, or m a e into destroyed by violence . Govern ents c nnot be in us d f I I mmu ities b an su dden o nor co n , y y act f the lawgiver, do they I I I alivays follow the conviction o f their propriety . Many causes av mo m inind an l w h e re power over the hu an , than y written a s, “ n e f na m f e a d it is xtremely di ficult , y, i possible , to ores e, what ‘ an ne f m of o m od it du y w or g vern ent , will pr uce , until is re ced , to t e me t . or not prac ical xperi n F persons, actually living a f m of m authoritivel con under ny or govern ent, to pronounce y ' e i ts o a wo k a on o si c rning per tion, uld he li e fly, sitting the ut de I of umb and an int our capitol , at Col us, seeing only around ’ him au n mn W mLu dl w s m e , to appl d or co de , illia q bo bast ,cov r ct e the outside doors, the taste , with whi h, he whol stru ture 1 72 HI ST ORY or 0 H10 . . is of m . erected, and the councils state , asse bled within doors a e al l m e for fe w T hese truths r applicable to n, and a survey f m m m l conv en v ors, lawyers, ar ers and school asters , asse b ed in f f m tion, to orsee all uture e ergencies ; or, that any people should be so reasonable as to forego all their invete rate habits of f for of n a thinking , acting and eeling, the purpose givi g ny new f m of m f ex eriment ou ht be or govern ent , a air p , g not to expected ; if f . or, we do expect it, that will be ound a vain expectation Ou r system was borrowed from various sources and the m f m s several parts, show clearly fro whence the ra ers ever m f m ally e igrated ; ro New England , Pennsylvania and Vir ginia . T m e i e and experience have shown clearly , that th re are m in m so e provisions, which not being inserted the instru ent, ' ’ thei se ce n w r a b n calls loudly for their speedy insertion, by a e convention . I W f t ff And hat is surprising, is the ac that no e orts have yet m m m been ade , to obtain, the greatest and principal a end ent, m m if for m of i periously de anded , we wish per anency a repub f m of m . lican or govern ent, in Ohio ur m m ower and in m O general asse bly have too uch p , , ti es I of m f and peace , they asse ble quite too requently , sit too long . W ~ W m . hole illions have been wasted, in useless legislation ith m m out ore restraints, on the law aking power ; without an a m m 1 0 absolute prohibition, gainst electing their own e bers ffi last lon , o ces ; this constitution , cannot g, because , our repub f of m lican rom govern ent,can only last , while the people are ln T f m ff of love with it . ake ro it , the a ections the people, and, W m m it . like a ist , in a clear orning, is gone , in an hour e m o i will not atte pt to point out all the evils , which this p wer, n a em d . A m the general ss bly, has pro uced volu e , would barely ‘ m m . m for m m enu erate the During the ter , which any e ber is ct ele ed , he ought to be ineligible to any other office . ' Ow their ill . r ing to will towards Governor St Clai , the ’ m m of en m m e bers the conv tion , ade our governor a ere cypher . ‘ He can m pardon cri inals, appoint the adjutant general, sign I cmm n and fill m v n o issio s , te porary acancies, but he has o voice 1 74 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . not m m n t r ral laws, should be per itted to the , u less he e was a fo . majority of the whole people , calling r the change of m u an T he judges the supre e court, sho ld never sit , y ’ e an d o in where, exc pt as a court in bank , then nly once a year, e ach judicial circuit . W be m in e m h oever shall instru ental , procuring th se a end d ments to our constitution, will eserve the everlasting gratitude of the people of this state . t m m m a l w But , hese highly desirable a end ents, y be ong ish for . E ed , rather than expected ; at least very soon ver since { of m the existence this A erican Union , the political current a n an d m . E h s ru in one , the sa e channel very tendency has w been towards a perfect democracy . Every n e state consti e f m f m tuti n which has been ra ed, as new states have been ro ' time to time admi tted into the Confederacy ; a nd every amend m ' f ent to any older constitution , have exhibited this eature m m of ore and ore , until the constitution Michigan , has approached to the very edge of the crater ; it adm its aliens to are f m vote, as soon as they disgorged ro the jails , workhouses, a nd o s of E on penitentiaries , pris n urope , and landed the soil of Michigan . T he of m to lib love liberty is a natural i pulse , but be true W rt m . e y, it should be regulated by wholeso e restraints e a w m l no . y do as we please , so ong as e injure one As much can u se and not 13 liberty as we bear , , abuse , genuine liberty . ' not . Beyond this point , it is licentiousness, liberty T he l of m mildl ove liberty , properly anaged , and v treated, an ffi fu has a nity to law , and is calculated to pour a health l m t e m strea through h whole body politic, renovating every li b , i a m m of a m and erad c ting everysy pto p ralysis, which isgovern m . e in m ent produces All w need _ this state , are the a end m h ren ents to the constitution w ich have been glanced at , to m a W der this state govern ent a wise nd good one . ithout “ m m ma m m u and these a end ents , we y beco e, wealthy, nu ero s rf . Our ma m m fin powe ul ponds y beco e swa ps, and ally good f ma a f m me . Ou r nd adows orests y be cleared away , ar s, l and ma a if in towns, vi lages cities y ppear, as by magic . those ‘ REMARK S ON T HE 1 75 wch f now Ou r or es r s r pa t , hi h t ese orests shade i on , by me ans o o s m ma m f f the c al, repo ing always near the , y be anu actured o all the ar s is conver ted an int ticle , into which iron a C als ' ma be ma b of ve n d y de y the side every ri r, a pass near every ’ m s Ra a s a l an door . il roads m y he made, direction , l o a ma ver the state . Lake Erie nd the Ohio river y be naviga ted ten us of amer and er by tho and our ste s, ev y port be throng ed ma t m own m. m s with the , nd he illions who the Stea er , a al a d a ma e a c n boats n r il road cars, y, as they c rt inly will, threw and ro sr t in to n and the people their p p y masses, citie I i s n fine thewh l s t ma be m a s m ei n towns I , o e ta e y de to re e bl n a ef and nn le s appearance , a garde p r ect paradise , yet, I s oo r m m amtained who m g d gove n ent is , those live under it, ay m be truly iserable . m i s f and u . of u s Ger any a per ect garden , yet h ndreds tho sand e f m ' W m h e . ar flying ro it , as they ould fro t e dir st pestilence us o som o ma w m ef l Let h pe , that e h nest patriot y sho hi s l n our s m who w a general as e bly, ill urge that body to pl ce these m m f the for t and O o a end ents be ore people heir approbation, , hi ' ' m a o n at no d t w u y btai a constitution , istan day, hich will g ar e u s .what W n d ant e to , , until then, we cannot have , a ell grou de of offi s e an d a e of ein hope better cer , bett r laws, less dng r h g b n e o . it now ru ined y u principled d mag gues As is, during ma s of the e r all w f m me v ny a ses ion l gislatu e , ell in or ed n, li e ' f of m new ff m . in ear, so e e orts being made , to al ost ruin the state ' As the state increases 1n wealth ; as the legisl ature becine s cI I I ‘ ' m s lfis t fi m ore and more e h, or rather as hat sel shness has ore i f f its ed for n opportun ties o grati ying deprav appetite legal plu der ; the longer such tremendous powers remain in the i gsne ' s m m ffi i m m eet c ral a se bly, the ore di cult w ll it beco e , to su h s T m e powers from o dangerous a body . he or apparent the o f men m s in m u as duty all good beco e , to unite , such eas res ‘ w l a r f mb f s is fo e r too e t n . ill e d to e or , e ore it r s lat to ob ai it a the m m b f o a e a Pl ce a end ents e ore the pe ple, rticl by rticle, to ed for and a and n s m a of be vot gainst , we should sta d o e ch nce a having better constitution . O R G ANI Z A T I O N O F T H E S T A T E , E RNM E NT G O V . P E R I O D T H I R D . O 1 803 T o 8 12 . T H I S PERI OD E XT END S FR M. 1 T HE fi m rst general asse bly under the constitution, met at a ‘ Mar c 1 s 1 8 a T u sd h t 03 . M C AE B Chillicothe, on e y I H L ALD W I e of of N was elect d speaker the house representatives, and, o NATHANI EL MASS I E speaker f the senate . This general as sembl oflicer s y proceeded to appoint , all the , necessary to carry I o T h o n the business of governing the state . e fiices were filled as f ollows, viz W m of a i . Secretary st te , illia Creighton, Jun or o T m of . Auditor state , Col nel ho as Gibson W T m McFarland. reasurer, illia ' of m . Mel s u Judges the supre e court, Return J g , j nior , Sam a W uel Huntington n d illiam Sprigg . u of fi n r i r s President J dges the rst , seco d and thi d d st ict , W ll s m . Francis Dunlevy, y y Silli an and Calvin Pease T m W n United States Senators, ho as orthington, Joh Smith . - Ed T iffin First Governor elected by the people, ward , who m . appointed the first adjutant general, Sa uel Finley of m w as First member congress, Jere iah Morrow, elected by the people . W . First United States District Judge, Charles illing Byrd m T he first legislature proceeded to enact such laws, as see ed T n ew “ to be needed . hey pr oceeded to organize seven coun o 1 78 HIST ORY r 0 1110 . ' ' ‘ his s e ' alwa s read f very high ones , and dog w re y y to de end ' ’ their master s family and property . Hogs becam e so numer. one in t ma of m m i andm the woods , hat , ny the beca e w ld , ulti W ar of 18 12 plied until the gave their flesh a value , and they s m were killed . Cattle and horse ultiplied greatly in the m and ad d m meanti e , the people h beg un to rive the over the l m r e. T he mountains , at an ear y day , to a a k t people lived or in log houses, raised Indian corn f their bread, and as to meat they found wild turkeys and deer in abundance m the m f m i d f in woods . Do estic owls and hogs ultipl e wonder ully, ' for a country where the re was so little winter which to provide . - n ot And as for pleasure carriages, we do. believe there was one Nct . few in the state when i t was first organized a persons , s of o m of wdre m occasm , instead sh es, and leather ade deer skins for coats or hunting shirts and pantaloons . T hus dress f men . ed, equipped with a large kni e , and a good rifle gun , the W n fir went about their daily business . he the state was st or anized do not t w as e l n g , we believe that here even one bridg few no m fo . T he r the state roads were and it was easy , atter f f a stranger tofollow them . For ourselves we pre erred ollow cm the m of in the ing the pocket o pass or sun , to ost the roads , ' ' : Virginia Military tract ; and this even ten years after the or T ganization of the state government . ravelers carried their provisions with them,when starting from any of the town s w s now d of . into the then ‘ ildernes , thickly settle parts the state r for Judges and lawyers rode fromcourt to court , th ough the d th ir rovisions s on e . r e . est, and car ie p or tarved their rout T hough they generally got into some settlement before night W ' f et not a W e m m . all, y alw ys , as . shall long re e ber hen the m v r m in streams were swelled with rain , they swa e ery st ea w their ay. ' . T he of e a , greatly att ched to president people . that day w re I f Jefferson and Dewitt Clinton , because they had avored the ' h admission of Ohio into the Union , T e then administration of the gederal government were almost worshiped by our peo I a the of ple , nd were greatly caressed in return , by objects We f their reverence . were then weak , and not eared ; but ’ ’ BU Rn s EX E T O . 1 7 9 P DI I N , ' w c aii d f . now e have be ome great power ul So we are oppress ca n ed i n all the ways in which littleness seated on high, reach ut we Ou o own on B will stand r ground n our ;legs , our ’ ‘ wn w es . 1s o soil,relying On our o n vast r ources It , however, honor enough for any common man to be a good and worthy c of O traVel a in t e . e ma itizen hio, where he m y, h Union W y well contemn all the attempts now made and making to oppress and . . T o n f re degrade us his state f things cannot last lo g, be o O W i and ani as n . h o has a voice , nfluence at . hi gton No presi t w con dent or attorney general will dare , then , to trea ith c1 1 e a m 1 t z ns nd ou r m mb rs of . te pt our , e e congress ( n t e d of t o n Duri g his third p rio our history, but w eve ts drew much public attention to them after our state had be m o f . w co e pr perly organi zed O . these even ts e shall tre at in o their order f time . ’ ' nunn nxr ianrr ron I N 1 80 s 6. T e fir i h st even t , which agitated the public mind, n this sta e af t to ff cand wa s d t , ter its consti ution ok e e t, carrie into t ’ em lete B arr s e . i n i c p opera ion , was xpedition Early the spr ng ' of 1 806; rumors Of all sorts began to spr ead throughout this a n of an of som bo and the djoini gstates expedition e sort, a ut to \ ' i ' ' ' t on l nd hi o e be se foot, by Co onel Aaron Burr a s ass ciat s . T hese rumors were circulated through the western country in the fi e so f e by letter writers east , at rst, but th y on ound th ir n m m of o. I u way into the newspapers that peri d the su er, B rr himw lf h n appeared among us aw ile , then went to Lexingto , o and l T n see and Frankf rt , we believe to Nashvi le, en es to the T he fi r s as to Hermitage . papers were lled with conjectu e , ’ l t e and t m . oins the Co onel s in entions, vi ws, ul i ate objects J IT H one of our in n .was e of SM , senators co gress , suspect d being r m as en in the ho rid plot , whatever it ight be , he had be , all o f m h the along, n riendly ter s wit Burr, while latter presided in theUnited States senate ! Affidavits of conversations with him . n of Colonel Bu rr, were gotten up against Ma y these s e and n e m e w illing witne ses, w knew, would ot beli ve the , ven ‘ 1 80 11 15 1 0 11 11 OF 0 1110 . t m n he s under oath, then , or at any o her ti e, duri g t ir live . i ‘ s all for f John Smith wa beset, on sides , his supposed riendship ' . He e n s to the late Vice President wrot to Burr, the at Frank ' i i i a fort Kentucky, nqu r ng wh t his real objects were in vis , ” t ? u an svirered itingthe western coun ry B rr, , and as he said in that answer it would be , so it was , the only one that he ‘ his f give any one , relative to business in ever vouchsa ed . to s i “ h the western country . He aid , n substance , that, he ad ' t of in 011 W purchased a large trac land Louisiana, the ashita to m ri ver, and he wished , engage e igrants , to settle on it; T hat the position would be a good one for mercantile and agr1 o . T n his cultural”purp ses hat these , and these o ly, were objects . E mn ‘ ’ arly in the autu , perhaps , sooner, Burr s associates, be gan to build boats, along the navigable waters connected with ' he O n t hio, and Mississippi rivers , Provisio s were purchased , u e f oa . s ch as pork, b e and flour, with which to l d these boats ' l m T he administration of the genera govern ent , sent express f r f a ter express t o the west, in o der to save the country, rom o i a the ruin, which these boat loads f provis ons , and ne rly m en m O i0 ‘ seventy , without ar s , could do by descending the h a d Mississ1 1 r 1 ver s O ! n pp , possibly, even to New rleans h e f o o O f f . T legislature hio, ull patriotic devotion , to Mr ff 3 m m Je erson ad inistration, passed a long and co plicated act to detect and pu nish the boat builders and all connected with — m . T the his was in their session of 1806 7 . ' T o f n ow ~ is look back upon this arce , , like reading an ac count of the Massachusetts witchcraft ; or of the plots during of the reign Charles II . of England . Sergeant Dunbar is a fin e of parallel T itus Oates . “ At of s for O the session the United State courts hio, at in of 1807 c o Chillicothe , the winter , a vast con ourse f people m m attended, expecting any indict ents would be found against all if who belonged to the expedition , especially they had been ! of to who a in the state and all , o, had built bo ts or sold provi m . I H EL A W sions to load the M C A B LD IN, a great wit , then our ma ha e n o o i rs l , s ei g a citizen f Ashtabula c unty, n attendanc e “ 11 1 82 HI ST ORY 0 0 1110 . f f off choosing toappear there , he paid the or eiture , and went T f m m ’ to Europe . here he wandered about ro one onarch s i 1 8 1 1 h co urt to another, unt l , w en he returned to his native D m of f lm -fiv e country . uring the re ainder his li e , a ost twenty ' m u n til he recntl di d w e e as years , he lived in retire ent, y , and of of a e buried, by the students the college , N ssau Hall , Princ in i n - m f ton , New Jersey, the r buryi g ground , with every ark o ' and an d m or respect . T here he was born educated, there his tal remains rest . for Whatever his projects were , whether conquest or settle f m f m ment, they were de eated al ost as soon as they were or 0 11 t m t n ot ed . Late events his sa e thea re do hold out the men same terror to ambitious , who would conquer adjoining ’ - Burt s f in 1806 7 . in provinces, that ate did, But Burr is now hi s grave . “ NO arther seek his merits to discl os f e, ‘6 w h s ties rom th e r r d abode Nor dra i frail f i d ea , “ T here the alik e in tremblin ho e re ose y , g p p ” “ o In the bosom f his father and his God. Gn u. swnnp m e RESOLUTION or 1810 . T he r f rodu next subj ect which during th ee or our years, p ced m in mi of our in a great excite ent , the nds ”population , was l Our i u its day, ca led , the Sweeping Resolution . leg slat re f had passed an act , giving justices o the peace , jurisdiction with of in fi i of out the aid a jury the rst instance , in the collect on . W m fif debts, in all cases , here the de and did not exceed ty dol . m of lars Inas uch as the constitution the United States , gives m m n’ a j ury in all such cases, where the a ount clai ed , is twe ' t n m laws o y dollars ; and i as uch too, as any thing in our r con stitu tion r of co t , cont ary to the provisions the national ns itu t of ff the of ion is utterly void, and no e ect ; judges all our i act of f courts , declared th s our legislature void and o no ff T e ect . his independence of our judges i nflamed the legisla ture to a high degree . So they proceeded to punish these hon ' ’ a T ~ est nd conscientious otficers of justice . he house of rep ‘ swmcp m e RE SOLUT ION 1 83 rese tatives m d and av am n i peache the judges, h ing ajority of two thirds in the senate theyprocee ded agai nst them i n due f m and mo emfr m ffi ; T od and or re ved th o o ce Judges Sprigg, Pease were successively removed in the years preceding — 809 10 fo d i n t w a . Al l s m 1 r this cau se , an his y things ee ed m to bend before the arbitrary will of the O nipotent general assembly ; but i n the autumn of 1809 the people did not elect ” ‘ “ sweepers enough to the senate toenable the house to Car ‘ ry an impe”achment tlirough the senate . T here were . fourte en “ 1 sweepers . and ten conservatives . Maturing their plan of 1 “ a and m al l ev ents const1tu t10 n . oper tions hav”ing deter ined at , no cs one of m s ’on thd fl of the or on titution, as , the aid, oor e mo not O t i hous , to re ve only all who pposed he r will , but all cl ffi s h s m f t e r other ivi o cer .ih tate , they oved orwa d to the T h n w ‘f i n m i t work . ey set up a e doctrine , that a short ti e ou the u a w ld be seven years, since constit tion went into oper tionand certainly all civil ofiioers ought to go out of office ’ r and so fi off every seven yea s, have the eld entirely cleared , fo n r ew aspirants to offic e . In accordance with these repub ” ‘ if d on 27 h of lican ideas, ( they coul be believed,) the t day m 1809 samu el 1 Dunla fr0m ef Dece ber, , p , a repres entative J f en s ers county, pre ented a resolution to the house in these “ it : t all ffi of words, to w Resolved, hat civil o cers, govern m a e ffi ent, within this st te whether lected to o ce by the legis latu e tofill ir offi r , or by the people , vacancies , shall hold the ces no longer than their predecessors w ou ld have done . a mm of e m m a oin Resolved , lso, that a co ittee thr e e bers be pp ted to prepare a bill defining the manner ef comm issioning T u i a of such officers . hese resol t ons were m de the order the da for . on a da l st . 1810 y, the next Monday But th t y, January , ' O theywerefarther postponed to the next T hursday . h that da h W an d o to r the 7th. On y t ey ere discussed , p stponed Janua y 1 that day these resolutions were enlarged greatly and passed. on e a a f v iz : “ ;W ro th ir pass ge they re d as ollows, hereas it is p v ided by; the eighth section of the third article of the con t f t th sof t S m s itution o this state , hat e judge he upre e court, the presidents and associate judges of the court of common 1 84 HI ST OR Y OF 0 11 10 . of both e of pleas , shall be appointed by joint ballot hous s m nd r. ffi or the general asse bly, a shall hold thei o ces f seven ' if lon the fi s years, so g y behave well ; and whereas the rst gen . eral assembly of this state did appoint judges of the suprem e o c of of com-1 c urt, presidents and asso iate judges the court m of o ffi m a if mon pleas , any wh se o ces have beco e vacant t d n m fill fer e t ti es, and elections have been had to vacancies ; m of ffi 1s o and whereas the original ter o ce ab ut to expire , and m for m or to r ovide it beco es necessary , the general asse blyf p f or that event: T f R e a m of of here ore , esolv d , by the general sse bly the state O T of m and hio, hat the constitution the state having li ited ' ’ m of ofli ce of m ’ defin ed the ter , which the judges the supre e of of mm court , the presidents and judges the court co on pleas , e of and a of the secr tary state , the auditor tre surer state ; and m of fi n also the ode lling vaca cies by the legislature , it can “ of of not right, be construed to extend beyond the end th”e original term for which the first officers were appointed . . - In the house , the vote stood twenty seven to eighteen . T ffi m i . hose who voted in the a r ative were , Corw n, G Clark , Cr u mback er . D . E , J unlap , S Dunlap , Dillon , llis, Ford , Mur m I m ray, Gosset , Gardner, Gass , Heaton , Hughs , Hu phrey , ja s i P Johnson, Marv n , _ ritchard , Pollock , Purviance , Shepard , w a a V i T tm n 0 r e Ed T ffi n . Sharp, S earengen , , and ward , speaker l In the negative , voted, B air, Elliot , Harbaugh, Jackson L u McColloch McK in n e New Looker, owry, L dlow , Marple , , y, ' m P0 0 1 S afi or d Wheedo port , Putna , , Shields , p , Shelby and n . W hen passed , the resolution was sent to the senate , through w 1 th 1 1 c fi 8 8 0 . hi h it nally passed , on the January f t for In that body, the vote stood our een it , and ten against as : the ffi m e it, follows, viz In a r ative , Abbot , Barr re , Bryan , E Ir v m K McLau h Burton , Cadwell , Cone , lliot , , inney, Kirker, g m W od lin , Price , S ith and o , ’ . , , r In the negative , _ voted Bigger Bureau Cooper, Cur y, ew ett Massie ' McConne1 Schofiel ‘ Foos , J , Henry , , d, and McAr 1 thur . 5 " ' T m s m s hus, by a ere resolution, the general a se bly, wept ofi 1 86 msr onr OF 0 1110 . u man r m d do ed it , and no has since that sto y perio , ever advo cated ee n : the proc di g It will ; never be reacted in Ohio . the m w Kn owing all actors, personally, with who e never had an m y altercation about this or any other atter, we have had o f m sa 1 n we n private ill will to g rati y, y g what have above . ' Nor was it our own wish to be thus particular in stating all f m the material acts connected with this atter, but the su r viv f m an d ing actors in sisted on a ull state ent , we have complied with their wishes . m m At this sa e session, the legislature re oved the seat of h government from Chillicot e to Zanesville . ” Congress had granted a township of land for “ an academy ‘ in ontr act with mm for im their c John Cleves Sy es , the sale to h ' of i m . n the Lower M a i country According to that gra t, the n h to a of a tow s ip was h ve been in the centre the ceded l nds . T he m legislature , at this session , located the Mia i University, on as they called it, a township which they selected entirely out of of b of the tract land , in the centre which, y the origin al . of grant, it was to have been located All the acts this ses l for m n sion , were equa”lly violent and unconstitutiona ad ess ruled the hour . mm n fi x T hey proceeded to appoint , co issio ers to on a site for o a perm anent seat of government f this state . s mm m Next ession , these co issioners , Ja es Findlay , Joseph W ll s m W Darlington , y y Silli an , Reason Beall , and illiam McFarland f of , reported in avor, we believe Dublin , a town on m f m m the Scioto river , so e ourteen iles above Colu bus . T he 1 81 0— 1 1 off year, passed quietly , but at their next session , the r of m legislature , accepted the p oposals Colonel Ja es John McLau hlin son , Alexander g , John Kerr and Lyne Starling, m . T Esquires , who owned the land where Colu bus is he gene ral assem bly fixed the seat of government where it now is and - o 8 1 —1 will there remain . At this session f 1 1 12 the legisla a act m of n m ture passed , re oving the seat govern ent, back 18 16- 17 f m to Chillicothe , until , a ter which ti e it was to be m where it now is , at Columbus . In the eantime the public be f . buildings were to erected , on land then a dense orest " ' " ' : WAR , W I T H G R E AT B RI T AIN ' P E I D F R O , 0 U R T H. ' ‘ THI S PE I OD C omp RI sEs T H E W R W I 0 1 R A I T H . GREAT B RI T A N 1 5 18 12 I , N or1 m . ' ‘ ” ° T II ou oHh peace had Ween madeon parchment between the " it a a nd in 1783 0 Un ed St tes , d, , yet that peace , c uld He S W scarcely aid , to to this North estern T erri T W th “ r . he h e an c u f m the 7th of to y war it Indi s, ontin ed ro 2 ' 1 774 acof G e 3d 1 79 . April , until the pe e reenvill , August 5 a T e a n . h British , const ntly occupied their Indi n posts withi the fi ’ ' 1 m s of i a li it our terr tory until the fi rst of Ju ne 1 796 . The Can m n l r s dian Indian Depart ent , conti ued to pay regu a annuitie ’ e e ho n m of n n to th ir savage alli s , w lived withi the li its this U io u a t h m m p to very recen period ; per aps, they do, up to the o ent , 1 when this Is written . T c du ct . of 0 m a a h his pn Can di n neig bors , kep t up a hard ' n e u s theE and e a n n feeli g b tween , and glish ; bes id s, th t atio n ' was o sa . me act w h c n t ntly doing so , hich s owed their ill will to ' U T W r n n Wards the nited States . hey ere continually p eyi g o ou r f mme e bu t n ot t der de enceless co rc , content wi h plun ing our e o t e h se tex m s prop rty n h igh as;under various pre ts , they I pre s t . f . s l o e T o ed our ai ors , in the ir naval se r vic his practice m m e e u and r e r fe s i press nt, k pt p, even inc eas d the ang y eling f our n n En r o o a . ar atio , towards gl nd General H is n, the gov of the t h 111 m 1 81 1 f u t erner Indiana Terri ory. ad, Nove ber , o gh a T and a severe battle with the Indi ns, at ippecanoe, or eml ed s a and n an thing p t war, between thi n tion E gl d, 1 88 HI ST ORY or 0 11 10 . ’ ia 1 812 c June , war was actually declared, by ongress, against ‘ har r ass m w e Great Britain . In order to the ene y , suppose, , ' “ o him for lun der in ‘ u s on n the land, to punish p g , the ocean ; n’ m e m Mr . Madiso s ad inistration took st ps to raise an ar y , dur ing the session of congress commencing in December 1 8 1 1 and 2 continued u ntil the su mmer of 1 8 1 . During that protracted of m to session, congress authorised the increase the regular ar y - v the of thirty fi e thousand troops , and they authorised raising a for m . E i n large force of volunteers, twelve onths arly the spring of 1 12 W m of 8 , Governor illia Hull , Michigan, was ordered into O r m wou ld se em he hio, to raise t oops, with who it ‘ , intended ma ~ to cross over into Canada, opposite Detroit , and rch down wards towards Quebec “ of Canada , Upper and Lower, consists a vast country, lying of e northwest . the United States , bounded by ither lakes or ' f m u s . T he their outlets , which separate those provinces ro ' m a o o ul a settle ents along these waters are n rr w, and their p p ' tion thin . T m fif m hese settle ents extend teen hundred iles, in k ' f m La e Su er ior . length, ro the sea to p Had the war, on our mm man i part been conducted with the ability , that any co on , n f of private li e , the requisite geographical knowledge would siezed have conducted it , we should have , at once , on Kings “ ten . - ov and Montreal All the country ab e thesepoints , inthat case w ou ld f m of , have allen into our hands , as a atter course . ‘ e sen t into O ra But so it was, G neral Hull was hio to ise troops me E wherewith to attack , the weak settle nts along lake rie, on of m i the Canadian side it , and arch, downwards n the direction W ' of . e o f Fort Niagara pr pose to be brie indeed , on the of 1 8 1 2 for m war , ore reasons than we need give . B ut of m a little that war, co par tively speaking, was car O an ried on in hio, and its events are so recent , d so well known m ' that we ust be brief . T hat it w aS badly conducted b y the a m ‘ , for s men then' d inistration is certain , two reason ; the at the m W hel , in ashington , were ignorant of the geographical situal of of f ~ tion the country ; and they knew little the art o war . T here were m , at that ti e, two parties east of the mountains in l , one ' the nation ; party accused the other, of appointing inefir m sr oa r OF 0 11 10 . 1 90 . t 1n a of T o t m roops, who had been the b ttle ippecan e , in the au u n r m “ mm d before . T he latte regi ent was co ande by Colonel Miller . m 1ddle of m o f ~ By about the June , this little ar y, about twen - men f u d C mm f ty fi v ehundred , le t Urbana , n er the o and o gov an d n o m ernor Hull , proceedi g n rthward , they enca ped a short o -f m of tim e ab ut twenty our iles north Urbana, and erected a , ” an e McArthu r . T block house , d call d it s block house his was b fi m . f e r a m done y the rst regi ent A ter r sting he e short ti e , i i ’ m f m and f o they oved orward again, and got into a swa p , , r m m in u necessity, enca ped it , and erected a block ho se there , ' ” ’ w Necessit T he r e im ent u d hich they called y . second g , n er ’ n et of McAr th r m Fi dlay, had g ahead u s regi ent, and had m enca ped , and erected a block house , and called it Fort Find ’ T he of of c lay . town Findlay the shire town Hanco k county, . f m stands, where this . block house was erected A ter the ar y ’ ' McArthu r s k th st u c reached bloc house , until ey r k the Mau ' m ee Per r sbu r h n ow Was , where y g is, the whole country covered d f fo théw a with a ense orest , which had to be cleared away r. g b to s 'of m ons and heavy aggage pas along, in the rear the ar y . T hese block houses were stations erected where the provi ~ ' c for imm ediate . k sions ould be stored , not wanted use Li e on . ou r o for r taverns , roads, they served as stati ns t ave lers to w and m stop at , as they ere passing repassing between the ar y, and the settled par ts of the country . And as the army moved w fi s m for ard , the rst block hou e , was erected twenty iles north of the a m m fif m m Urbana, ne t in a swa p, so e teen iles or ore further north ; and Fort Findlay was about fifteen or twenty m miles no”rth of Necessity . Fro thence through the black m - m in a swa p , it is about thirty six iles , or less, due north, m Pe rr sbu r h . T right line , to the Mau ee , at y g hrough thi s w m m mar ched follow ed ' s a p, the ar y p by one hundred an d six e w of h cf h avy agons , thirteen w ich , stu k ast ln the m u d and m r alon in cf m there re ained scatte ed g the route the ar y, and ’ m had a served as guides , to show, where Hull s ar y p ssed along 0 ma 11 its rch . T he armv r a m on h of e ched the Mau ee the t irtieth day June , W AR T REAT " WI H G BRIT A IN , af had ef a W only fifteen days ter they l t D yton . ithin this time had m rche one u ri wen m b b c they a d h ndred a d t ty iles, uilt lo k " e n on t e s 1 houses, at suitabl poi ts heir route , cut th ir road through ' a‘ f s and m u o f r of dense ore t ; arched thro gh , ab ut o ty miles m e t o the men . o m se swa p , kne deep, at everys ep, t D ctor u s , ' of War h d a a s e s the secretary , a des p tched p cial mes enger, to ’ G n co n le tt er a ed the 1 th of o ne the e eral Hull, nveyi g a d t 8 day J , S me ct e the ecl r n w ar a day whi h h President signed . act d a i g , T mes e h ter a f to l . e his s nger, wit a let speci lly Gov rnor ‘ the re a of War v r the a m i n the ack Hull, by sec t ry , o e took r y bl ” ' w m on the 26t da of u . In e s a p, h y J ne this letter, the secr tary m n as um f o .the a org t to entio , a trifling circ stance , decl ration “ of War bu t n at m n of t r m t be . , , hi ted th so ethi g hat so t; igh e . a s f r ec of thia l tter . xpected, soon Four d y a te the r eption e , General Hull reached the lower e nd of the rapids, of the Mau mee, and passed over the river inboats He chartered a lake t cr m ost v aluable a and f f om the vessel o ary his bagg ge e fects , r i ee t o . In e tr unk o t n , o Detr it this vess l, he put his , c n ai l and a fu ll a ccount of his str ength ;1tl1 e n m of all ffi e rol of his arm nd m a thinn a es his o c rs , pay ls y, a y which cauld be of much value to the ene my, and ordered this ff a a n the rr on it m t vessel o , p st M lde, British ga is , which us v in r er to arriv o . T his se f i t pass , o d e at Detr it ve s l , thus re gh d the mm ndof al ie ute ant and m e c,, under co a n thirty n ecessarily into the posse ssion of the ene my, at Maiden Any ’ l e he su l f m an of s ense must have known su ch wou d b t fi e t,o i ‘ e atWa shin ton cit had sent x r Th British legation , g y, e pess ' ' es fiéws of t on t e l with the war to all heir posts h upper akes , fi s ne o th wa t u r a m i as whereas the r t ws f e r tha o r y rece ved, w r a cmm n n w h r em r u th ough o o e spaper, w ich eached th th o gh the common mall r oute T he army arrived at Detroit on the 5t of u and e u f d af r t l o h J ly, b ing q ite atigue , ter thei oi s me marct d s ral da . On 2d .of h , hey reste eve ys the July , General ‘ Hull received a letter from the Secretary of fwar; informing him that war was declared? On the 9 th he recei ved anothei f m Secretar dl r ect1n him if cs s letter, ro the y, g , on i tent with 1 92 m sr onr or 0 13 10 . f of his ‘ ost con the sa ety p to take Malden, and . extend his him : f in quests around Hull , in reply, said that his orce was a sufiicien t to make the attempt . On the next day he reiter m o and ted the sa e opini n in another letter to Doctor Eustis , f of then on the twel th July, without receiving any addi tio al f a a - rr n orce , and his b gg g e wagons had not then yet a i v ed the ; , , only in part early in 1 the day, he crossed over f m river into Canada, and issued a most boast ul procla ation , in which he i nvited the Canadians to join his standard . He W r e continued at Sandwich, here he had landed , three days, cenoiter i the . On th e ng country, and collecting provisions 1 5 m ks th a party under Cass atte pted to cross the Duc , a m f m f m . T strea , our iles ro Malden hey crossed the creek , m f m f drove the ene y ro the bridge and the ord , and return ed again to Sandwich . Ou the fir st of August General Hull learned that the Bri t had 17 th of on ish taken Mackinaw on the July , and were i a k w the mm their way to a tt ck him . Mac ina was under co and of fift — m en had o Lieutenant Hanks , and y six , who no kn wledge of war mm f the , until they were su oned to surrender the ort, m . T he f m to the ene y orce which took Mackinaw , a ounted to " f m n . T about six hundred soldiers , ro Malden, besides India s his of s of i fi m of news the los Mack naw, lled the ind General Hull ' He in h with consternation . saw noth g to prevent the approac ’ of of w . m all the savages the north est By this ti e , Hull s artil lery had reached him and he had provisions sufficient for about fi O of t f . n 7 th teen days the day Augus , Hull issued an order for the army to recross the river into Detroit . T his order was so u nexpected by the army that it fell upon it like a thunder commhnde n in- f o bolt . All confidence in the chie , was l st , in an men ff i o ofii instant , and the with di culty beyed their own 8 s he cers . However on the th they recro sed t river, and took . On 1 4th the s post at Detroit the , General Brock , Briti h mm -in - f a and be co ander chie , took position opposite Detroit , - n gan to fortify it by erecting batterie s . O the next day he mmo su rr e nder which f su ned Hull to , he utterly re used to do, 1 O his e in reply . Brock pened batt ries and threw bombs during ‘ 194 Hrsr onr on 0 1110 . ma a a a a Michigan and then rched b ck g in , without seeing ny had a d a m s of provisions, until they rrive within bout nine ile . f m Detroit, on their return Here they were re reshing the e ou of s m -h an d a fat s lves, the products o e bee ives steer , which e m t they had just kil led . Her they were e by a flag of truc e ' ffi and a fil e of men f m m hom e by a british o cer, , ro who they learned that they were prisoners of w ar ! T hey marched for a a m a m a ward to Detroit, l id down their r s on the p ve ent , nd i f wa s crowde were marched into the ort , which then so d that ‘ there was scarcely room for them to lie down in it . Captain Brush who was guarding the provisions w as incl u a as as m ded in the c apitul tion , well the provisions the selves ; all and as if that were not enough, the troops who were ’ a m w e m am then m arching to join Hull s r y, presu e , ounting to a all a . T ten thous nd in , were lso surrendered hese , however , m m . never gave the selves up , but return e d ho e m a ‘ T hus ended this expedition . T he iliti were allowed to return home on their p arol of honor not to serve in the w ar T u ntil exchanged . hey were l anded on our shore along l ake Er at iff . T he m a f m C ie , d erent points co p ny ro ircleville , com mande a ai a m a a d by c pt n B rtholo ew Fry tt , lieuten nt Richard a and i e a a t Dougl s, ensign P nney , wer l nded the mouth of Hu f m an a - » ron river ro open bo t, in which seventy two of the com a ha m f m r . m p ny, d co e ro Det oit Fro thence they made their Wa m a fi . N a a a y ho e through M ns eld , Mt Vernon , ew rk nd L n a i . O m a a a t C a c ster, on the r route ther co p nies l nded level nd a s a m and so came cro s the st te to their ho es , on the Scioto river . a ffi and General Hull and the regul r o cers, soldiers were m a of ffi reserved for the triu ph nt entry the British o cers, into ‘ a d c. T i a and l Montreal n Quebe h ther they were t ken, Hul ' f a an ra a a was a himsel , se ted in old , gged , open c rri ge , dr wn of a and a through the streets Montre l , thus exhibited s a raree t a a m . a show, to hen tives there sse bled But the he rt sickens at a and we m an d i the recit l ; dis iss Hull , his expedit on , with ma a was af a the sin gle re rk , th t he terw rds tried for his con d ma a a viz : r uct by a court rti l on three ch rges, First, fo cW IT H GR R T WAR EAT B I AIN. 1 9 5 I ' trea cowardise and t u nofiicer son ; second, , hird , , like conduct , was foimd of a m a He guilty the two l st , conde ned to de th , and a d had a p rdoned by the Presi ent , who ppointed such an inef. ficient creature to his high station of commander-in-chief of W N h a m . e wa and the ort estern r y H s broke though , we do W to a a . e not regret st te , is long since de d now return to Ohio . ’ 2 f r arm n of Be o e the surrender of Hull s y, the then Gover or ’ u C a had a a Kent cky, h rles Scott, invited gener l H rrison , gover nor of a a e r ran f Indi n t rrito y, to visit F k ort to consult on the f subject of defendi ng the northwestern rontier . T his was early ’ f a . ar in July, be ore Hull s dis ster Governor H rison had visited G S o a nd fina 25th of A 1812 overnor c tt, lly on the ugust , , having accepted the appointment of m ajor g eneral of the m a b 'lieu ten ant a Kentucky iliti , escorted y colonel M rtin D . ’ a of A m all n a d H rdin, llen s regi ent, by riding f ight, , re che , ’ Cincinnati, at 8 oclock in the mornin g of the 27th of tha t m On 30th of A he f C a a . the ugust le t incinn ti; rid fol onth _ c as a o the m w to mma l wing regi ents, whi h he bout co nd, and who ma a m f m were rching to Piqu , he overtook the orty iles on w a m r of ir - their route , belo D yton , on the o ning the th ty first. T hese troops as he pa ssed themfrom rear to front gave the ir On th . l s General three hear tv cheers of welcome . e t of Sep m a Da . As ema i te ber, these troops re ched yton they wer rch ng ' ' a a d a a was a a between D yton n Piqu , H rrison overt ken by n w a ar m f mi him a . express from the r dep t ent, in or ng th t he was 22d of Au u st a ointed a a i a U , ni on the g , . pp brig d er gener l in the S a m mma a n 0 0 a a nd ted t tes . ar y, to co nd the tr ps in Indi n a l a o Illinois; territories . Until he could he r fr m the government ’ af the fa of a m was and a a : ter ll Hull s r y known , cted on , H rri son declined accepting this commission . On the 3d of Septem. ar v at a . a rs now a ber the troops ri ed Piqu H r i on l e rned that Wa was a a Fort yne bout to be besieged by the Indi ns , he ' f a n l Al m and . there ore desp tched colo e len s regi ent , three com p anies fromhis other re giments with instructions to . make for i ’ oed marches for the rel ef of the garrison. A regiment of l u w t Ohio vo unteers seven h ndred strong, he ordered for ard o ' 1 96 HIST ORY or 0 1110 . ’ ’ of Sta. a . 6 Shane s crossing the M ry s Early on the th of Sep. f a all ma the r . On t tember , he ordered orw rd re ining t oops he ’ A m a t Gir t stown S 8th they overtook llen s regi ent y on the ta . ’ On 1 9th a r econoiter in a of m n wa Mary s . the g p rty twenty e s ’ ’ h * nem a ni t e sent forward . T e e y le r ng h near approach of our _ ' a a a all ar e f a d fle i rmy, b ndoned their positions ound th ort n d ofi ' ma . f m tivent d a s a am in dis y Be ore this ti e , y y , Gener l J es W of T a ol a inchester enn essee , n d revolution ry i a a a a and wh was s been ppointed brig dier gener l, ile he in Lex ’ - in ton on Wa u s a m Was f or g , Kentucky, his y to join H ll r y, he the icomma d m a of a ll dered to take n , te por rily, the troops in f WI LLI M E O . T o him NR hio , there ore, Governor A H Y Hanni SON n a i of his a m mma it m , resig ed th t port on ssu ed co nd, we ay ’ so a Hoivever W s mm a a a f c ll it . , inchester co nd l sted bu t ew ' ' s fo 1 7 S em 1 812 a w as a o . day ; r on the th ept ber, , H rrison pp in - - of all OMMANDER NC H I E he N W . ted C i F; t troops, in the orth es ‘ ; w as r as o as tern T erritory He orde ed , so n p r abticable to retake Detroit; O n takin ~comm and of r f m i g the t oops , he ound the in the r ' ’ mm e o a or a ' mitten fo ‘wi su er cloth s , with ut sock r nter . Ma ny _ ‘ ‘ ? of m w t . In a the were ithou shoes this c se , the General m fea o plied to the govern ent, but through r f their not attend ma a a a ing to this tter , H rrison ddressed letter, which was re . ' u all and O a p blished over Kentucky hio, c lling on the weal thi er citize ns to contribute these articles forthwith to thei r ' " h s l w patriotic defenders . T i ca l as attended to and these arti ‘ ’ cles saved man y from being frost bitten . In this address the “ ' eloquent General ask ed, i can any citizen sleep easy in his ' ‘ ’ b d of down while the cn who d f him a i e , e tinel e ends , st nds n a ' ‘ ‘ ' - ' Canadian climate, clad on ly ia a l in en hunting shirt Af ; ' ' ter bis appointment,Harrison p u shed forward to Defiance, at ' ' f Au laiz a i - ‘ - the mouth o the g e . Le v ng this post under the comf ' ' we find him at Fr anklinto ' mand , n on the 13 th " ‘ ’ ' o r. _ he e stablished a a of O ct be Here his he d qu rters. ' ‘ ' ’ Bu ti t is nece ssary that We should go b ack, and learn wha t i ' e n in s a else had be n doi g thi st te, by others,besides those wi th l 1 9 8 HI ST ORY OF 0 1110 . T a a f ordered upper to send out l rger orce , but , the tr0 0 ps with and v their half starved horses , without a s ufficiency of ammu ni W f . a a tion , re used to go inchester, in r ge , ordered T upper him f a ll m m en . O as sel to go with his ounted beying this order , was a b tom a a ffi i he j ust out rch , Kentucky o cer , came to h m ff a an a and o ered to join the p rty, in y situ tion , which T upper ' as him . T a him his aid should sign upper ppointed , , but, soon f wa a T a i W ’ a ter rds, t king upper side , he showed h m inchester s a a mma orders , ppointing this Kentucki n , to co nd the r econoiter a ! T i a T and ing p rty h s conduct so irrit ted upper his troops, tha t they applied to the comm ander-ia -chief to be allowed to him T w as m m af a s as serve under his so e ti e terw rd , soon as Gen era l Harrison had assum ed the command of all the Northwestern T m aum a army . upper oved down the M ee ne r to the lower end of a a at a f a the r pids, where they usu lly crossed, ording pl ce . T he n a in a m m th I di ns l rge nu bers showed the selves , on e side ’ a m of the river opposite T upper s camp . He tte pted to cross o . T he was a the river with his tr ops in the night current r pid , an d m en f a f a an his horses were eeble , being h l st rved , d the w rocky bottom as slippery . T he current swept away some of f ' an d a he a . S the horses in ntry into t deep w ter eeing this , dis he artened those who were left behind on the e astern b ank of the river so that only a sm all number of m en crossed over the T a a m . o h d had a M u ee h se who crossed , wetted their mm u n i a d fin a all a i m f n a da . tion , lly returned b ck into the r c p be ore y T a a am and a few he Indi ns were hovering bout the c p , were killed on both sides . a all a a a Fin lly , the British Indi ns, long the river, nywhere a all f and a ta T an d ne r by, collected their orces, t cked upper m had f m all . T o a hi s troops on sides he ene y , ro one th us nd to m en a f m an d a a twelve hundred , where s , ro sickness , v rious c su alties f am a m , our orce , ounted to only bout eight hundred en , a i an amm and they were b dly supplied with provis ons d unition . f a off m an d However, they ought br vely, drove the ene y, killed a w and wounded a l rge number of his arriors . T heir own loss w all as i a . trifl ng, losing only twenty or thirty in , in the ction T he enemy acknowl edged the loss of upwards of fifty kill T G E T IT '1 99 W AR . W I H R A BR AIN. 13 a ha ed; one hundred and fifty Wounded . It highly prob ble t t n Our all was at a . . o their loss le st , three hu dred tr ops were ' and a backwoods rnen e acc sharpshooters, re l y who wer well us m o tomed to the use of the rifle, the wo ds, where they dwelt, T a of em a m when at home . he f te the en y wou ld h ve been uch ' r a had our new ha f ar d as e mo e dis strous, not , recruits , l st ve , th y n m fal m a were, while pursuing the flyi g ene y len with drove ‘ o m . a t e f of fat hogs, 1n a cor n field . Le ving h pursuit the ene y, t m a i a a b the an and 10 s» hey killed ny hogs, unt l tt cked y r Indi s, “ fe men the n m and ov him ing ur killed , they turned on e e y, dr e nd ou . T he h e u e a r over the river . Britis r t rned to D troit, ‘ Arthu troops returned to fort Mc r . b ‘ Mrssrsm nv mx 25t of Noye b r 1 8 12 a Ha i On the h in e , Gener l rr son ordered a hm of ix u men m s m un ma h a det c ent s h ndred , o tly o ted , to rc f a a t at an a a and e rom the he d qu r ers , Fr klinton , to tt ck d stroy n a the issisinew a of the a the I di n towns, on M y river , one , he d Wa a T he ex edl tron i of Sim wa ters of the b sh ri ver . p cons sted ’ er al s m of t o n a of m regi ent, Ken ucky v lu teer dr goons six onths ’ a a a a o of S a men ; M jor J mes V . B ll s squ dr n United t tes dr a ’ goons ; Captain Elliot s compa ny of the l gth regiment of infam t a ma m a of rifi me f m a r es ry s ll co p ny volunteer e n, ro bout G e n b n a a mma Ca a A an urg, Pe nsylv ni , co nded by pt in lex der ; the t s v h fa mma Ca Pit sburgh Blue , olunteer lig t in ntry, co nded by p ‘ ’ tain James Butler ; Captain Markl ey s troop of horse, from ’ Westi orelan d va a a n county, Pennsyl ni ; Lieuten nt Lee s de ’ ta tchmen t of . Michigan militia ; and Captain Gerrard s troop o om x e of f n . All amo h rse, r Le ingto , K ntucky these troops unt e d ix d men w o w m to s hundre , h ere ounted ; and they were mma a C ne B. amb co nded , by Lieuten nt olo l John C p ell , of the Sat 1 9 m n m i a dJa s . a a United t es th reg ent, e V B ll , Major of ' n S a dvra oo h f ns . a m a i the U ited t tes M rc ing ro Fr nkl nton , this g l a expedition passed through Xeni to Dayton , where they were d a s me a s f el yed o d y , be ore they could rocure the horses n eces ” p “ sa for m111 a to had a ry the ddition those they lready . They msm s r or 0 1110 . ‘ w m thrt u h th e v in the i u te. Th e along i th the g har es ts. r m y in ame s m ot . me ttl e. s ea ter state bm ltcnto man f ra e er p n , i y g nts s s b the. seldicr s y . av a soon a used, y . in the Indian cou ntr H mar ch ed than Day te an d ga ss ing near whe re Gw eny illcnow i s n y is st is they finally reached the M ssi in e n . T h r eam the y av in arriv w y m tbllowcd dow nwa s . H g e d ithin twe nt iles (if “ e l w to s th y iccof i tii b l al led a cou nci at ar . a k e ad h s n cers . c l su e ? T his w as an the evening of the thir dday from Groom t ll . i v i w a t 1 a l t a n i , and tak t i e T he r ad ce s. o 1 r ch al h i ght e he y ma e al l n ht and ad en em by su rprise . T he rs h continu d ig . h not some K ntnchi an ven an Ind an y when the Indian c gi i e ll . v i l aes was e nte ed very ear l y in the next ma h it , th e on e l g r r g s my w ou l hay s b tak en by sur ise . A it was. howe e d ee n pr v r, w a w l an d f orty m men . wom e n an e ight rriors ere kil cd. u d s s ‘ w ere t is t a an tow n wa . s n fd r nm d t ey d h h . h n , Indi i g . h e stra ined three oth er Indian town s lowe r dow n the t ir er an d r; e o y a l tu rned to th s ite of the fi rst des t r y ed tow n. T he h d as t on ly a f w men an d had ill l i ta y of th e ene m an d had tak e , k ed n y, en f o y or fift so ers. On this s ot w e re. the firs tow n ha rt y pri n p , h t d “ e en es troy e ca y on th e mnrn in of the 1 8th at Decembe b d d . rl g r. v a s the y w ere attached by se er a l hu ndred Indi n . T he dra ons islod ed his wa or { m m r ; go me t th e en emy . an d d g rri s the co t w h a s em in the e e of a f orest er , her e e h d a sailed th . dg . behind some old fall e tim s . v him from his os t o u n b er Dri ing p i i n , o r wo of the e m w ere fou ods. Forty ea od es ne on th d d b i y nd , e " W ba t o d the re nmi nde r w ere ca rr ed ed by him . e os t le gr u n . i l t twelve kill ed a nd ab ou t three times tha t numbe r were wou n d , 20 2 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . e a n not waylay our p arties , as they w re p ssing and repassi g , S m and between our ettle ents troops , then concentrating on the M m . T 1n o au ee river hese , short, were the reas ns, (and very e sound ones, too,) which G neral Harrison assigned in his letter G of . 1 5 m 1 8 12 for sen to the secretary war, dated th Nove ber , d ing out this expedition . T he result answered his expectations in full . ’ cm for r o a n Having determined o a winter s a paign , the ecv e T mm r y of Detroit and Michigan erritory, it was the co anding ' ’ a of f m General s intention , to occupy _ line posts , ro Fort W f of m a . ayne, to the oot the Mau ee r pids, inclusive For this W fi . purpose , Winchester occupied Forts ayne and De ance ’ W v Perkin s s at ched ith this iew, brigade , in part, had been m ' is b i ad was f m forward to Lower Sandusky . T h r g e ro the north T w ern counties of Ohio . hey repaired an old stockade , hich had been erected to protect an old United States Store -house m . of there . T his was done early in Dece ber By the tenth of a that m onth, a battalion Pennsylv nians arrived at Upper mm of n Sandusky, under the co and Lieutenant Hukill, bri g ing twenty -one pieces of artillery from Pittsburgh General 1mmediatel f m of Harrison , y therea ter , sent a regi ent, the m the m . sa e troops , to sa e place He also ordered there , some m n of co pa ies Virginians, and on the twentieth he arrived there e . in person , and th re established his head quarters It was ’ m ofiical of there , that he received Ca pbell s i account the Mis w n m sisin e ay expedition . T his ews and other circu stances l necessarily drew the Genera into the interior, to Chillicothe , to u . m a cons lt with Governor Meigs, about the e ns to be used , to keep open a commu m cation between the Upper Miami,and m toha e f men the Mau ee river, and st n orward , and provisions . ‘ In x c o of f m f m W e pe tati n in or ation ro General inchester, that m he had descended the Mau ee to its rapids , and taken ' ’ m post there, by General Harrison s orders , the ar y at Upper m Sandusky, was now e ployed in cutting roads, erecting and m f m an bridges, oving orward , towards the Mau ee , the c non and G , provisions , heavy baggage . eneral Harrison , r e turnin fr m h g o the interior to head quarters, earing nothing wIT H ”REAT B wa s G RIT AIN . 20 ’ fromW e . od e advo i n inchester, ord red Charles S T , a judg cate W n the army, to reach inchester, , ascertain his positio , and he e o what he was doing, to deliver, also, t ord rs f Harrison to T d a m t mb a o , our l te inis er to Colo ia, taking lo g ,with . n two h tem n of an an d as m a W him, or t ree gen l e Michig , ny yan a s u dot Indians, proceeded directly cros the country, thro gh ” ' ’ “ m e an d e the black swa p, with s crecy d spatch, eluding all W m f . the scouts of the ene y, and reached inchester in sa ety He then delivered his orders from General Harrison to Win " “ as o as n v s to chester ; that s on he had twe ty days pro ision , d ' d o f ln move forwar to the rapi s ; to erect bl ck houses , as i he tended to winter there ; to build sleds as if to bring on prow “ i m the for r of m s ons fro interior, the suppo t his ar y, during the W inter . On 0th of a a 1813 n l W e the l J nu ry, , Ge era inchest r, with ” ( i e f his little army arr ved at the rapids, havingpr viously sent or ward a‘ det achment of six hundred and se venty men under . o General Payne, to attack a body f troops belonging to the enemy, which he understood were posted wher e T oledo now stands On Swan creek . Having descended the Maumee below the old British garri “ f of a o son, at the oot the r pids, General Payne rdered s ome ’ u e e spies forward . to reconnoiter the gro nd wh r he un dei stood ' ' “ n m fi em h s e the e e y was p osted! but nding no en y there, t e e spi s returned to the detachm ent; to which they belonged T he m n now t t s e a whole co mand under Pay e re urned o Winche t r, t a ‘ 5 O the m l of . On r n place , pposite idd e the rapids the no thern ba k m e s m s of the Mau ee , Winch ster, po ted hi self . His po ition was ’ v Wa ne t l and i the just abo e y s ba t e ground, precisely oppos te, ’ O ’ spot where Hull s r oad struck the rapids . n an em inenc e e and m th surround d by woods, beyond the , prairies , e encamp was of an rm and o A few ment . oval fo , well ch sen Indians e ed O r « m e and e off o w re discover by u ar y, rout d driv n , n the ' W h s e ‘ h . IOn the 1 1 th of u h tent Jan ary, inc e ter s nt a despatc , ‘ e s011 i f r m him of had d n e , to G n ral Harri , n o ing , all he o e , bu_t, e b om men. .who r m of T u b ing sent, y s e we e taking back so e p ’ s t e m M rth r per s worn out horse , h essage, went to Fort cA u , 904 m sr onr or 0 11 10 . fi a where T upper lay, and nally , reached Harrison , at the r pids, f f from whence it had been orwarded, several weeks be ore its W . e reception inchester erected a large store house , in his n mcn t fi f m fie u i camp , and, lled it with corn, ro the lds aro nd h m . m of He also contrived the eans shelling and pounding it, m whereby he supplied his troops with good wholeso e bread , f of such as the y were used to, and were ond eating at home . On 13 of W f rm the th January, inchester received in o ation, m through two French an, that the Indians, threatened to bu rn - Fr n chtown on m f m . e , the river Raisin, twenty six iles ro Detroit o T hese people claimed the protection f the Americans . On , of nctow n the 1 4th the c itizens Fre h , repeated their urgent O 1 6th m request . n the the two essengers , repeated the pit eou s of t m request, urging the necessity protecting he , other m m wise , as our ar y advanced towards the , their town would m . m a . T m s be burnt, and the selves all ass cred hese e sengers ’ m f m of a stated the ene y s orce to be, two co panies Can dians, and h n I ns f m two u dred ndia , but they eared ore would soon be there . T hese different messe ngers created a great ferment in the ' m of . T h a m m inds our troops hey could wit out ur ur, bear great sufferings for their country,but such appeals from these C a m f for anadi ns , who possessed so uch riendship us, these Ken ki of tuc ans could not longer be ar . So a council war was cal] cd e T of , to delib rate on the matter . his council war decided m m by an overwhel ing ajority, that a strong detachment should f f . orthwith, be sent orward to protect these Canadians In ao cor da nce W w with this decision , inchester, ordered Colonel Le five fif m n m r is, with hundred and ty e , to arch to the iver T Raisin . his march was commenced on the morning of the 1 7 of 1 81 3 th January . ' Within a few hours after Lewis had marched ou t of the m he was f ca p , ollowed by Colonel Allen, with one hundred m . T he m and ten ore troops latter ca e up with Lewis , late ev en m that g, at Presque Isle , where he had encamped for the m f m W ’ night, twenty iles ro inchester s head quarters ; Here e f m f m si L wis was in or ed, by an express ro the river Rai n, that fo h n d l moments ur u dred In ians were there , and that El iot was ? 206 HIST ORY 0 1 0 1 110 . f fif 0 fi the ; The enemy le t teen dead in the . pen eld, but as — principal fighting took place in the woods, about dark and of from appearances, next day, on that portion the battle f m m off ground , ro which the ene y had carried his killed and ' m . .T he m woun ded, his loss ust have been very severe ene y was commanded by m ajor Reynolds of the regular British r f u u I army . He had one thousand egulars and o r h ndred ndi u n him ; ans der , in this contest Our troops were now located in a village where they had of f m of mf . T he all the necessaries li e , and any its co orts wounded were well accommodated and faithfully nursed . Lewis informed Winchester of his success on the night af the x f ter the battle, e press reaching the rapids be ore daylight “ T m of next morning . his news infla ed the minds our troopsat m m f the rapids, with a deter ination to arch orward and sus ' aint h a v t e d anced corps, now though victorious, evidently in f m peril , ro its vicinity to the British head quarters , only eigh W teen miles distant from Frenchtown . General inchester; ' fif men with two hundred and ty , which were all that could be f om of 1 9th of spared r the rapids, on the evening the January, marched directly towards Fr en chtow n where he ar rived on O ’ the evening of the 20th . n the right of Lewis s encamp m in an of W on ent, open lot ground, inchester his arrival fi m posted his two hundred and fty m en . Lewis had enca ped f m where he was protected ro small arms by garden pickets . On h of r the sout side the river, th ee hundred yards distant fr m m of W o his ar y, lying on the north side the river, inches o u for . T m ter to k p his quarters the night hat sa e evening, 20th ' m m f m W the , a French an ca e ro Malden to inchester, and informed him that a large force amounting to three thou ’ sand m en was on the point of leaving the enemy s head quar fo W e r . T o no t rs , Frenchtown this news, inchester paid at “ m f m m tention . A ost atal security prevailed ln our ar y ; any of i t . the sold ers wandered about the town , un il a late hour at ' . Ou u night the next night, guards were stationed as sual , ' ' O but no guard was placed on the road leading to Malden . n m ou r w e this road , un olested and unobserved by troops , the W A R WIT H GREA T Ba rn u m m a W . n y pproached that night, ithin three hu dred yards of ou r m and s m f h a ar y, po ted hi sel with his artillery, be ind ravine , h run ss la n on of s fe whic acro the p i the right our troop , A w ' m f the r eVeille w s m a m inutes a ter a beat next orning, our r y in c ce n af w heard three guns, qui k su c ssio , ter each other, hich e fi t e . n f w re red by our sen in ls I stantly a terwards, the enem y fir r d opened a e upon our troops, three hund e yards distan t fr om m . T r o and the heir artillery discha ged balls, b mbs grape shot . ’ o m a d L cm om an d As so n as the ene y pproache ewis , near j . o e O f m c en ugh, h pened , ro behind his pi kets, a Well directed ’ of mu r him . T he of the fir e. m sket y upon Indians ene y, ' opened their vells on the right and left flanks of the British a W o hi . army . Lewis soon repulsed all th t appr ached m in ‘ ’ “ ‘ ‘ h e f n m e i n an fi n d n c est r s orce e ca p d open eld, u protecte , soo w a and s e n that o tion of . gave y, being urround d by I dians , ;p r ' and ed in m a our troops were panic stricken , so fl dis ay nd - t r Ev a f confusion over the river . en reinorcement which Lew ' ‘ f m b s had s to s em ca is , ro ehind his picket , ent as ist th , was r t now m ried alon g With it . Attemp s were ade by Winchester ‘ and two c t on olonels , .to rally hese flying troops the south side d of the r b t i n . T he a a e ef iver, u vain Indi ns had g in their l t ' s of oo i flank an d taken posses ion the w ds n their rear . T his detachment in their terror and donfu sion attemptedr to pass ki Wh of the . he through a ng narrow road , ich led out town T sat/ ages posting them selves on both sides of this lane behind ' n not a few of o r . . its fences , shot dow our tro ps in this oad o r of m en s on More than ne hund ed our , gained the wood their e t a s right wher they were ins antly surrounded by Indi ns, hot d u ow e an d m . _d n, scalp d to ahawked Horrible estr ction over ’ 1 S m W . as whel rne d the fugitives on all sides . Captain i pson shot and tomahawked at the entrance i nto the lane . Colonel o Wu i t e h m e Allen , th ugh severely o nded n h t igh, atte pted s v W . s m h is men . u n e he wa s eral ti es to rally o d d as , he had a two m e e a e W he of o and caped iles , wh r exh ust d ith t loss bl od ,; ” n wit fa be m lf on le . In worn dow h tigue , seated hi se a g An r . a An dian warrior approached , and ordered to su render '' e o ether Indian approache d with a hostil appearance, wh m 20 8 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . the Colonel instantly killed . A third Indian then c ame near him and shot him dead . Captain Mead was killed at the com ~ ’ mencem ent of the action . A party under lie utenant Gar of fif m en t rett consisting teen or twenty , re reated a m ile and a f r and m s hal , where they were su rendered a sacred, all but the lieutenant himself . men m T he snow was deep, our were co pletely exhausted in of a f the latter part the ction , and so ell an easy prey to a W merciless enemy . General inchester and colonel Lewis were taken prisoners at a bridge about three -fourths of a m ile from m of the town . Stripping the their coats , they were carried to colonel Proctor by their captors . All m m this ti e , a idst all _ this desolation and death, Madison and m i i Graves a nta ned their position behind their pickets, fi with more than Sparta n valor . Proctor nding it useless lon of ger to assail this little band heroes , withdrew his forces f m fo m f m ro be re it, and posted hi sel in so e woods , beyond the f Wi reach o our rifles . As soon as Proctor ascertained that n be m of chester was taken prisoner, deter ined to get possession m en i Madison , Graves and their behind the pickets, w thout f W urther contest . inchester instantly agreed to surrender m . O m those brave en Major verton , his aid , acco panied by m f an d ffi Proctor hi sel , several British o cers , carried a flag (if f m W truce and an order ro inchester, directed to Madison and m Gr aves to surrender themselves and en to the enemy . Af m f m m ter so e threats ro Proctor, and so e little altercation be t m mm s tween he , the British co ander agreed to receive a ur render on the following terms : “ that private property should be respected— that sleds should be provided next morning to — co nvey the wounded to Amherstbu r gh near Malden that in — the meantime they should be protected by a guard and fin al l m of ffi m y, that the”side ar s the o cers should be restored to the . f of at Malden Reduced to hal a keg cartridges , surround b three m i own m of m an ed y ti es the r nu ber ene ies, without y o f f m hope f being rein orced ro any quarter, it would have m m ef m d been adness in the to r use such ter s, and Ma ison and m an n Graves did surrender on these ter s . d relied o British hon 2 10 HIST ORY or 0 11 10 . , T a hese K entucki ns thus slaughtered, belonged to the best f m in an of m f a ilies Kentucky, d the news their unti ely ate “ i H . Mrs en e of t m . clothed all the peopl that s ate , in ourning ‘ r a brother y Clay, lost ,who was taken prisoner, wounded , kill — m c . . ed, to ahawked and s alped by the savages Nathaniel G S ' n c of the m . Hart, i spe tor general ar y be m d? en a e f . For disast r so dread ul , who is to bla e Not g eral Harrison,because he ' never ordered such a rash move ’ o W f nor o s ment f inchester s orce , "even authorized , or c unt w of m hanced it . Indeed , Harrison had no kno ledge the ove ‘ ’ ’ ment until Winchester s express informed him of Lewis move m i m f m ent at Lower Sandusky, s xty or seventy iles distant ro m en the rapids . Harrison despatched three hundred , however, “ of . T he and a piece artillery, to the rapids roads were so bad that the cannon did not reach the rapidsuntil after the fatal dis . On m n of 1 9 f a 61 1 aster the or ing the th, at our o clock , nother ' press arrived fr om the rapids an d confirmed the former report ‘ ' A r e iment and that Lewis had marched to the River Raisin . g o m t ia a battali n lay at Lower Sandusky, and this regi en was stantl m off T he mm y arched to the rapids . General i ediately m m f arched hi sel thither across the Black Swamp . He travel f m i n a f m ed orty iles day , leading his horse requently and ju p ob0 f m be t . t ac ing ro g g He traveled thus all nigh , and re hed the m of W rapids on the orning the twelfth . General inchester with all dis oseable f his p orce , had left there in the night preceding ’ Harrison s arrival . Nothing now could be done but wait for of m 0 m f m the arrival the regi ent , which was 11 its arch ro Lower ’ n 0 W W Sa dusky . Harrison 11 clearly foresaw inchester s in evi ' table fate . He had thrownhimself into the very jaws of the ' m r ach ~ of ene y , beyond the e succor ; but all that Harrison ‘ could do, was done by him . ’ On of 22 nd Perkins s m the evening the , regi ent and a battal of h mi T of Win ion ot er litia arrived at the rapids . he news ’ c ef r d on m en hester s d eat , also eache the rapids , late the sa e ev - in f now of oflicers g Harrison called a council his , to take into consideration what steps should then be taken ? T he unani mousopinion of this council was in favor of falling back eigh " - teenmiles to Portage river. T his advise was i nstantly car ‘ 7 Bein f l nf m o t of W s t g ul y i or ed f the ex ent inchester s di as er, o mm d f Genera l Harris n i e iately ther ea ter, despatche d Doctor cK e ehan h m cine and d e a m ; M , wit edi s gol , to Mald n , ,to d in re f to wo e a nd si n w on ister lie the und d ck prisoners , o c fi W th i an n m d ned, ith e other captives, n ope , ud y, Wood yard ; u fire at M en. H ay oc witho t , ald arrison g s the D tor an open e an s ffi e . h m letter, address d to y Briti h o c r, with w o he should fa on his . McK e han Was c ll m with, route Doctor e ac ompanied ” , i s ol b m n hi s . B sin h cari e, y a French a , as guide earin g about i n his mm n of s of m u of m : i , co issio urgeon our ar y, a q antity e dicines r sum of me n , a conside able ney , i gold , his open letter ‘ and of r n m m o f u o a flag t uce , as a e ble , the holy errand, p n was s n e nd on which he e t ; h a his guide , p roceeded their a a Malde i e d a Wy tow rds r As he journey d onwar s, he was t m m i and s ta ck ed by the ene y, his co pan on slain, him elf worm ded nd m so e . In a , a ade pri n r this condition he reached M lden . ' o or" f om him is 1 m se r Pr ct took r , h go d , edicines , hor , ca iole, nd of ! r l son er ’ e i n a flag truce Loading his p , with h avy ro s , in a o Proctor confined the doctor, dungeon Fr m Maiden, Proctor sen/t h1m 1n irons to Niag ara ; from thence he was trans r e i n n m o the a t ew po t d iro s, fro dunge n to dungeon, all w y o Qu ec! ! cr n of (in b Are we des ibi g. the conduct the savages the Niger ? of the Upper Nile ? .or of some barbarous n ation in the ' e r of cra f ? . r a a h a t ent l A rica No e der, we are st ting, without m r McKeehan s on 'th e colorin g, the treat ent of. Docto . , ent e t nd an man ou am holi s erra that y c ld be sent, to a British r y , “ on n i f to l ar of . bel gi g to a nat on , who pro esses be , the bu w k ” - u li i ! A n r fe n m e u n and l o r re g on natio , p o ssi g or h ma ity re i io h an e in W B ut s m m g n, t an y oth r, the orld at the a e ti e,; a for mb ha s mo h ma o a nation , who its nu ers shed re u n blo d th n, ' n who as an t r m . m i a d h y o he , a nation ore cruel ore w cked; done r a h n i n who as l ess good i n the wo ld , than lmost any ot er at o ; h m me n n w l m i n e n an enslaved ore , and o hods the bondag , tha y now in 1 other nation, or ever existence e m 11 T he Christian ity of the British gov rn ent is 3119 57 , by 2 12 H I ST ORY OF OHI O. is E m supporting ep copacy in ngland, presbyterianis in Scot ' land ; the Roman catholics in Canada ; and idolatry in India l T he British government boas ts of their efforts to send mission aries to the heathen ! For every Sixpence which they have a o s e m thus expended a thous nd p und have be n sp ent by the , in m b in n n m ki . shedding hu an lood,and e slavi g an nd And , this ' e e in um n de e in f m of nation, thus ste p d h a gore , dyed p in a y m f m l all sorts . now. e ploys itsel in reading oral ectures to us, on x— the impropriety of our holding slaves . [See the Appendi IIL] e an fin s fr m his iin rison Doctor McK éh , was ally relea ed o p din “ n ment in the succee g May, but, his bodily constitutio was m t i . entir ely destroyed, by the treat en wh ch he had received ’ H is own but n r e e returned to h country, death , has long si ce ff f m hi s . leased , the su erer ro pains f i m i m m a T he sufferings o th s Northwestern ar y at th s ti e, y f m of o be fairly estimated , ro the contents a letter f a Pittsburgh “ volu nteer to his friend : On the 2 u d day of our march, a i e courier arrived from General Harrison , order ng the artill ry to s w as advance with all possible speed . T hi impossible fr om the ‘ s it bein f s m . On m now, g a per ect wa p , all the way _ the sa e f m ' G e vening a m essenger in or ed us , that the eneral had m l of retreated eighteen i es in rear the rapids, to Portage river . “ As m any m en as could be spared determined forthwith to rein . force himthere . 7 “ Ou r comp any determi ned to advance . Earlv next m orn ’ . f ing at 2 o clock A . M our tents were struck, and in hal e u ’ ‘ ou r adv ancm . nf hour, we were on way g I will candidly co ess r e r eted i . On that on that day, I g be ng a soldier that day, we ' i . I f marched thirty miles, in an ncessant rain And ear that for you will doubt my veracity, when I tell you , that eight o often u miles of that thi rty, it to k us over the knees , and p to T he m f m f m a the middle . black swa p , our iles ro Port ge river, “ im assa~ and four m iles in extent, would have been considered p m e m n m r a . ble,by any e , not deter ined to su ount very obst cle six — T hewater on the ice , was about inches deep the ice was of f fiv e f . T very rotten , ten breaking through our or eet hat m o t e w f but night we enca ped , n h best ground e could ind , it “ ' O 2 1 4 HIST ORY OF HIO. i o m 1 a artillery n the to Fort Me gs , through swamp, in fact of f 'm one hundred and orty iles in width . T hey had been aided the m few f om s lvania in winter, by so e volunteers r Renn y , K entucky and Virginia T f a s on 20 th hese troops le t the r pid the February . Before this tim e the General saw the impossibility of reaching De i a d Of tro t d . that winter, n abandoned the idea so oin g Leav ' ' in the e n g troops , in the garrison,he hastily depart d into the i ter ior Of Sandu sk e s , by way the y , Delaware , Franklinton and . m a Chillicothe to Cincinnati He everywhere as he oved long , n i a f ro all g d orward to Fort Meigs , troops , p visions, and the f munition Of war . At Chillicothe , he ound Colonel John Mil and on e an twen t a him Of ler, hundred d y regul rs under , the 1 9 m . T h e th regi ent ese , the G neral ordered to Fort Meigs by way of the An gl aize route . He found but one company of . m Kentuckians at Newport, but two or three other co panies m e Of soon reaching that place , he ount d the whole them on and m s . o f w pack ‘ horses, ordered the to Fort Meig G ing or ard ‘ m lf s ha hi se , he ordered Major Ball , and his dragoon who d been cantoned at Lebanon ever since their return from the Missisin w a m m o . e y expedition, to arch to the sa e p int Harrison him se f m c man An laize . he fo l , ar hed to A da on the g Here und colo v f m i nel Miller and his regulars , just arri ed ro Chill cothe , and ' M Of the m ilitia colonel ills , with one hundred and fifty men who ' n and m had bee building had co pleted a fleet Of boats . Into these boats the General and these troops and boat builders e n o in hi c d e 1 1 th Of t red , and t s , way, rea he Fort M igs on the ‘ W ' r 18 13 . T he t hi h ou t of r Ap il , a ers were g , thei banks , and i n ffi . Our the nav gatio di cult and dangerous General arrived , w fO in f . T rt r ho ever, sa ety arrying near the in the boat's, ove i and t i f n ght , ascer ain ng that the ort was not invested by the n m m f in e e y, he and his detach ent entered , the ort early the 2th ’ m morning Of the 1 Of April . Ball s dragoons and the oun f . ted Kentuckians, had reached the ort before the General o ne f w and Ofi C lo l Le t ich his Virginians had entirely gone , and only two hundred and fifty of the Pennsylvanians . remain ed u ntil l . f the General shou d return Le twich, under whos e . ’ I ‘ ' WAE vm ri GRE AT Emr Ai N. ‘ arr isf ri ad ft arriscm of b n command, H o . h le the g , instead o eyi g w WOO i s W h the . his Order to assist it all his po er, D, eng neer, ' “ o ce t t men not had done n thing, ex p o tell the they were to r e for fi ew Od m obli ed labo He ven . burnt O the ti ber g r on hand intended for p ick etS! Harrisonn ow learned from a om t nem messengerfr the River Raisin, tha the e y would leave : O 7th of A l O i' for h l r Malden, n the pri , to invest u t wit a a ge ‘ fO e well ovided w ith he mu mtions of war . rc, pr all t N ” ‘ " HE IG or re r M I GS T SE E a E . ‘ ' isf r efi o t wasne m Learning th act, eve y r w made to co plete the co f t ef an r for a n defen es h ort, dprepa e the appro chi g attack . ls f an d f m e in T he interva o guard atigue duty, were e ploy d ‘ th . r s and in f m m n . practising e t oop , per or ing ilitary evolutio s m a In formation arrived, that T ecu seh had r eached M lden, a d rmers . from the Wab sh, with six hun red wa ' a h r a n the f and on the 28th T he s vages began to ove rou d ort, m B a ci n the B m d s i ritish ar y, appeare in Mau ee ay, end ng it many small vessels accompanied by a large num ber of open o t T he nd n m o la s b a s I ia s arched alongup n the nd, a cending towards the garrison . T EeUES H WA K -I N-T H E-WA T ER and S I T LOG cmm E , L PL o anded - t 1 and the an C nadi thr ee . housand savages British regulars d a a s m sa men . The W l f as n a ounted to one thou nd ho e orce , W mma b the - a a l o n d r c. c de y newly mde mjor genera P o tor ' ‘ LHAEEISON was extremely anxi ous to e send a me ssenger to 1 ’ genera l Gr een Clay, who he knew must be not far Off by this m c n f m m fOrward ti e , omi g ro Kentucky, and oving to strength ' C a ta i WiLL O V ( e n this post . p m I AM LI ER of Cincinnati pfier s r i m s ed his e v ces as the es enger, whose services were gladly . m w t man and one accepted Acco panied by one hi e , Indian, and escorte d a Short distan ce by eighty dragoons, Captain ’ ’ OLIVER m ade his Way towards the Object Of his de stination With sure but rapid f W le Ve imand o t f and t nd Har e a h g back othe ort , here fi ' mm n d al rison addressing all his co a d , uly assembled in marti x OF 2 1 6 m sr on OHIO. of T array in front their General . his popular address was b t of a answered y shou s pplause and devotion . ’ Instantly the enemy s 1 gun—boats were seen disgorging ' m t of their troops , guns and uni ions war, on the Site of the old British fort Miam i on [ the Southeast side of the upper end of f m i Maumee bay . Having per or ed th s service,they took in ' e m e on its and convey d over the Mau e river, to eastern Shore f r e their red allies, who o thwith inv sted our garrison, yelling , hideousl y all around it . m n a n Next orni g the General issued patriotic ge eral order , -W O e o which as read to the troops. n third f the whole garri e m . son, was ord red into the trenches, all the ti e night and day T O hese were relieved every three hours . Captains GRA T I T and Woon ' w er e the engin eers who planned and superintended t of f . l the construc ion these de ences Al was now animation . T he e nemy was constr u cting his batteries ; our m en were laboring on their defences . Around our fort w as a space some ‘ ' w k hundred yards or m ore in idth clear of trees . Not li ing to t S c venture on his open pa e , the savages went beyond it, and ' clim ed f m s a up the trees , ro whence, they killed ever l and n t of S m m en . Sor tie n s wou ded s ill ore .our to shoot dow the e ’ a m t m s u irr els w er e f e erial co ba ants,as so any q , requ nt, and an i ff - m . on . T he n occas onal grape shot took e ect the I dian yell, the o of and c nstant blaze their rifles, produced an excellent ' ' ' efi ect in our camp and the m en la bored constantly and with ' ’ ’ fi On h 30 h great e ect on the defences . t e t the enemy s batte i w m his fi m r es ere co pleted , and artillery xed on the , under a ff O heavy fir e from our fort not without e ect . n the morning i of l st of b ffi the May, it was discovered y our o cers, that the ' t of en em v w er e com lete d m i n ba teries the p , ounted w th gu s , 1 0 f o and at in the oreno n , he was seen to be loading his pie a fo ces, nd preparing r his grand attack on our fort . 1 By this time our troops had completed their grand . traverse f i n f twelve eet h gh , on a twe ty eet base , and three hundred ’ a n r Ou nd y rds lo g, running along ou elevated g through the mid Of f calcu l ated to a off a of m dle the ort , ‘ w rd the b lls the ene y , The e fr of e -f t nts in ont this trav rse which had previously , hid O 2 1 8 HI ST ORY F 0 1 1 10 . ’ m i Now was Harrison s ti e to raise the siege , by attack ng h of and a the enemy on bot sides the river, taking his b tteries . T was m of b his the instant deter ination the General , and e m of O n despatched captain Ha ilton hio, to ge eral Clay , order him f m m en ing to land ro six to eight hundred , on the west ’ of m ik bank the river ; , to attack the ene y s batteries, sp e his guns, cut their carriages in pieces, and destroy his property . Having done this, to ascend the river to their boats, and cross ’ f a m i f . T he o over the M u ee, and join those n the ort residue of the brigade was ordered to land on the east side the river, f . and enter the ort T he regular troops under colonel Miller, nd a the Pittsburgh and Petersburgh volunteers, were ordered m for to hold the selves in readiness, a sortie , to attack the ene ’ m s on m m m y batteries, the east side of the r 1 ver at the sa e o ent, in i m of wh ch, the attack was ade on the western side the Maumee . T he of Si m conception these ultaneous attacks, was a noble ' on and . e, now let us see , how it was executed T of 5 th of he day the May dawned , the sun arose and shone 8 ’ f f u ntil o clock in the orenoon, be ore Clay and his brigade . . T he appeared to the garrison night was dark , and the pilot f i . m t re used to proceed n the darkness Hamilton e Clay , about the m of him . ciddle the rapids, and delivered his orders to Clay for mma of sele ted Dudley, his oldest colonel , . the co nd the m detach ent, who were to attack the British garrison , and eight m n T hundred e , volunteered to serve under him . hey landed — on m f of th the western shore , arched uriouslyto the batteries e " m sl ew or off ene y ; , drove , all his troops, at these batteries, al l m spiked the guns, cut their carriages into s all pieces , pull al s ed down l the poles on which the r ed cross of St . George w a and m f flying, then abandoned the selves to a real rolic . m and r m Here , we leave the and go over to _Clay his e aining tr o . m of o ps Six boats contained all the re ainder the brigade, ‘ af f . I n f m ter Dudley had le t it the ore ost one , near the shore on f f which ort Meigs was, Clay was seen approaching the ort , a f ’ o . o ssailed by a host savages on that flank Four b ats crews, and m by winds waves, were co pelled to land and fight their ' ' ‘ W ir' H GiREAr W AR BRIT AIN . 91 9 ” a d S wa the f . n r l id me. Harrisen s y to , ort Ge e al C y, the a ent ou t e x n a tee s to Maj r Ale ander e Pen sylvani volun r , aid and protect the K en tu cki T he Iridiens increased in numbers on Ha and fi l a frOm m S m this nk, na ly, crawled long stu p to tu p, ’ one e and fif of Osw to f . B lI within, hundr d ty yards the ort e i and rr n e dto har (newly arr ved ,) Alexander He i g, w re ordere c ge ‘ - m which l . T he a d the , they did, with a acrity sav ges were riv ’ “ e fl a and {Ou r mn s f n o , nd Clay, his hundred e a ely entered the ‘ Was n - befOr e r a fort . All this do e Dudley e che d the British n mme a ta works . A d at the o nt when Dudley ndhis de chment ’ on the m e l began their attack ene y s batteri s, Colonel John Mi two u an fif m en ler with h ndred d ty , consisting of United States ‘ ' l Penns vl an ia and u ee a ’ regu ars, y Virginia vol nt rs nd Sebree s mi i n n r and fif men K entucky litia, all, two hu d ed ty , b eing r and w u in ea e e d of f r eady, dra n p a ravine n r the ast n the o t , ’ m n the in wi h arched rapidly, ascendi g the hill along {rav e until t ’ wo of the m t m in t hundred yards ene y s batteries , hey ca e into . r fi e Oom an open , level plain Here they we e red upon, by thr e an i of s on wO m of p es British regular , their right ; t co panies a m and T E SE and s a o on Canadi n ilitia ; CUM H hi w rri rs , their ’ In . frOnt m cs of no owitz l eft , the ene y s three pie e can n , a h er a m en o m nd two hundred , p ured down upon our troops , a stor of w m . f me o nnu lead and iron Assailed by our ti s their bers, they . m t n d of clOse were co pelled, a the e one hundred yards , to up T e f of a nd the m their lines . h n with the ury the torn do, a stor , ' .they swept away all opposition. T hey spiked and r endered ’ n m m d off ll wo useless the e e y s guns and ortar, rove , ki ed , und ’ o i f ce. ed . r captivated all this host le or his O Miller and men returned to the garrison . n both sides t r . conce of the river, the sor ies we e victorious So the noble p of r had b o o s s f t tion Ha rison , een n bly executed, n both ide o he Maumee ‘ f So h Offi e m am A ter this last rtie , a Britis c r, aj or Ch be rs, f e m bearing a flag o truce , was seen crossing the riv r fro the ’ of a mee and on d r enemy s side the M u , he landed the beach un e - ’ ur . a r n r ve o fort M jo _Hukill the general s aid, was se t to ecei ‘ i’ and the him T he officer told his errand ; that he came . to dem 220 HIST ORY OF om o. him su rr ender of the garrison . Major Hukill told , that such ma w s . Offi a. de nd a useless 1 But the cer insisted on seeing the n f him c hi m general ; so bli d olding , major Hukill condu ted into l i the p resence of Genera Harrison . T he whole conversat on on I s eu on that occasion was reduced to writing the spot , t thenticity is placed beyond a doubt . T he conversation between Major Chambers and General Harrison was as follows v iz dirceted m e to MAJOR CHAMBERS. General Proctor has de effu mand the surrender of this pos t . He wishes to spare the sion of blood. ‘ h m m GENERAL HARRI SON . T e de and under present circu a m . stances, is ost extraordinary one As general Proctor did I ha not send me a summons to surrender on his fir st arrival , d supposed that he believed m e determined to do my duty . His present message indicates an opinion Of m e that I am at a los s to account for . O of MA J R CHAMBERS. General Proctor could never think - T e saying any thing that would wound your feelings . h char of n i ffi . acter ge eral Harr son as an o cer, is well known Gen ’ a f hi m er l Proctor s orce is very respectable , and there is with of m f . a larger body Indians, than ever was asse bled be ore E O G NERA L HARR IS N . I believe I have a very correct idea ’ of general Proctor s force ; it is not such as to create the least for m a apprehension , the result, whatever shape he y be pleased i f . s to give t, herea ter As ure the General however, that this im m . post will never be surrendered to h , on any ter s Should it f all into his hands , it will be in a manner, calculated to do him m him m ore honor, and give higher clai s, on the gratitu de of m his govern ent than any capitulation could possibly do . mm t f m m I edia ely a terwards, Cha bers returned as he ca e , o ver the river, to Proctor . We m ’ return to Dudley and his detach ent, at the enemy s a b tteries , which they had taken , and then had given them selves up to exultation , at their success . T he enemy had ’ r t a etreated entirely beyond Dudley s sigh or he ring , and had c r t hi a d th n s l w e en o cent a ed forces, red n white , Whi e a fe Indi ‘ 222 HIST ORY OF om o - was . m m ms i drawn up, in highly co pli entary ter to the r zeal an m f : d patriotis , as ollows EA ART ER H D QU S, 16 18 13 . Franklinton , May th, T he commanding general has observed with the warmest m gratitude , the astonishing exertions which have been ade by his excellency, governor Meigs, and the generals and other m oflicer s .of i e ui in ilitia th s state , in collecting and q p g a body ‘ ff of of troops for the relief of camp Meigs . But the e orts these v men wou ld ha e been unavailing, had they not been seconded Of i of z by the patriotic ardor every descript on citi ens, which m c m to r m has induced the leave thei ho es , at a ost ritical sea of o of . f . son the year, regardless every consideration , but that ' u T he G f rendering service to their co ntry . eneral ound the road from Lower Sandusky to this place,literally covered with m en and am m m w o had and , ongst the any h shared in the toils of i On m of u r dangers the revolut onary war, and who , co se, T he there existed no legal claims for m ilitary services . Gen r r to e m ff eral has eve y eason believ , that si ilar e orts have been m . ade in Kentucky . He offers to all those brave men from ] his o d m both states , sincere ackn wle g ents ; and is happy to ln ' f m m t e for or the , that her is at present no necessity their lon h m a ger continuance in the field . T e ene y h s fled with pre ci itation f m m f m p ro ca p Meigs , and that ort is in a uch better ” s an a a ituation to resist ttack , th n when the last siege was mm co enced . of the By order general , ” . RA A . R G H M, Aid m n m Against this order, loud co plai ts were ade, by those who ad cOme to m fi . h forward see so e ghting But, the secre . o b fi a tary f war, y a con denti l order to the General , had for “ hidden m m f his calling out any ore ilitia, until we had ull and o T h m free possession f lake Erie . e sa e Order commanded ' I him to employ and rely on regular troops. t also forbid any ’ m u ntil P err s com further atte pts to retake Detroit , y fleet T mand ad the lake . hese injunctions were to be obeyed by no cm o t Harrison , t divulged ; so he bore all the o plaints f he ' ’ W AR wu H GREA T BR1T A1N. 9 523 , “ mi i n n . O e aidall litia, sile ce He was rder d , also, to he could , in fi afOrce new in a S a of f a s tting out , t te great orw rdnes , with w t on the ak fo t s hich, ocontend l e , r he upremacy on this in land sea . all O s l ew m Keeping these rder i nV , he oved rapidly to Chil l cothe a fi a o i t i nd n n n u n . he re , lly to Cincin ati , e c rag g cruiting ’ ’ no a and mm s a service , looking i t the qu rter master s co i s ry s m f r . e r the depart ents, as he went orwa d At N wpo t , General f 24t m of n d a a fr m ound the h regi ent U ite St tes inf ntry, o O T nn . T a t o f t Nashville, e essee hese, he inst n ly O rdered f a and m ms lf Fr nklinton , they arched there T he General hi e f m e m fo de u tatiOn fr m ollowing the , to th sa e place , sent r p s O f - W o r e . h dm n our i ndly Indians en they .arrived, he hel any l g t alks with them. ' ew in m Of f m General Clay, n co mand Fort Meigs , in or ed H ri on th e m was t f t ar s , that e ne y preparing to invest tha or he 24t m a a ma with a large force . T h regi ent had lre dy rched m ‘ d i n . T the f ow so e ays prev ous, to Sa dusky hese General oll ed . lOw n : om and overtook be Upper Sa dusky Fr these troops, Of u m e S leet d m three hundred the sto test en wer e e , to ake a f m to r t i . T he m d orced arch, elieve For Me gs swa p was r y ’ f not so m SO on the sur ace , but enough , to bear a an s weight ; e e and n the d ffi t r down he went kne de p, ow i culty was o d aw f e a dr f . T he out his e t , the e rth being y on the sur ace General ' da and narr i pressed forward without halting night or y, ved at on 28th n f . s the garrison the at ight all Colonel Ander on, and h rT etachm eht colonel Gaines, t ei ennessee d , reached the f w s garrison Within a e hour after the General . e em but o n No n y appeared . , towards the latter part f Ju e , e o th General learned , that n e hundred Indians had left the i n fo river Raisi n canoes r Lower Sandusky . Nothing required a n a s n r t . On the 1 st of his pre ence y lo ge Fort Meigs July, Har risen f f and L . on le t the ort went to ower Sandusky _ Here , the 1 al of hOrse met 211 , Colonel B l with a sq uadron Harrison, W n . e o mm accordi g to his orders ith thes , Harris n i ediately marched fOr Cleveland T he ’ secretary of war had ordered ' boats built at the mouth of the Cuyahoga m which to trans 224 m sr oar or 0 1110 . : port the army over the lake . T hese boat builders were com ded m now of man by ajor, general Jesup the United States m . m ar y Cleveland , too, at that ti e, had in its hospital -five u s seventy wo nded ol diers . A company of volunteers f m c and ro Chilli othe , was there , and acted as boat builders ’ e men . nurses to Dudl y s wounded Harrison , while here , inter cmm E e changed o unications with Perry at rie , and rec ived orders from the secretary of war to call out the militia . He on an returned to the Sandusky river, d learned that Proctor n f of five was o the poin t of landing on our coast , a orce thou men . l 20 t the m a m in sand Ju y h, ene y scended Mau ee bay T a large number of boats and landed on our shore . hat night u n of O m f m m Captain McC e the hio iliti a, (and ro Muskingu c , ounty, we believe ,) was despatched by Clay to Harrison ’ ' informing him of Proctor s landing . Harrison was at Lower Sandusky at this time . Wh e e ere this town now stands , ther was an old pick ting on of for a piece land , secured to us a garrison and Indian trading W ’ of 1 795 . m house, by General ayne s treaty It was a s all for m en m . T work , large enough two hundred , not ore his f s m n little stockade was called ort Steven on , at the ti e , Harriso T he f of w as mm lay there . de ence this little stockade co itted m of - of to ajor George Croghan , a youth twenty one years age, e and to Captain Hunter, li utenants Baylor, Johnson and i and Meeks ; ens gns Ship and Duncan , and one hundred sixty T privates . hey were all young, athletic , bold and intrepid ’ e of men . T h remainder Harrison s force were marched to the m m f . Seneca old town , so e iles , on the river above ort Stevenson T he latter force consisted of only one hundred and forty m en . ’ ositition wa s h Harrison s own p , c osen as the best , about which, o m m f m to collect the tr ops , o entarily expected ro the interior . It w as a good point from whence reinforcem ents m ight be des u patched, either down the river, or p it , and to protect the vast amount of property collected at Upper Sandusky . Captain e to f m his McC u n was ordered in or General Clay,that in case , “ ' m ff garrison was seriously invested by the ene y , every e ort m him of would be ade to relieve ; but, to beware being taken by 226 Hi sr onr or 0 11 10 . ou t of . with twelve Indians, and killed eleven the twelve Cap ' ~ am of ffi r tain J es Ryan , now Chillicothe , , then a subaltern o ce " - of s b of the Pittsburgh volunteers , killed one the e savages, y one blow of his heavy broadéwordf T he savage had his tom and ahawk upraised was just about to throw it at Ryan, when low i . himself was laid , never to r se again W lls m mm n for m Colonel e assu ed the co a d a very short ti e , inasm uch as Croghan, on his reaching head quarters , instant ly removed every shade of suspici on that he had intended to ' T t er efor e all n a . H r . h disobey the General arrying, , ight with h m wt mor rison , who treated i i h the greatest kindness ; next f . n ing he was escorted back in sa ety, and placed in comm and as before . ’ CROGHAN S DE FENCE or FORT ST EVENSON . On 3 l st of Ju l a econ oiter in f m the y r g party ro the lake , m m S twenty iles distant , saw the ene y enter andusky bay . u 1 st A gust , at noon , this party passed Croghan , on its way to fo m him t m Seneca, and in r ed hat the ene y had entered Sandus k and e his y bay, was then asc nding it with gun boats . W i h u f e of i ith n t ree ho rs a ter the r ception this intell gence , ’ a r en em with hi s un Crogh n and his t oops saw the y g boats, all m a of cannon , and his e ns annoyance , on the spot , ready to mm m of T h co ence the stor ing their little stockade . e enemy m s had co e to inve t this post , with one thousand British and as ’ ‘ T h f m mm m any Indians . e or er were co anded by general Proc s Ou t o tor him el f ; the latter by Dixon . f the most pure regard for if d our troops in Fort Stevenson , ( Proctor coul be believed) s his m a m of he ent on arrival , jor Cha bers the regulars , and of n m mm Dixon the I dian depart ent , to su ons the garrison to ‘ . a n h fla m surrender Crogh n sent ensig S ip , with a g to eet “ m . m these gentle en Cha bers and Dixon, besought Ship , to ff of — i what spare the e usion blood a pity, said they , that you fin e m en and Cro”ghan , such young , should be butchered by “ savages . Ship replied, that when they took the garri f ” son, none would be le t to be butchered by an enemy . At ' Wir H GRE T 1311 11 111 . W A R. A 11 27 m an m f r 111 m t h that mo ent, Indian ca e orwa d his os ostile array, n w t m a w D wi pretendi g to ish to o ah wk Ship, hen ixon shaking th ‘ f ‘ r n e the e n si 11 to i n p ete ded terrors, urg d g get into his garr so he as soon as possible , unless would consent to a surrender and ther eby save the lives of the tr Oops i n the gar ri son ' f T he e m fi re u the for t r om in ne y now opened his pon , his guns t an is h s Or e . He i e he boats d h mortar on t e h cont nu d to fir e.all i o . n ight with little intermissi n andw th still less sdeet . His ‘ guns w ere six ou nder s, Croghan had six ou nder ahd p _one p a l 111 t O riv th t was al the artillery he had he fort. He cn t ed m un fr m On e Of r tO n O to ove his O part his wo ks a ther , so as “ g ' d e f a m s to in uc a belie that he h d any gun . So the night pass t ed off. T ecumseh with M o housand warri ors lay beside the r an c an d U n - r, oad le di g to Sene a, ppe Sa dusky , expecting a rein r f m a ‘ T O orce ent from that quarter to s ve the garrison . inter ' ' ' f and o hi O I cept such a orce , destr y it, was s grand bject . n ' sOr el su ch f was ? this , he was y disappointed , as no orce sent . Du i fi n h m f m bOats t ring th s rst ig t , the ene y had landed ro his , hree ' six ounder s mo r and m p and a rta , had placed the within two and f t of fo i n of W hundred or y yards the rt, a grov e oods . Du m t ring this sa e night, Croghan discov ered that he enemy seem ed to aim mOst Of his shots at the northwest corner of the stock a e be t m ed to m . d , and supposed that when the British a te pt stor sf e of c l be i Ort . h , the plac atta k wou d at that angle So he order ed captain Hunter to place their only gu n in a position so that it i n m m to s al would rake the ditch, case the ene y atte pted O e the n ecr s a . I s nd i works at that angle e y, w th u ncommon indus an r exertioris u O try d pe sonal , captain H nter beyed the order . . “ T he morning of the2d of August dawned on our heroiO band of u . T he m fi da f i yo ng patriots ene y red all y, but at our n f Ooncent ate ll fir e of s the a ternoon, he r d a the all hi guns at of t e fOrt. n t o o the northwestern angle h Seei g his , Cr ghan r e a we dered s rje nt aver and six privates of the Pittsburgh vol u nteers h s ex edition Of: , to place there , wit all pos ible , bags l P s and . T was n i and flour his do e n a manner so eff ect ually that, ’ t no m i r f m m u . hat angle received aterial nju y, ro the ene y s g ns T he sixpou hder was entrusted to the management of the ‘ 228 HI ST ORY OF 0 1110 . m en . same sergeant , and his six Late in the evening when m m m rOc m all was enveloped s oke, the ene y p eeded to ake the ’ T wo f t m n 1n assault . ein s were ade on Hu ter s lines , but the ' r fif m n of a van meantime three hund ed and ty e the enemy, d ' the sm f of t n ced. in oke , to within sixty eet the nor hwester A fir e of m f m f m in angle . severe usketry ro the ort , put the for m m confusion a o ent , when lieutenant colonel Short, who . m of the m headed this colu n ene y, urged forward his m en to ’ of 0 11 m follow him the edge the dit”ch, calling the to , and “ n a t . T he m to give o. quarters he le ped in o the ditch asked the six ou nder port hole was now opened , and p within thirty of fi m . T he feet the assailants , was red on the lieutenant fif 1n stantl colonel Short, and ty others, were y killed or wound . o fi . a ed . Death and desolati n lled the ditch Capt in Hunter W m m of repelled arburton ‘and Cha bers with a constant strea T f m r ifles . . lead ro his hey were .assailing his line , but now . ' s to oli . u a cea ed do so, and drew D ring the ass ult which last m m fi m ed thirty inutes, the ene y constantly red his ortar and mm f fi ve of his sixp ou n der s . I ediately a ter this assault the Of enemy drew off out the reach of our g u ns . It Was now T he dark . wounded in the ditch were in a d”esperate condi ~ a T for . T h tion . hey called water, water , water e enemy dare not undertake ' to relieve them— so Croghan, and his ‘ m en e m in buck ets brave hand d over water to the , , to relieve r t . O u r m en thei hirst dug a hole through, and under the pick ' ' m e ets , and encouraged as any as were able to crawl , to cre p ’ f . m m into the ort Co pare this treat ent , reader, with Proctor s ’ u m W n t s s at the river Raisin, on ashi g on s birth day , ln this same year ! ’ m m a most At three o clock this night , the ene y ade disorder l a d m f etr at . own . r e d , y n sha e ul , the bay In their hurry , ter fus - f f of m v alu a ror and con ion , they le t a sail boat ull the ost . T f f ble property hey le t strewed around our ort , seventy of m a of e stands ar s and sever l valuable braces pistols . T h y anticipated a visit from general Harrison with his artille ry a m o e rly next rning ; so they were off in ahurry . 1 230 11 15 1 011 1 or 0 1110 . l f m l Harr iso the , delivered a etter ro governor Meigs to gener a n f rm h m of he a i of at Seneca, in o ing i t rr val at Upper Sandusky, ' ' ’ t e entire mass of m in .- of h g g ilitia, the Scioto valley, and vast numbers from all parts of the state ; and that they n ow exp ected ” to be employed in active service or they would n ot be likely to . ' . T he obey another call General went to, Upper Sandusky to ' n f Mei s and f m him of of - co er with g , in or the orders the war ar m n ot m m i dep t ent , to e ploy ilitia at all , f regulars could be ‘ ' if t e o l m procured, but not, h n n y militia enough to ake up the fi of s wo d men de ciency seven thousand regular . T thousan for m n s a m six o th , was all that Harrison felt uthorised to e ploy f m O . T : t but for f . ro hio hese Meigs selec ed , orty days only T was m m s m hat being done , Harrison co pelled to dis is the as of o no use, except to m . f ~ consu e the provisions Many the offi r m m militia ce s thus necessarily dis issed , asse bled and pass inflammator u for ed y resol tions against the General , obeying his orders . T heofiicersof the regular army answered them in m the sa e way, by resolutions “ m the n ow t to Fro land , we urn our attention awhile , our own E . n sea, lake rie Lieutenants Perry a d Elliot, had been order E t sum ed to lake rie with several hundred sailors, early in he mer of 1 812 , and they werenot idle . T hey had seized and u ff m capt red at di erent ti es, several British vessels , and they ' had destroyed such vessels as they could not carry ifito our i harbors . Ship carpenters had been busily engaged , n build in of E i . g vessels war, at rie n Pennsylvania Several ships fi had m m were tted up, which been e ployed, as erchant vessels, an t for . d severals others were buil , expressly warlike purposes for Finally, nine vessels were gotten ready service , carrying, ' - McArthu r fift f . ih all , y our guns General , had sent twenty ’ fiv m f m f fle . T he e active sea en, ro ort Meigs, to join Perry s et on ce f m war, the o an had driven these sailors ro the Atlantic “ ’ frontier ; they had joined our army and now volunteered their l and m service s to Perry, aterially contributed to his success, McAr as their naval commander chee rfully acknowledged . s o f thur had taken pos ession f ort Meigs , general Clay being sick had res e cmm d m o McAr hur . , ign d the o an te p rarily to t ' ' WAR wm r GR v EAT sarr nm . 23 1 ’ W ’ ' P s la . off the mo of Sandu sk ba i hile erry fleet y uth y t y, Har had f e on e u e a nd fif m s o rison urnish d h ndr d ty arine t Perry . T he e r mm re a css of ix British fle t, unde Co odo B rclay, on i ted s ca r - r m . ships, , y g three guns ‘ ‘ sixty I I ' hMter man u s et and f various oe vres , these fleet , m oughta bat tie on E W m of O , lake rie , ithin the territorial li its hio , on the ' 1 0th f mb 1813 .ar the a of lak day o Septe er, , he d the e s T he line ’ of b f m u e n o in f n a nd attle was or ed, abo t leve clock , the ore oon, f nm ef the lo fi tee inutes b ore twelve, Queen Char tte, the British ’ a Comm fl o m em d fire W , odore s g ship, pened a ” ost tr en ous , ith nd e o e h fla grape a cannist r sh t, upon the Lawrenc , t e g ship of I cmm was fif nm n s aliho it f o odore Perry . It tee i ute , s , be ore Per ' o r y could bring his guns to bear n the en emy . t e At length, Perry got his guns to bear upon h Queen Char l e for the / r est of ott , and making signals his squadron to engage, I C in d fo nw of th he ont ue r two hours , to conte d ith two e en emy s w a of m is o n . n all vessels ; e ch the , was equal to h Duri g this t me u w a t e d ff i , , s ch s the wind that his o her vess ls coul a ord him no f u s and n aid, so he o ght , ingle handed alo e, against e m the L w t se sel of ca . h two ves s Bar l y By this ti e , a rence, I ' ad m w ec and e on o h beco e a perfect r k, all the m n, b ard this “ e o t . vessel , had been eith r killed, r wounded , excep three or ‘ ' f r d u l . Su o b : d n and ou in ivid a s rr unded y ruin, by the yi g the m n e his and or t dead , Perry, acco pa i d by brother, two hree f the L wre in an n and ot on others, le t a nce, ope boat , g board ' l o t r his . e the Niagara, next best vesse He br ugh h into action, ’ i the m of em and l runn ng i nto idst the en y s line , very polite y, ‘ ’ l broadsid of m s v s poured a e, into each the ene y essel as he a th u a and d o t p ssed it ; e Detroit, Q een Ch rlotte , La y Pr ov s , on t e one and and B \on the h side , the Chippeway, Little elt, otherJ He finally paid his addresses to the Lady Provest so _ ’ ' a her smen and r w rmly, that Ladyship ; deserted her deck an w T he m of u n f wed belo re ainder Perry s sq adron, ext ollo t e m of b av cemmander and one and all ot into h exa ple their r e , g 2 32 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . W d m m m . i th the action , an it beco e general , war and ani ated ia of mm m t m m three hours its co ence en , this engage ent, ter in ’ ” - a f o of f s. ted, in av r ree trade and sailors right Perry writ ' in m f f in form ed ing, the sa e style in which he ought, general W ” o e m et m n d . Harris n, that, have the ene y, a they are ours T he victory was an entire one, Perry capturing all the ships m u m of the ene y, and six hundred prisoners , which o tnu bered at mm m of . our entire force , the co ence ent the action He took m of . T also, six ore cannons than he had, his own his was one f . of the best ought battles , recorded in history Barclay fought ‘ m f w ell f an bravely, an ully and , but Perry ought better, d suc ceeded r f m m . , in capturing an enti e squadron ro the ene y T he o killed and wounded,in this battle, was great , n both m arm sides ; Barclay lost his only re aining , the other having of been shot away , in the battle the Nile . And he lost, two k ‘ W hundred illed and ounded, besides six hundred prisoners . Perry lost twenty seven killed, and ninety six wounded . m a T his ost decisive victory, opened a passage into C nada, w hich Hull had so ingloriously surrendered . ’ T of r eache e d . Ha i h news Perry s victory , rr son, at Fort the m f Meigs , at Mau ee rapids, and, a ter this event, every pre ar ation m m his ow p was instantly ade , to assail the ene y, in n ’ country . Perry s victory was achieved on the ever memora 1 0 th of m 1 813 . m ble , Septe ber As soon as possible , Perry ade preparation , to convey Harrison, Shelby and their intrepid sol . On 28th of m diers , to Malden the Septe ber, our troops were o landed at the point bel w Malden, but Proctor, brave , when . f de enseless prisoners, were to be slain, robbed or ill treated, fie w ithou t fi n ; had d, ring a gun ; he and his I dian allies Proc ' T m f s tor had fled up the river ha es, as a t as he could , and, had m f reached the Moravian village , where his ar y halted . Be ore be r f he deserted Malden , bu nt the ortress, and public store . On 29th f houses there the , Harrison le t Malden, entered , of 2 a nd took possession Detroit . On the md of October Harri o an t -fi ve s n d Shelby, with thir y hundred selected soldiers, a f in of o . T l m m rched , rom Detroit, quest Pr ctor hey fo lowed hi , ' Th m ei ht milcs ra a up the a es , g y , to the Mo vi n village , where, ' 234 HIST ORY or om o . m . T he w as artillery, there were any beech trees ground m m extremely well chosen, by the ene y, and the ar ies were m about equal in nu bers . f Harrison now ormed his troops in order of battle . General ' T ’ m fi a’ rotter s brigade for ed the rst line , while Desh s division , m K ’ was for ed on the left . General ing s brigade formed the ’ . of m second line , and Chiles was kept in reserve Both the were com manded by major general HENRY . Governor SHELBY ’ ’ commanded Desha s and T rotter s brigades . T his was the f m in f of first order o battle , but, seeing the orass , ront the In a i dians , and th t while the British artillery were pour ng their f on grape and canister, in ront , our troops , the Indians would be firing from their inaccessible covert on our left ; Harrison f m ordered the dragoons , in ront , to attack the ene y where h mov Proctor had carelessly thinned his ranks . T e dragoons f m m m ’ ed orward , i petuously, upon who the ene y s guns poured r of . m m showe s grape and canister shot For a o ent, the horses fau lt f m mom en ta er ed, but recovering ro this y panic , the dra m f f h goons arched orward , with irresistible ury , broke t rough m ’ the ene y s line , then wheeling about , dealt death on all sides, m m m . T he m upon the ene y . In a o ent, all was over ene y and an d o was conquered , one all , except Proctor ab ut two f hundred horse , who had fled be ore the battle had scarcely . f ffi joined Flying , Proctor le t his carriage and o cial papers in W ' it . ith the u tmost precipitancy he fled in the direction of w i Niagara, whither he ent , and never returned aga n to the of m place his sha eful defeat . ’ off e Having driven , captured or kill d all Proctor s white troops , the Indians were next assailed , with bullets in their - m thick underbrush . T he bullets fell thick as hail stones a ong m. m m T m the Many were killed , and a ong the ecu seh was om e t w h off pierced , in a m n f it several balls . Drawing their f v orces, they fled into the thick woods nearly fi e m iles before . f f m e they halted No one ollowed , or could ollow the , on hors ’ . n back In this battle the British lost ni eteen , killed , and fif . ty wounded Procter and two hundred dragoons, ran away, and six hundred officers and soldiers we re tak en prisoners ' W AR W T R R I H G EAT B IT AIN. 235 [ T he . d ns. f one h an d fif t In ia le t undred ty dead , on he battle ’ “ 1 r i s ss was fift . H ground a r son lo , about y,in all seventeen of ‘ r e Oh ma these we e K ntuckians , and io lost the re inder . Among a Whi ffi e of the de d , was Colonel tely , an o c r the revolution, but w as n mm no serving a volu teer co on soldier . ’ u a had H ll s artillery was rec ptured , which Originally been a m u n at a a t ken fro the British with B rgoy e , S r toga . Proctor was pursued af ter the battle bu t he out-r unhis ene mi s an d a e e c, esc p d, as we hav already stated . ‘ T he m of tvvo m e u a nu bers the ar i s were abo t equ l, bu t from “ t e m ositih n h . their p , ene y had all the advantage . It 18 not a ' very uncommon thing for this signal and brilliant victory to be 1sr e r e9ented s e m p , a having be n achieved by superior numbers! ‘ It wa not r the m s so, the B itish had greatest nu ber of troops in a m h df m “ the battle . H rrison arc e ro Detroit with about thirty fiVe d men f on the hundre , but, he had le t , way , or held 1 n “ es one ho m en but w t -fi r erve , t usand , so that , t en y ve hundred ’ in a : r him on only, were the b ttle Procto had with , e thousand and T m hder him -fi v regulars , ecu seh had u , twenty e hundred In w m “ f c fi . dians , who ere ost brave , and e ient warriors Th e truth ‘ ' ‘ c r esons f i to mi ri f is, ertain p , eel unwlling ad t a y act, which does ’ t e ws n u e. n m l h e ter people j stic Having deserved one the se ves, r they feel unwilling to award p aise to others . ’ ’ “ ’ an d c ve r viCtori s G1 us, Ha rison s , Perry s Ja kson s e , achiev e and was o on edby western p ople , what d ne , the Niagara fron “ b ffi an w r o and s tier, y western o cers d este n s ldiers ; tho e Who sc n n w were so rupulous about passing bou daryli es , here there ' “ vVas an n i n sn m ma m did y da ger cros i g the , y clai all they ever , in . Bu t for s of mis that war , eastern writer history, to repre " f n i W m se nt , as they too o te do, every th ng estern, erely, becau se we e e e m c mm the st d s rv s so u h co endation , and the East so lit 1 w ll a o no u tle , i nswer the auth rs good p rpose T heW can u b aswe fi est write abo t attles , ll as ght them, and “ m as one and it “ inas uch, we are all people, as is our interest, as well as our di1 ty, tocultivate harm ony and good will between all d we e e our Union , we have suggeste what hav , abov , to hah nd o i t W s fo especially s , as se their bo ks, n o the e t r sale. 236 1 1 15 1 0 11 1: OF 0 11 10 . , T o e . T heir praise we neither need , n r desir to have hose in t e k he ast, who underta e to bestow it, upon us in the west, are a n r ther too bu gling at the business, to please any one, in the of Valley the Mississippi . few m But a re arks upon the preceding battle , and this war, ’ ” or f f ree trade and sailors rights , and we will gladlyleave off “ t . describing ba tles , campaigns and carnage t i T ums as In his act on ec eh, we have said , was killed, which circumstance has given rise to alm ost innumerable fictions ’ r T h O o tu why, we ha dly can tell, but it is so . e writer s pp r ’ nities for i know ng the truth , is equal to any person s now liv w v a in . as g He personally, ery well cquainted with that cel w ebr ated r. m T m Els u atawa arrio He acco panied ecu seh , q y, ourle s Cara mau n ee t m F g and y , on their our a ong the six na ' of tions New York , in and acted as their interpreter n I . In 1829 Chicn amo g those ndians , at Prairie Du , the two e i f of W latter Indians , both th n civ l chie s , the in nebagoes , m of were with the writer, who was then acting as com issioner ff U m Indian a airs in the nited States service . Fro the state ‘ of m of T m ments z these constant co panions ecu seh , during of f c T e: nearly twenty years his li e, we pro eed to state , that cumseh lay with his warriors at the commencement of the n f of f of battle i a orest thick underbrush , on the le t the Amer T of th - icanarmy . hat these Indians were at no period e bat of i Naw caw s aw no ffi tle , out the r thick underbrush ; that o cer between them and the American army ; that T ecumseh fell ' fi of K entu ck dra oons the very first re the y g , pierced by thirty f fi ve m l s bullets, and was carried our or i es into the thick wood , . of and ther e buried by the warriors, who told the story his me r m fate. T his account was repeated to three seve al , ”ti es ' d of fic word for word , an neither the relaters ever knew the ’ m f tions to which T ecumseh s death has given rise . So e o these fictions originat ed in the mischievous design of ridicul i s - a d ing the person who said . to have killed this savage, n the e m o m at s r who, bye bye , kill d that day, lea t, eithe We m no e s e i on an red or white . ean p r onal r flect on y W . d one for not k illing T ecumseh . e coul easily write this 238 m sr onr or 0 11 10 . “ n who in in m o m ese, this battle lay a bush , bey nd a orass, on t the m m he left of A erican ar y. Having followed the movements of our citizen soldiers, in war ever m of this ,_ y where within the li its our state , during i r on ma m the per od it was ca ried here , it y not be i proper, nor f of m as u , ninteresting to ollow such the were acting as soldiers, ou r m . in the army, during that war, beyond li its Of the reg 1 0 0 in O ular United States t ps , raised hio, colonel Ju Miller - m m . T com anded the nineteenth regi ent his , and the seven not f teenth regiment , being ull, the two were consolidated and called the se venteenth r egiment . T he twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh regiments were f m m e raised in Ohio, but ro the sa e cause , th y were consolida an the i m . ted , d called n neteenth regi ent Colonel George Paul commanded it. P ortions of these regiments were in all the battles on the f t 1 8 14 . In E Niagara ron ier in the attack on Fort rie , by the on the 1 5 of 1 8 14 m W m T m British, th August , , ajor illia ri ble mm of m of this state , co anded a part the nineteenth regi ent , ‘ . T he m a then in the Fort attack was ade on the garrison, by f mma ffi ffi . superior orce , co nded by able and e cient o cers Ma or T m j ri ble ordered three general charges, during the attack , ff — which were executed with precision, energy and e ect each m of time repelling the ene y, at the point the bayonet, and f m . T m saving the garrison ro capture Major ri ble , conceiving ’ ' o of him himself injured in General Gaines rep rt the battle, of self addressed a letter to the secretary war, in which he “ ta m of 1 9th of f f0 11 ht m said, T his de ch ent the In antry, g ost ’ . h M Elv desperately . Lieutenants Charles L Cass , Jo n ain, in ac and ensign Cisna, every situation , showed the greatest W ' and . h m f tivity, zeal intrepid bravery ithout t e , the ort e m in would hav e been lost . T h ar y, that case would have T wo of been surrendered and pu t to the sword . these officers t nm and one m were no eve entio”ned, the third was only ention ed as being wounded . m of l m T m s Fro the date this etter, ajor ri ble, lieutenant ’ a a . 0 1185, John MElv in, and ensign Cisn were brevetted ' » 9 WAR wir n GREAT 1111 11 1 111 . 23 ms 1 General Gaines was hi elf severely wounded soon af ' w u i oversi ht 1n to the terwards, hich ca sed th s g his report se I of . m f u f r and cr etary war He did the ull j stice a terwa ds, their ' country fully appreciated their good conduct i n the battle . ’ M Elvain ow n a f and s s Colonel John , is n i priv te li e, re ide ' a fe t o m s L. i s ia a. C lu bus . Captain Charle Cass also priv te li , ’ t e Mu s and resides on his farm , not far above Zanesville, on h i ‘ kin gum rl vcr . u ffi s and r in all th l s on the O r. o cer soldiers we e e batt e , a r1ver i 1 814 and m i b a e Niag ra , n , every nstance, they eh v d “ ot fe w of em e i n or well . N a th , were kill d battle, returned ' om in O . v m h e badly wounded , and died hio T hey ha e ostly I ' w ‘ ' ' now descended do n to the grave . T hey bledf or theircoun ar e to o r m nd o . O w try , and entitled u estee a venerati n hio ill r m m cf i m asbe forever cherish the e e bran e o their feats n ar s, xam longing to our history T hese patriots live i n their e ple , cs a han to lead others to suc es hd victory . T heir deeds will be ’ ’ n in n on a 5 ded dow to posterity, the poet s so g, the histori n ’ ~ the n a . T r l and a page , and pai ter s c nvas imb e Cisn are long f r m since de ad . T he ormer was a United States senator, f o 1 i w e e O h he d . a t t hio, w en ied Captain Cisna d ed Pike on , h r his family now dwell . ' W tl1 We cannot dl sml ss our pictureof the late war in Ohio, 1 ' out saying a few words respecting ou r principal figure on the ’ “ v s we ask our r n m . can a . eader s attentio to _the W . s on GENERA L ILLIA M HENRY HARRI SON every . where appear ’ fi of his r T mm and ar-b the whole eld ope ations , he co issary s qu ’ " r s m v ma ter maste depart ents, the recruiting ser ice , all, all the r o ’ e i f m im. zeal u e e ch nery war, is oved by h His , r denc , sl p I p ‘ u n n e -o less activity, ntiri g energy and heroic dari g ov r ' u T o k came all diffic lties and surmounted all obstacles. loo th m nt of S e f e him back upon e a ou labor of all orts, p r orm d by ; of his if F w men a e i n that portion l e , astonishes us . e could h v on the o m d do carried corresp ndence , which he was co pelle to , me of e n in the sa period time . He wrote constantly to gov r ‘ ‘ 0 1 s of ffi e of m an the se e r of wa . states, o c rs the ar y , d cr ta y r v s all the wam of s s an al~ He tra er ed s ps the northwe t, con t tly, 240 m sr onr or 0 1110 . mos . of an t He visited the principal depots provisions, d of O . t troops, in hio He traveled between the dis ant points, f which he o ten visited, but when he went, he traveled night and . S m m i on f l his and day o eti es go ng oot, eading horse, m n fr m bo m wil ju pi g o g to bog , he ade his way through the de of w Wh on s me rness s amps . ile tire o , rapid , and long m r f a ches, with his troops , in the wilderness, his che‘ er ulness and buoyancy of spirits, cheered all hearts . A cheerful r e m f m o ark ro any soldier, in such cases, pr duced a hearty laugh f e m t . rom his general, who re choed the re ark, wi h applause i r mu d the f m March ng th ough the , soldiers o ten sung so e rude of own f s m m song their manu acture , the General o eti es joined in a o m the chorus , nddrove ff all the gloo which hovered around m . mm m the No co ander was ever ore beloved, or better obey T u W m ed . ho gh his orders ere given ore like requests, some m a s mm ti es , th n ab olute co ands , yet they were always obeyed s m his omm . in tantly and i plicitly, by all under c and His care of m m f a mi i his troops ore rese bled that o father, th n a l tary m i co mander . No father was ever kinder n his manner of con ve in of W ot y g his advice , his repr o s or applauses . e do n know ’ of in m even one soldier s being executed, his ar y . In the Coun t r d y whe e this was written, a private sol ier was arrested for f m w desertion, and ound at ho e , he re , hile the army was rchin f t ff g towards the rontier, and this was the hird o ense of m . . T h e a m e . the sa e kind det ch ent halt d, the soldier was . f o om f m brought orward t his c pany, and the general in or ed of m a c if u n all the circu st n es, and asked, the soldier should be p ished? T he m f m an general ca e near, looked care ully at the , I f him and said , no, he regrets what he”has done , will orgive , for v Joinin m he will ne er be guilty again . g his co pany, this r fi m soldier, Mo ris was nally killed, charging the ene y at Fort E 11 18 14 rie , 1 August . ’ a General Harrison s educ tion is good . He graduated at W am and 111 f illi Mary college , Virginia, a ter which he studi m i n i n i ed ed ci e, Ph ladelphia . T hese early advantages were not on him . f lost He is a beauti ul wr iter, and a most elo u o . His q ent orat r despatches, general orders and addresses H T O 242 IS RY or 0 1110 . ' atr iot w m m ar so d p ould ake illions , gener al H ri n has never lai - en one d . s s f r ln up , ev ollar He own the farm, which hi athe " ' law mm him t 18 judg e Sy es, gave at the Nor h Bend, but that cu all he ms . v 1s b n . is a cou His bene olence ounded o ly by h me ns ; and , ld v fi he ha e his wishes grati ed, every human being wou ld be vir n . tuo s, good . and perfectly happy " ' ‘ ' T he m a said' to hav ende O o on —the 5th war y be e d in hi , day of O r 18 1 3 f a m ctobe , , and all that was done a terw rds , was erely f n b l a McArthur guarding this ro tier , y genera Dunc n , who ' “ a ointed a in U was pp brigadier general , the regular nited States “ m £0 0k the mm . ar y, and co and here Gover nor Meigs , had m i W been appointed Post aster general, and settled n ashin gton n mm to city . Harriso resigned his co ission , and was elected the . McAr thur m congress , by Cincinnati district , ade an ex o d in mm m p editi n into Upper Cana a, the su er and autu n of 4 m m l desto ed m 1 81 , disar ed the i itia, and y so e public property . T he eaée of 8 15 and there p was declared in the spring 1 , , v n Oh . And ma all has been peace , e er si ce , in io so y it for m . T he imm i ff ever re ain , in peace and prosperity ed ate e ects of O mm e fe w this war, on hio, are su d up , in a sentences . “ T he r m . war b ought any people , into the state , who finally set , tl ed ou r um . T he r down in it, and thus added to n bers soldie s, ' who t tr averIsed and fi i the country, were nally d scharged , at “ in of 18 15 u in Chillicothe , the spring , contin ed the country . T he m m f m f m e bargo, and the war, drove any a ilies ro the At f m of m lantic rontier to Ohio . Large su s oney were disbursed and ll of e mm here , a sorts provisions and ven labor co anded . m ne m of an high prices Far ers e t red any tracts land , d paid fi m on m . T he n o w the rst pay ent, the co clusion f the Indian ar, ’ in 1 795 f m m of W , le t a ong us, the re ains ayne 3 army ; so the war of 1 8 12 d n m , adde to our u bers in the same manner . ’ Th who fine a r ose traversed so count y, saw it, were pleased “ w in . ith it , and tarried it But, as the last war, brought more men and m m r ore oney to suppo t the war, into the country, ' the fi war id the a e efiected m re for this than rst d , so l st ev nt, o , ' ' 1 WAR WrrH 911 11111 3 1117 1 111. 243 s a : f m on e . t e co cu of tate th n the or er , had done At h n l sion ’ W w ve n t ayne s war, e had scarcely fi thousa d inhabi ants, per “ not e h n m . the f t wa f haps , ev n t at u ber At conclusion o he r o 18 12 m e . , our nu b rs were probably three hundred thousand ’ T he la nce f r sw r not s popu tioni r ased, a te thi a , rapidly, yet tea d for u s to ily, two or three years, ntil , by a uccession of un W m s or al . ard events , the state beca e tationary, f sever years But we will reserve our remarks on that portionof our civil l for a . history, separate artic e As afi air war a national f , the , which we have been consider i n far as O n n i co g, so hio was concerned i carryi g t on, was n d as as ecu ld er » ucted well have b een expected. H citizens ‘ had no m e on the o sailors i press d high seas , n r any ships or d b E nd e e m goo s seized there, y ngla , yet our peopl nev r mur ur d h was an aster n war and be o e t at it e , ought; to b rne by Our n eastern men . citizens eve r objected to crossing an im m inar l an f e n t e ag y ine , under y poor, rivolous xcuse, but o h c m n d no t e ontrary, they co plai e that they were t led into h ’ m i a tl and heart of the ene y s country nst n y, . allowed to end he on f at and e . Our c t war this rontier, once for ver itizen so d s i n l e a s of f . l ier , pat e t y und rwent all the h rdship war are , m n an t rf u without a co plai t, d hey chee lly obeyed their offi cers, s T e r wh o were elected by them elves . h officers t eated them b and f d u e as their neigh ors rien s , even standing g ard whil W . mm of as the ir . soldiers slept estern e bers congress served ' cA th r an th in w m . M r e privates estern ca paigns u , Cass , d all o c so s f if had e at s. ffi ers t od as sentinel , o ten, as they be n priv e De e r and not n was i h s rtions wee rare , a volu teer punished w t e for an cm nor e T r was 110 " d ath, y ri e, ver. deserved it . he e r t o e the in n O r d a So pa y ppos d to war, Ke tucky, hio, o In ian . s s are ow as and far as these tate concerned, n , they are true W s o a . 1 d . e faithful citizen to the nati n . s ca1 be esired e hav ‘ ‘ s e f t i own e tire r and a t tat d ac s with n our u ecoll ection; , cnno ‘ “ ’ . n a t al tr th s we a m t i of be . . a wrong Ii p r i u i all , i a our relation 1 ctl War of . 1 812 t e 1 ndi e By the , he nation might hav been r y m t'e benefited by gaining some little notice abroad. It ight ha 9 44 HI ST ORY or 0 111 0 . f e r oused up the nation from a sort of torpor o th body politic, m m we f for but i press ent was left where ound it, unprovided by treaty stipulations . It is quite possible the governments of both countries got cof m . On of heartily si k , the war, and so ade peace the part an d m u Great Britain , it was certainly a poor, very s all b si and if e ness, continued, would have issued ventually g reatly ca to her injury . England n never have any interest in quar ' e reling with us whose trade is all she ne ds , and which war an if in interrupts d persisted , and continued very long , would Wa E finally destroy . r long continued with ngland would m m f of . ake us a anu acturing nation , and independent England We r m have no inte est in quarrelling with our old step other, whose language we speak, and whose i nstitutions we have a copied , nd bid fair to extend and perpetuate over all North America. T o m is d all hu an appearance , this nation eventually estin ' m f e or ed to be the ost power ul one that now is, ev r was , ever on . of will be the globe At our present rate national increase , m in nu bers, wealth and power, in one century to come , this nation will consist of more than one hundred m illions of peo ple , who will occupy the surface of all North Am erica ; whose mm b l f co erce will encircle the glo e , and whose power wi l be elt on m o . every sea, and every country f the whole earth May ' her m and be x ercy benevolence coe tensive with .her power ; n u and protecting the weak, warring only on the u j st, , enlight f ning the ignorant . May she carry all the use ul arts to every of m of portion ankind, and spread the benign principles the l in a . T ma if m gospe all l nds hus our nation y, she will, beco e, n a blessi g to all mankind . 246 m sr oar or 0 1110 . e f m payment, or ceased to do business . T h ar er was discour a m a m n for ged fro r ising mucli ore , tha what he really needed his ow n imm f : ediate use ; the trader eared to take bank paper, m o . f and that ight be f no value , be ore he could use it ; his old ‘ customers could no longer purchase any goods except m ere o in m necessaries f life The people living the towns , beca e and of . m m idle, lazy, course, dissipated A idst this gloo , the national government brought suits in court on all the bonds du for on d a c ac e to them, the internal duties istilleries, , , and against the collectors of the revenue . United States “ to o e - d w l ands had been sold settlers n credit , an these ere - forfeited for non payment . f a d m “ fo Universal ruin stared all in the ace , n it see ed r . ‘ ' o t ad i to a . f r e r awhile , as if the people the we st would og e n s o tate f harbar ism. a Congress had chartered , national bank , but although this o or m m h measure perated f a o ent, auspiciously by t rowing in m to circ ulation a sound currency, yet inas uch as the b a lance of w st . w trade was greatly against the e , e received no lasting benefit from it ; - o s f T f u r t . f o hree h o the state , all south the summit which of th f m o of separates the waters e Mississippi ro th se the St . L O s fo . awrence , carried their, produce to New rlean r sale T r n o s i ~ his trade was very little bette than trade, only a t ten ' men ou t f ded to keep e absolute idleness . T he arks , or as t O ” tw hey were called New rleans boats, cost about o hun d and s red dollars each, where they were built, a they were of a e an not little v lue at New Orl ans , d could be used by their t n for e cof . ow ers, only descending the river, h entire ost the T e o i boats was lost . h hands empl yed n this long, tedious and x a e pensive voyage, provided they escped death by the yellow fe e cm o s m ob e t r om ver, or by o e r b r, wer o pelled retu n h e by , land through the Indian country “ In the interior where these b e O « boats were uilt along th hio, and its branches, after build i oa and o r ‘ ork ng the b ts loadi ng them with fl u , p , lard whisky, c e w . f m f e ider, appl s , tb ls, &c, the reshet ust come be ore th y ‘ n s . a could depart o their perilou ivoyage . And it might h p J 111 0 0 1111 T imes. 247 f pomand often did happen, that all the streams in the state of O io W e u at a the s me m . T he fl ame an h er p, ne rly a ti e ood c , d w it a ed an amou of o c t mar ith dep rt such nt pr du e , that he ket T e has was glutted . he b st flour been sold for three dol lars a ' f a barr l ‘ hairél and or four or five o ars. e in Ne 0 1 , pork d ll , w leans, which ainounted toa total loss of the cargo Or the “ boat un on and not m we and s k its voyage , erely re the boat o a o who car os ut e r m n on s . It g l t, b ve y board it peri hed th se ef o er for a 111 New O ea o n alL l t their pr p ty s le rl ns , l st o ly they ’ - t us tore in a s w re o and Wei e ri t a e on h s d the gent a h use , o c ll d ' ‘ for onsi rab am as di eren ce of v e ee a c de le ount , the fi alu betw n the eXpemseS'of selling and what the sale produced to the own or he Was r f r ate 111 t me . Or if d n t uly o tun , hose ti s a na , who ’ had p urcliaSed and paid for twenty thousand dollars Worth of l resses 1 1 h o and uc e in m w was n , p 1 Oi , had s ce ded aking hat the cons er a ood a of his r in Ne Or s—We id ed g s le prope ty, w lean sa f such a an u ve e t n i k 11 1 1111 imi y i , m sho ld ha b en ake s c , w e e he iod ed la he as u e be if ut at one of h r g , ( nd W s r to , he p up t em and s o die r amo tr e s wi hi s twenrt h ) h uld the e, ngs ang r , th y five theirsand o ars a ou e SOn not o Was e e d ll , b t his p r , a d llar v r ' his f m b u t i n ea of s vea hu m returned to a ily, its st d a bill e r l ” re o a sfor f nera ex s wa fo wa his i d d d ll r u l pen es, s r rded to w dow, aren ts re ve or f e n Who ene a l a d the s all p , lati s ri ds, g r l y p i ho t a um ou s of or f l out i he M nded. N er s ca es this s t, e l with n ou t entire recallection of them, and all their attendant cir ‘ lt u h t xes wer lev e on leads for the u of the A hog a e i d , s pport And the state government yet they Wei e but poorly paid . s ws 11111 1 1111 were so oose car le m e b col a , 3; l ly, e ssly ad , y the ' ' leétors at a tax title to land was o d for not in . T he , th g o h g l a 1 so e maro ci them as h d, the poorer he Would be, 1n the m proportion At an as date i of the s a ov inent all the 111 11111 1112 ? t te g em , the state, which 111111 - m eams and rich tairlo, 11111 vane . Botto w e sangthe str , s 248 HIST ORY or 0 111 0 . l a d fir and n s , were st rate, paid the highest tax . T hese lands m r f m m i sumstan ight be worth ve y little ro any cr ces, such as be ov erflowed f mi their liabilityto by reshets, and they ght be m f &c. distant ro any town, , so that even third rate l ands m far mor fi ight be by , e valuable than the rst rate lands . For m a l ere cultiv tion, the second rate ands, lying generally on was m n m what deno inated seco d botto s, were better adapted c of fi s . to produ e grain, than those the rst cla s Besides , the county oflicer s did pretty much as they pleased in their r e and fi mi turns, rst rate lands in one county ght be e stim ated as r a second, or even thi d rate lands , in a county djoining. T his m of syste taxation was very erroneous, and unequal in its op e ration o , doing great injustice , and productive f discontent among the land owners . m of f m It is easily seen that a syste taxation so loosely ra ed , so l f and unjustly too, cou d not be very well en orced . T he money raised by it so far as the m embers of the general assem e of tax bly wer to be paid out it , was grudged by the payers . f w of of m Not a e these givers law, were extre ely illiterate ; m m of m l so uch so, that so e the cou d neither write nor read their own nam es . T he poorer sort of people were mere squatters on the pub e s of lic lands, r tenant on the lands the more wealthy land . T m en owners hese were all voters , and the y not u nfr e ai quently obtained seats in the legislature . T hey p d no tax W ms . es the elves , but they levied heavy burdens on others e need not wonder that taxes so levie d and in part (and no m h for a . s all part eit er) such a purpose, were b dly paid m e e f m Fro thes causes , and those caus s hereto ore enu erated , the state treas u ry at length became totally exhausted . All . of cers and h the salaries the state ofii , were in arrear, all t ese ffi m of s m o cers , and even the embers the general a se bly were v n paid in audited bills on the treasury. Go er or Brown, though f f x ad a f bor aith ully e erting every power he h , actu lly ailed to w of ro twenty thousand dollars on the credit the now great, es was populous and wealthy state of Ohio . Y , reader, such t w r e i c. er u s l he fact, only a very fe sho t y ars s n e Sev al n ki l 250 HIST ORY OF OHIO. for f m e s n s actual experience , so per ected the selv s , in their bu i es that the public attention had been - turned towards steam boat navig ati on . e ra m a o in A new , y be said to have c mme nced , which , its fi ff o of bene cial e ects, has pr duced a great deal real good, to ' o . T n o w u u n r m all the western pe ple here are , fo r h d e d stea ers navigating our western rivers ! ! ' ' T he of m boat was O ERT T O a inventor the stea , R B FUL N, o . or inall native f Pennsylvania By occupation , he was g y , a portrait painter . He inherited nothing from his parents except f m n his genius , but , he was so ortunate , as to arry into a disti i u shed f m of Ne w . T f m g a ily, in the state York hat a ily , was not only wealthy, but talented and influential ; it was the LI V I NGST ON f m . of m a ily Although , the power and uses stea , o r E al had long been kn wn , to a great deg ee , in urope { and o o W w f th ugh , B lton , att and Ark right had success ully applied a m a f u l R r it , to a gre t ny use l purposes , yet , unti obe t Fulton , ow f u brought this p er into use l operation , in propelling vessels , ff n . nothing practical was e ected by it, in navigatio Fulton f expended a ortune , on his invention, and died not worth a dol d him f m of . s lar , leaving behin , a a ily orphans He even lo t f n m v of war con his li e , in tryi g an experi ent , on a essel , which m him . gress had e ployed to construct His fate , an d his ser ’ m E vices as well as Clinton s , under any odern uropean gov e rn m en t cm e 4 , would have entitled their heirs to a o pet ncy , dur of f ing their lives , in consideration of the services their athers, t i fi to the coun ry , which had been so s gnally bene ted by their ’ ’ W has fo labors . hat the republic done r Fulton s and Clinton s ? . heirs Nothing , absolutely nothing T o o the western states , wh se lakes and rivers , are unrival , fo f s ed , in the whole world , r their length, size , and use ulnes , ' aided by this invention ; the steam boat is an inestimable bless m m m a now ing . It di inishes space and ti e . And a voyage y m f m O . be ade , in two weeks , ro New rleans , to Cincinnati or St f t e in ve n Louis , which would be ore h steamer was use, ha take m f t m a ns thr ee onths to per orm . And four hundred ons y be tra ’ or e in one e se now w o s Was all at a p t d v s l, , hereas thirty t n , th b ’ ' FULT ON s srE AMER. 25 1 - “ c fi n e a ear r u wards in us and on e k el bo t, could y p , , its long, tedio dangerous voyage s f h t . i m T e va t advan ages , to be der ved ro the use of the w u f l m are not f d. e ms ne stea er, yet ully n o de It s e desig d to penc “ e all the of the W o trat , gre at rivers, orld ; those f both contin f r n as ents ; to penetrate A ica, to its ce tre , well as Asia and h Am i . m fitted for Sout er ca It see s peculiarly ( all the islands of fi an dfi e on e in o b r of a m u the Paci c , nally, to b n m é , the v st a o nt of m a ne u s1 n ‘ to m C mm e ns, w g, pro ote o ercial intercourse t m dfar and efu be ween all ankind , to sprea wide , all the us l arts of f of of o of n i and li e , science , civilizati n , bur nity ; all the lights of o rel i i on . W w E our h ly g f hile we sit riting here , ngland is ' ' ma o 1 n t f m king eff rts to bring o success ul operation , the stea er, ’ ' d on Re . T h the Eu phrates and the sea e Niger , the Nile , the ' ‘ s the Bu i 1 am ooter the A m the Gange , the Indus , p , azon, La at t T ocantiu s m O o P l e, he , the Magdalena, the Colu bia and rin ‘ k o ma be m the Mis issi , y yet navigated , as uch , as now are s p w . a th o a m O pi , the St L wrence , e Huds n , Del are , Poto ac , hio a u . T m 15 i t e nd Misso ri hat ti e rapidly approaching, ndeed h ’ m W on e in harbm i stea er ill day, be seen, every , vis t every d a and u of h . islan , co st co ntry the w ole earth Give the war a . d o m l of rior, who desol tes whole countries , and estr ys i lions ll m en b d f m i f m his fe ow , his loo y a e , but g ve us a a e as pure , ’ as e O ERT Fu LT ON s an d and well deserv d as R B , we would ask m f m of no m ore . Unstained with blood , vice or cri e, the a e ' ' 1 2 » on sh1n 1n br i htei s f . Fult , g brighter and g , hall live orever d w new m ss During all that perio , hose departed , gloo y gho t e i n n f the a not we hav made walk, sad proce ssio , be ore re der, a w of us in t e c o friehd DEWI 'I‘T fe , this s at , orresp nded with our old l m on f . f c C rr o New York All _our dificulties were orrect y stat l ' o h On ' is a t s a fah w t i . he ed m ; h p r , counselled u as t er ould have ‘ ad his l . As fu he s to vised chi dren to nds, sugge ted us,that our and s s m h be and school lands salt re ervation , ig t sold they would He produce funds enough with which to begin our canals . u s “ t f om e Suggested to , tha r our peculiar location , as a stat , ’ O oi i ht b me of an d e m of hi ng y ans roads canals , b co e the centre c s travel to andfrom the Valley o f the Missi ssippi. That anal 252 HIST ORY or 10 1110 . a r and roads, passing through our co l aud i on regions, would 1 m m . T r ender those ines very valuable , then al ost useless hat ou m s of r rich soil and its productions, would , by ean these m i mprove ents , render us wealthy, enterprising and prosper ' ” ‘ u s . ou r admission o Having originally advocated, into the “ m f e Union ; having been our war riend, always , ev n ln our him im fi . darkest days, gave peculiar cla s to our con dence He in of stood before the nation , as the pr cipal supporter Internal m m . r es I prove ents He was thei earliest advocate , whose succ s f u l him . career, drew all eyes towards m m of m en nv i Assailed at ho e , by a co bination little , who e e d m f i n his greatness , he nevertheless, oved orward his course , w t u ith giant strides , conquering all opposi ion ntil he had uni ; the . T h ted the western lakes , with Atlantic ocean e people f O s aw e a mi s of o hio , with wond r and d ration , the progre s t what, was truly considered, at tha day, a stupendous work . , ” he m .of T co pletion, the Clinton canal , (as all , but New f it b Yorkers , will orever call ,) dispelled all doubts , a out the of E O practicability connecting Lake rie with the hio . river . - T e . n ff T wa s h great question was solved I e ect, I DONE . f m O f Be ore this ti e , hio always pro essed to believe , in the W prac ticability of the New York canal . hen Clinton and his of 18 12 early as sociates , in the winter , perhaps , applied to t e for m ak th O h states, aid in ing e great New York canal, hio, the “ c even m, answered , that she believed in the pra ticability ' of m e w . aking such a canal , and that N York, and her Clinton ff i O n o m could e ect t; but , that hio, had oney to spare , yet sh f of e would cheer ully do all she could in aid that project , e . T o a li r h r, in cong ess , by votes and influence all the pp of k to t a s and cations New Yor , congress ; o the sever l tates, i one f ansvver territories , on th s subject , only , truly riendly was d m returne to the ; and, with pride and pleasure we record it ; t w as N SS Y or 1 0 hat ans er w given by the GE ERAL A EMBL 0 11 . f t nor his Governor Clinton , never orgot hat answer, did t f iend i n Ne k r . m t ma. e in r s w, Yor fo g et it Fro tha ti t this , Cl ’ to fr eii i n r m w n s i ds, cong e ss, fro Ne York , have, generally, be f i l to w his e of that state ave en r endy hereas, en mies , h , ' 2 54 m sr onr . OF OHIO. a ' a few During these seventeen ye rs, there were , persons, in a of a e who ~ different p rts the st t , opposed this course of legisla “ An d i tothe a e E a m C here we ntroduce re d r, phr i utler, of ‘ Was ea a a w as o f m hington county, n r M riett , who one f the ra ers of a . had m our st te constitution He succeeded in his otion , so to m a af of a m as m a end the origin l dr t th t instru ent, to ake it the ‘ m a du t of a a m r “ i per tive y the gener l sse bly, to suppo t religion, ‘ as al a morality and knowledge , essenti ly necess ry to good gov ” “ An a a ernment . d the constitution goes on to decl re th t schools d m a of a f a an the e ns ins”truction , sh ll ore v er be encour ged by a . T m a n a ea legisl tive provision his provision , re i ed d d letter m 1819 C u a until, in Dece ber , Judge tler, its uthor, being then a m m of a a s m a o e ber, the gener l s e bly , introduced resolution f r a and w as a a m a of a mm t th t purpose, ppointed ch ir n co it ee, on a of a schools . He introduced bill , into the house represent tives fo an d mm . T , r regulating supporting co on schools hi s af r am m a bill , ter being m uch inju ed , by end ents , p ssed the low a of a w as not a er br nch the legisl ture , but , either p ssed in the a m fi as u . T a of sen te , or so odi ed , to render it seless his st te ‘ m e 1 821 of things continued , until , in Dece b r , the house rept e Ca sentatives a five of m m : . A a , ppointed its e bers , to wit leb tw T a am S and a ter, Lloyd lbot, J es hields, Roswell Mills Josi h a a mm and o a . T a co B rber, co ittee , on schools sch ol l nds o th t m mittee w as f a a m of f m occu , re erred gre t nu ber petitions ro the a of o a a m a of a . T i p nts sch ol l nds , in l ost every p rt the st te h s mm all m m co ittee devoted nearly its ti e , to the subjects sub it a All a of a u a ted to its ch rge . the cts the legisl t re , rel tive to m and mm the school l and were c arefully exa ined , this co ittee am a m as a c e to the conclusion , that, in s uch the legisl ture were a n for the the mere trustee of the fund set ap rt by co gress , sup ' of common a few of e a a port schools , not th se cts were void , bec use the .w r of s y e e destructive to the interests the people , who e T h t u str a . e r ee children were to be educated by this gr nt , the mm ma a f as co ittee believed , had the power to so n ge this und to i a a had s ncre se its v lue ; but, the trustee no power to de troy the fu . T he .comm1tte aw all ffi nd e, s the di culties which surround “ cdt he object of their charge ; as well as the delicacy of their ' SCHOOL LANDS. 5 ' ' io m m own sitna t n, sitting as e bers with those who had pos c a s n of m e es of . T se sio or or l s the s hool l nds hey weighed , in m al l a nd fi a a an their inds , these things , n lly, dopted a plan , d ‘ o a a e mfea w i a the nly one, which ppe r d to the sible, h ch w s, to r mm a of a u a eco end the doption joint resol tion , uthorizing the a n mm e of governor, to ppoint seve co ission rs school s and school an h be e m of aw fo l ds , w ose duty it should , to devis a syste l , r the and a of mm . T a ma support regul tion co on schools heir ch ir n, who Imm a af de ‘ writes these lines , edi tely ter this cision , drew up , and the of a t f presented to house represent tives, he ollowing 1 11111 0 11 1 . T he committee to whom was referred so much of the Gov ’ ' d cu m a as a . an o a r or s ess ge, rel tes to schools sch ol l nds, have had h s a and be a t ose ubj ects under their consider tion , now g le ve to Report, “ . T a i n the i i of the mm ua of o h t op n on co ittee , the ed c tion ur. yo fir a and i u of a uth, is the st c re h ghest d ty every p rent , ' ' i a a a an d m . e a i h p tr ot st tes n It is duc t on , which polis es the m an 1n v i rates m . and m ea . If ners , go the ind i proves the h rt ’ it has a d m n been encour ged even by espotic govern e ts , how inuch stronger are the motives held out to induce the republi can statesm an to promote this obj ect of primary importa nce ? f t e at a tr as S al . of a u m e u h l Louis XVIII Fr nce , s pport ro h n ion l a a of c a nd a n r f i n yp le rned pro essors, every br nch s ience le r in i all th a i n m an d w g , n e celebr ted schools his kingdo ; ill the e l a of rl si n and s a a ne l gis ture this young, g re pect ble st te, glect ' to provide for the education of her youth ? T he committee pre m o su e n t . i be e t a ma of t It w ll r collec ed by the house , th t ny the bes s a a a i and a m m chol rs , p triots , w rr ors , philosophers st tes en, who — this na tion has prod uced men who have shone as lights in the world; who have been blessings to their own country and; ' thewor ld at large ; who have been applauded by the Whole ci i l for lea h i a i ts v ized world their rn ing, t eir gen us, their p tr o ismand ther virtu s i and r a fe w e man o i e in publ c p iv te li , er y f: ’ 258 m sr onv or 0 11 10 . m w e u and as r and the , h n yo ng, poor destitute to p operty, yet through their own exertions , under the geni al influence of the a n of a e a republic n institutio s our elder sister st t s , we re en bled ‘ to a e m f m ms a t r is the selves ro the lowest circu t nces , to he of fa s heights meand usefulne s . T he name of the il lustriou s FRANK LIN will occur to every. ' mi . Ar a W nd e there no Fr nklins, no Monroes , no irts in the l o ca of O os e v a of o g bins hio, who p sess not en cent pr perty , a k of the m of a mm a who h ve no nowledge rudi ents co on educ tion , ' ’ ‘ a nd ar of a fathe e an d e deprived r s advic protection , and even ? without the benefit of a mothers prayers Is it not the duty of the a to la i n a o a f a o legisl ture , y, se s n , ound ti n on which to build up the c ause of educ ation ? Ought not a system of edu a f i a c tion to be ounded , wh ch should embr ce with equ al affec ' ' of an d the r ich ? tion , the children the poor ” It has a a a a is a a been s id th t little le rning d ngerous thing . T i m a m a a m t h s y be true in on rchic l govern ents , where he ex m of a an d and a tre es we lth poverty, power we kness exist, but can i n a W a never be true, republic like ours. here univers l ff a of a to su r ge is the birth right every citizen , le rning enough en able the elector to become acquainted with his own rights ’ an d a fo him . a m his ruler s duty, is necess r y r to possess In or a l of V a a point iew, le rning enough to en ble every ration al be f a his m f an ing to ully underst nd duty to hi sel , his neighbor d C a a a W a his re tor, is bsolutely necess ry . ithout educ tion and m a can a fo an of m or lity, republic exist r y length ti e ? T he m m e m co ittee pr su e not . ” A a h a a “ k gre t p ilosopher has s id th t nowledge is power . a a f m a a ci It is th t power, which tr ns or s the s v ge into the vili m an him a a mf a a a zed , surrounds with thous nd co orts, un tt in ble, . an m d m a d through y other e iu , n exhibits man as he ought to a t a of r a a nd ma o s be, the he d this lowe cre tion , the i ge f hi Ma a a . n a na ker It is cqu i t nce with letters, which enables man ' a r and become acu ain is to hold co respondence , q ted with h f man a ellow , however dist nt they m ay be from each other. T h m m all a wa a s hrough t is ediu , the ide s of the rrior, the st te man the oe th e oso h , p t, phil p er and the patriot are conveyed 25 8 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . a a f o - a a a st nces seem to . h ve org tten th t these l nds were gr nted ‘ he stat for a fa ae n r s for the to t e ( ir equiv l nt by co g es .) support of a and for f of a i . educ tion , the bene it the rising gener t on m all mm a a a Fro the co ittee h ve been ble to le rn , it would seem that m or e . m oney had been expended by the state in leg . la i a a a is t ng concerning these l nds , th n they h ve yet or ever wil l m m Of m a a produce , unless so e other ethod n ging them be de T vised than any hitherto pursued . he committee referthe “ é a c h a a and hou e to cts oncerning t ese l nds on the st tute book , — fa a in m a ar e to the ct, th t nu erous inst nces , the lessees destroy . a a m i T h om i ng all the v lu ble ti ber grow ng on thesel ands . e c mitt a re m f a a ee i pressed with the belie , th t unless these l nds are an d i in soon sold , the proceeds thence to be der ved , in c of S a Or m vested the sto k the United t tes , in so e other a an and m e W t il perm nent d productive stock , no good uch vil , a accrue to the state from the gr nt of these lands by congress . S a a af for h ll we proceed on , l egisl ting, session ter session , the fi of of a at of sole bene t lessees school l nds , the expense the ' st ate ? Or shall we apply to the general government for au thor ity to sell out these lands as fast a s the leases expire or a re forfeited by the lessees ? Or shall w e entirely surrender a a a a fu these l nds to present occup nts , with view to void in ture the perpetua l importunity of these troublesom e petition “ ers ? T he committee ar e of the Opinion that inorder to col lect information on the subjects committed to their considera mm a tion , co issioners ought to be ppointed to report to the next a a m a a and a mm gener l sse bly , bill to est blish regul te co on a m a f ma as schools , cco p nied by such in or tion on the subject, ' ma a . they y be ble to collect j Should the general assembly authorize the the Govern or to a mm a ppoint such co issioners , judicious selection would doubt be ma a a of less de, with reference to the loc l interests the a as as of a am . st te , well to the c a use le rning ong us S m a uch co missioners ought to take into their consider tion, the propriety or impropriety of obtaining leave of the gener m t of a a di ition of the chool al govern en , m king such spos s SCHOOL REPORT . 9 5 l ' ‘ la Of a b sa o e as ma t om nds the st te, y le or therwis , y bes c port ‘ o a with the original intention f the gr ntors . 15 our w 1sh to in to . a the a ni It sincere excite I ctivity, le r ng, th a s and a mof a e t lent p triotis the state , so th t the attention of ’ our constituents may be immediately tu 1 11 ed towards the sub e ts mm j cco itted to us. ' T he following resolutionis respectfully submitted to the o d a of 1 s o c nsi er tion the house . s d a a m o a of O ‘ Re olve , by the gener l sse bly f the st te hio, Tha t the Governor be authorized to appointseven comm1ss1on rs it a c a e d whose duty sh ll be to colle t , digest n repor t to the n ra as m a “ su n of d a o next ge e l se bly, e uc tion f r common . s an a a a chools , d lso, to t ke into consider tion, the state of the f a a for of mm o und set p rt by congress the support co on scho l , i s a nd to . report thereon to the next general assembl y ' ’ R and bel n a at s T his eport this resolution g re d , the clerk ' a e d ed be n and the 30 th da of t ble , wer or er to pri ted , on y a ar 1 822 a o a e J nu y , they p ssed the house , with ut diss nting ' o T he o u for the a m Of mm e v te j int resol tion , ppoint ent co is sioners a the a a a , p ssed sen te, J nu ry sitiou . ' ‘ " . In the m n of Ma f0110 wi1i A < T rimble Es u o th y, g, llen , I q ire, ' ' the then governor of the seven comm uss1on ers b A wa o an d a t . Ca . f schools school l nds , o wit le t ter, the Rev u D. N. f t v H e D. e C Re . am o John ollins , J es g , , G il ord , h Honor ’ a E hr airn C o a a a a d am ble p utler, H nor ble Josi h B rber, n J es M. E u wh ‘ erson s w a B r . T he a o e e ell , sq i e re s n y s ven I p re ppoint ' was a e h diflerrent rt of ed , bec us t ere were seven so s school la in a v 1z : ct m e e t 2 nds the st te , se ion nu ber sixt en in ev r”y own ship of congress lands ; the Virginia military lands ; Un ited ’ ‘ S a m a a Sl mihes ca 111 Miaini t tes ilit ry l nds ; y pur h se , the I coun " th O o m an a the Ohm r 1 ver the try ; e hi co p y s pu rch se , on ; fu lan n f m s to Za and re gee ds , exte ding rom Colu bu nesville ; , W the Connecticut estern Reserve land. i ' Caleb Atwater w as ap ointed for Meongr ess lands ; John Col- p ' ’ li s for theV a m a a am for r efii-r n , irgini ilit ry l nds ; J es Hoge , the e m ar a s . or Un S a gee l nd ; James M Bell, f the ited t t s ilit y ‘ rn sr on r OF i a m ( C for O com a s a d istrict ; Ephr i utler the hio p ny l nds , N. ’ f for S m a and a a for C Guil ord ym es p urch se, Josi h B rber onnec ut e r t ic Western R se ve school lands, mm a of All s a . i t i , the p erson ppointed co ssioners, ccep ed the r ’ oflices as a a by f i v T i l es. , it ppe rs, re err ng to g o ernor r mb e s m s a u e m 1 822 . of age to the legisl t re , in D ce ber Five these mm . C a A a C i a co issioners, to wit leb tw ter, John oll ns , J mes E a m C and J a ar th e Hoge , phr i utler osi h B ber, entered on a m an d a m at C m duties of their ppoint ent, sse bled olu bus , the m 1 822 . a seat of govern ent , in June T hey org nized their a a Ca A a a ma an d a bo rd, ppointed leb tw ter their ch ir n , , in s f d an d am . a a m as N. _ uch, Guil or , J es M Bell , did not ppe r, nor act fi ve and a f ma a oin , the , who were present cting , in or lly pp Ca A a f m the a i . ted leb tw ter , to per or duty, ss gned to N Guil f and am was a a of ord , J es Hoge, ppointed to supply the pl ce James M . Bell . T i a o a a ma ad h s bo rd , thus rg nized , ordered their ch ir n, to ca all such as had a e s a dress, cir ul r l tter, to person the ch rge ‘ of a d in - a c 1n for m at o the school l n s , the st te, soli iting i n, as to -thos l a a w as h a a a e nds ; wh t t eir v lue , how they were m n ged, and m and fi a all i f m atio how , by who occupied , n lly, the n or n, s a mm nece s ry to be possessed , by the co issioners, Eac m a t m h com issioner, greed to exer hi self l n obtaining all t he f m a l n l a in or tion, his power, re ting to these After nu act i of a the a a r m ive sess on seven d ys , bo rd djou ned , to eet a a A g in in u gust then next. ' Fiv e hundred letters were addressed topersons in various ' a of he a and f a a e sta w p rts t st te , e ring th t unl ss the po ge er e a e e e p id , th s l tters would not be attended to by those to whom th ad a h f m ai t a ey were dressed, the ut or o the p d he post ge . His m w a m w ti e as devoted l ost holly to this business , until 111 A s f l n the oard met a a at C m ugu t o lowi g , b in olu bus . At this; g V meeting which la sted to prepare three p am sh w n the e ctuél q endition ti sec a o i g , th l c e. eads; pnh 262 HIST ORY or oriro. and fo the week after week, prepared r the press and printed , ‘ m f the of a hd a three pa phlets a oresaid, at expense printing p i e r for b chairm an f m p , paid y the , and never ully re unerated to s ! f of this day, by the tate Fi teen hundred copies each , or ve f f m four thousand fi hundred copies , a ter an absence ro - m ss - of home on that bu s e , eighty two days were printed , T an d done u p in handsome covers . hey were circulated i mm m over the whole state in the spr ng, su er and autu n of 1 823 . ' s mblin of m o On the a se g the legislature in Dece ber, as s on as that body were properly organized the report of the com missioners was presented to the general asembly which they thankin for accepted, g , but not paying any thing their labors and T ha m o ~ expenditures . his session d a ajority in both houses , p m of posed to the school syste and the sale the school lands , and m . all that was done by the , was to quarrel about these subjects u m T hey finally broke p in a row and went ho e . During the mm m of next su er and autu n, the contest about the sale the m school lands , the school syste , the canal , and an equitable . of a m m the f s of mode taxation , was w r and ani ated , but riend ‘ s m easu res m all the e , triu phed over all opposition , at the polls f in the October election o 1 824 . Large m ajorities were elec f ted in both houses, riendly to these highly beneficial meas T m a t e e a m ures . hese easures were c rried through h g neral sse l e Was ff b y, and the greatest r volution , politically, e ected that - s our history off er to the reader . T hat legislature was the ablest in point of talents and moral worth that we ever had in the state . ’ T hey gave us a system of education for common schools ; changed the mode of tax ation ; created a board of fund com missioners who were authorize d to issue stock and borrow mo ney on it , wherewith to make our canals . T hey passed many t m f f o her wise , orally health ul and use ul acts . T hese measures ' ' ' efi ecte d m ore for us than all others, ever originating with the e people , and carried out into xecution by the legislature . Our om e d estic policy thus stablished, has never varied since W OR N OF OUR CA NA LS. 263 IGI , that time; and this n ew state has as fixed a policy as any oth “ er state hi the Union . T ORY M LE DI NG T O T HE 0 11 ALs DE PREPARA EASURES A 1 0 CAN , JU 4 m 1825 . CO ME CE E T on T HE CA S AND GUN LY , M N M N NAL , ’ ' ’ GOVERNOR CLI NT oN s v rsir T O on ro . ’ ‘ But we are anticipating a great era 111 our civil history . As t e ff ts a m b . we have s at d already, great e or h d been ade y to our writers to produce a tal change 1 11 our civil policy . Not ' s s s for les than eventy writer our newspapers , had urged the e on“ e l of v o em of nec ssity the p op e, ha ing a g od syst education ’ introduced into our common schools; of changing the mode of x an. u l an d one of ta ation, into eq itab e , honest just ; opening and rendering ; permanent a . n avigable water communication a th between lake Erie nd e Ohio river . T here was a pe rfect , coincidence of views between thefriends of these three great T he of u o ni n o m0ve in th measures . tide p blic pi on bega t e direction favorable to all these improvements . T here had bee n an act of the ge neral assemblyalready ' s r m re ef r u a passed ome two yea s or o , b o e this , t ne , rel ting to j the s u bje ct of a canal Private individuals had en deavored to : ‘ for a om n tom get a charter c pa y ake such a canal , but all c 18211 M C JA T W M o ’ f . InO I H ILLI f C had ailed tober, , A A S 1n n had n r e- b of cia ati , bee elected y the people the county of ’ f ou s of e n i Hamilton,to a seat in the h e r epr Se tat ves. Imme diate ly at the commencement of the session o f the le g1slatur e 3 ' m W i u t m o in M1 . b he f m Dece ber, ill ams , egan to so nd inds em ‘ on the ecof an m bers subj t a canal . At early day, Dece ber ’ 6t 1821 l fo h , he laid a resolution on the c erk s table r appoint in omm t of fiv e m m t e SO g a c it ee e bers to take in o consid ration _ ’ much of the governor s message as related to the subject of o s W . T he an e . ams canals res lution passed , d M s rs illi , Howe , W W “ T ma o . and h ho s orthingt n , H Moore Jo n Shelby, were on th cmm appointed e o ittee . “ W fifteen m s ft ton ithin inute a er the passage of this resol u i , ' 264 m sr oar , or 0 11 10 . ' . m mb f m a don th Mr Atwater, a e er ro Pick way county, lai e ta ‘ ' ble a resolution for appointing a cornmittee of five members on n a schools and school lands, which resolutio also passed , nd ttee was T f IS a comrhi appointed accordingly . his act brought m n w ’ forward here, to show the entire har o y bet een tho se who ' were endeavoring to bring ab0ut the great revolution in our t of civil policy, which has succeeded the wretched s ate things f and mo of ax be ore the canal , school equitable de t ation, sys m am te s , were introduced ong u , ' ' W m mm e of m s ul Ml i illia s and his co itte , who he was the o , T attended strictly to their duty . hey had considerableditfi culty from various sources to contend with, but by address, mm e cme care , prudence and discretion, he and his co itte over a s t . On of n a 1822 he resen all opposi ion the third day Ja u ry, , p f ted to the house an able and elaborate report recommending i m n the passage of a law, author zing an exa inatio into the prae ticabilit of E th O y connecting lake rie with e hio river, by a ‘ ‘ canal , He introduced a bill immediately after his r eport was ‘ w cm n mm : read , hi h e braced the ews which his report reco ended T o t on r u his bill, in all its stages its passage th ough the ho se , there was a steady hostility kept up by about thirteen mem m f d of bers , whose na es will orever stan on the journal that W in . e n m m . On d house , large capitals a e the not Mon ay W ’ 2 l t 1 822 . m 5 the o January s , Mr illia s bill passed house n its An m n ro sm . d e s e t thirdreading it beca e a law, on its g n and l 3 1 st f 2 third reading ln the senate on the o January 1 82 . On m and n r e901u tion for n the sa e day, hour, the joi t appoi ting seven com missioners of schools and school lands p aSsed the T he am m f m the e senate . s e essenger ro senate to the hous of l n e int s announced the final passage both the senat , he ame message . T hus it appears that both these measures 0 r 1g1n ated 111 the h of e e on the 6th da of m and ouse repr s ntatives y Dece ber, m 3 1 st of u ee f r e that both beca e laws on the Jan ary th r a te , th y fif mi of h o an ass» d. h originated within teen nutes eac ther, t ey p ed into laws simultaneously . fo u s a By the passage of the act, r that p rpo e , certain num 266 HIST ORY or 0 11 10 . ’ DE W I T T CLINTON S w a r T O 0 11 1 0 . o and Governor Clinton , attended by his aids, c lonel Jones S o m Ren selaer of colonel Reed . colonel lo on Van Albany, who d ffi u n had traversed the state when a wil erness , as an o cer n W s . der ge eral “ ayne ; Mes rs Rathbone and Lord, who had mm " loaned us the m oney with which to co ence the canal , and of at of judge Conkling, United States district judge , the st e w “ f m l an d Ne York, started ro A bany , New York , landed at 1 825 . T Cleveland Ohio, in June hey arrived at Newark mm of near the Licking su it , on the third day July on a bean m m ‘ m t1fu l afternoon . Here were asse bled to eet , welco e and e f of O v of receiv these distinguished riends hio, the go erncor O ERE I A onnow o d f hio, J M H M , the g o , able and patriotic hie magistrate of a state which he had long faithfully served in many high trusts ; our secretary of state ; the state auditor ; the treasurer ; all our members of congress ; nearly all our members of the legislature ; the millitary to a great number of m ms. all ar s , dressed in their best attire . with all their ar ' “ And there were present also near ly all those who had so long I f u i m and so aithfully written , printed and p bl shed so uch on . m a . the subject of a canal . T he whole nu ber amounted to m n y thousands . ’ A s o n d 2 s o n as governor Cli ton s carriage appeare on the ll public square , a the se thousands rent the air with their loud “ of l m EW T T T O f of ice huzzas we co e , ”to D I CLIN N, the ather n m m of fi ter al i provements . Four co panies artillery red I one ’ r of he . Of . hund ed guns , in honor t state s guest this great as sembla e m of m o g , any the were , personally known to govern r of m f e ma Clinton , and all the were. his personal ri nds , with ny of whom he had all along corresponded on the s ubject which ha . m T h d brought the toge ther . e meeting of so many old ‘ f e was ‘ riends on an occasion so dear to all their h arts, deep l ff y a ecting to all present . On 4th of 1 825 f - a the day July , orty nine years ftér the dec laration of o independence , this great work f connecting lake E the O i e a c w rie with hio r v r, by navigable anal, as commen ' ' ‘ ’ e ERNOR t Nr' oN s S ov VI IT . 267 ' ‘ ced b the of who ace v ifi de e , y sons those hi ed the p ndénce of W f O cu . z o their o ntry ith the citi ens hio, this day will be forever held doubly sacred . 1 ' T h da w as f ecu ld d si and th e s mm e y as air as heart e re , u it where the first shovel full of earth w as to be excavated; was ' t m m W s a of ar . T hree iles or ore e tw rdly New k . he underhr u sh ' was cleared off from an acre or moreiii the wobds;near the s mm t r m u it, ere unde any wide spreading beech trees; tables a nd e W or the sem e, o s ats ere placed f as blag t dine . Gof LEI B ST EI NMA N of Lancaster; made these preparations and f n s f or m ur i hed a dinner all this large co pany. an e r1 n the m n of the 4 th t At arly hou orni g , he whole as sembla e m f m N th e g oved ro ewark , on to ground which had been for em . nor o prepared th Governor Clinton , gover Morr w, and ' the fi n ound the umm and ex stete of cers we t to the gr on s it , " c cfew fa of . f r avated ea h a shovel lls earth A te this ceremony was f m offi e r a u latfdr h u n per or ed these c rs reti ed to r de p r , . ‘ de r r d T m s E n E a shade, whe e , being seate , ho a wi g squire , our ‘ < l v an d on late United State senator , de i ered a dress the ocea ‘ s t le and o . T addr ion , to he peop to g vernor Clinton his ess was re d o Clii1 t0 n ea dl i plie to by govern r , ‘ who was rep te y nterrup ' e b sof s ass inribl t d y the loud huzza the thou ands there e ed. As s his fi one of er a oon as address was nished, burst univ sal p f On e n lause f mall r t l . p ro p esen , ol owed it hu dred guns told the i. e d m , world that the canal was hegur At th se e onstra I o nsof and. n tio respect gratitude , spontane usly give , governor z i S s ad Cl nto . a he been h o n wept urrounded always h , y the p l i ticians of own u t had e f r his state , s ch okens nev r be o e been “ ’ te de him. T m his feel1n s fo m me n red hey overca e g r a o nt, ' ‘ a d be h . T w fo ta f a l w n s ed tears his as a re s te o the pp au se hieh posterity will certainly forever bestow on his giganticlabors ‘ for e fi . 8 0 Hudsoh E and O are th ir bene t long as the , rie hio I a a on m mo e connected by c n ls , so l g will his e ry be bless d . ' T he addresses having been ‘del1ver ed the company sat down " o e of Gov t dine 1n th shade wide spreading beeches . T he cru ors of Ohio and New York occupied the highest places at “ ( h m. th able and the f . of e t , state oficers both states sat next to t e 68 2 HIS T OR Y or 0 111 0 . T in Of and of t oasts were drank, honor the day , the par icular cca h s but o sion, whic had called this va t assemblage , together, h C ’ w en governor linton s health was drank, all the guns were nd m fi a m . red, the s all ar s also In addition to the hundred guns f m th m m n ro e cannon, and all the s all ar s , the air was re t, by ’ s of for t z . housand voices, huz aing the state s guest On 5th of Clin ton w as ~ the July, Governor escorted to Lan s O . O n he ca ter, where he tarried ver night the next day, and whof a nd m h1m a great concourse ollowed acco panied , went to ' m t of t m . on Colu bus, the sea the s ate govern ent Here , the ca itpl of t ff next day, in the p , in the presence all the s ate o icers a d f r m of s r w n o a la ge asse blage both exes, governor Mor o delivered an address to governor Clinton, which the latter ah s er d u m A - u w e in an appropriate and eloq ent anner. p blic dinner the of . E t f om m ended proceedings the day scor ed r Colu bus , to fi a m of m Spring eld, by a l rge nu ber gentle en, either in carriages “ o or n horse back , governor Clinton was received by the peo l of a t m n p e the town l s na ed as he had bee , by those of Colum e of a bus. T h Governor New York was ddressd by CHAR LES NT O Y E f of of A H N squire , in behal the citizens Springfield . On f of w the next day a ter partaking a public dinner, the t oGov u a d m f - cr ors n their escort , oved or ward twenty fi ve miles to Dayton. Here on the next day, surrounded by a vast crowd of citizens, governor Clinton was addressed in behalf of the citi m JOS P H . RA E zens asse bled, by the Honorable E H C N , a member of T a f congress . here was public dinner here , a ter the address . On t t e and its answer the nex day, h two Governors went to ’ Her w er e t e m Hamilton . e an address by h peoples ember of. c onN ~W0 0 11 E an d d ongress J squire , a public inner, given by the ' m m m f citizens . Fro . Ha ilton, the cavalcade oved orward to “ o thecity of Cincinnati . Here a dinner had been g tten u for ‘ p Y A Y of T i the o HENR CL Kentucky. h s governors f Ohio an d New York attended as invited guests . ' - of w At the period which e are speaking , there was no canal f of O ar ti . ea around the alls the hio, and there were two p es, n r t s r of r in f o ho e apids , or one _ party on each side the rive , av r Of the ir own s d of O o for canal to o r o . i e the hi , a along it, ve c me ? 270 HIST ORY 0 1 OHIO. n m DEWI T 'I‘ NT O his m a ed CLI N ; adorned with bust , a ost per f of of . e eet likeness _ the Governor New York He then pass d ‘ rapidly across Pennsyl vania andNew Jersey to New York city . all the m Mr. a During . ti e, while Clinton was in this st te , f m fi m m be ro the rst o ent touched our soil , at Cleveland, until f “ he le t the state , neither he nor his aids, ever paid a single for . T cent , whatever they needed hey were every where ’ . m treated asOhio s invited guests . Fro one shire town to ano ffi cand the ther, Clinton was attended by all its county o ers , m of ost distinguished citizens each county, to its line ; where ' e b m f m a the governor was receiv d y a si ilar escort, ro the d o m joining c unty, and , by the conducted to the next city or . m d the . town In this anner, he passe across state As soon " " of ‘ w of as he appeared in sight any to n , the bells all its ' ‘ churches and public buildings rang the i r merri est peals ; thc ' ‘ r u of i cannon roa ed its hundred g ns, and a vast crowd . cit zens ‘ W m m e of n Im huzzaed , ”elco e , welco to the Father I ternal p rov e men ts l T he and the man of . grave the gay, grey hairs and the l ' -f m atrons and m and ruddy aced youth ; aidens , even lisping infants , joined to tell his worth , and on his virtues dwell ; to hail m a . E his approach and welco e his rrival very street, where s m e he pa sed , was thronged with ultitudes, and the windows wer filled with the beautiful ladiesof Ohio waving their snowy white f an m he handkerchie s , dcasting flowers on the pave ent where him was to pass on it . Every town where he went , gave a public dinner . He , on his part, visited all the public institutions , wherever f m was he went . He visited also every a ily with which he an d m . T o . a personally acquainted , these were any all who p roa im o . Ev n ched . h p , he was kind and c nciliating e the children im‘ m h s r nOt went , in crowds to see h , with who he s ook hand , a id e w at unfrequently addressed them. T h y all kne his history ; th O ’ f now m on s he had always been hio s riend, and had co e a vi it ‘ see us f m m of w u s. to and our country , ro otives kindness to ards ' ' fi ct of on e s of t s e Themoral e e ; this visit , the citiz n hi stat , was a d eff and o es on great, n that ect its c nsequenc , the pros ’ O ER OR OL NT 0 N s G V N ; 1 . v1s1T . erit of eO lehave 1 nduced t i i m st n p y our p p , us to de a l c rcu a ces , w not f 111 Ou other ise worthy o a place rWork : Our citizens were a is ma of em apprehensive , th t ny th , that the state was n ot ma e our w th us in able to k canals, i out involving a debt , which v dfor o r ss u s . T o al c o l . n woul ever pp e su h pers ns, Mr Cli ton , « mo bur ow stated, that the ney could be r ed fo st; per cent inter e ” est Or on a t the o , even less , credit, un il canals w uldp ay for m the selves . “ He f tedit o t our a w arther sta as his opini n , tha when c nals ere m if had fi ve m i o r h o ade, even they cost ill ons f dolla s; t eyw uld ‘ be worth thr ee time s that sum; that the increased pric e of our d in be W fi pro uctions, twenty years would orth ve m illion s of o a the m On the r ns of OOd d ll rs ; t the oney saved t a portation g s, ou r e l du in t e m r d 'be e e e r h . fiV m l s to p p , , g sa e pe iod , woul i lion of o l and the wo fina l h l r d l ars, that canals uld l y by”t eir tol s, e a l a d thu th eir tire c r a n . d en ost , p incip interest T hese state men m f muc r ce sfie m of t ou a ts, co ing ro s h a sou , sati d the inds h s e s i n to ou a ands , who w re doubtles opposed or gi ally, r c nals And there were man y who lived quite distant frorn the Canal ’ e and fe fe f a t d o to r ntes , lt ar ul , th t hey would be calle n pay ' ' a W m T o he vy taxes for what ouldneve r benefit the selves . such "‘ h e s i t athe e e a r m nd t; a d , h t g n r l prospe ity would reach the , a tha th c m d canals wo ld m e l n . l s t u mo e onte plate ake oth rs, al st end es 3 o esSion . T a u r ca als wOul d on s of u in pr n h t o n be b d nion , b d “ a t n h on o r o e in the s eher. A d e g t tes tog called all u pe pl , to e t v ws to t e O f o e levate heir ie , hat p riod,when hio, r mher v ry, ‘ Osition in the io f mher mor e f 1 1 . a p , nat n ; ro soil , e t le than ny I e fro m her ld oth r , mi co st whi ve . u ry n it tion, O . a 0 prise ah d energy f our people, such s no, possessed ; fromthe se considerations he aizgued and convinced, to our whole people, that our canals shou ld then beprosecuted “ 272 HIST ORY or 0 1110 . him fr m m en o , o , h wever contemptible in themse lves, yet men who a m of Yor k u nder carried longwith the the rabble New , , m of the na e republicanism ; to see such a man standing. among af m e all 'at om an us , ter he had triu ph d over opposition, h er d ome mm cm Of o had c here, to see the co en e ent our canals, and t in u exhile a in encourage our people their ndertaking , was r t g to ‘ m of . m ff the inds our citizens Its oral e ect was greater, and s . of mo m po sibly re i portance than is now generally supposed . O an Er Had the Governor lived, until our hio d ie canal had fi m W m a been nished , arrange ents ould have been ade , to n c m in of as noun e the co pletion the city New York, as soon sound f m m on th O could carry the news there, ro Ports outh, e hio rive r . T his was to have been done by placing cann on so near each f m o other, all they way ro place to place that the sound f each be b gun, would heard y, those who were stationed at the next ’ u . f m g n Governor Clinton s death rustrated the design, inas uch of f om of as the state New York , then ell under the d inion her an m . own, d our worst political ene ies ’ fi Mr . Clinton s labors have been so bene cial to this state , that his history belongs to ours ; No sooner was his death an of n ou n ced in the capitol New York, the legislature being of en em1es m m then in session, than one his worst , then a e ber of m f m siezed m m asse bly, ro Albany, perhaps, that very o ent, t the of to in roduce resolutions into house , expressive a sorrow ' v for the e en t,which he certainly did not feel . He next intro ’ m o r f of . l tOn s f duced a bill f r the elie Mr C in a ily, granting,by of f su the great and wealthy state New York, the piti ul m of ten law m thousand dollars ! T he bill passed into a , the oney was o m a in invested in the stock f insurance co p nies, the city of e fire m f New Yor k . By the gr at in that city , the co panies ail i fam e f n . ed , and the ily wer le t without a dollar the world ’ ’ ' W W of Mr . hen the news Clinton s death reached ashington, in and m m f m congress was session, the e bers ro New York, on had a meeting that occasion , at which general Stephen T he VanRenselaer presided . principal speaker at that meet in in - s . Am g, had a seat the United State senate ong other s for e things brought forward by this peaker, the purpose of d ‘ cI V I L -H "I s T o R Y . - “ F e n i a n SIX T H ; ‘ ‘ T S ER O EXT E S RO J Y 41 s 1825 T 1837 . HI P I D ND F M UL , UN I L " ‘ T HE original intention of the legislature which passed the of 4th 1825 was m O and E e ca ~ act February , to ake the hio ri f m E i the O nal , extending ro lake r e to hio river, and the south of m m f om ern end Mia i and Mau ee canal , r Cincinnati to Day ton . And provided congress made provisions for assisting us n m E ai in continuing the last a ed canal to lake rie , running m w Ou ost holly through United States lands, r legislature l n ‘ " e s m E as t nded in uch case to co plete that canal to lake rie , they now are doing . T he Ohio and Erie canal could scarcely be said tOhave m 183 1—2 m and m ca been co pleted until , nor the Mia i Mau ee nal from the Ohio river toDayton until the locks at Cincinnati were finished in I T he m m t act 'of 3 l st 1 822 co missioners na ed in he January , s m T f e T m W were Benja in appan , Al red K lley, ho as orthington, an e e E . m M d E than A Brown , Jere iah orrow, Isaac Minor , b n am bOard zer Buckingh junior . T his appointed the acting ' ia i n m e &c. ér em h w hav n bee com issioners , ngineers , J Morro g ' c o Of t i he r e h s ffi of mm ele ted govern r state , signed o ce co is ' ‘ W sioner in Feb u ar 1823 T . m a ; and r y , Micajah illia s was p pointed m his place . After the canals were fairly under way an W m mm s Messrs . Kelley d illia s were appointed acting co i sioners u h s SU ri e con , nder w o e pe ntendencthese canals were structed . " CANALs . 9 75 CA NALS T he tbtal s rsem nt on . l u to m 1 st 1832 di bu e s cana s p Dece ber , , ‘ ' -amounted to five millions on e hundred and -t us I sixty hree tho and - e e and five and - s ven hundr d twenty dollars twenty four cents . ’ The a e “ en of a ‘ ggr gate l gth navig ble canals constructed and n -b the s at m am ow ed y tate that ti e, ounted to four hundred “ m m one hu an iles , co prising ndred d eighty four lift locks over coming a total amount of ascent and descent of one thousand ‘ fiv n and fo t -s n e hu dred r y eve f eet ; nine g uard locks ; twenty. ' two aqu educts ; two hundred and fourteen culverts ; One hun-L d and ei ht i-two of ar e of stOn e m s of red g y which a onry, sixty W n m for n s ms f e ood ; ni e da s crossi g trea , and twelve e der 1 - dams . T hemain trunks of the Ohio and Miami canals have a a m m m r d of f f et the t rl ine . a11d e ch ini u b ea th orty e at wa e , _ I -si f t m f f f twenty x eet a botto with our eet depth o water . ‘ r of e a of OhiO A la ge proportion b th, p rticularly the canal, is ' Of much larger dimon a breadth at the water line ti ‘ -varying from sixty to feet and a depth of fromfive ' ' ' w . In man laces it to t elve feet yjp , even considera ’ n e h 1 me -ia r a a d d ‘ ble dista c s, t ese di nsions, both b e dth n epth. ' a It has been standing rule ia the construction of the . ca “ as e t d me ns m m m in a ri l , to incr ase heir i nsio beyond the ini u , ll aes w cu d withOu t m enhancl n p l O here it o l be done aterially g the cost ’ J T hew Of lOck re of n m n alls the s a solid sto e asonry, resti g s of b Of it on doors compo ed tim ers laid crosswise the p , cover : h m cn m ed with planksthree inc es thi k ess, both in the cha and u e W and e nthe a it an ad bers nder th alls, b twee w lls w h of thi s ch l w ditiohal floor in p ank well joined, and secured ith ir e s O w . spikes to thet nb r n hich they rest ' T he f cof the w l of ou t stOne in a e a ls are , laid regular w and 111 im mo t e l range ork , l e rtar, h whole wa l grouted with T h o 1s fif e f e the same material . e breadth f the locks t en e t w n alls the f the m e bet ee the w , and length o cha bers , b ing the e f — ad space between . the upper and lower gates, nin ty eet 276 11 15 1 011 1 0 1? 0 11 10 . 1 m - f 1 f f itting boats seventy eight eet in length, and ourteen eet ‘ ten s in b a fr el t ou h; inche re dth, to pass e y hr g cnt u d Aqueducts are o s ructed with wooden trunks, s pporte b s of s as ni' the O i the y pier tone m e y, which, on h o canal, with e t of m ' u a v xcep ion two s all str ctures in the Cuy hoga alley, is m a u of the sa e character as th t sed ln the locks . T he m ason m sss r of 1 8 of m dr ed . y the others uncut, or ha er e stone T h son the O of e stone culvert hio canal, with the exception a fe w of sm S f cmm m a all class, erected oon a ter the o ence ent of r cm of f m of n in r the wo k , are o posed arches, or ed sto e , cut eg: ' u m and k n an lar seg ents, laid in range wor , with wi g d parapet ‘ of stone i T n m and few walls cut hose o the Mia i canal, a on O m of . the hio canal , are co posed rough or uncut stone W ed ' for m ood culverts are us land drains , and to pass s all s r w h al p ing runs under the canal , in situations here t ey will ca . ways be kept under water, so as not to be liable to de y as m f Large aqueducts and culverts , as well da s , are ound ed on h c f piles , except where rock or ot er se ure oundations could be had . W f s here it has been ound nece sary to erect locks, in situa ' tions wher e the earth at the bottom of the pit was composed ‘ of li ht all uvion m u d a g , , or quicksand , bearing piles h ve in ' some instances been used to form a secure and fir m fou n dap . m fi m m ex eri tion But ature reflection , con r ed by nu erous p m m esecu re as ents, has produced the conviction that a or , well I ' o a b c m f bt ined as ore cheap oundation can be y ex avating . the I c h m of pit to an extra depth, and overing it wit a stratu coarse ‘ ‘ of f m in gravel ro one to two feet thickness , wrought into n m im . T puddle , i which the floor ti bers are to be bedded his f c ad . I D m plan has there ore , ost instan es, been opted T h O an d E f m the O at e hio rie canal , extending ro hio river - on E fi s 1 831 2 . Portsmouth, to Cleveland lake rie , was ni hed in It i s three hundred and nine m iles long . W t T his m ain canal has many other canals connected 1 h it . ‘ T he d f m Lockbu rn m si e cut, leading ro , to Colu bus is eleven “ As them l d miles in length . cending ain canal to Carro ton , a si e fi m f of cut canal , now nished to Lancaster, is aking to the alls ? 278 HIST ORY 0 1 0 11 10 . the W E e reat . ba sh connect d with , g a canal , extending to vans O villeon the hio river . T he m r of i po tance this canal , passing through the Miami ' W e um and abash vall ys , down the Ma ee valley to Manhattan , Erie s on lake , i apparent to any one who looks at the m aps of I O T of hio and Indiana: hat branch it, which passes along the W l of for abash river, wi l do a vast deal business Indiana and Illi . r of nois states It passes th ough the richest soil both states . Ou r of . m branch this canal , passes through the Mia i valley, the b of O . T he of est cultivated portion hio northern end it, from E lin e Will f eet wide f lake rie to Indiana , be sixty , six eet deep , of m with a double set locks, so as to ad it lake vessels, up into of . O 1 n ossess1on the heart the country hio has p , either i n land m m m f . a or oney, a ple unds to co plete this splendid c nal . T he m of t a ount onnage carried on it will, one day, be great, and an - exceed, perhaps , that carried on y other, in the western S . cu t m s states ide canals auxiliary to this , will be nu erou , ' though but one is now making from the main trunk to Leba n on . O f m O i E m ther canals, ro the h o and rie canal are in conte l tio fi m E p a n and will nally be ade , connecting lake rie with One f m Lockbu rn f m it . ro Sandusky city to ; another ro the of l m am ti mouth B ack river to connect the ca al with it , and sev eral others . on m T o make all these additions , we have hand two illions f of m n and a hal dollars ; we have a s all tax, a nually levied on of O all the personal and real estate hio, we have the industry, r of the ente prise , energy , and wealth individuals , the canal tolls and the credit of this state . We had forgotten a canal now making from Cincinnati up W T r w. hite water into Indiana . his canal will th o into the O m of hio r iver at an i portant point , the productions the richest of n ei hbor in ' state f It of - part our g g will be great value to Cin J cinnati l of . l , and inva uable to a portion Indiana It is cal ed, 1 279 " 1 " ' l a CI C AT I AND W T E WAT E N INN HI R OANA L. o ' I S m cOst f n fif o d ll It esti ated to , our hu dred and ty th usand o ars . I Its l n five m e gth is twenty iles , and connects with the White I I ' ' ' can l of at water a , af a mi of I Indiana the state line h l le south tow Of the ; Harrison . It passe s down the east side of the White a e m w ter river to n ar its outh , thence crossing the Miam1 t 1ver ’ abOve Of e it a little the town Cl ves , enters the Ohio Valley thrOn h a deep cut at NorthBend of one fourth of a mile 1n ce n the ba of the Ohm r 1ver to Cin length, then _alo g the nk , T e m r nd i f m h Cu be la road, extend ng west ro Bridgeport,oppos W 13 m t S e b h n . w ite he ling, aking y e U ited tates It ill, when m h a ot io n a d l and co pleted , reac all the capit ls , I diana n I linois, ’ ‘ l or S strike the Mississippi river, either at A ton , , opposite t. I ' i n . T i 18 cm e frOm Louis, Missouri h s road o plet d Bridgeport to ' f e m Of Col urnbu i T he n ow ourte n iles west s labor doing on it, ' ‘ f e . is performing immediately east o Springfi ld It ought to be fi i in to n _ n shed, _ this state, I diana line , within three years, or ' As oo an Or tion Of it IS fi e by s n as y p nish d, the state a m and receives it from the gener l govern ent , places gates on w e m ' t and t u . i , collects olls, her with to keep it repa RA IL B arm an e fi a m 1 11 was fin in 1836 T h rst rail ro d ade this state, ished eo e Of T le o a m sold u p pl o d , town so e two year then, sit T he o bay . r ad extends west I Miéhigan and 18 some thirty miles in length I ' rail rOad m from i na , about to be ade Cinc n ti, to I " T his roadfollOws the Ohio river up to the Little I nd ee u its Xe . a th r turns northwardly p valley, to in Ye w s e S r in field g the llo Spring , r aches p g B , hé n i t m he own one length must about ne y iles . T state will I s and t Of n n the half of the road , individual hecity Ci ci nati, 280 1 115 1 0 11 11 or 0 11 10 . f. T i r a l b t a other hal h s o d wi l, no doubt , e ex ended to l ke Eric, d few at San usky city, within a short years . T I S a m o here a rail ro d about to be ade , from Painesville, t O . T m the hio river here are anycharters forother rail roads , W m . f m of sev which ill never be ade So we ear, we ight say f or n Of c er al turnpikes, wa t enterprise and publi spirit where m . e the Vi cm i t they should be ade by the p ople in n y. ’ U NPIK O T R E R A DS . T he fi m f W rst one ade in this state , extended rom arren 1n T rumbull county to lake Erie T r IS l r f m O i n the he e a c ay tu npike ro hio City, direction of l m ah a Co u bus , but , except in dry we t er, we c nnot praise it greatly . T he same remarks apply to the road from Columbus to San d ix m i n . dusky city, one hun red and s iles length T here is a ' for i f m n Zan esv ille thr ou charter a turnp ke , ro Cinci nati to , gh s 61 0 T s - of f Chillicothe,Lanca ter, . here is a ort a road, rom Sandusky to Perrysbu rgh . T 1 3 i m f m n here a turnp ke ln progress, actually aking ro Cinci S fi W X nati to pring eld, through Lebanon , aynesville and enia . So far as it is finished it is an excellent road . T h S f m i r1 v ere I another road ro Cincinnati, along the Oh o er - ' m m m in a. and up the Little Mia i , twenty odd iles, co pleted substantial manner . T f Cmcm nati here are two other excellent roads rom , extend i ng northwardly into the interior s be All the canals , rail roads and turnpikes actually gun, will i an a be fin shed by 1 843 . And these canals d ro ds will have m We v cost fifteen illions of dollars. shall then ha e eight hu n .m of m of r eads dred iles canals , and one thousand iles rail , and i k t m . oll s w turnpi es, including heCu berland road T ill be col lected on of m . On m a su tfi ci nt all the the Cu berland ro d, e i m of th i l tolls will be paid to keep it n repair. So e e roads, w l m r c s e do o e than that, but , the apital expended on road , gen r w l ma be . ; e s ally, y considered as gone forever F w road il 9 8? 11 15 1 0 11 11 or 0 1 1 10 . ’ ar e s ffi n for and Oanals carcely su cie t the people , whose busi . “ don h wa f ' ness must be e on these great igh ys o the nation . ' ‘ We have said nothing of our vastly increased amount of m agricultural products at that ti e , which will pass along these m of t e 1ncreased W of highways to a arket , nor h ants the east “ m s of f ern p eople for the pri e neces aries li e , as their soil wears f rOdu ce f for who out , and ails to p ood enough those live on that e a r w of a the h . steril , n r o strip l nd, called old t irteen states s n C m f m s e u T heir food mu t eve tually o e ro thi w stern co ntry , ' f m a e few or from Eu rope , probably ro both , within V ry years to ur of cmm come . O board canal o issioners should elevate their ' o the f f u i a d views as they look thr ugh vista o ut r ty, n project ’ W b for fift ear s of . all. our pu lic highways n growth the est ' m E Should a war co e with ngland again, these highways wou ld save millions tOthe nation . ” Should a war happen be tween this nation and England six ‘ f o r years hence , orty thousand v luntee s could easily be raised ' ro ’ in an d hiO. f t o s f o Kentucky , Indiana O A ter the p r m K en I . ' a O s tucky had re ched the hio the proper point , they m ns of and all their unitio war, could be carried to lake Erie ' v s s fiv e s. ro i iOns a in day All their p , hor es and c nnon would be ‘ ' onv ed alon th f of . In c ey g ese highways , ree toll this v iew m v em ar e ua n u s our i pro ents inval ble , not o ly to , but to the te Whole nation. But no future Procr will ever land on the of t and no m f -a u ff soil this sta e , ar y o ours will ever gain s er . " f r f o for m n mm n on the of O o. o o d , rai e t, or a u ition, soil hi sou a fou r h n re m Should the th be inv ded, our u d d stea ers m W c ‘ n verw e m n f ce tO the est , would soon onvey a o h l i g or m an ri the e em o s d ei er ea . eet , ther conqu , or d ve n y int the T he a s of ou i the W s are ssed a a an d y r infancy n e t pa w y, d ' f v . ni into manhood w gone ore er Our youth is ripe ng , hen the “ W the em re s ch as the Wo r o est will be seat of an pi , u ld d es hot " c a ctr- ow nnow er e er . contai , either in numb s, w lth p T he re ' v r of n ew t on in O m s one da ou ot e se our si uati hio, u t y, be r l . Ne w m s ir New ers Sout ro i aria Now when Ha p h e, J ey , h Ca l na eo ia h f u ecetar s at W sh on e G rg , ave o r s r ie a ingt , and we, amin f erior clerks ! ‘ COMMON RoAns. 233 of s t e su In the valley the Missi sippi , h n of our pr osperity toi has risen and .will assuredly continue ascend until he shines s n e . o in all hi m r ; T he, f l e e idia spl ndor seat the ast , the gr at s o s and f e t, the most glori u , wealthy power ul empire in the wo m in M rld, ust be located the ississippi valley . T he hand f m of x c m es a o ti e which will strike out e isten eother e pir , nd 's k m O n a in the into blivio , sh ll only roll up the curtain which be f m and ll h hangs ore the , show the wor ld a t e splendors of ’ we m e and this , ust hav patience , wait a short eriOd and ” p , “ thisda ma l thin s s a f r y Of s l g h ll be o gotten , or remember e d o and x l nly with pride e u tation at the then contrast . Let us e va e a d w le te our vi ws, disc r all narro ones, all low aims, a nd re ar or he h awa1ts ' s p p e f t destiny whic us , as_ well a our f . posterity, orever ’ a om f ort OA S isnwa vs. . c R D AND H Many of these are v ery good d uri ng about eig ht months in a . m m s h the ye r Fro Colu bus to Chillicothe is uc a road, bu t brid es / cross am it needs more g a the stre s , and should be u i t ef m of so no wa wou ld thrown p n h or a turnpike , that ter I c n s on . T he of tand it difficulty pro uri g stone to cover it, is f c we r e w W a t n e d e mis ortune , whi h at presen ca not m y hav e I n Ot in this region any good hard limestone near us . n this respect the Miami country enjoys a privilege which we do not ur i s and v possess. O country alluvial all the stone we ha e fit for the urpos e is in the heds of ou r streams b ought tou s p I r fromnear their headwaters : T hese pebbles will on e day be I ' us these w o m f e u s . mm ed by h co e a t r , All our co on roads are n ot s e and h Oe fu what they hould h , what we p they will be at a ma s tur e day . Every n in the state is taxed annually, two day W th w on a s . e m am f m e ork our ro d _ have a s all ount ro United S o s of e r d and onour in tates nthe sale th i lan s , a tax property, 1 of t x a or o e . aid our poll a , appropriated ye r ly f road purp s s More ' labor i s necessary to be beneficially e xpended on our roads . “ “ h mm a now i n c. T e best co on ro ds are , perhaps, New Connecti ut ' 28 4 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . T h in a t of O eir roads th t par hio are straight, and much labor is expended on them by the people T he United States ought to make a road from Lower San dusky to Detroit. T he one which they have pretended to » of make is little value . T he ACK SWAMP BL , should we have another war with our old I m fi m s ene y, in the rst ca paign , would tell congres what they had of neglected to do. During this period peace , is the time to m f m ake this road , and unless all or er experience is lost on the m nation , appropriations will soon be ade annually, to make ad it m d this r e what should be , a per anent , goo , substantial T e m highway. h black swa p has already cost t he nation 11 o ar m m en who ~ er is million f doll s, besides any brave p hed from ‘ ess which the sick n they caught by wading through it . Pitts Gr e ensbu r h burgh and g in Pennsylvania, and Petersburgh in m m s Virginia, will long re e ber tho e who thus perished and were _ m . Oh in m buried in this black swa p io lost the sa e way, and m not few of . in the same s wa p, a her best soldiers BRIDGES . Our m of m a best ones and the greatest nu ber the , re on the n . Al l of m m of m ational road the are good , and so e the , are . m excellent Across the Stillwater at Ca bridge , the Muskin u m at m ar e g Zanesville, and the Scioto at Colu bus , there bridges which may v ie with any others in the west . Across t at the Scio o Circleville and Chillicothe, are excellent bridges, ' which the people in their vicinity hav e erected. At Dayton and Ham ilton are good bridges across the Great Miami . T he best bridged stream in the state is the Great Beav er in Ne w W Connecticut . e need in .the state , ten thousand additional We wi ' s bridges . need dei and better roads and canals ; uch aswill accommodate ten times as many travelers as now pass along them. 286 " HIST ORY OF OHIO. " ‘ vi n T ews, i religious matters . his is not as it should be; or if t u so, then the sta e should set up institutions, not nder any par icu ar ecof i i f t n f t l s t Chr st ans, and os er o ly such as were ound d on the r f e b oadest basis of Christianity, without any re erence to an of i d e y the various sects , into which Chr stianity is ivid d, and subdivided : We wou ld not exclude clergyinen from being i of nor f to nstructors youth, con ine learning entirely them . ‘ T O a of m a be n instructor youth, requires as uch t ct as it s b . the doe to e a divine , a physician or a lawyer And learn in to a hi her l iterar g it requires , be n instructor in our g y insti ' tu tio s m r o who n , is certainly ore than is requisitefo ne would foll ow almost any other profession . ‘ m At the present ti e , Cincinnati has within its corporate im m of ff l its , ore and better means a ording instruction, than m any other place in this state . Its edical school may be said o if to t . an be the only one , in the sta e, f the kind ; and y on e seeks to acquire a thorough knowledge Of the modern lan m of guage s , Cincinnati possesses the a plest means affording such instruction . And if any young man wishes to acquire a kn owledge of Of f " any one the learned pro essions , Cincinnati is certainly the V e of of . b st place obtaining it, in the alley the Mississippi if to m And any one wishes learn any echanical art, Cincinnati ' la e o T he fi and is the very p ct learn it . eld is larger better i a l n O cult v ted too, than any other, hio, in which the arts l grow and flourish . And this wil necessarily continue to be W for m u the best place in the est, a long ti e , in which to acq ire ' f m i str uct o ~ . a w mi t n i n to knowledge Perh ps e gh except e ale , m which Colu bus , Dayton , Chillicothe , Zanesville and Circle ville , have paid great attention . T he a ffi o gre test di culty in our way, is not the want f per ' ' s m to a w ant of m ons co petent teach , but discern ent in parents to properly appreciate and reward competent instructors for i . of 1 st o the r labor So long as the busine ss an n ruct r, i8 s e not considered in its true light , a one of the highest , nobl st, an d .m u f m m oo the ost se ul e ploy ents on earth ; so long, t , as ’ co s is w t mpe n ation very low, so long shall e labor under all he sm r ii on LEAR N . 287 j , NI G s va s rof Ou r s of di ad ntage present depres ed state learni ng . T Of o n Ot t ‘ hat our schools, all s rts, should be equal othose in hOSe . a the Eastern states, w , age , we lth and experience sur " s . O i s a n w o and pass ours , is not urprising urs e c untry, yet “ We a e not ad m m instit f h v h the , ti e, to ature our utiOns, o all s . ff u s s m a l orts It a ords o e consol tion, though, to see a gradua m o m l w u t m f rw i pr ve ent , , indeed , b steadily, oving o ard, to its “ t m fu . Andw m th ul i ate use”lness e ust not despise e day of sm n o ra a be ui all thi gs , but h pe ther, that the p ce will q cken c su of r b d, when the n science ises higher a ove the horizon . of u and f s at its mm A board ed cation und co and, would be Of ° mm e and . t 1 i ense valu to us ; let us hope that he day s not .fa1 I I a d ma b f se t distant, when such , boar y e created and unds be cent e . part for its benifi us s a b t has ft e r e U n mm of . t e I o en b en p ess d p individual e bers h . i introdi1 ce l for of z l t r . eg sla ure , to a bil , the pu pose organi ing a I It s f m he / t board of educatiOn . hould or a part of t con sti u tion f cu w o 11 0 itsel , be a se , ithout educati n, real good g overnment m n f can exist any where . Even o archs have ound it for thei r ' n u s he n interest to have the s bject well educated . T ki gs of ' a nd u dOne England, Fi ance Pr ssia have a great deal to pro a o t and ar e d mote learning m ng heir people, they still oing Of E a mc in ha Wa . the rOtestant es re u h, t t y All p princ urope oin ot a mo e e . We h v m d g n little , to pro t ducation _ a e done so e s t b t m o r r thing, in thi sta e , u ore needs doing, daily,by u ulers e to i e s in all and by our peopl , nstruct all our citiz n , that is M om W ou ca m e s M ef fhr em h r re s d u s ul th to _ it in e nu b r , ore e tO O aw statesmen will b needed govern u s ; m r e l yers, physi I and s m a r h of cians divine will be required, to aint in the ig ts ' n i u l ea i and ff rd m a d el s i div da s ; to h l the sck , a o oral n r igiou T e instruction tOour increased numbers of people . h present e and f si a en d a d mos i n th statesmn pro es on l m , were e uc te tly , e l a s E11 5 e a w y , 1 ed a e nor 1g be , uc t d you state ; such will sOOn begin w W s e to t settle do n. e hall b r own rcfo rofes resou es, r p 288 HI ST ORY 0 11 0 11 10 . u me n sio al , and unless our colleges are equal to eastern ones, fa l 1 n there will be a l ing off ln learning at the bar, the desk , and m o n um the halls f leg islation . As the state increases in l ess mor e . bers and wealth, , not , learning will be required ‘ It requires something mor e than a mere superficia l education, to carry on the business of this great and growing common W on e ' re ason wealth . e fear that , why our western young m en m who attend our higher schools , obtain no ore education , a o f while actually at school , is owing to a w nt application to T their studies , such as eastern colleges require . hat youth m f i i u should not have all the wisdo o age , is not surpr s ng, b t, f m that they should not eel willing to sub it to hard study, to ’ labor and diligence , would be their own and their country s m T a isfortune . hey will soon t ke our places, and govern the if fi if country ; well , they will be bene ted by it, and not, they f ff .for will su er it, not their athers , who will be in their graves. l T he world wi l be theirs who take it , not by sloth, but by la c a d . bor, toil , diligen e , activity n vigorous exertion ma sur ass 1 Let us hope that our sons and daughters y p , n ot l m fa l behind their parents, in all that is anly, good and f air, O an d so that in every age , hio will shine brighter brighter, as of fi m in of a star the rst agnitude the constellation the Union . So Dewitt Clinton predicted in his speech in the -United e w m an States senat , hen we were ad itted into the Union ; d so may it be . COMMON SCHOOLS. COLLEGES, ACEADEMIES AND K ENYON COLLEGE Was founded chiefly through the instrumentality of Philan ~ . . fir of t t der Chase, D D L . L . D., the st bishop the Protes an E O piscopal church ln hio . It was firstestablished asa theOlogical seminary for the edu of u m n for m in cation pious yo ng e the inistry that church . Fundsfor this purpose were obtained m England 1n the year 1824 an 1 an o 1n or i , d 11 the same year act f cporat on was grant _ 290 ST ORY or 0 11 10 . , . HI m . T he a e several iles advant g s, derived to the college from its position in the centre of its own domai n and having the exclusive control of its immediate vicinity, must be obvious to T e every one . h institution now embraces fou r departments : m a theological and a collegiate depart ent , and a senior and ’ — “ a junior preparatory departm ent the latter is called Milnor T he of u m course st dy in the se inary and college , is essentially the same as that adopted in eastern institutions of ‘ t T he senior m he first rank . preparatory depart ent while aux ilia o ry to the college , is also conducted on the plan f a high for a school . Milnor Hall is intended boys under the ge of fif e teen y ars , who board with their instructors , and lodge in T m of the same building . he nu ber students has always been equal to the extent of the accommodations which could be f th o the urnished, and e prosperity f institution is now greater ’ f m . m m than at any or er period It nu bers in all its depart ents, f f two hundred and six s tudents , and has ourteen pro essors and instructors . T HE MIAMI UNI VERSI T Y W Is located at Oxford in Bu tler county . e have already told ' the reader how it happened to be here located by the i of d legislature . It s endowed by the township lan where it f on is placed . It has a president and pro essors, and, about e um hundred and fif ty students attend its session s . In its n bers W e f in fo it stands next to oodward college . W need urther r mation concerning it . ERSIT T HE 0 11 1 0 UNI V Y, th ’ w Situated on e Ohio company s grant at Athens , is endo o T ed by two townships of land adj ining the institution . here v ew At are collegiate institutions at Marietta, Gran ille, N hem , W h ’ T f r th n of Hudson and ort ington . hey languish o e wa t m funds to sustain the . At Cincinnati are several colleges ; some of them well eu COLLEGE OF T EA CHE RS . 29 1 all of m c t e . Of s t dowed , and the well onduc d the e we will e ' m A E SEMI NARY b i ark , that the L N , a pres yter an theological I On W l n c Offi school is located alnut hil , ear the ity . Its cers fi or a an ES a re extremely well qu ali ed f their st tions , d PR IDENT BEECHER and PROFESs STowE stand high i n the public esti a i We Ou r of f m t l rar m t on. regret want in or a ion , as to its ib y , of and f h h w funds, n umber students other acts w ic e do not possess . ' ' Q T HE WEST ERN LI T ERARY I NST I T UT E AND coLLEGE OF PROSES S I GNA L T EACH ERS . m m m m Of 18 oh ect of I prove ents the odes Instruction , the j s for m m endeav this In titution , and this purpose the e bers have ’ or ed a commu nicatiOii a l m a and to open , with l si il r associations , I alsowith such individuals of either sex as fee l the importance of the subject to such a degree as would induce them to hold mm c f m a correspondence , either to co uni ate or obtain in or ation , or for the general encouragement —of so important an under taking . A few years ago the teachers of Cincinnati organizeda socie m o m fi rSt ty for mutual i pr ve ents . Its anniversary was cele brated o 2oth of 1 83 1 at m . . n the June , which ti e the Rev B P of M m . Bish . . H op, D D resident the ia i University, delivere d I an excellent address on the importance of demanding and aS encouraging faithful and w ell qualified teachers . T his SO ciat on not of the i , however , extending beyond the boundaries c t i n s ity, was necessarily res ricted its operation , and its bene ' n desi ns m s aralized vole t g , even there , were al o t entirely p y I l i t i s u and fl . n jea ous es , local prej dices con ic ing ntere ts U der these discouragem ents some of its founders were for abandon altO ether be , ing the objects g , believing it could never rendered of n en a . s productive y valuable results . But Mr Albert Picket, ior a in f of ahandon , veteran the pro ession teaching, unwilling to I h s e s ot on h i object,d vi ed a plan , which would n ly sustain t e i S a t f s e a inking c use , but grea ly au gment its u se ulness and re p c ’ l ability . 299 HI ST ORY or 0 11 10 . e if stit t n r He very wisely conclud d, that a literary in u io we e formed which should be composed of all the instructors of youth f of t W s a and other riends educa ion in the est, who hould nnu m in ' m m ally eet convention, all the e bers would be apt to unite in the promotion of great object in View; while al l loca l _ the schemes and selfish policy would be rendered powerless or be T b e omm m o f forgotten . his idea c unicated to so e f his riends, of a o and as it received their hearty approval , circulars invit ti n m far f m l were im ediately sent, as as in or ation cou d be obtained , l d m s to al engaged in teaching, whether in colleges, aca e ie or m W O 3 1 d 1 832 . schools , to eet in Cincinnati on ednesday, ctober m m A At which ti e , a respectable nu ber convened . resolution or m of A was passed f the establish ent the present College . m constitution was prepared and unani ously adopted . I T hus commenced the western College of professional teach ers ; the most popular and useful literary institution in the wes t f a tern coun ry, i not , in the Union , and which has already e complished wonders m the advancement of the cause of gene W . ral education in the est I Should this Institution continue to flourish, the advantages f m s m f be r to be derived ro it, ,will at o e uture day , g eat . It brings together the presiden ts and professors of our Colleges and Universities and the teachers of Academies and Prim ary T m m Schools . hey for a utual acquaintance and learn to ’ t C m f respect each o hers haracter, erit and use ulnes s . And the m m t m ti e will co e , when there will exist between he , a mutual wh of m fi dependence , ich will be productive utual bene ts . T he Colleg es and Universities will then furnish efficient teachers for th m e Schools and Acade ies, and they in return, when eth cien tl f m of f y taught, will urnish a great nu ber pupils or the Col ' i of leges and Un versities . Ih consequence our young m en being early initiated and established 1n regular habits of study and i n the love of useful knowledge ; where there 18 now one pupil who for of i wishes the advantages a colleg ate education , there wil l then be many . In order to give the reader some idea of t he subjects dis cuss ' ' e d m m of t i we f by the e bers his inst tution , select what ollows, 294 HI ST ORY OF 0 11 10 . O . . E . On u on S Lenard, squire aro sing the public education, 1836. E. . fi E . On f m m D Mans eld, squire the study o the athe atics, On of 836 the qualifications teachers 1 . W . . . T he f Rev . A M study o theB ibl e on i ntel ' m m m 1834 . of lectual and oral i prove ent , Reciprocal duties . e 1 835 . O n x m par nts and teachers, conducting e a inations in m &c. 1 836 . schools, Acade ies m . m of 1 836 Rev . S . H . Montgo ery I portance education, . m . of 1832 Mr . Tho as Maylin Nature and objects education, . W mm 1 83 1 On . M . . Morrison . co on schools , M f of t r . m . 1 83 Robert Mu ort Duty paren s and teachers, 2 . f On m of for h Pro essor Niles . the nu ber pupils one teac er, 832 On of u 1 834 1 . the government p blic literary institutions , . f s r m u of m 1834 . Pro es o Nixon . Natural and oral infl ence usic , . O in Rev . B . Peers . Intellectual education, particularly its 1 833 e arly stages, E . O of 1834 Albert Picket, squire bjects this institution , . O 836 o 1835 . 1 . G eneral duties f teachers , pening address, f E of 1 834 . Pro essor Post , xpediency studying the classics , of m m 1 836 . Bishop Purcell . Philosophy the hu an ind , . of of 1836 . Joseph Ray Utility cabinets natural science , f . m n of mo a Pro essor Scott I porta ce a re pr ctical education, 1 835 . T m mm m of . Doctor ho as Si . Clai s Phrenology on teachers 1 832 . A li E. . Rev . Slack Physical science in general, pp f 1 834 . cation o principles to practice in physical science , Agri of 1 836 . On fi culture as a branch education , ctitious reading, 1836 . of e a r 1833 . Professor Stowe . Discipline the int llectu l powe , of mm 1835 . Education I igrants , . T . m of n m n 1835 . D . L albott Best ethod teachi g co positio , m W l E O cof in T i othy a ker squire . bje t education the United 1 833 . States , W ils . L Ori . 1836 Rev . J . , D D Universal education , . W M m . 1n 1836 . ilo G illia s Manual labor schools, ST AT E OF R LEA NING . 295 ' " ‘ 5 HE O . T MEDI CA L C LLEGE 0 1 OHI O, 1 I est u of of t e e e s the b instit tion the kind west h All gh nies . a Its ch rter was originally procured by Dr . Daniel Drake on his . Its f a n m sole application unds, libr ry, a ato ical apparatus ' and i bl and um of build ngs are respecta e, its n ber students, one hundred or upwards . I C NNAT CO E E 1 now u C N I I LL G has languished, but s rising, ri der an a of r n r 1 su e m ble board t ustees, and u de the p r v on of W fi' cGu e i . i ts ll m . M D i ia H y D , worthy and talented president . I ‘ WoonWARD COLLEGE F C N I O I C NNAT I . T he m of h 1n the W w i nu ber sc olars ood ard college , s nearly n m f two hundred . Its i co e rom all sources amounts to four ‘ ' tWo . u d f - do l In thousand h ndre and orty eight llars annual y. r the f n sof w m seven yea s, u d this institution ill produce fro ‘ six to eight thousand dollars annually . It originated in the of W m W a of enlightened bene volence illia oodw rd, Cincinnati . H s fi of for m Was ma e on i rst grant land his endow ent, d the 1 of m 1 826 mu and O m d st Nove ber, , to Sa el Lewis s on Cogs ’ e well,perpetual T rustees . T h site of the building was a sub fi sequent donation by the same gentleman . It was rst chai W ”T tered as T he oodward Free Gramm ar School . his title was aftervvards changed into that Of “ The Woodward High co and the r n Of m th reuwas o S h ol , with alte atio the na e , e als T he s of a Change in the character of the institution . cour e study was raised m consequence of the establishment of com o T Fetter l h m n schools hese , whi e t ey supplied the place, o filled organization, a s riginally con templ an institut ion o its ours of u As a high sch ol , c e st dy has c t . in tended til l i embra es every . subject usu ally taught our co e de mod and a lleg s, besi s the ern languages book keeping s n of 1 835-6 parts of a mercantile education . In the wi ter , the trust es a ied r for cl ae wers e ppl to the legislatu e o legi t po , 9 2 6 HIST OR Y OF 0 11 10 . “ which were accordingly granted ”under the title of T he W of T o oodward College Cincinnati . this last step the was T h board induced by several considerations. e city had m so as s u — W beco e large to require uch an instit tion , the ood ward high school was a coll ege in almost every thing but the m - im f na e, the public sent ent is decidedly in avor of diplo m as of confer in ; without the power g these , the advanced stu dents would continue to leave this school for othe rs having such m m m privileges and to na e no ore , those whose circu stances m would not permit the to go elsewhere , would be depr ived of a of . the dvantages graduation For these reasons, we ”now “ W of have established T he oodward College Cincin nati . e s M s , Wil m E i O mo lia Green, squ re , President ; s nd Cogswell , Es u 1r e . Es u 1 q , Secretary ; John P Foote , q r e ; Oliver Lovell, 3 E m E . squire ; Sa uel Lewis, squire F acu lt y, . . . . . P f r of Rev B P Aydelott , M D , President and ro esso m D . P f oral and political philosophy ; Joseph Ray, M . , ro essor h of m m a nd m . T . O . at e atics , natural philosophy , che istry ; Mr T W Prescott, utor in languages ; Mr . F . . Prescott, Principal ' W of m . s the preparatory depart ent ; Mr . H. Aydelott, A sis tant in the preparatory department . I i T 11 11: EYE RMARY . a INF , under Dr Dr ke, is a valuable nsti tu tion . T R m m of the AT HE he o an catholic college , under the na e h h NA HUM, we presum e is better endowed t an any ot er literary W fi . e or scienti c institution in this state have no data, ex ‘ * Mr e e w th the w ; Mr . Lewis an d . Co well ar tru stees for li i o er of a gs f , p p pointing their successors with the sam e p rivileges ; the other tru stees are e e b t c case of the a lur e of an chosen on each ar the ci coun il . In i , y , y y f e eith clas s of stees t will then ce be ointm nt in er T u i o forever . app r , f rward made by the court of common plea s of Hamilton county. 9 9 8 HIST OR Y or 0 1110 . C CO O se oo PUBLI MM N n rs I N C INCI NNA T I IN 1 837 . ‘ ‘ T u n the hese are der government of tru stees and visitors. . mm m .who are Peyton S Sy es , President ; George Graha , jun E m . m W W . ior ; la P Langdon ; Ja es R . Baldridge ; illiam ood T m m hese visitors exa ine and e ploy the teachers, carefully t o for m inspec the scho ls , adopt rules their govern ent, and fi ‘ nally , do every other act proper and necessary to be done , in of execution their high trust . T hus f ar they have acted wise ly and efiicien tly in the management of these noble institu tions . T of u s s he city council have a board ed cation , who e busines . f w it is to raise the unds where ith to build school houses , pay the r a1r . T the teachers . and keep buildings in ep hey have c fi of ere ted ten large edi ces , at an expense about one hun T su dred thousand dollars . his m includes the cost of the lots on which these splendi d buildings are erected . Each of these buildings is divided into four rooms thirty-six feet in breadth — f n e by thirty eight eet in le gth, two in each story, b sides the T e f in basement rooms . h building is two lo ty stories height, above the basement story . In these buildings forty schools . T he m of are taught , by about eighty instructors nu ber “ o fo m f m scho ls r ales and e ales is equal , in which , about two v thousand . fi e hu ndred children are instructed during the of . T he whole year , except two vacations two weeks each of r wages the teachers are seven hundred dolla s annually, for f m principals, and three hundred , or assistant ale teachers ; an fif for f m and only two hundred d ty dollars e ale principals , and two hundred for assistant female teachers ! All these sums are fo of paid by the C ity, r the instruction the children who have o . no parents, or those whose parents are po r m for the m So uch we can say , benevolence , wisdo and char ity of Cincinnati . T he instructors of these public schools are all well educa 0 . T he of m e s of ted , principals the ale schools , are graduat eastern colleges, and the female teachers are educated in m n . T he a the best a ner te chers in their department, are per , RA T S FRIE ND IMMIG N . SOCIET Y. 299 f m an a eet gentle en d l dies . T heir constan t examples before u , m a e n their p pils the or l as well as lit rary i struction, which to r S d ' they convey thei chools, are pro uctive of the happiest ff m d e ects Pupils are ad itte when six years old, and they can be d f instructe until they are ourteen years old , and all this . ihstr uction t m costs nothing o the , or their parents and ‘ m the s 1n e of f m A ong teacher the higher departmnt e ales, W a . nd s Eu s Mrs ing Mis sti , are preeminent for their educa ti m m W on and polite acco plish ents . e mean no disparage m o t a ent to ther teachers, because hey are all good, nd de s h w now erve hig er ages than they obtain . ’ IMMI GRAN'rs RI EN SO E Y F D C I T . J T 18 n i of i here also another i stitut on learning n this city, ’ u nder the patronage of the1mm1grantS friend society of the s o s . T he O f s valley f the Mis issippi bject o this society i to ed u catcthe childrenOf foreigners in the English language ; to m u f f instruct the m the script res , and the nature o our ree 1 11 T O f th u stitution s. his bject commends itsel to e nderstand in of t e f g every thinking patriot when he looks at h act , that the great mass of this foreign population are inaccessible to ' m m of u We us, through the ediu our language , beca se have ' ‘ w s m of iff u iu u scful f ma n m other i e no eans d s g in or tio a ong . ' l ‘ their misa reh n to . m e them. It is their object also re ove pp ‘ ‘ ‘ l and . T he m m of this inSti sions , correct their errors e bers tution extend the hand of kindness to this portion of our popu I a nd o u a Of lation, establish schoolsf r the ed c tion their chil “ so ma fo ‘ o of dren , that they y be prepared r the recepti n use and a Al f ul knowledge , become good substantial Americ ns . i 1 n et is i n though this society is yet n its i nf cv , y it truly a flourishing condition: T hey have one school in Cincinnati ‘ d T numbering tvvo hun red pupils in daily attendance . hey a s e ta s m l and one have l o, a school rec ntly es bli hed Louisvil e , w b b e the . . in Ne Al any, y their g neral agent Reverend J J ’ ’ m to r aiSe f s and Lehmanowsky. He akes it his business und , 300 m sr oar or 0 1110 . a in a ffi f ~ est blish schools, ny town where there is a su cient oreign o d em t v al p pulation to nee th , throughou the whole Mississippi ’ . At S lom . M. ley Cincinnati F . C . F. a on, A , is the Princi al p . OF S O FFI CERS T HE OC I ET Y . ‘ Y T ORER r r Honorable BELLA M S , P esident ; John My e, Vice - W f s C . President ; H . K . ills, Recording Secretary ; Pro e sor G. a Gu elick Es . Stowe, Corresponding Secret ry ; Jacob , q Curtis ' W fi n l . N . . . r m e M Doolittle, C P Ba nes, illia , Dr Joh A len, D. W . T ol a d f r , Otis Aldrich easu Tr r er , W Alfred . Bentley. Gener al ent Ag , L hmanowsk . Reverend John J . e y e m of e a T h general asse bly the stat , have incorpor ted the m o ' above na ed s ciety and placed their school in Cincinnati , m f the cmm on the sa e ooting with public o on schools, which are supported by the public funds . W - mi in a e have twenty two incorporated acade es the st te, some of which are flourishin g . S C OMM ON SCHOOLS I N OT HER PART OF T HE ST AT E . i Every township is divided into school distr cts, which are ' ' 1 ctors t v b Of dir e he . go erned y a board , elected by _ people s e ar e t ax School hou s built by a levied on the people , and the public money ispaid over to the teachers in preportion to the number of scholars who attend the schools . T he system is one and f or cmmo a wise , the unds to supp t o n schools now 3 H T R 02 IS O Y OF 0 1110 . T H E O I O ME I I ST E H CHAN CS N I T UT , Was c O 1 828 or established in Cin innati , in ctober , f the pur of ff of fi f m pose aiding , in the di usion scienti c in ormation, a ong a o all cl sses f the community . . E John P Foote, squire and others , got up a public m eeting of z f m o the citi ens, who ra ed a constituti n and adopted it , thus . O mm organizing a society perations co enced under this, con f stitution o e . wo , and a course lectures was deliv red T class in m es were established, one Geo etry, and, another in Arith m etic . 1829 m f rm In , a class in Mathe atics was o ed, which has con n m . a tin ed to this ti e Lectures were delivered , and pplication m the for of T was ade to legislature , an act incorporation . his of . was granted on the application John D Craig , John P . Foote , W W T m m m . ho as Reilly, Lu an atson , illia C Anderson , David m C T . m Disney, George Graha junior, alvin Fletcher, Cle ent W m T ff m Dare , illia Greene , unis Brewer, Je ry Sey our , Israel h o Schooley and Elisha Brigham . T e object f the societ y was m of of the m th the advance ent the best interests echanic , e m f m ff of artisan and anu acturer, by the ore general di usion use m f of . ful knowledge , a ong the a oresaid classes citizens During the three last years , three lectures in each week, have been delivered in the lecture rooms of the Institute . T he library consists of about fifteen hundred Vol um es o f well selected books , which have been presented to the institution T e m m of by individuals . h e bers the Institute contribute, e . ach, annually , three dollars for of T he society have an annual Fair, the exhibition such articles as our mechanics and m anufacturers m ay feel disposed 1 838 to exhibit . T he Fair held in May , at the Bazaar, was o T he attended by all the intelligent citizens f Cincinnati . of articles exhibited , did honor to the ingenuity and skill those W f of who produced them . e saw , and elt proud the producers and their productions . T his institution deserves the patron: ag e of the whole people and we hope will receive it . T he classes in the Institute are established by voluntary ST AT E or RE O . Q LIGI N 30 b ass of n m en Who f m e r ow - i ociation you g , or th i n by laws and adopt a course of mutual instruction ; receiving aid from pro fes ional m of m s teachers, any who havebeen very zealous 1n pro moti o ng the objects f the Institution . u the mm of l c ia n a D ring su er seasons , courses e tures , atur l hiloSo h re del1vered in the bu n p p ya Institute to y g ladies . ' 1 A of fif n ow c ’ u . class ty , is atte nding Do tor Cr aig s co rse T HEST AT E or R LIGION D T E E ' E AN H DI EFEE NT RELIGI OUS SEcTs. ' ’ . An experiment is now makingvVhich will ascertain wheth ‘ or religion can be sustained W ithout the support of the gov : crament; Ou r coristitut1on utterly for bids a ny preference to an m l s s » be given to y one religious sect . It per its re igiou oci b e d a t sties to incorporate , so th t hey can build churches and wn l n W o the , a d here they also recognises any con ' cn m for tra t e tered into by any _ , with a clergy an his “' society B u . o support and maintenance . t these things are all the g v ern m n t e does, unless it be that religious people are protected h r es by law, while they are wors iping their C eator, as it do any other persons while peac eably assembled together for any h f u u sm ss. o law l b e Should any one suppose , h wever, t at our Western people are not as r eligi0u s as these who have an estab s u n e li hed religion, s pported by, and co n cted with the civil gov e ment he m n . Our rn , would do the great i justice people believe e a that r ligion i s a m atter between God and his cre ture , with no f . M t of which , the civil ruler has right to inter ere os r t the m misters who are in Some sense pe manently se tled , u ml msters in the perform m ch . more labour than do eastern s h incon v enien States . Doubtle s t ere are conveniences and ‘ es a nd th er e con ected With s a i c, ple sures a e rev s , n 3 the itu t on ‘ ‘ o e an te Our b n w not f a w stern , or eas rn mi nister . ala ces ill We e m . Our igh these very correctly, so w do not atte pt it e astern brethrenare wonderfully deceived i n one thing respect ‘ mes s . T f e i i a ma az mg u hey o ten stat n the r meetings, p p ers, g , are s u of . &c., that we de tit te preachers s According to our population . We hav e two minister here, 30 4 HIST ORY O F OHIO. e of some sor t, to wher they have one there . Ours are “ a ofiiciatin in s nei hborh ods itiner nts, each one g everal g p T h i s e o We is owing to our gr at n umber f religious sects . W speak of Ohio . ehave swarms of missionaries from the ' ' n t and f m t . o Atla tic ci ies, ro our own, consis ing f Cumber ’ n a C m t C &c. ia mo la d Presbyteri ns , a pbelli es , atholics , , all . u ' m tion, to build p their various sects ; but they all ove forward W of m . e in peace, an d in a good degree har ony see no evils of growing out all these sects, except it be , that the people all of are not able to support this host of ministers . Fewer m fi for m the , and those well quali ed their issions, would be a If o w vast improvement . the pe ple ere divided into one half n the sects to which they now belo g, and would, be contented with one half the preachers we now have laboring among if 0 half of r us ; and the , ther our preachers, would t avel f ofhciate of mi arther west, and there , a great deal good ght m m ou m 1 T h be done, by this i prove ent, in r religious atters . e of m people the east, need not ourn over our destitute state , ten m as to preaching, because we have ser ons to their r m . T one , in p oportion to our nu bers here is scarcely a day h of m in the year but t ere is preaching so e sort, in every town W o Si 1 n . e m f any ze the state by no eans , say that we have c. u t sa no of too mu h preaching, b we do y that there is want it in Ohio . ' T hat there is a prejudice against all preachers in this ' far and all other states, is certainly true, but so as we are ‘ m w now them ar e acquainted with th e , and e k well , we com ll ed our ' cler men in O p to say, that gy hio, especially e fi s m t de those who have lived here ever sinc our rst ettle en , " and d . serve unqualified praise for their zeal, goo works No f m en in this state have been so use ul in building up society, in m aking us a moral and truly religious people . T heir dis n en k f ce interested ess and benevol ce , their indness, orbearan and indu s nd charity, zeal , tr y a perseverance in well doing, * T e resb terian s an d 1 otest 1 e sco eed mor d h p y p a1t pi p alians n e ministers, an have an churches without be b to l t em at ur 10 m in a le su h resent. O y g _ p p y p marks do not apply to them. 3 00 Hisr oar or 0 111 0 . We suspect that a greater proportion of our populationbe ' m c e . long to so e chur h, other p ople in the Union T his is m ore the -case with the people in the Scioto and Miam i ' ‘ inan other of state er a s but countries, than y; part the , p h p , it is ' ~ “ of it . and so, generally, in all parts As to talent learning , m o of th m i we have at all ti es , had a go d degree e n the pulpit ; O r m ni k f u i sters , li e our lawyers , speak with a great deal o m T ani ation , otherwise , they would not be western people . hey m m few of m a ~ speak exte pore , ostly , but not a the , spe k accu r ately s m t it , so that every entence igh be printed , [ and would On f rou d~ of our read very well . the whol e, we eel quite p m e ze men . inist rs as such , as Christians , as citi ns and as ~ . T he s r Pre byterians have. in the state , about twenty p esby eries f l Viz t as o lows , N0 . of No. of Communi “ i t : t Preabyteriee. m nisters. chu rches. cams . Names of the sta ed cl erk of these Presby eria . b 16 3 1 32 18 C C . Steu enville, _ harles Beatty . 2 1 8 3 7 2 5 15 . Beaver, Robert Dilworth W G 1 5 3 5 1 72 1 D t . rand river, ex er itter 27 23 1857 W m f . Portage , illia Han ord 1 9 24 1 025 X . Huron , enophon Betts W 12 18 3246 . T rumbull , ells Andrews ‘ W 27 39 1 785 Daniel . o . Cleveland , Lathr p . W W 1 1 12 364 . , St . Joseph, Phanuel arriner ' W e . 9 2 1 1 3 10 . Monroe , Ira M e d 9 1 9 1 1 4 Athens , 3 Addison m 12 1 5 1 124 m D . L . Colu bus, Ja es Hoge , D L D a 2 1 3 1 2622 am . Lanc ster, J es Culbertson “ W o 9 26 2069 W m Cox. o ster, illia “ 10 2 1 1 528 m . Richland , Ja es Rowland 22 28 2892 Va n m n . Chillicothe , Henry De a m 1 8 23 1 250 m . Mia i , Ja es Coe 27 2 58 T ma . . Cincinnati , 9 1 8 ho s J Biggs x 8 1 9 . Vand k e . Marion, John P y O f 14 26 1083 W r ' x ord, John . Scott P ofe ssor, ia I 1 O f co e x ord lleg . 304 2177 T e om his d n ination of Christians, have besides theabove three ‘ E I R LGIOU S sacr s. 307 d ari m twent cn hun red d eight ordained inisters , y li e sedpreach ‘ s a a s e rs, d for mml tr be i es thirteen c ndid tes , the y Let us see, r e and e m an " th e hundred ight inisters , d four hundred and seveht - v h e s m c y se e n c urch s, or ixty nine ore hurches , than T he M E isco al lan s ar e far m n m a ethodist p p ore u erous , th n a n e a as followm a m y oth r christi ns, the g st te ent, derive d from a o . h . N m of m em s the very best uth rity s ows u ber church ber , and thirtysix ; two handfed andninety v ! ; fi e hundred and sixty focal pre ach-1 ’ f u an i n a e ers , our h ndred dninetychurches, the st t , fifteen dis ' tr ict and se are i n , the divided , nto one hu dred and thirtynine c and a . T e a at f e a ircuits st tions h y h ve erected , di f rent pl ces, fifty six parsonage houses for the accommodation of the itini 1 rant n1inistérs. T e m a i n own a a e mo o H r om 111 his d no in t o , l rg com di us , ook o ' ’ ’ C c at f b f - f ster ies h e in inn i , eighty eet, y orty two, our in eight, rect of E a dM ed on the corner ighth n ain streets . Fromthis Western m the ma n a book establish ent , y distribute ythous nd dollars worth o an a O nd all a and te r 110 1 1e f books, nu lly, into hio,a the st tes r s W s of the Alle hanies T he a of a a e t g present gents , this v lu ble n d a l m are . Wr a . Swarmsted T est b ish ent, John F ight L hey i at t s a m n a ri al all d publ sh his e t blish e t, r”eligious pe odic , c e “ W a v a e C A ca . And e Th estern hristi n d o te to this p per, ther w a C E o and . . are no , eleven thous nd subscribers . lli t L L Hamline ar e the editors of this p aper. P ROTEST ANT EPI SCOPAL ca nnon . c a e iii 1 34 Names of the hurches ; places where loc t d, 8 , to W 1 t T Ch ch Columhu s T rini C r h Newa rinity ur , , ty hu c , rk , ’ ' ’ Z i n esv il e t u s a t a 1 am . St. J es l , S L ke M rie t ’ t Pa s C c T C ela 5 S . ul hilli othe, rinity lev nd , J ' ’ “ ’ Norwa a a s . St. P A St . e ter s sht bul , Paul lk, ’ 1 1 t Jam B i ardr n St. Pa . S . a es , , ul s , Mt Vernon l h ‘ ~ W o C s 4 a n Christ Ch ur ch, inds r, hri t D yto , 30 8 m sr oa v or 0 1110 . Al l Sain tsC hu r ch m a Chu rc am , Ports outh , H rcourt h, G bi er, ’ ’ i svi S . la m St. T ma t C r lle St a a a , , a ‘ ho s J es B t vi , ’ ’ -C St St. a C a M rk s Mill reek , . John s uy hoga Falls ’ ’ St. a C S t. am Han ovo M tthew s hurch , Perry, J es r, ’ “ a . St Mi a C C C . ch el s hrist hurch, incinn ti Unionville, ’ ’ St. a Cinc at St . O C P ul s inn i , John s hio ity, ’ ’ W n St T m o “ St. , a John s orthingto , i thy s M ssillon , ’ ’ St. St. am a a a J es Piqu , John s L nc ster, ’ ’ S St. a St. a a P ul s teubenville , P ul s Utic , ’ ’ - am C C St. d St. J es ross reek, Ju e s Montville, ’ a a T m St. P ul s Medin , rinity Ly e , ’ a a C i o St. Peter s Del w re , hr st Liverp ol. ’ ’ St. am St. a Peter s Morristown , J es P inesville, ’ Matthew “ St. s As a a Grace Berkshire , ht bul , ’ ’ S C af St . A E a St . tephen s hurch Gr ton , ndrew s lyri , ’ a Hamilton T r in it efi er son St. M tthew s , y J , " ’ C C St. a St .Philli s p hurch, ircleville, P ul s Greenville, ’ W T St. a T rinity roy, John s keman . ’ a . St. Luke s Gr nville m a w Ch a and of l , Inti tely connected ith risti nity, one its egiti a ff af and m A m a m te o spring, is the De Du b sylu , loc ted at our seat of government . S LUM F R T HE DEAF AND D T HE A Y O UMB, . a Is loc ated in Columbus . Here the De f and Dumb are an d a m a an d m a a received, th t ent l or l cultiv tion is bestowed m a m c a i of o a on the , which r ises the to the o cup t ons s ciety, n d of a f of the e njoym ents soci l li e , which they were natu rally on e of deprived . It is those benevolent institutions , to which a has and i o this ge given birth , wh ch d es honor tohuman n ature . O a a— T A m has ne a . his sylu been in per tion rly nine ye rs . It ant of S a a owes its origin to the phil hropy the t te legisl ture. T he present number of pupils is thirty-fi v e ; twenty-seven of m are the of the S a . a who , supported by bounty . t te It is n 3 1 0 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . e a a a bricks, h wn stone, boots, shoes, books, p per, r gs, thre d, ‘ a of . all s m a fa e twine, tob cco, orts , nu ctured or not man ufactur i ed shov els s ades a a al e , plows, y p , pot toes, gr ss seed , , porter, m ma SU ar m a a a br idleS do estic ple g , ol sses, xes , hoes , s ddles , r b a a an d . ristles, t llow, st ves , printing types printing presses T he two l ast articles ar e m ade at Cincinnati i n abund ance for W an for the . our supply, d enough , est REMARKS . Of a m a a of mm e a the bove enu er ted rticles co erc , horses, ct O s f a a . a tle, h g , sheep , bee , pork , l rd , b con , whe t, flour, indian an d f m a of a and ro corn , whiskey, or our princip l , ones ; v lue , p ‘ at a a a ma m Of a s a a duce, le st, gre t ny illions doll r , nnu lly, a and m a a n a all m equ ling , ore th n equ li g in v lue , our i ports . T a a of a i n fa r a t ear l da f his b l nce tr de , our vou this y y, o ou r as a a m a i of a existence st te , is but the ere d wn ng brighter da all r a fi ' a y, when our te ritory sh ll be lled up with such popu i w a as a a fi nd a O . a l tion , will n tur lly the r y to hio L rge (inan of and ar e f m S a tities pork flour, exported ro the cioto V lley to ‘ a and a mou th of S Montre l , Quebec , the Isl nds below the the t. a a T are f the f lu L wrence b y. hese sent to eed getters out o m N Am a e . e ber, in the British orth eric n provinc s For th s e, we i ash a m . E a at New rece ve c , in p y ent nglish , goods l nded a for O . T he m m f m w York , p y pork in hio oney co es ro Ne and a . York returns there, or buys l nds in the west 0 1111 IMPORT S, Consist of the productions of every cou n try on the globe ; an d of the manufactures of every manufacturing town i n c a a E . T he h a S a urope clot s of Engl nd , otl nd , Irel nd , Fr nce and ma find w a O and ar e r u Ger ny, their y into hio, wo n by o r . E a u s ear thern a her h citizens ngl nd , sends her w res , clot s, e na her n and n . a Liv rpool chi , cutlery, eedles pi s Fr nce sends, ' ‘ s a a a i us her ilks , printed c licoes , w tches , wines, br ndies , pr nts, ’ and Ocelai a t a and r . pr ns. Switzerl nd sends ous w tches jewel y ’ T RADE AND C OMME RCE. Germah er and a . a s d her n y, h cloths , gl ss Holl nd en s gi s , pins , -~ a d id lf Wa e . a fi s an r a1s1ns n e r s It ly sends us her g , curr ts, , v oil a and a . S e n and a Oli e , gewg ws begg rs w ede Russi , send ‘ r 1ren a an d f u s. Af a f v fo thei , cord ge , r ric urnishes us i ory r and for m . C the handles of our kn i ves, co bs entral America “ s e ma a m a a e a and nds her hog ny wood to ke our t bl s, ch irs a s bure u . ' W . h r a and W e a of Ch a e . use the te s in , porcel ins silks e ha a f Ja a ff of a a and of a— ve the w res o p n, the co ee J v Moch of a l C a and W s a i s- A t i a Br zi , of ub , the e t Indi n sle he r sugar lso . " We a the s s of East n dian a and cco a n u ts h ve pice the l isl nds , the e ' ‘ ' ‘ of the islands of the Austral Asi ans— their tor tmse s hell, and -W th an their pine apples . e use e oil d bones of the Whale s of th a a ab e aeh . e rctic oce ns , out pole W h f f a A W e use t e urs e the Northwest co sts of me rica . e i and fu r of sea of the far u l sl a s use the sk ns , the ls so thern n d a fi O a and the of a a an Of a of the P ci c ce n, tins B nd , d Engl nd . W av i n C i a m m of a e h e our inc nn ti Museu s, speci ens ne rly ’ a ma 111 l every mineral, and of every ni l the wor d . a a andA a ama f s Louisi n , Mississippi, l b urni h us with cotton ‘ W m r a f m a a and Du Bu e a - and sn ar. e e u f g i po t l d ro G len q urs, an f m ou ritains 1 and m skins d peltries ro the Rocky M , send the ‘ our productions 1n return . We import the m anufactures of ou r ow n eastern states la and ma fa t e Of i o fr m u — s hees g ss, the nu c ur s r n o Pittsb rgh a f m all th e a Of a s—w thei t a and le ther ro eciti s, e st r cot on nd ert d - i fi and all of ma fa ar» wool goo s the r shes, sorts nu ctured tiCles of o o or . a uffs s . , either w od , ir n steel P ints, dye st , drug nd n s ar e o ef a e a W . t n medici e imp rted eed our e s rn brethre , nd and e sm ee a they clothe us, th y send u edicines to k p us i n a or u e u s w e sic a iv f ur s em he lth, c r , h n k, so th t e can ni h th w m a and a eat and ho es r d a n ith e t bre d to , rs to ide on , or be r w o a f a a a . l ngby, in their c rri ges , on their ro ds we b t am for L uisia a s s i and Afa bama uild s e ers o n , Mi si sipp , , -v d e a a . We s n d a s an they s nd us sug n ndcbttOn l n return . e c b et are to the we n a - whi n w st, orthwest and sonth so of skey, u d flo r, pork, ried fruits, &c. 3 1 2 HIST ORY OF 0 1110 . T his trade and commerce — this interchange Of productions ' a a c m en keep up , const nt inter ourse between , render them ac and m a tive, enterprising industrious , pro ote their he lth, com f and a . T a i a ort h ppiness his const nt ntercourse, is bond of n i ma a . unio , wh ch y no one , ever burst sunder Mutual inter al m a fi course produces mutu dependence , utu l pro t and mutual friendship : May these forever be continued to us an d our a and heir o da . p sterity, to our e stern brethren , t descen nts T h a a an d mm is const nt intercourse, tr de co erce, will require a of and of all r ll the energies , ourselves, our neighbo s to be in a m all m a s of a a const nt exercise to i prove the e n tr nsport tion , . in O a ; cre ate new m od es of conveyance ; now per tion , to s a a an d a a assm new road , new c n ls r il ro ds, p g through the ' a and and f m as tOm ak e O a st te , , to ro it, so hio, wh t it should at w all a and fr m be, the point hich, the tr vel to o the weste rn a t . st tes, should cen re ‘ Ou a e m an d m r tr de should be extend d ore ore, north and a and a New O a south ; to Montre l , especi lly, to rle ns and a T exas . T he northern tr de will build up our cities located ‘ a ak E an d the sou thern a W a d long L e rie , tr de, render e lthy an o a O . Ca a a populous , our t wns long the hio river n d needs our f r k and o an d a bee , po fl ur, we w nt British goods, British sove reigns an d gu ine a s . T he amo Of rodu ctions for e a for a unt our p xport tion , will l m m a a a as um s a ong ti e to co e, incre se nnu lly, our n ber incre se ; and n e w markets should be sought for them . Foreign goods can frequently be purchased in Montreal a a New and m a s che per th n in York city, our erch nts hould a a m an d ascer tam e ca visit Montre l , in the utu n, wh re they n buy the best an d the cheapest goods . Ca a a f a a a m . n d will orever, to cert in extent, be good ar t for l W a a . So New our gricultur productions , will estern York be one for our gr ain . All the lowe r Mississippi cou ntry will always purchase a d n f . their flour provisions, rom the people north Of them T exas will soon open a mar ket for our flour and man ufactured 3 1 4 m sr onr OF 0 1110 . 4 a d . T and a nu m cultur l pro ucts hey will extend , incre se the ' f ou r ards for bu ildm . T ma ber o v , g ships hey will d e nd more ' m founderies for m a m a for stearrrers iron , ore , king chinery , m men a se fa T me wi and ore to l bor in the ctories . hese n ll need clothes to cover them,and food to support them and the ir families , T he a n aw ation an d fi of a tr de , g sheries the Upper l kes, at a da r m of ought, no dist nt y, to suppo t one illion our citizens 4 an d a of a E . A mi1 living on the shore , ne r it, l ke rie nother m a a e na a n an lion ight e sily be supported by the tr d , vig tio d ' a ~ T i m io s m anuf ctures connected with the western rivers . er ill n m u a find a S and f u and fit a ems ore co ld e sily upport, ll pro ble ' ' m r of a fa m ei ploy ent, in the interio this st te , on their r s , in th r ffi s and fa of all . T he a of shops , o ces , tores ctories sorts v lley s a one a am l the Missi sippi , the l rgest on the globe , cont ins p e a a a for m sp ce in ddition to the Upper l kes, us , in which , to ove a an d a a w e u be a bout ct. In this l arge the tre , sho ld the ctors . “ On a of Ea ma as a these bo rds the people the st y be they ple se, either the actors or the audience . a a fi e r r n verv as. L ying side the gure , th i p oductio s will be f r ent ma e f m and m an . ro ours , will not co pete with us, in y rket O of f o a and a rs of urs , consisting ood f r the pl nter his l bore , ' ha an d eat of a and u ean y horses to it, cotton b gging, gi s to cl his of r an am ma cotton , boile s d ste engines , with which to nu ' fa his su ar m a her ice cture g , will not co pete with M ine, with and a of fis f or a of tripes p cked in it, hes , either resh s lted, m as a lu ber, such bo rds spars and staves . Mass achusetts and Rhode Isl and may carry their cloths and fi and C w d c O o their shes , onnecticut her oo en clo ks, but hi will not be 111 their way . BANKS! ‘11: 01110 ; 3 15 am N e, place, and date. omm ercial Ba n Cin 0 1 at J C nn 1 a11 . k, , 4, 1836 n l in an do . 1 Fra B k, do . 1 2 SI 204 6 k 4 , 8 , 28 ette an Laf a B , do. do 14 y k 0,033 Ohio Life and do. anuar 1836 J y, 268,984 1 1 7 , 4 , 857 049 Miami Ex o tin 0 6 do ’ Oct g . . 17 1836 5 1 19 53 p r , , 91 ,742 , 1 T otal of Cincinnati an s b k , On or nea t e‘ Ohi i r. h o r ver . Col unibiana Ban New Lis on k; b , 9 41 , 629 ec Bk Steubei F ar. and M h . . m lle, Jan 6 1836 3 6 758 1 1 56 754 , 7 , : Bel nt B n S . Cl air vill e mo a t Ja11 . 5 1 3 5 k, s , , 8 6 31 6 088 43, 43, 36 ‘ , of Marietta Marietta Ban do . 27 26 412 k , , 1452184 , , Scioto Ban Portsmouth anu r k, , J a y 306 450 Far. Ban of Can tou Canton Jan k , , ' a M ss ll n M ss llon B n of a i o a i do . k , , ' Ban o f Wooster Wooster do k , , . Bank of Zanesville Zanesville Jan . 8 1836 , , , 343, 20 B of Mus in um Putn m an 6 ank k g , a , J 183 239 Fran lin Bank of Colu m u s Col u m us 1 k b , b , 696,49 1 linton Ban Colum us an u a1 124 879 k, b , J y , , ‘ Ban of Circl e v ill e Cii cle vill e Ja n . 1 183 1 k , , , 6 4 4 460 ' , Lancaster Ban Lancastei Jan . 25 1836 60 29 72 291 70 417 k, , , 2,7 , , B of Mt Pl easant Mt. Pleasant an 4 1 36 k . , J , 8 of b h1 ll 1cothe Chillicothe Dec2 1 5 Bit . , . 3, 83 Urbau a Bank m Cd. Ur ana ah. 5 1836 g b ;J , 252, Ban of Xenia Xen a Decem er 8 1 35 k , i , b , 8 Da ton Ban Da to December' 2l 1835 y k, y ny , I ank of Ha milto Hamil ton Jan 12 6 B n, , . , 183 On, or near Lake Erie ' e tern Rese ve Ban W a1 ren J 1 s r a1 . 1 36 W k, , 9, 8 f u a P inesvill e Dec 59 Ban o Gea a . 7 1 5 19 62 k g , , , 83 7, o . B . of L. Eri e Cl evel and J C m an . 15 1 3 61 1 9 1 k , , 8 6 , B n of Cl evel an do : J n 1 41 1 a k d, a . 4, 836 , o Norwal Norwalk N v Bank f o . 30 2 1 k, , 1836 7 of S ndus Sandu Ja 1 21 Bank a ky, sky, n ' ' Total of 31 banks and 1 branch 3 1 6 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . ST AT E OF GRIC ULT URE PRI CE OF L N S P OV SI O S A ND A , A D , R I N LABOR . ‘ “ T e a f h st te o agriculture has imp rov ed gr eatly within a few a ye rs p ast . T here are farms 111 the Vi c i nity of all our l a rger a a of a towns , in good st te cultiv tion , an d our farmers every wh a a a ere , either h ve lre dy, or soon will have good su bstan a hodses a and T ti l , b rns out houses , hese ar e not only com modiou s and a a S m m a subst nti l but o eti es even eleg nt , In New C n a m e fa m as a on ecticut, l ost v ery r er h n elegant dwelling h . a a of a m ouse In th t p rt the st te , we see ore framed than s 1 1] m a a brick hou es ; so e p rts , though , brick houses predomin te , ma of a IS f a In the re inder the st te , brick pre erred s the cheap cst m a a d T h m a a o a , ost dur ble n best . e teri ls f r brick re ne ar h ar e de d m a f and the spot w en they nee d ; the woo to , ke uel , ' ' m be clear ed off an fa m and burn the , needs to , d the r er his can m a n of sons ke the brick without hiring a y the work done . ' ' W a few a af fa m ad o ithin very ye rs , ter the r er h se ttled .d wn in a a him a f the woods, we gener lly see round well enced, well a fa m it an d a o a me cultiv ted r , w h good buildings , good rch rd co ing forward . In a few more years his children will be grown ' m a an d fa m of n ew a th up , rried settled on r s l nd like e one on T s f f which they were brought up . hu the orest recedes be ore us , and a l at m sfar and a highly cu tiv ed country s ile wide round us , a m a of - New C in Wa F r ers in p rts onnecticut , shington coun t and a a of S i av du y, long the upper p rt the c oto country h e , a a a o a a n d ring twenty ye rs p st , turned their ttenti n to d iries has fi a f . T s the manufacture o cheese he busines been pro t ble, but enough is not m ade yet for our own consumption . a of a and i T he appletree flourishes in all p rts the st te, c der ‘ a a m e a s as t l for onl on e a a is so bund nt so e y r , o sel y doll r a O o New barrel . Many apples ar e c rried down the hi river to O a an d . rle ns , the lower country T he price of l and v arie s from one dollar an d twenty -five la an a . cents , to on e hundred dol rs cre a 111 At T he pri ce of l abor I S fifty per cent . higher th n the a a a d s ar e a ft e r a r l ntic st tes, n provi ions bout fi y p cent che pe than there . 3 1 8 11151 0 11 11 or 0 1110 . T HE RA I SING OF H OGS HORSES AND C T T LE . , A ’ a of a fa m a In these br nches r er s business, our people h ve a i as very well succeeded . In country wh ch produces so e ily and a a all a an so bund ntly, the gr ins d guesses, on which such ' animals subsist— where there is so little winter for which to — a f w a at a im and provide where the snow lies only e d ys, t e, " f all m then is not over three or our inches in depth, the do es a ma can h a a a of tic ni ls be supported wit e se , on the bund nce f m a of ood which this country furnishes . For erly, v st droves a m a hogs were driven every ye r over the ount ins, but since — m O our c anals ar e made since the steam boat oves on the hio, and a 0 at m Mississippi the l ke , our people kill their h gs ho e, a m and a m off a New r s lt the c rry the in b rrels, either to O an or C a a and le s , to level nd , thence , to Montre l Quebec , or w a ma to Ne York . Horses r e still sent off in droves to rket, a either to the e st or to the south . So of a are fa an d e m m our c ttle , they ttened driv n , so eti es, all the w a T of all y to Boston to market . he value these ex s w e a th m a of port do not know, nor h ve we e e ns knowing, am n m of a a fo a but it ou ts to illions doll rs annu lly, r our c ttle, m an a a a a hogs, horses, ules d sheep . Gre t p ins h ve been t ken m o f all a ma and m a to i prove the breeds these ni ls , co p nies have repe atedly sent all the w ay to Engl and to get better hO s an d a . T he im m of g , horses c ttle evident prove ent the a i are whole breed , shows th t those who have done these th ngs, fa public bene ctors . T HE ST AT E OF T HE PRESS . 14 35 Gu tenbu r h of w as a a law In , John g Mentz, c rrying on n Strasbu r h a of a a m suit , i g , with burgher the pl ce l st ention Drizen a m a Gu tenbur h ed, one , bout a copying chine, which g had invented . T a m a w as P I I m ass w has h t copying chine A R NT NG , hich done more for m ankind than any other invention . By this ’ aChine of Gutenbur h s m can m mi s and m g , ind ove nd , render T T n T PRE S A E o HE SS. 3 1 9 ea air fire ate a e e n mm ra of a rth, , , w r, y , ve i ense t cts sp ce , far ’ as can a r ma mf the telescope discern, tribut y to n s co ort, i ’ knowledge and happiness . A ded by Gutenbu rgh s copying mac new a f man hine, every ide , use ul to ki nd, soon crosses sea and a and fi a every every oce n, n lly, pervades every part Ou a a was of r h bit ble globe. It this copying machine that enabled Martin Luther to spread his doctrines over christen dom and a e the of , to ss rt rights conscience , and the liberty of a and all ma spe king writing our opinions, upon tters in religion, ' o and i a r . T ma science , p litics l ter tu e his chinehas prostrated ' 'it has had f . error, wherever ree scope It is the friend of ' of i of hu man ' a genuine liberty, just ce , h ppiness and human . T aid of m a glory hrough the this chine , the scriptures have a are a an d been spre d, spre ding , will continue to do so, until of a all a h all the light the gospel sh ll shine on l nds, enlig ten a and all m en a and a n tions, render h ppier better . H ppy will ' for mank if Pr eSs e a as it be ind, the continu s to be unsh ckled, , - ’ now is in . Ma it , this country y those who use it, never de l — of a for scend to icentiousness to the servility p nders, the men m the t of a m a in power, nor beco e ools spiring de gogues, T he m either in church or state . Press ultiplies copi es of * and e m ea and a all books, r nders the ch p , ccessible to read . a a ar e a of 1 ers Ide s beget ide s , which the p rents others , n “ ro r ess1on . One 1 nven tion ead endless , p g l s to other inventions, a ma m m and a a nd his en bling n to overco e ti e sp ce , turn to m Use and benefit all the ele ents . He conquers the whole him r a air and world , rendering useful to ea th, oce n , , every pla nt a nd every animal. He is enabled to make the very stars in the deepest vault of the far blue heavensuseful to him . And h he a ac nth a eof whet er tr vels b k, dow e long l ps ‘ a s as ma a ge p t, or rise on the wings of his enraptured i gin tion , ; and the m a i of f an r fly into ost dist nt reg ons , uturity, his w de “ n ma be all a a d the c a i gs y recorded by pen, n by Press ircul ted all over the world, and their remembrance be perpetu ated forever . ' ' * - T wo hundred years agoa New T estament cost two hundred dollars it ' c e osts now ten cnts. ' 320 HIST ORY OF 0 11 10 . ' wa ma a m a slf be In this y, he y be s id to overco e de th it e , are mm a . T to c ause his thoughts i ort l hey live to ennoble, ' w ll o animate, and bless mankind . T he spirit of an author i f r ar and “ a s of m of ever hover ound , t ke posses ion the in ost souls a s m a and m ma flou his re der . Kingdo s, st tes, e pires , y rise, r d be a m for otton dim a fa an - ish, decline, ll , l ost g , in the dist nce d he i a of m an of of oblivious d , while t insp r tions the genius m n flou r ishin and u im a r and re ain gree , g, entire, n p i ed indes tru ctible . ' who a a May those conduct the Press, elev te their , ide s into d wa . . of u an T o m pu re regions tho ght, fly, al ys there the , in a a ma are mm f of very speci l nner, co itted the , uture destinies — ma . T ar e of s hm m for nkind hey the , lights the world g, not , ' m for ma fam . aid of the selves , but the whole hu n ily By the all can a a f . As these lights , see their sever l p ths through li e " a m and m n these lights incre se in nu ber brightness , e will see ar fa an d a ll a m all the Wo cle er, rther, better round the , over rld , m a end: ma f e r until ti e sh ll Until then , y the Press be r e, pu e, and u seful . ' T he first n ewsp aper ever printed northwest of the Ohio was at C a 9 h of N m 1 793 river , issued incinn ti on the t ove ber, , ‘ W m w as “ T HE E n by illia Maxwell . It e”ntitled CENT I N L o O W - ll T HE N RT EST ERN T ERRI T oRY m , O en to a ‘ H ” its otto p ar ties bu t i n u enced b n ne. T a af a p , fl y o his p per, ter ch nging am and 1 796 w as 1800 . its n e owner, in , continued until “ In the a m of 1 8 10 T he W S wa mm . utu n estern py s co enced a by Captain Joseph C rpenter and Ephraim Morgan . It con tinn ed to be published by them until the death of Captain Car ’ en t r in F r a 1 814 . a s a » p e , eb u ry It p s ed through v rious owners a u wa a Na a an h nds ntil its title s ch nged into the tion l Republic , ‘ h a am s H. r whic n m e it still bears . It is printed by J e Looke ’ ainsa E ui . and edited by Charles R. R y sq re It is published - an a . weekly, tri weekly d d ily T he two old est p apers in Cincinn ati are published at ' a m an a a l arge est blish ents, d h ve considerable influence on the So n af a public mind. o ter the st te constitution went into Ope W ration, John . Brown established a paper at Cincinnati: It 322 m sr onr or OHIO. EN O O ES B EV LENT S CI E T I . last / eriod of a r During this p our History, there h ve sp ung a up , into existence, three societies which h ve state societies and a ff h b a of m m a if m st te o icers , wit r nches the , in ny, not ost of . i m u an m the count es . Fro their infl ence d i portance, ou r duty in the station which we have assu m ed, does not permit us l et m a f w m a . o to the p ass by us, without e re rks N t belonging an of m a nd a s to y one the , h ving never supported or oppo ed i a W m f m . ar e rf the , we eel no person l interest in the e pe ectly a a of a of sub ects w ich a re a w re the delic cy the j , h we bout to m u far as a a notice , but our duty, st be so done, to st te , th t we a a z in O fi an O T EM P ER NCE SOC I E T h ve org ni ed hio, rst, nto A Y, m a a at a of m . has which eets nnu lly, the se t Govern ent It been in a a a an d ad a a t oper tion sever l ye rs , , it h p per devo ed to its " t as a a a a V . I h a a iews ch nged lre dy, to consider ble extent, custom of keeping spiritou s liquors in every family, which f m f e a a were or erly urged upon riends , when th y c lled to p y . has a ea d a visits It , to gr t egree , b nished distilled spirits from a the table n t dinner . T his societ y has oper ted on the higher a of mm and a f m m cl sses the co unity , b nished spirits ro so e , indeed m a y am a a a a and . T m n ste bo ts , c n l bo ts public inns hus uch as . has an d ha s . i t h done It been conducted wisely, prospered a h a as w as a n It is no longer f s ion ble to drink spirits it once , d a an d a s a an a l wyers physici n r rely drink y thing, stronger th n m has ff b water . In so e towns , little been e ected y the society, a f m a ff d. an a r efor but , on the whole , re or tion is e ecte M y h ve s f med who once drank to excess, a nd thou an ds o the rising a a f m r u m a a gen eration , r e s ved ro by being educ ted not to t ste h has c all law distilled liquors . T e subject been dis ussed in f u a f fa an d f l bu , w ys , t has found no opposition to its ull, ir ree discussion . a a a Could the practice of distilling gr in be ltogether bolished, a a am of m m an d ab sa and v st ount oney, ti e , l or, would be ved , T h m m . e much human misery would be prevente d oney, ti e soon and labor would be turned to some useful purposes . As i ltar-S LA VE R A Y SOCIET Y. 323 as a tem erate le islatur e IS cte p g an of a ele d, in y one the st tes, a e a me : ma a as a m pen l n ct nts y be p ssed , to punish , cri e, the ' d i Of i 1 at a a e of m s rink ng sp r ts, _or le st the s l the in uch state . T HE CoLONI ZA T I On SO I CI ETYY J s I a National Society ; Ohio has a state branch of it and , ‘ ' c n a a a a i . _ n r ew a 1 the ou ties h ve uxili r es H vi g ve y f free bl cks , 11 the ta e for te a has s t it oper te upon , little been done here by it . e a n i to has dO e In oth r words , h vi g noth ng do, it n nothing . B u t a a o e and um a av nother st te s ci ty its n erous br nches , h e h m 111 d and a f r excited ighly,the public , c lled orth exp essions, on b th of the o i t a wa i o sides questi n n dispu e , not l ys n strict accor dance with truth and propri ety ; T his 13 T HE AnoLI T I ON, AN' S s r LAVER SOCI E T Y . T he fi sOOiet of . k or r Y r t y this ind , ar nt Of all t i n) t w s a the p e o hers, his Union , a est blished m Phi ladel hia a fif a n and am a k p , bout ty ye rs si ce , Doctor Benj in Fr n ' was fi rst b t was and d , lin its presi ent Its o jec to protect , W 1n a W f . a de end those who ere unjustly held sl very shington, f s a a d m Je fer on, P trick Henry , n , the ost dis tinguished m e n in a i a of u 111 Virgini , h ghly pproved it nder their own hands, letters ' addressed by them to its thrice i llustri ous founder”- T his society ' “ m f wa e a , b n eficiall an d O b wisely oved or rd op r ting e y, pposed y ’ few a c a ff e none . But some ye rs sin e , things took di er nt h had ot and ou turn , in whic Ohio n hing to do, it belongs not to r h a a fe w soc1et1es f m l w istory Fin lly, were ounded here , ost y, e mm ra n f m a - ld believe, by persons i ig ti g into this ro sl ve ho ing r w m s o of s c i n O a . A fe r st tes re ark on the igin thi so iety hio, ‘ s e en and o m to it views , t nd cy persecuti ns see us to belong to and a ts We our history c n not be dispensed with by i author . d ma fa m a we u o . not ke cts, but erely rel te events , which wo ld ' e e W T s s a e and sometim s rejoic ere they otherwise . hu itu t d , . ea at w ff compelled to sp k, wh e believe to be the truth, o end m ma we c m r ma and who it y , pro eed , our e rks, on the society, ' O it sensitiv e and‘ i n T i o likewise , n s b tter oppo ents , h s s ciety ‘ ' ' ’ a of t in this ta dating no f r k . is ,very recen origin s te, urthe b c ha uar 1884 t n Febr y, 3 24 HIST OR Y OF 0 11 1 0 . k m ar e to Its objects so far as we now the , prev ent slavery a a who fr om spreading into this st te , to induce gre t numbers a of u s m f an d own sl aves i n the st tes south , to set the ree , , T s a - O send them to Africa . hese l ve holders live in hio, but T s ar e O f i own slaves in the south . he e the bjects o the soc e T he f of a all f w ty . riends the society dis vow inter erence ith - t slaves and sl ave holders ou t of this sta e. T hese are views T h n ot inconsistent with our duty to our neighbors . etenden o f t a cy of the doctrines , the society, when kept wi hin the p le and n as o a f of prudence , so lo g the s ciety orig in lly ounded by Franklin and the friends in Philadelphi a is followed as an ex. am Wa ff and a of da if ple , shington , Je erson the p triots their y, now li ving w ould not raise an y Obj ection to them . T he anti in O in Ma 1 837 a 2 1 3 a a sl avery society hio, y , cont ined uxili ry a nd m m . a societies , e bers Its persecutions h ve consist in m m m an d ed being interrupted in their eetings, so eti es , in istro ed C a h aving their press d y in incinn ti by a mob . T hese outrages will not be repe ated . T o sust ain themselves in their a for ~ slaver a i controversy, both p rties , to the question , y or nt a r ha a a as a sl ve y , ve boldly ppe led to the bible, the uthority on T a m w hich they rely . hey h ve brought forward the exa ple and and a S p recepts of ou r Savior his postles . itting in judgment the a am law an t m on c se we proceed to ex ine the d the tes i ony, - im a a f u an d fa f an fi a e p r.ti lly, lly irly, be ore we enter y n l judg v ’ m n . s as ou r a am an d e t Fir t, then , to S ior s ex ple precepts . w a s h a an d his m s a d He by birt , Jew , other, brothers, si ters n a ll w m be a a as a and a him those with ho ssoci ted ne r de r to , were . a a a a a e Jews Both p rties , h ve s id , th t there were no sl v s in Jude a at that time ! T his is not true . T he entire nation was a a f a a n a in sl very o the worst kind , th t y whole n tion could n ! all a and a and s e dure they were sl ves , they were t xed oppres m a a sed by the Ro ns , whose legions were every where st tioned, a nd as m e o o ression Offi used instru nts f pp by the civil cers . ' T l and m ta all a ffi heir ru ers , civil ili ry, were ppointed to o ce , by t he m a m at om . T he had fa Ro n e peror R e Jews , in ct two gov. ernmen ts o at am to supp rt, the s e tim e ; their own ecclesiasti W v Cal m and t a of the o . hus situa govern ent, h t c nquerors ell, t R H 3 26 HIST O Y OF O IO. a a a Ca a a A a and thoughout Pontus, G l ti , pp doci , si [Minor,] ' w e a a th n ia . T er the a m By i hese provinces, gre t sl ve rts , the i ’ a a A Geor etowns and Alexandn as Of Pennsylv ni venues , the g , ’ a a w a the ncient world . But, we h ve not yet done ith P ul s f re e ts and am as m a and conduct , p cp ex ple , they respected sters ’ va s a ad f E a chu rch in a ser nt P ul h le t his phesi n te rs , when f i and him and had a m they ell on h s neck kissed , gone to Jerus le a an d m fo in r a where he hadbeen rrested conde ned r be g a ch isti n , m a a Ca a m f a from which judge ent he ppe led to es r hi sel , P ul a a m an . had m a bei n g a Ro citizen He s iled to Ro e , to w it his w m a a m n a and as a . O of tri l , in j il nesi us , serv nt Phile o , ra n Off f m m a and had a at m . ro his ster, rrived Ro e likewise Here a w as risOn va w as e t a while P ul in p , this ser nt conv r ed by the pos ’ ’ ' s a . T o a O m f his fau lts and tle pre ching P ul, nesi us con essed , ' that hehad griev ou sl v wronged his m aster . We do not fi n d the wron gs specific ally set forth,but there ” m a r sim ‘ were wr ong s done to the ste by Orie us. Pa ul being a had r a of Of O m a in j il , g e t need the services nesi us , but le rn a m a f m the a Of ing the ex ct circu st nces , ro serv nt his flight ' f m his ma and the him a t ro ster, wrongs done ; the pos le wrote m O m and im a a letter to Phile on by nesi us , s ent h b ck tohis a . T w as a a Old m ster ychicus , who bout to tr vel the s ame a s far as C am a f a an route , olosse , bec e ellow tr veler, d the ’ Ointl a a f m a C a two , j y c rried letter ro P ul , to the olossi ns . T o e am . T hese epistles thus s nt , we proceed to ex ine the C a a as had to E a olossi ns , the postle writes , he phesus, in rel tion m a a nd a n am a a a m to sters serv nts , holdi g the s e l ngu ge , l ost m em of the word for word . He re inds Phil on new rela tion which now subsists between him and his serv ant ; that now they ar e brothers ; Does Paul threaten Philemon with ‘ a b e a ma a everl sting perdition , unless inst ntly e ncip tes his a ? No d at n him at all but sl ve , he oes not thre e , he prefers a at m request , though , very pressingly too, th Phile on would a f an d a if ha set his serv nt ree, th t he did so, to c rge Paul , in " a him all m Of O m ccount with , the su s out which , nesi us had, in ' an him and he a a m ou y wise wronged , , P ul , would p y the , de “ m a . T am of t he a of u nd his ex ple postle the Gentiles, sho ld ANT I-SL E R AV Y SOC IET Y. 327 . lest in O 111 all m a never be on us hio, si il r cases . T hese pre f C an ce ts o . a m p hrist d his apostles , these d onitions to masters and a s all a a a ’ serv nt , in the p ss ges bove quoted or referred to, " 111 o as su leave us no d ubt to our duty, in ch cases . All Ou r n m ar a re e a , precedi g re ks int nded , in p rt at least, for mm a a ut i edi te bolitionists . B we now proceed to say some h for s a of O t ings the seriou consider tion their pponents . T hey “ a a a m and a h ave s id thous nd ti es over over, th t m the f unda m a l aw of this nati n o n ent l o , our . c nstitutio , the right to own ' ” ' a is d m . n sl ves secure to the Bei g thus secured they add, “ a In a um i IS Of th t being so inserted th t instr ent , their r ght to”o a a a be t all s s cred n ture, to a , di cussed , in public or private We now proceed to examine this allegation in their declara ‘ nd rool s it tion , a their p under the constitution . T hat in l m f f 1 n f an st ru ent does not pro ess to be per ect itsel , d the 1 efor e a r o Isi ons fo r am m n e cont ins p y , its end e t by the peopl , to pro mo a f a fi m a te whose h ppin ess, it pro esses to h ve rst been de . T a m n can m a discu s n his mend e t never be de without s m , with c. m n a nd the aid out publi eeti gs, without consult tion , a without Of the press T he liberty of speech and Of the press is se - One an d all same . B ut c ured to us , , by the constitution the o av . sa a h hold . sla\ is of friends f sl ery . y th t their rig t to es too ' a a a a m —of in u blic s cred n ture to d it being discussed l p or pri; s at m x a . Let u e v ate , or lly or throu h the press look this ost g ' ' . We ll f b a the tr aordin ary proposition. a pro ess to elieve th t o a s t e law Of ri and a e f 15 the VvOI d of Bible c nt in h G d, th t its l We all a the law O f a the of God . know th t God , th t word God , ‘ f and even the attributes Of the Deity himsel , are discussed da In a a and o t e s every y the ,ye r, in public , or lly thr ugh h pre s; an d yet no man dare deny our right to discuss all these m at ters in all these ways . Is our constit u tion more sacred than the Bible ? more s acred th anthe Deity himself ? The propos1 is a w s m a su b tion so preposterous , th t e need ay no ore on th t ect a . let S a a mo a a j , perh ps , but us t te the c se once re in pl in wa . T he a m e eith l a e a y sl ves the selv s , e h ve not , or th y h ve f immortal souls and ar e really human beings ! First, 1 the a no t a ar sl aves h ve souls, hen they re on a p with horses, hogs, R H 328 HIST O Y OF O IO. mules and cattle . In that case a pu blic meeting got up to form “ ” a an O a ural an s ociety, hio gricult society, to go d purchas e these brutes with the intention of turnin g them into the prai Of f n a f and a ries Illinois, to eed , would be co sidered l w ul pr ise an mob a s a m worthy, d no would s il the eeting with stones an d ha a brick bats . But suppose , secondly, t t these sl vesar e hu m an n an d a mmo a a . a . bei gs, h ve i rt l souls to s ve H ve philan ’ thr o Pists no right to assemble quietly an d consult on the best m f m m of ; e ans of s aving ro perdition , these illions hum an be ings ? T hey cert ainly have such a right and may exercise it an d as a o “ when, where , they ple se , under our constituti n , with a O a w a an m out single bst cle being thrown in their y, by y an m n e a a Of e . W or combin tion , under the whol he vens here had the of would the world have been now, not liberty speech an d of the press been freely and fe arlessly used to enlighten m ankind ? We answer that they would be groping still in a a a m a an d . T p p l d rkness , onkish ignor nce superstition hey n ow f would be bowing in reverence be ore idols , or on their e f Of m a ! s kne s be ore the shin bone so e worthless s int Yes, o at da for f an d we should be this y, but ree discussion , the press of J H N GUT T ENB URGH of . A a O , Mentz w y then, with doc trines and practices w hich tend to throw u s b ack into the Of a all u Of gloom the d rk ages. T h ose who oppose disc ssion this an m a a Of a or y other tter, ought to know, th t the liberty spe k and and f ar ing writing, publishing our opinions reely, e using m a a a f m a ma a - ou e ns to pull w y ro bene th it , the in pill r which w our hole fabric Of civil and religious liberty rests . T hus u n der mined andde r ived o r n a p f its only suppo ti g pill r, the whole splendid dome will fall on us all who sit beneath its spacious f and a . roo , we sh ll be cru shed by its weight Another suggestion is pr esented to those who raise riots an d m e S u obs , to pr vent discussion . uch persons o ght to know, a C a ma man a him fa l a th t when the re tor de , he g ve two cu “ “ ” e of s l am : a a a of ti s the ou , ong others ”n tur l love justice, d “ a an m a t aff . a man an sy p thy wi h the licted Yes, He g ve o fa a Of a ms f and a d o de ther culty, th t love Of hi el , isposition t fe d an t T a l faculsties of eve n d pro ect hims elf . hese are l ry T OR 3 30 HIS Y OF OHIO. no one interf eres either W i th them or with what they do . So s a i s n a ma Of e far a this st te co cerned , the gre t ss this soci ty ' ar m a a and u n Ofi e ndin C a be e the ost quiet, pe ce ble g hristi ns, loved and respected by all who know them . f sla v am . O T here i s a sensiti eness ong the friends very, n which we cannot u nderstand . A y discussion on this subject in OhiO c annot reach their sl aves and render them u neasy . m W a can a T h at is absolutely i possible . h t then be the re son Of l m a a ? ma a al this dness, bout this discussion It y be th t, ‘ b a m a a s possi ly, lthough our discussions ight never re ch the sl ve , m yet they might reach the m asters of them, and induce the a n i a and ck and a d to push sl very south , below V rgini Kentu y, “ thereby prevent Ohio from draini ng these states of all their young me n ; the life , the enterprise and energy of those t t and f a . T f of a s tes hese riends sl very in the sou h , riends to m a a a a had f am an d us, y n tur lly suppose , th t Ru us Putn his ca Of a o a 7th f A sso i tes settled on the soil Virgini , on the pril 1 788 and had a a a a fi , th t st te been then v st wilderness , lled “ a and a and he with Indi ns wild be sts , t settlers being under precisely the same law which following as a cloud by day and a a of fire h a f pill r by night, t ey journeyed into this v st orest ; a a Of O had a the r e wn th t inste d hio, Virgini been g in which had t t a a a m Of they set led , h t v st st te with its rich ines iron ‘ Of a a n O v a w ore , co l d f gold ! With its st ater power descending f m Alle han i a a a in a milhon ro the g es in never f iling bund nce , of stre ams ; with its towering forests so ne ar the sea coast ; its u m a n air as a p re ount i , the purest which ever w bre thed by ‘ ma w its a and hu n beings ; ith bro d , deep splendid rivers , ‘ unri v al ed bv an y . others in the world ; with its lofty moun a s a nd a e an d an n Of l atitude . aided t in low v l s , with exte t , by a ltitude of depression equ al to eight degrees of l atitude ; ou r s rs Of - a m a o sa oppo e the anti sl very society y supp se , we y, a had f d his m e a th t Ru us Putn am an pilgri s settl d in Virgini , am da On did O and un on the s e y which they in hio , der the , am law a n f a e s e , which he d they ollowed here, prohibiting sl v r a sa a a fi v mil y forever in th t t te, Virgini would now cont in e A NT I-SL VE R S A Y OCIET Y. 331 l of f m and the fif a ions white ree en ; in next ty ye rs, Virgini a, d a m of a ma woul cont in twenty illions h ppy hu nbeings . As a a t in0 11 10 a a v st te , it is our in erest, , to h ve sl ery continu In a e- a for a ed the sl v holding st tes, century yet, otherwise our b e a and growth would e checked . T h bro d deep streams Of ea m e and t w lth, nu bers, enterpris , youth, vigor, he very life blOod of a states now n the sl ve holding , rolli g into Ohio like m ’ a and o ighty floods, would be st yed ; even r ll back to their ' r S a m a sources, endering those t tes, not erely our equ ls , but ur su er Iors In m s a a d a . even o p , nu ber , we lth n politic l power W ‘ No. e a a a for a e et h ve dopted policy which, c ntury y , requires s a r In a of n l ve y the st tes south us, to be continued , u til they e me r a ' n n o e b co dese ts, (th t is o e f our busin ss) while we have m o of O o twelve illi ns people in hi ; until , indeed, this whole a m a a : all va t st te , beco es one v st, lovely par dise culti ted , in er sect d w b oa an d a a e every here , y r ds c n ls ; covered with cities m No s a be and . , their splendid do es ; let l very continued “ ' ' ' ' a ut let that i du r m the neIIt ur at . B where it , g cent y , le st , ef s a subject, b reely discu sed , though, by whoever ple ses to dis t law n a d i t I n O e. Le n cuss t, ei her hio or elsewher the reig , our f f e . No e a word people be ree or ver ; n ver will we whisper , t a a ol V a ab a b a “ a him a h h t ny d irgini n ob sh ll e r, dvising to bolis a in at m n of all c sl very th ost sple did ountries in the world , w i ma fa and m ak a a m . here n to build up nu ctures, e th t st te ore ‘ populous than Great Britain 18 at this time . T h of I n all a a s a m esecret our growth, th t desir ble, ust be W s kept a profound secret among ourselves. ith such view of thIs Ist atrip tic e of mo ~ subject, where he citiz n this st pros p . ’ erous of all a f fa of s a p st tes ever ounded, on the sur ce thi e rth, Who s a Or i would wi h to st y its growth , even check its prosper No a be at a and ty ? ; let sl very continued for a century le st, our descendants will go and settle In the now slave holding a as f s and ma a e be il st tes, orest , ke them, wh t th y will not unt then . 33? HIST ORY OF OHI O . CI N CINNAT I ORPHAN ASYLUM . T a Elm w as f his institution, situ ted on street, ounded in June 1 833 ; and designed for the reception of destitu te orphan chil» dren . ct w a a 'b a o 1 832 An a s p ssed y the legisl ture , in the session f 33 a A m an m of a , incorpor ting the sylu , with endow ent ten cres of a a a C . T w as a d a l nd , situ ted ne r Mill reek here on the l n , ‘ And s mall building to be occupied by the orph ans . one thou s and doll ars were paid out of the T ownship tre asury for the sup o a . T si a f an a port f the orph ns his te being unhe lth ul , exch nge w as made with the City council for the ground on which the a w as present building st nds , which erected by subscriptions T h h a collected from the citizens of Cincinn ati . e one t ous nd dollars from the township tre asury were withdrawn according to a 1 836 an d f a Of the ch rter in , one ourth p rt the duties collected in ami f m the a at a w as a a H lton county , ro s les uction, ppropri a a 1 840 . ted in its ste d , until the ye r Its m the a f as a and a sum present inco e , is uction und bove , received from the trustees of the townships for the maintenance of l a b m A m destitute children , p ced y the in the sylu , together f m with such subscription as the managers collect ro its patrons . T welve . female m anagers ar e elected triennially by su b i a all an d scr bers , to regul te the interior concerns , govern the t e a a institution ; but h township trustees , ppointed by the ch rter , ma all a for a u a of a es a . ke the contr cts the s le , or p rch se, re l t te T he building is of sufficient extent to accommodate from two e and fif . A y hundr d ty, to three hundred children bout sevent a a re ma ta an d at orph ns now in ined , clothed educ ed in the A 1 sylum . Jun e 1 th 1 838 . . C a a . L i a Mrs l rissa H . D vies, is the President , Mrs ou s S a of a a ta and t t ughton, relict the l te le rned , lented , benevolen DOC tos Stau ghton of Cincinnati is the Corresponding secreta ry Of s i'ul t a . . S a Da thi y christi n institution Mrs t ughton , Mrs . M ‘ . a r s . a . a m a . u e vies , Mrs B tes, H ll , Mrs B u , Mrs V il , Mrs B tl r, Mrs r Mrs. C a isl a . r e Mrs . ammo . nd U ne , rl , H nd , Mrs Burnet . e a set an a Mrs Mitch ll h ve ex mple in founding this asylum, “ 3 34 HIST ORY OF OHIO. No. of a H rrison, Henry, a . Highl nd, Hillsborough a . Hocking, Log n m . Hol es, Millersburg N a . Huron, orw lk a a . J ckson, J ckson ff S . Je erson , teubenville Knox, Mount Vernon . a . L wrence, Burlington N a . Licking, ew rk a Bellefountaine Log n , . o a E a . L r in , lyri Ma . dison, London a a . M rion, M rion “ a a. Medin , Medin C Meigs, hester . St. a . Mercer, M rys am Mi i, T roy . W s l Monroe, ood fie d. om a Montg ery, D yton . ’ a M Conn lsv ll Morg n, e i e . um Musking , Zanesville . a P ulding , Perry, SOm erset. a a C . Pick w y, ircleville Pike, Piketon . ' a a a. Port ge, R venn Ea Preble , ton . am a Putn , K lida . a a fi Richl nd, M ns eld . C Ross , hillicothe . Sa S ndusky, Lower andusky. S mo cioto, Ports uth. Se ca ifli ne , T n . S S helby, idney . - " CIT IES A ND T OWNS. 3 35 S a t rk, Canton . T m W ru bull, arren . T uscarawas a l f New Phil de phia . ' Union, Marysville . Vanwert, Wa ' rren , Lebanon. Washin tOn 3 g , a a. ‘ M riett Wa W yne , ooster . ’ W am efi a illi s, D nce . W , P ood, errysburgh. CI T I ES AND T OW NS. ' ‘ COLUMRUS isthe ea of a m si a s t the st te govern ent. It Is tu t d a an the a eof S e on high b k , on e st sid the cioto, about ninety m m . n ts mm miles fro its outh I cluding I i ediate vicinity . it cOn a a n a w o a t ins about seven thous nd i habit nts , h re among the a v and sn In a most intelligent, cti e enterpri i g people the s t te . are ma of m a mm and a Its buildings , ny the l rge , co odious h nd he a s a as O some . T st te house I not such n one, hio ought to at da n or are i for have , this y, the other publ c buildings, the fli es a be . public o c , wh t they should ‘ T he enite nt aI a a a d m b n of p i y is l rge, h n so e uildi g, stone, ilt m the co ar e fi I n . hu ostly by nvicts, who con ned it cu T he United States have a good court house for their o rts, a the t of F ank s als havrn nd coun y r lin hold its courts in it, O, g ' i n b d . ass sted I uil ing it , i ~ T he Statehas erected a large building, for the Asylum for af a d Is a n m of . T the De Du b, in sight the town his very use i i n fo ul r t es a m . T he e f inst tut o , h e, who re Deaf and Du b l gis a i latnr e p tronizes t. ' a for the i t ea C m Ahospit l nsane is now beingbuil n r olu bus, ' by the state ' . a h T he Germ n Lutherans have a collegi ate institution ere, ' a a and 18 a which needs p tron g e , deserves it . It under the ch rge W m. Sm h of the reverend it , D D ' m s was r e &. . In Colu bu su veyed Ofi, into lots, str ets cearly the 3 36 HIST ORY OF OHIO. a 1812 n fi a of mm on ye r , a d the rst s le the lots in it, co enced the am da a a act for a s e y, th t president M dison signed the decl ring ' ' wa a a a 18 of uIi 1812 . r g inst Gre t Britain ; on the th J e, a and a a w as fi It is now city, the Honor ble J rvis Pike , its rst a . S a E u a M yor Lyne t rling, sq ire , is the only origin l proprie of . ter this city, now living in it a a a u a T he citizen s have p id gre t ttention to the ed c tion of . a a . T f al their children , especi lly their d ughters heir pro ession men a and a a and de ; clergymen, physici ns l wyers st nd high , serv edl ma of all m . T he a y so , in the esti tion who know the st te ' oflicers are fa f an d a t , too, very ith ul ttentive to their du ies ; an d the s ame rem ark may truly be applied to such of the Uni S a ffi as are a at . T he ted t tes o cers , loc ted this point governor of a com we a for the st te is pelled to be here, but h ve erected im and a a a n su fii h , no house to live in , wh t is worse, his s l ry is i him an m cient to support here,or y where else, during the ti e for . T all . which he is elected his is wrong, wrong a CI NCI NN T I fa Of W But we h sten to A , the irest city the est . a Of m and in H ving ten entioned it, its position, this work, we a a r a m m need not repe t wh t every e der ought to re e ber . a mm a s It cont ins , including its i edi te vicinity, on , both side f O o at m a fif a a a . the hio, this ti e , bout ty thous nd inh bit nts T a f all a a his be uti ul city, like the towns, in this st te, is l id out, on the plan of Philadelph i a ; all the streets crossing each other a t a . a Of b ar a mm d right ngles M ny the uildings e l rge , co o ious and a am ar e a f a eleg nt, ong which _ bout orty churches, court n d and . A m house , a other county, city buildings whole volu e a C a a d m a and f would sc rcely describe incinn ti , n its ny use ul institutions; its colleges an d other schools ; its b anking institu a a a of all tions ; its le rned ssoci tions, sorts ; its public its m m Dorfeu ille e useu , owned by J . , in which , who ver wishes to GALT HO SE CiIIcinn t —T his hou se i s el i i l situ ated at the corner U a i . g b y o f Mai II and Sixt S eets l t ch ased b W lli m E M s h tr . It h s een a el ur i a . ar h a b y p y , nd ver mu ch v ed b d o f s d wit r w a y imp ro y a l arge a diti n , ur ni he h enti e ne furni t ure. T he hou e on s s of o s l e o i o d s c si t f rty ing l dg ng r oms, an fifteen l arge rOome or famil ies It s e s f . ha th n ecessary p ar lors for ladies and gentlemen. T raveler Will find it a pleasant and convenient hotel . 3 3 8 HIST OR Y OF OHIO. , of r a a by a k m a t g e t depth , is w tered w terwor s , si il r o the Fair m ou nt wa ter work s at h la e a. T he ar e m , P i d lphi works oved by s am o r. T he a w a te p we w ter is thro n into reservoir, on a high ‘ " l a a of f m h in I e s hi l , in the e stern p rt the city , ro w ence, p p , it is ' c all ar of onducted to p ts the town , on to the v ery rbofs of the ho s s if e a . u e , nec ss ry v - a ma e For t ni ne years since , not hu n b ing dwelt on the site ” i . f T he an w ar a f m o Ci nc i nna ti . old Indi p th , ro the British a O o g rris on a t Detroit, crossed the hi here , but no one lived b a . T he a an here ; n ot even Indi ns deer, ison , be r d elk were ' m a o occ a sion ally hunted on this site , until j r Doughty erected Wa r n ow Fort shington , on the g ound occupied by the bazaar of a nd m am a a T the truth loving ost i ble L dy rollope , in the mon th of N m 1 789 n W m has i ove ber , si ce hich ti e, it been occup ed by o our pe ple . NC ST ER s h r of Fairfi l t LA A , is the i e town ed county . It s ands the a e of Hockh ock in a on e stern sid the g river . Before Lancas ’ w as a d av a a Za a ter l i out, tr elers , who p ssed long ne s tr ce, - “ r a f r of O a a th ough the , then , v st o ests hio, c lled this spot, the pl ce , w e s o ea a here th y cros ed the H cking, n r the st nding We f r a o of a for an a re e the re d er t our Geology the st te , ccount o a a w of the s andstone f this regi on . L nc ster as laid out in 1 800 a nd now a n a a e , cont i s bout three thous nd p ople . T he us d m r ' are a b and ho es , three hun red in nu be , l rge , du ra le ~ ‘ a om . T he cou ntr v a is for h nds e ones bout it , excellent its soil, ’ a r o f sa ft h and good w te , go d reestone , t nding in lo y piles , ere r m i a for a a and the e , intersected by st excellent l nd, gr ss, g r in ' A m a f m a a vegetables . turnpike is king ro Z nesville to M ys ' l r o w a an nd a a a ma vi le th ugh this to n , e st d west , a c n l is de, a a w O i and E a a connecting L nc ster, ith the h o rie c n l, which is n ow o a A n . All being extended down the H cking v lley , to the s ' s are n state and o e . T these thing doi g by the , will s on be don he w e o a a a -f to n is the c ntre f a consider ble inl nd tr de , which is in a an . T he of a ar e creasing people L nc ster industrious , well ' e mmu y a a a s hi h with o informd co nit , who h ve lw y stood g the pe ' le of a . T a and will p the st te his town is . r pidly growingup, soon contain ten thousand people: CIT IE S A ND T OWNS. 3 39 ' ‘ CHI LLI co ‘ HE - T ow was a a his t n l id out in the thick woods, mm of 1796 b a Na a n a a s in the su er y gener l th iel M ssie, ssi ted ' h l by gene ral Dunc an McArthuI . T e atter erecte d the fi rst ’ white man s dwelling In the town which was made oi the ha i ks f f r m . f o e o tr s h . T ees o the thick re t ere th n growing town, _ his ' ‘ ‘ ‘ as w e av was a of the a e a te i‘itoril h e seen, once the se t st t nd r ' ‘ a i m f am and b e a e. was govern ent, , r th constitution r ed, during the m of N v m 1802 a af tOw was onth o e ber , seven ye rs ter this n l a ut. r s are and a h r a id o Its st eet wide str ig t , c ossing e ch other at h a l an fac S rig t ng es d the town es the cioto, which bounds it n nOr th. a u fi v a m a of o the It contains bo t e thous nd people , ny ' W om ar e am o w a n I s a h ng the e lthiest I II the state . It e j y m ny adva a e as t e O an d E a al and all nt g s, such lying on h hio rie c n , t a he ro ds seem to centre here from all pOints Of the c ompass . A nd these roads ar e I n a state of improvem ent ra pidly at pre: s T he a a S o v a ai ce and ent. l nd long the ci to ri er , long P nt r ek e n r SciotO t r e D er creek , is excelle t . He e the en ers the hilly iO a a ma g n/ nd Chillicothe has around it highly ro ntic country, I , all a O f h l an d a e of an d with the v rieties il d l , woods highly cu a ‘ l m o S e fa m o in an d a r of ltiv ted r s , f l d w te , the s ow, ving ci . tO and ca a a nd its mm th the the n l with its bo ts a co erce , wi ’ ’ sta an d ana oa a r a . g e s horn, the c l b t s bugle to r est our ttention a T he a f ie e Is i u va . and f st te o soc ty her h ghly c lti ted , even ‘ el m ting n m an he . T he a , one ore so y where in t Union l dies ll O for i r a ele Of Chi icthe have always been admired the be uty, a m of ma a n a d a m . was g e nners , educ tio n pure p triotis It a s la m a r C o a III here , th t the e dies voted a sword to jo r gh n , the a war for his a a a f d l st , g ll nt deeds in b ttle when de en ing Fort mo C Stevenson . Fe male educ ation Isgre at ly pro ted by hilli cot an s and s .in . he , their Ons ar e not neglected this respect I I ' ‘ Fi rn a its sitiOn I ts f rt a o a a d its we lth, po , e ile soil r und it, its c n l I a nd a e C me an Im o an in w ter pow r, hillicothe m u st beco p rt t lan d w a a of w a a m . to n , pl ce e lth ndcom erce f men of all S r n ew an d a wa ave Its pro ession al o ts , are , l ys h h es a f or s a n been ighly r pect ble thei r talent , le rni g, industry s o a r c Th of w are as a nd t rict m r l p in i ples. e citizens this to n ” ' a te and u f u as an O iIi the s a . ctive, en rprising se l y thers t te 340 HIST ORY OF OHI O. Ma of e a at ff e fi ny its citiz ns h ve di er nt periods, lled the very h a of the f of O o hig est pl ces trust within gi t hi . T hree of them h a of a an d e a of m ve been governors the st te , sev r l the have m m of of and C been e bers both houses congress , hillicothe now has a United States senator an d a m ember 'of the house .Of r a rep esent tives . T he people of this town h ave always had a gre at influence all a a m a a in mtters of n y i portance to the st te . T hey h ve de s erve d all the confidence thus reposed in them by their fellow .citizens . CI RCILEVI LLE h O and Erie a al -SIX , is on . t e hio J, c n , twenty m m an a C T h C d . iles below olu bus , nineteen bove hillicothe e c anal here crosses the Scioto river by an aqueduct about thir t d In en T a abo y ro s l gth . his town now cont ins ut three thou a and IS fa n r a i n a o s nd people , st i c e sing, in build gs, popul ti n i a nd m erc ant ile business . In this vicnity ar e the Pickaway a f am all m a for f a pl ins , ed in ti es p st , their ertility ; nd Picka ' wa c a m l and than o y ounty cont ins ore level , rich , an y ther one ' ia a the st te . ' T is a a S here bridge cross the cioto here, which cost twenty a thous nd doll ars . III and are f m i this county, more pork flour produced ro the r a a a n of SIze In . own gr in, th n in other county its , ‘ the Union y . T he fa me a m a an d ar e ar r rs r e beco ing we lthy, buying l ge a of a We a fOu r ~ qu ntities l nd , in newer countries . h ve church a a O e for u a es n d bout twelve schools . n or two yo ng l dies de fa a a a and e . T he serve gre t pr ise , rec ive it town is st incre sing and al in size business of l sorts . DEL W - u n of C m and a A ARE, is twenty fo r miles orth olu bus , is i a a am not thriv ng town . It is older th n the l st n ed town , but , h a an a W Ith ma ving y connection by w ter, the in m h as a iv abl e f a a has not lu bus , by its n g eeder, Del w re grown a a its da m u m y et as up , like our c n l towns . However y st co e , .the t all a o and day set coun ry b ut it , is, good , will one , be well ‘ t l ed and a a m as a are a and o well cultiv ted , in s uch l nds che p g od , ’ O a o l a t ia Delaware county. So of MARI N, b ve De aw re, on he 342 HIST OY OF OHIO. a a a and a all n th t , with its s lt w ter, its iron ore , bove , its stirri g, a s of a ctive , re tless , enterprising population seven thous nd , in ’ ’ m a fa m at is a t da nu ber, Z nesville bids ir to beco e , no d t n y, one of a m anu factu r m a the l rgest g towns in the western st tes , con “ a a . T he a t ining seventy thous nd people cl ys in this vicinity, a cO ma u an E a a r o a eq l y now used in ngl nd , Fr n e Ger ny , f r e rth en w ar e a d b e a if a , n we should not dis ppointed, Z nesville should be the very first town on this continent to firmly establish the m a fa of a a the an of . nu cture the re l Liverpool w re , on b ks the v Muskingum ri er . T he n aturalist would find m any things to him and best lace interest here ; the p , which we know, wherein, and m a a . T to study our geology iner logy , is Z nesville here is an A a m an a and a then eu d well endowed school here , there is ‘ ' taste for science widely diff used am ong the p eople of this VIci m and a m are a u nity . Freestone , li estone , w ter li e , here in b n a an dfi a if a m a a d nce , n lly, Z nesville does not beco e , gre t town, for an a a of a fa . inl nd one , we do not see the c use such ilure All m of are and the ele ents prosperity here , the very people u se m a a a are a a as a a to the to dv nt ge , lre dy here , nucleus round a a ma u fa w . which , gre t n cturing town will gro up CLEVEL ND has f a a a h A , been o ten l luded to lre dy, in t is work , t a f m a con no f m a a . . It n d we e sily orget so i port nt town is so, ro it f m a a a a a and f m i its pos ion , ro its n tur l dv nt ges , ro its intell gent a a an d a T a ctive , we lthy enterprising popul tion . king both of C a a w sides the river into view, level nd now cont ins, t elve “ a 1 825 n a thous nd people , bu t in , it co t ined only six hundred . f a a a a of a E It is delight ully situ ted on high s ndy b nk L ke rie , f a the a at mo of C a a seventy eet bove l ke, the uth the uy hog a river and on both sides of the Erie and Ohio c n al . In the mm a m a su er se son , while its port is crowded with its erc ntile ma of a m and a a a C a rine , l ke vessels , ste a ers c n l bo ts , level nd a If off the a is busy, bustling city . we look on l ke we see ma a a l a u f a a u a . ny s i , spre d to the breeze , on this be ti l inl nd w ter T fif a l and for his town will soon run up to ty thous nd peop e , ' ’ a m a a y . T he ever, continue to be , n i port nt inl nd cit people ' ' ' her é a all m o e a , h ve the ele ents f prosp rity , in or ne r the o f t ne for b imes o dar an m on t wn ; rees o uilding, l t ne,ce d gypsu CIT IES A ND T OWNS. 343 a i a i On an d cOal T a a as the l ke sl nds ; r ore , in usc r w county, on the a a f inC a a a a a a c n l , pine orests , n d , cross the l ke , w ter power ~ an 0e t ve and I n a a a in abun d , in he ri r the c n l ; an d a popul tion s en ter r ISIn an di n dustrl ou as an . a stirring, p g s y in the world T OLED O s a a E a e r iy e r and , i ne r L ke rie , on the M um e , on wh at soon will be,the splendidMaum ee canal It was nothing a e bu t a s a three ye rs sinc , it now cont in , three thous nd people , a ma a a a m s I n a I n who h ve de r il ro d , thirty ile length , le ding the o of a a at l directi n L ke Michig n its southern end . T his wil ’ m of a sa c a d s. neces rilybe o e, one our l rgest inl n town It stands on the land for which we so long and so righteously con d t a w Oha a ten ed wi h Michig n , h d not even a shadow of a cl im In . to it, founded justice Of h r m rta w ON at the mo h f our ot e i po nt to ns, DAYT , ut o the Mad the a Mi am a m a m an d river, on gre t i , cl i s pro inent con t con taI s a s i uou s a m . I n v p c pl ce, In our volu e now , bout se en an l as as I an d en ter I isi n as thous d peop e, good , ndustrious p g an hav e in a . T he a a a a i . y we , , our st te D yton c n l is now r p dly ’ s a a a Ma m a progre sing tow rds the l ke, long the u ee river, i ' f a fi n though only one hundred miles o it re entirely ished , yet T e far and ma becm . h the re inder soon will o pleted soil , wide , a Da tion Is as f ti as can and Is a a round y , er le it be , there w ter ow er in the Mad r and I ana al a . Da . p , rive n the c l , very v u ble y a u fa o ton must alwaysb e animportant town . M n ctures fl urish . ' T ar e ih a t fa s here now, D y on , two cotton ctories , three gri t saw m m a all t of factor Ies mills , two ills, one silk ill , nd sor s , a w is m a in O m s An , where w ter po er e ployedby genI us ech nic " d the all a country round Dayton Is full of mills and factories . NEw RK In u the O and E a A , Lickingco nty, on hio rie can l , is d I n a T h locate densely settled an d most fertile country . e ' f a h ow a a d town itsel cont ins sc rcely threethous n people , but r Om i n an a f f its pos tio , on the c al , Surroundedby ertile country a a uc a s m N who e bund nt prod e , will always co e here , ew rk ‘ lwa s a I a ' and be m Ort o inl a . must. .a t f r and r , n y . very p point t de T O OHIO. 344 HIS ORY. F ma fa . has me o a at : has no nu ctures It , so h w, been b dly tre ed it a and a was a f m a d b nk, the tr vel t ken ro it, by loc ting the Unite S a a a f ew m s of . m . t tes ro d , ile south it However, justice ust be o to o a and b tself as e d ne it s on, by the st te , y i , the people her a a . III h a w ant neither industry, c pit l nor energy t is st te we v a ar e and the and h a e n o better citize ns th n here , i ron ore ‘ a O f . T he co l , not far f , will not be overlooked by the people a a d and fa m county is well w tered, the l n is excellent, the r ers wealthy . ON a i f r and MOUNT VERN is del ght ul town, on Vernon rive , la -r it is the shire town of Knox county . Here the n d is excel fa m ar e a d t fa m are v a . lent, the r ers rich , n heir r s well culti ted i : Mount Vernon is in the exact centre Of the state . Kenyon am fi ve m f m n . T college is at G bier, iles ro Mount Ver on his “ da m a m a a a a town will one y beco e very i port nt one, when c n l a O - Shall be m ade long Vernon river to the hio c anal . T hat m m a ma a a very i prove ent , lone , would ke this town, pl ce of a a a of a consider ble business, with popul tion seven thous nd people . ' — ST E ENVI LLE . T he Of ff . o a U B shire town Je erson c unty, st nds O m h m a on the hio river, so e t irty eight iles in direct line , a a ‘ from Pittsburgh . Its popul tion is only bou t three thous an a re a . has a a a m a u fa d, but they incre sing It lw ys been n c and a a . turing town , lw ys will be one T he people hereh ave e a f a r be n b dly represented , quite too o ten , in the legisl tu e . a f of a m T hey h ve o ten opposed the policy the st te, like Bel ont a d f f ff of r e r es county, n they now eel the dire ul e ects such p en tation. a ma a of EW N a now T he s me y be s id N LI SBO ,but th t town is , ra com l idl a a a etion . p y rising, beside its c n l , now progressing to p W RRE N has a a wisel for a m m A lw ys voted y, intern l i prove ents, bu t m ha a a so e how, s not been well tre ted by the st te ; but that m a a ana ma a Wa ti e is p st , c l is now king p st rren , which will a b m a of T ru m rise up into consider le i port nce , in the old county u w and m s a a as b ll, so ell settled i proved, by a good popul tion , w e a I n a h ve the st te . POETAOE C county contains three or four towns, along the uya 346 HIST ORY OF OHIO. a dl C f m o proving r pi y , like ircleville , while ro the depression f i e m ar e not m r at bus n ss , other towns i prove slowly, or i p oving r m the p esent ti e . ENI amo our r . 16 X A , in Green county, is ng olde towns Its a d an d o a c tion is on elevated groun , the c untry round it is a dr a n d a f . a is the a of well w tered , high , y he lth ul Xeni se t I a m fif in justice for the county . t cont ins so e teen hu nd red a a s who v a an d are H a m a h bit nt , li e well , work h rd , e lthy, or l , ’ and a . a a ar prosperous h ppy Loc ted on no l rge river, nor ne an a al a m as as a as a e y c n , this town , l ost old the st te, is not l rg a a a a a s it otherwise would be . But r il ro d will p ss through an d a a m a it, turnpike road likewise , when Xeni will beco e a T h of o ne of a l rger town . ecounty Greene is the best w ter for farm a . . ed ones ers , in the st te Its soil is excellent Fruit , w ll an d a and r ar e a a d trees do e , c ttle , sheep ho ses, e sily r ise W fa m a m . T he a by the r ers , in gre t nu bers he t is excell ent, od of a an d . On which this county pr uces , so the gr ss corn of of a m a the whole , we know no portion this st te , ore desir e a s. a ble to live in , th n thi For pure springs , cle r pellucid am and a f of m a stre s , he lth ulness cli te , this county vies with a . T he ar a; our very best ones in the st te people who live in it , e f r an d a . a am s iendly , industrious intelligent popul tion M jor J e a a am a m G llow y, whose n e is honor bly entioned in our history of a w ar a and f the l te , belonged to Xeni , his troops went rom r and . of and he e , in this county For love country, devotion s of o a m to our institution , the people this regi n h ve none ore a d t T h ex r e n to contend with in the race of patriotism . e er ti o ns n ow m aking to Improv e their condition will effect thei r b - W ma of ’ o ject . hen the r ail road is de,the owner produce ‘ can a C a it et his a for an d a t ke it to incinn ti , sell , g p y it be t, om a a Now a him a at no sm all h e g in to supper . it t kes six d ys , cs for a u e c arriage in wagons . B ut we ar e aware that this article is devoted rather more “ a h a s e Ou r r a a s to top ogr p y th n is consi t nt with wo k , nd th t thi a e O a ed subject is better tre t d in the hio G zetteer, just publish , W “ a Es . T o a f l by rren Jenkins , quire th t volume we resp ect u f all a Ou ly re er our re ders . r principal reason for touching CIT IE S AND T OWNS. 347 " this subject isthe con nection ' w hich exists between these ‘ ' c ‘ tOw ns s a nd t e ev en ts described ,their itizen h , in our history . ' ’ From In an d about these towns went Ou r soldiers to war with " An Engl and . d the people of these towns have governed the st at an d s a a a fl i s e , till h ve gre t in uence on t destin y . i n our Older towns where there are not so many new buildings e i n In . m and ma m m ma n a rect g the , so ny i prove ents ki g, s an r m b m m a t tr ge ight elieve the to be uch older th n hey are . ‘ I n a ar e a co ui t a d e ch city or town , there house n j ail , and b u d for u offices— for of il ings the co nty the clerk the courts , f or the a ff r a u r uditor, sheri , t e s er, record er and sometimes for ’ the t mm o s an d a e a o e All coun y co issi ner st t s tt rn y . these ar e cmmo and an o o dious h ds me structures . T he streets are paved ‘ ' and h - a a om ma s in m an an d t ere is h nds e rket hou e y , indeed , ' a ll th a T he a ' e cities nd towns mentioned by us . churches r e n umerou s arid somet imes Spacious and e v en handsome build i T he a ar e a e and are m a ng s . side w lks well p v d there ny ' o a S w a T S ar o ther m rk of older tO n s th n they ar e . he tores e r a m nted wIth d a f a a a a in e goo s , t ste ully displ yed , to ttr ct ttention . T es two m o m a k day s if] the w e h e towns have or re r et e k , w h the o dof an d m a a husv en cr w citizens rket people , present , l s ow f a s a and a y b us t . T he n r o t ing apec lo g w gon , c rts dr s , r m i f a a O a ma mor . T s e nds one O n e stern city, n rket ning hi s O ha a in a a few i hio now, ppily contr st g with the p st , only Oo a a i . u a n a t . v e rs s nce O r towns h ve grow up r ther r pidly ‘ o a m a d ma n of all ra f r the country round the , n rketi g sorts is h a for a h 15 f l . O ur t er de r , so new country, w ose soil so erti e f a me a fo r all a r rs , obt in such high prices they produce , th t th s and a r i a m o th eir wive d ughters , neithe sp n nor we ve uch cl , s y o the o C ar e not o the g to store fOr their cl thes . ows kept I n y a m s an d ' l c s ismad mos ver l rge nu ber , but litt e hee e e in t o f the u n i u t too a s a c a nd a . co t es B t e r , , is r ther c r e de r Fowls ar e becoming dear— on e doll ar a dozen ! Eggs once b ut f a d are now an d e a our cents ozen , six even eight c nts u . a ar dozen . Other articles a re eq ally de ar In one p rticul w s ou r t owns ar e d oing wel l in cultivating our o n n ative tree , ' nd ma m s a a flow . T h a hrubs , pl nts nd e rs e soil cli te suit the , 348 HIST ORY OF OHIO. f a n d ar e a m m Or e ft an d i n all e they h ndso er, thri y r spects u a preferable to an y exotics . O r three species of sum c are handsome shrubs which never grow too l arge for a shade near the house . Am the a Of s a P Rfam ong flowers , n tives thi st te , the t ily o m a of a m m On e af an f ny species , every color l ost, co ing ter a f m i a m ar e m fa other, ia the se son , ro spr ng to utu n , beco ing v or ite Am m a a fl s . ong the ost singul r ones, the bl ck ower a m a n . m fa u s as as cl i s ttentio But, the ti e would il , well the ’ a a of all and lants n ow re der s p tience , to tell the trees p being a a and a a a a n tur lized tr nspl nted into our g rdens , court y rds, S a an d a . a Of a , ide w lks ple sure grounds Under the he d Bot ny, has i w a the re ader can S ee what Cincinn ati done in th s y. Since this taste for cultivatin g our own n ative pl ants has b e a am u s o a a m a a gun to prev il ong , our t wns h ve ssu ed better p _ ear a n ce . O ur a n and p pr irie flowers will soo be gone, lost to s ar e m a a of m ar e the world , unle s they do estic ted . M ny the am m ong the ost beautiful an d curious in the world . Let us h0 e a m a a f m p th t they y be s ved ro destruction . o of a a m a a M st the towns h v e re ding roo s, where tr veler an all a a a c read the princip l newsp apers and periodic ls . Libr ar e a m as as ries incre sing in nu ber well in size, every where ‘ “ - a and u f u a . T he in the st te , se l knowledge is spre ding ” “ ” m a n ot a a a at m at school ster is bro d in this st te , but ho e , his a a ac of at heir mes d ily t sk , te hing the youth our towns, t ho ," or in our sch ools . - T HE NUMBER OF OUR P OPULAT I ON A T D I FFE RENT PERTons AND T U E REMARKS ON I T S PROBABLE I NCREASE I N FU R . ma . By esti tion , people Offi a ci l , Do. Do . Do. ma By esti tion , By the s ame shall have 1840 . “ 350 m sr oar OF OHIO. C ‘ ‘ T are h a be ov l business . here ot er consider tions, not to er ook . — ed in this estimate we h aveno slaves in this State ; .an d in ‘ ’ n ' a of a f a b all . T o ste d being disgr ce ul , l bor is ho ored y , here T a m en a a an m l boring , ,this will lw ys continue to be induce ent m f m all a states. A in to co e here , ro the e stern f lthough our ' stitution s of all S ar e a them to be , orts, not yet wh t we wish , a are a nor wh t theywill be , yet they decidedly better th n they are In an of our r a . Our as y weste n st tes country, it respects ‘ a lcm er — it as a f as New E a he lth , is no g new is he lth ul . ngl nd, a m o at . perh ps even re so, present “ s m a fr m a has al A to e igr tion o this st te, it l along been m a a one of the most e igr ting st tes in the Union . A majority of I n a a f m O . So of the people Indi n , went there ro hio Illinois . O n se a o f a w no route through the ttled p rts those st tes, could e a m f now tr vel , without eeting , every where , old riends and ac W u ain tances f mO . e saw them he e v q ro hio t r e ery where , when m In 1 829 . ma fa m in their settle ents Men , with s ll r s he re , e mi ‘ a and a but n gr te , soon own l rge ones where they go ; , whe the " a f m m a m f arm is sold here, it is tr ns erred to so e n i mediately o a a m from s me e stern st te, who co es here to better his condi ' i : - a m en can a e t on E stern get long h re , very well ; but our . a v Ohio people do best in Indi ana nd Illinois . T heir pre iOus trai ni ng has fitted them to endure and overcom e all the a _h rd t a n ew r — as a a of m s ships inciden to count y such w nt ill , a a s and a a a a ro ds , schools , good physici n , the thous nd dv nt ges of m : ff as m f m , an older settle ent but su ering, they ust, ro the sick n a of o w a for r ess , w nt go d society, ithou t school their child en , a a a m -and a without physici n to he l the when sick , without , ’ minister of religion to console them amidst their multitude of affl o f all our f in r ictions sorts , we envy not old riends , newe a W m and a for countries th n this. e wish the well , pr y their suc n ew a Ma m ! a ar cess , in their bodes . y God bless the M ny e a a m m O o the te rs which they h ve shed , when they re e bered hi , an d a mf m a c our thous nd co orts , co p red with their present ondi W t . e a m and a m ion h ve seen the here , we h ve seen the where t ar an hey e ; d our tears flowed f or them and their children . ‘ T o s a u f a O u lation ma pecul te pon our uture incre se in p p , y POPULAT ION. 5 1 m W ” be conde ned . e c are not ; because the future 15 revealed Us n m W to , provided Provide ce per it it to be so . e certai nly W ‘ — possess ithin our teI ritory all the means of greatness ia our l pe Op e; their h abits of industry and enterpr Ise ; III our relative o l th m p sition in e Union ; in our ild clim ate ; our fertile soil ; our n a i m r m ts oIn a W t ’ in i tern l p ove en , g g onw rd i h a giant s stI Ides in our freedom from dom estic sl avery ; In our State pride a d a ' n p triotism ; i n our love of liberty and abhorrence of slavery ; t he am rovISIon, ha ma a e mak an in ple p which we ve de , r i ng, d “ a a I isin ra will m ke , to educ te the g gene ti on ; In our healthf ul e a and mo a o u r a a h a n ss , physic lly r lly ; in miner l we lt , gre ter t a n a f its can a W h n a y other country on e rth, O size, bo st . e thbse who s the; h envy not posses silvery eights of Potosi, the m of l o a a nd w ines Go c nd Peru, while e possess the sod of Ohio: m Of O , the f u of O e of the ines hio ree instit tions hio, the 'p ople ' ’ O a i a a a f W nd O m nd ima . hio, h o s te per te . he lth ul cl te e see nOt— i now tO e t f a a o ulatiOn o h ng, , pr ven us rom h ving p p f two milliOns in 1840 I 1850 and of li ve m , three millions n , illions In 1 60 O iOhas all m a a n 8 . h the ele ents necess ry to sust i twelve I a milliens of people; and that number s not a l rge . estimate for 1 3 T a O 15 e a destm ed be fi 9 7 . h t h o ev ntu lly to the very rst i , ' a UniOn ‘111 m w a and ann st te in this , nu bers , e lth power, we c ot —a doubt We envy not any of our e astern states nor do We a a m en ma a a doubt , th t the we lthy there, y wish to keep their l bor ar e wOr fo m for m I ng people where they , to k r a ere trifle the ; t w hOar and a f and a and ca bu why those e poor, h ve eet h nds, n us e m h a are dO‘mar l thev the , s ould t rry where they , we vel , whi e ’ an Wa w it thei e and n e Can a i c lk here h r l gs , whe her , cqu re a i e f for h m es and with their h nds , ndep ndent ortunes t e selv , the i r children; “ We have s aid that . many consideratiOns naturally attracted a s as a m for em s a d e stern people to thi country, ho e th selve n We a al N w r e their posterity . lluded more especi ly to e Je s y, ' ' ‘ ‘ ll m . B ut Pennsylvani a; and a the states east of the , even the a are cm i ab um and as Virgini ns o ing here n consider le n bers ; _to I ar a we a h m O . are the M yl nders, c ll t e hio people now They , a u a f s a always Were, and always will be, our n t r l riend , in pe ce 352 HIST ORY or OHIO. and war in an a . a a as a a , prosperity d dversity M ryl nd h lw ys o as f m W m a m and . sto d by us, riends , who e estee , d ire , love T he ca are of b and of Kentu ki ns bone our one , flesh our flesh - we ar e . And a one people do wh t they will to prevent it, “ at m a a ho e, . the young Virgini ns who tr vel will visit us ; and a a . T h h ving seen us , they will t rry here e young men of V a a Ca a and irgini , h ving seen us , our n ls River, our Lake an d a all w m a and e our Ro ds, covered ith oving, ctive , ent rprising — s all ou r . eo le t r people , having een p p , in their owns, or on thei fa m — all m e all a a of m e r s e ploy d , eng ged in ctive industry” so r a a f a na and so t, n tur lly ors ke dull , old Virgi i , now tired out, ‘ T he a w a f m t settle down here . politic l po er is dep rting ro he ' " a W s u — i n a ma of a E st to the e t e f e now, jority the n tion live in ' W a r a the Valley Of the Mississippi . h t then , will be the el tive W strength of the East a nd the est twentye thre e years hence ? be a An d what will it one hundred ye rs hence , when the old T er r itOr a m l i Northwestern y alone, will cont in thirty i l ons of people ? N O " GE ERAL C HA RACT ER F T HE PEOPLE. he act of of 1 787 c as Ma T congress , justly onsidered the g n a C a a of O and all of a of h rt hio, the st tes northwest the Ohio . - a a u a ln river, ord ined th t there never sho ld be here , sl very, or ' a . T a act m a ll volunt ry servitude h t widely pro ulgated, over a the a a of all the world , rrested speci l ttention the genuine s of and a of a all a . . lover liberty h ters sl very, in l nds Hence m a had a s a d of m a w . we h ve flowing tow rd us , floo i igr nts ho ‘ a of n a love liberty . M de up such ingredie ts , it is e sy to con ceive t a h a of . h t wit the ddition the , young, the enterprising, a i ai an am u of all a and all thlet c . bold , d r ng d bitio s, st tes ;conn the whol e m a as e was f an tries , ss would be such n ver ound , y ‘ r of a f . T he ar is whe e else in the world result their l bors, thus , , o and all seen , in this v lume we challenge history to produce its a a . a we p r llel In v in do look into the tomes of history, or listen ta of a a find an stateI to the les . gr y tr dition , in order to y other ; now or e r in a fif a r a f , v e existence, th t, in ty y e rs, inc e sed rom 354 HIST ORY OF OHIO. a has n a a — h ps, ever ple d ten c uses of any importance before has had two a a f as he ye rs pr ctice , be ore he h bad sc arce l v an a a a men and a he is y cqu int nce with their de lings , a on as a n a of a pl ced the bench _ preside t judge, inste d m an Of a r and a fi a i gre te better qu li c t ons . A nd this la st on e a m , will be displ ced by so e younger aspi ra nt in hi s . So of a m f a t n e turn the young physici n , who co es orw rd a o c , and Of the a of d an d u alifi occupies , ten , pl ce his ol er, better q ‘ ed p redecess or . In olde r states , though the snows Of fiftv n m a a a is f ln wi ters y h ve whitened the he d , it not, there ore , f a a m . T he w n M N erred , th t the he rt is chilled by the rs E 0 ? T H E E ST a an r ma A , do not suppose th t there is y pe iod in hu n , f a m a a in li e , in which we c nnot ke new cquisitions knowledge ; a fu an d in which we c nnot be use l , innocent ha ppy . T he re m a of a in the W w ho a see s to be set scetics est, think th t as ’ as a fe w a a a a in an m a a soon gr y h irs ppe r y n s he d , he ought e f m all u and a to be exclud d ro b siness, public priv te : tha t he t a m f f m m ough to withdr w hi sel ro society ; beco e idle , dull , in a nd m an . an sipid , wholly useless to kind Is there y period of ma f m en Of a and a hu n li e , in which le rning, science t se, should fr m the Of o n be secluded o society the g od, innocent a d virtu of ? T o m en a ff s Jay ous , both sexes like Fr nklin , Je er on , , a s a and a s a m a Clinton , M r h ll , thou nd others , who we could e si am MEN m and cand ly n e ; to who business books , scien e lit e all ea of a f and i y a eratu r ; the pl sures t ste , riendship soc et , h v e furnished all th at refines and strengthe ns the mind ; renovates and expands all the affections Of the heart ; Old age exhibits of a a . S men no diminution either t lent or h ppiness uch , when a be a m ma t hey ce se to st tes en , do not the less love nkind , the c s o ma a n the a a . le s rej ice in hu n h ppi ess, nor less p rti ip te in it T OO m an and act as if w as a law v in our country , think there f m u d a r and w om o the , which lim its its ple su es po ers to s e O f . T particular period f human li e here is no such pe riod. ' a o w m a m s m w a His physic l p ers y be di inished , his senses o e h t bu t m ssi t a v blunted , the i pre ons which hey h ve so long con ey him m a an d r a e a v ed to , re in vivid ; the t e sures which th y h e v im are a m can con eyed to h l id up , where no oth corrupt, C H R CT ER OF T HE A A PE OPLE . 355 ” and no f can b a an d a thie re k through ste l them. T he Oh ects of his a af a a j e rly fections, m y h ve been taken from him b d a if y e th ; but, they were wise, virtuous and innocent hu m an s him being , they have only preceded a few years to his a n d e m a a m a d th ir ulti te, etern l ho e ; n they must have left with h m h a n a i , ten t ous nd te der recollections, th t will become dear. and de are r a S and er hopes th t will hine brighter brighter, ‘ v r da u f m . S aman m a e e e y y, d ring his li e ti e uch fro his g , pro ' f e a of ma ound , knowledge nkind , disinterestedness and ’ l rning s t b a an d a o inceri y, ro d liber l views , experience f all kinds ; - a t and a fi a Is fi fo a i business t len s . other qu li c tions , tter r ny bigl c a at an a r of a f . ivil st tion, th n y e lier period his li e the es e of I n However, pr ent cours things this respect, will be a a few a h a m ch nged , within ye rs, w en the st te beco es more “ f s e . m na of m a e w ully ettl d Fro the very ture circu st nc s , e in O hio are t a , now e xactly half way between he highest, nd low ' .est a Of e s e a e st tes society . In the v ry wi est soci ty , g is hon - o d s—so a In the a a a ve re it is equ lly s v ge st te, but here , either r u me or m am a e a In y yo ng n, new co ers ong us , t k the le d eve - r t i . T m and d a y h ng i e , experience goo sense will eventu lly ' cure the evil Of which we may now so justly complain . In a t m an a n m a coun ry where every is sovereig , e ns should be used to m ake tha t sovereign a wise and good one . Good T OO m a a ta m asters m ake good servants . uch p ins c nnot be a and all i a men to ff ken by our legisl ture , our nfluenti l , di use the of m al and am n lights knowledge, or ity religion, o g the i ' ‘ i ea ma o . T a a gr t ss f the people h t we h ve , consider ng our a e a a a m i a on an d g s st te , considering our re ote nterior situ ti , ‘ all the hardships In the w a y when Ohio w as or iginall v settled ; t as a m mi s a a loc a ed the e rly I grant were , in v st wilderness, w av a fi an d a a am am a here s ges, erce b rb rous ro ed ong wild be sts ' _ a a s re s a m ha an th t we h ve pro pe d , we y, ore t n y other peo In a n e ple ever did the world , is most cert i ; but our ex rtions to ‘ r C n are a . I mp ove our o dition , by no means to be rel xed It will e n to a r quire increased activity every mome t, keep p ce with in the age in which we live ; and as our means of doing good of i crease, the incr eased numbers our people w ll require in 3 6 5 HIST ORY OF OHIO. a a m and o cre sed ctivity to instruc t the , p int out to them the a mf — ro ds which lead to prosperity, co ort an d h appines s to eL e vate an d fi a o m a O a Ou t their views , n lly t ke hio, wh t it gh to be fi a m a , the rst st te in this Union , in nu bers , knowledge , we lth an d a . avi a a politic l power H ng tt ined th a t elevated point , it will then be our duty to use our power and influence so as to n u an d ma wro g no one , to do j stice, ke it the interest of all ou r neighbors to be Ou r friends . Our position in the n ation is a f as ma and an peculi rly elicitous , to soil, cli te productions , d it will be our own fault if we are not the happiest people I n the Union STATE LI BRARY . T e a a a l h wa h st te libr ry w as est b is ed in the year 1 817 . It s mm a fi ve n m co enced with only bout hu dred volu es, but, through a a nd f a of a of a the liber lity ostering c re , the legisl ture the st te , ca a fi v t it m e a m of now ont ins ore th n hous nd volu es books, m of ar o a an a ost which e f choice kind , d selected with gre t m an d a . m a a all Of th AM ERI C N judg ent t ste It e br ces ne rly e A , and some of the most approved FORE I GN PERI OD IC ALS ; and a great v ariety of su ch historic al a nd miscellaneous works as m T he l e isl ati ar e anxiously sought by a readi ng co m unity . g ture has usu ally m ade -a sm all annu al appropri ation for the o a a a a b a purchase f b ooks ; nd these ppropri tions h ve, y judi ciou s a a a a state librar a e a pplic tion , lre dy rendered the y pl sing r f all m en of a an d f m ff . reso t or re ding science , ro di erent sec of a w a a m a a t C mb . tions the st te, ho m ke te porary st y olu us T he law portion of the st ate library affords great conveni m of le al “ rOfession and a a cucos to gentle en the g p ; ~ the nnu l a of w a a m a ma of purch ses new orks , h ve usu lly e br ced ny the m ff a and ost v alu able of the reports of the di erent st tes , the most le arned treatises on the science of law and American jurisprudence . 35 8 HIST ORY OF OHIO. ’ ' Audztors of state. T ma ho s Gibson , elected am . Benj in Hough, do ’ a O . R lph sborn , do A . . John Bryan , do Treasu r ers of state. W a arland e ill i m McF , elect d am . C . Hir M urry, do Sam S a . uel ulliv n , do do. Henry Brown, W am . J es hitehill, do T he names of the r esp ective state l i br ar ians ar e as f ollows 818 . a a a f m 1 817 1 John L H rper , Libr ri n ro to ’ M Elvain 1 818 1820 John , to a S 1 820 1824 D vid . Broderick, to ‘ a 1824 m . Zach riah Mills , to the present ti e Judg es of the Sup r eme Cour t. W a W a a a . m . E Return J Meigs, illi Irvin , l h H yw rd , Sam n E a A . uel Huntingto , th n llen Brown . John M Good enow, W am S Ca a -W illi prigg, lvin Pe se , Reuben ood , ’ W T od M Lean C . George , John John right, ‘ N a C a S mm ossu . C D niel y es , J p ouch , Joshu ollett, T ma S C a . S ma Eb a ho s cott, h rles R her n, enezer L ne . T ma Peter ho s Morris , Hitchcock, J d es P r esident u g . T he am of J a a n es the President udges , from the org niz tion of me r the govern nt, a e as follows : ' ra i O a m F nc s Dunlevy, rris P rish, Frederick Gri ke, W llis S ma . . a a h . y illi n, J H H ll ck , Jo n M Goodenow, Ca v Pea A a w B ar l in se, lexander Har per, M tthe urch d; ST T E A OFFICE RS. 3 5 ’ W am W l Ezra Osboi n Ez a a illi i son, , r De n , T m . T S John ho pson , George P orrence , Joseph R . wan, ’ ’ B am M Dowell enj in Ruggles, John , John W. Price . A . C a e a u Swa Jsh Joseph r n , Gust v s n, o ua Collett , e E n e a Pet r Hitchcock, be ez r L ne, Reuben Wood, am T a an Benj in pp , Members of the convention, WHO FORMED T HE CONST IT TI ON ADOPTEb I N coNvENT O AT l ” U , I N Gil i . COTH E NO EMBE , V R 23T H, 180 2. E a T ifiin es . Fr an Cis a h ar dw rd , Pr Dunl vy, Rudolp Be , ‘ B azaleel W rem a W ells, Je i h Morrow, Charles 3 Byrd, ' ’ M a a w l Jo n Intir ich el . B ld in , John Kitche l, h M e, ' Sam el n a l Jam Giu bb u Huntingto , John P u , es , E a W G m s am Sar a lij h oods, eorge Hu phrey , J es ge nt, ' “ ’ Jo n i am CadvVell a h h S m th, J es l , 3 Philip G tc , ‘ T ma K a A t A am . ho s irker, D vid bbot , Henry br s J s a A am o eph D rlington , d Betz, T h m S S a of C ti n. o as cott, ecret ry the onven o T he followin mbraces n am f all the enators a ge the es o S , nd ' ' all the membersr of the House 'of Represeatatives who h ave ’ ‘ m m lecte d and a fro ti e to time been e , h ve represented this , S . 6 State in the Congre ss of the United tates to 183 . OF CONGRESS SENAT ORS , ‘ . Out. In. Ou In t. s 1814- 1 8 15 W Jo eph Kerr, T . orthington, {ggitjggz am le 15—33 Benj in Rugg s, — — Sm 03 08 W m A. T mb 1 9 22 John ith, illia ri le, - — E ward T ifli n 077 09 E hanAf Brown 22 25 d , 0 t , - . 08 10 W am . ari Return J Meigs, , illi H H r son , - —3 l 09 0 9 Ja b o t . 28 S. Griswold, co B rne , Cam 09413 T ma E 3 1—37 Alexa nder pbell , ho s wing, ” ' — I Tlioinas i 33 39 Jeremiah Morrow, Morr s, 360 H IST ORY OF OHIO. REPRESENT AT I VES OF CONGRESS ' Ou t. In . 00 a i D vid Jenn ngs, W a i . H . H rr son , gig- i219 T m ’ John ho pson, William M Millan 00- 0 1 a a 0 1- 03 W P ul Fe ring, John oods, m a 03—1 3 T ma S a Jere i h Morrow, ho s h nnon, ”4 7 John Davenport W am C , illi reighton - W 33 illiam Russel, 13—17 W am S a John Alexander, illi t nberry, ami a 13—15' an r Benj n Be ll , Fr cis Muhlenbe g, ' - am Ca 13 17 . C a J es ldwell , Joseph H r ne, — — am b 13 17 . 29 3 1 J es Kil ourne, John M Goodenow, ’ ~ W W 29—33 M Lean l 3 16 am . John , illi Irvin a C 1 5— D vid lendenen , 1 7 William Kennon . Levi Barber, am S e 29- 3 1 J es hi lds, le he —33 E ut r us Cooke , m B . Phile on eecher 3 1 - 37 T homas Corwin , ~ — W a l 7 27 H m . a 3 1 34 John . C mpbell, u phrey H Le vitt, Sam - 2 1 W am A 33—35 uel Herrick, illi llen , —5 33—35 17 19 am . Peter Hitchcock , J es M Bell, 1 9 -2 1 J C a 33—37 Henry Brush , ohn h ney, — — T ma . s 1 9 25 T ma . ame 33 37 ho s R Ro s, ho s L H r, S a I ii—29 m 33—37 John lo n, Benj a in Jones, a C am 2 1 —2 33—35 D vid h bers, 3 Robert T . Lytle, ’ Va 2 1— Lene 33—37 Joseph nce, 25 Jeremiah M , - h 33—35 Mordec ai Bartley 3 1 Robert Mitc ell , a W ‘ - W iam a 33—37 m . Gazla 23 25 J es y, ill P tterson, ’ a M Ar thur 23—25 J a a S a 33—37 Dunc n , on th n lo ne, ’ W a m S a 33—8 illi M Lean David p ngler, 7 a T a W 33—37 John P tterson, ylor ebster, — Sam . a 34 37 uel F Vinton, D niel Kilgore, ‘ E s a Wh S 354 7 li h ittlesey, Bell amy torer, W a W W 35 m a . n illi ilson , illi m K Bo d, W - C . Sam a 35 37 John right, pson M son , am a a 35—37 J es Findl y, Eli s Howell . 3 69 HIST ORY OF OHIO. W W am ; a . Licking, illi G ult a a nd W o S b Log n o d , John hel y , a a nd W am . M dison Union , illi Lewis ‘ v and s a a a ack son a s . Meig , G lli nd J , D id Boggs George Hou e W na am T m a . Mi i , ho s Fur s a nd Sam A Montgomery, George Grove uel rcher . W W am . a n Morg I n and ashington , illi M D wes a d T imothy Buell . W am . an d Al a m ar . Muskingu , illi H Moore ex nder H per o w Perry, R s ell Mills ’ a an Ca A wa a nd a fi Pickaw y d Hocking, leb t ter V lentine Ke er . - a an d a a a a a S n am . Port ge nd Medin , Jon th n lo e, J es Moore _ b a Sa . Pre le , D niel ylor Richl an ci am . , J es Hedges W ’ o T m a o A h a M Lean W am VanCe. R ss , ho s rthington , rc ib ld , illi Sc and a W am a and Ca h ioto, Pike L wrence , illi Kend ll leb Hitc cook . S a n . t rk , Joh Myers T m T oma . ru bull , h s Howe T a a a a . usc r w s , George Rich rdson W . a and ma o . rren , John Bigger T ho s C rwin Wa am yne , Benj in Jones . E M MBERS OF SENAT E. Fr om the counties of Fairfield E a a ld. , ln th n Scofie am E rhai m H ilton , p Brown . u am a B tler, J es He ton . ’ Wa Na a rren, th niel M Leair. G and W am . C reen Clinton , illi R ole u a a a a o and n s Fr nklin , Del w re , M dis n U ion , Jo eph an d S r . Licking Perry, John pence W M’Milla a T ma n . yne , ho s r a an a a a Po t ge d Medin , Jon th n Foster. ‘ a am . H rrison , J es Roberts OT E ON C N V A ALS. 363 e a a and a a l W m M igs , G lli J ckson , D nie o eldorf . Sci i and L a u oto, P ke wrence, Robert L cas . “ u Eli a i . T r mbull, B ldw n r w Na a a B o n , th niel Be sly S a a l Ozw t rk, Mich e alt. C u a o a H and Sa u A y h g , uron nd sky, lfred Kelly. Jff a dS a e erson , D vi lo n . ' ' Mo om W am l ntg ery, illi B odget . m a a n . Colu bi n , Gideo Hughes m B ay . Bel ont, id Jennings s T ma am s . Ad , ho Kirker Cham a C a a and W am C p ign, l rk , Log n ood, J es ooley . a a an d Pick w y Hocking, John Barr, ' G a a an‘ d As a a Seimu l W e ug ht bul , e . Phelps. an and o S a . Richl d: Kn x, John h w n um T ma m . Muski g , ho s Ij a s Wa A and a sa S shington , thens Morg n, rdine tone . o T h ma i s. C lerm nt , o s Morr i hlahd a d a Alle ' T r imble H g n F yette , n . ’ o u an M Arthu r . R ss , D nc ’ T a a a and Co t W ia Guernsey, usc r w s shoc on, ill m M Gowan . P am a k and S e Wa t u one a . reble , Mi i, D r e h lby, l er B ell , ( ye r ) Members of the General Assembyl of 1824- 5 who passed the n a a s for ma ca a f or a m ecess ry l w king our n ls , adopting syste o a o for mm and a m of f educ ti n co on schools , ch nging the ode taxation ' T e CaS a a so as l Wi t h y and ri ys re al given, fol ows, to Assembly. l s . aa O i r acob E S. A Jhn B e Y A Me srs Is c tkinson , gg , J Blick ‘ e W am Ca a a W am C saa e nsderf r, illi ry, Leon rd C se , illi ollings , I c W am C ma Ma a C w t n Samu Cook, illi ool n, tthi s or in , John Cot o , el ' Edm ercah E Coulter , ond Dorr, John Dougherty, J verett, a s T ma e T ma a Richard F lli , ho s Flood , Jaeob Fred rick , ho s G tch, a T ma a a a e Batteal a John M . Gr y, ho s H nn , Robert H rp r, H rri 3 64 HI ST ORY OF OHIO . s on a i m A V , D vid H ggins , Ho er Hine, George B, Holt, ndrew . in T ma T m as am Hopk s , ho s Irwin, ho King, Joseph Kyle, J es ’ W a a . L throp, Philip Lewis , John Liest, J cob Lindsey , John ’ ’ ‘ ’ a A a M Con nell M Corkle Szi mu el M Henr Luc s, lex nder , John , y, ’ a a t l E a . an E a a John Me ns, D vid Mi chel , dw rd L Morg , li s Murr y, J O h ma . T m as am oseph lds, T o s L Pierce , ho Rigdon, J es Robi m o o Wa ne os h ~W Coshocton a . son , of , J es Robis n , f y , J ep Ross , S a a A m T ma n me S . l on Ruggles , ho s h non , J s hields , Robert F W S a S C . Sm h A am S a T il l ughter, tephen it , d w n , John urner, W W a W W . ms T am ma . T . li iley, George illi , ho s orthington, M W — a S eak er 58 . illi ms, p W m N S. a a E a m AY Messrs illi Bl ckburn , phr i Brown , Georg e C a a E a W l Brown , John ochr n , John D venport, George dw rds, i am am m Hu bbard William li H ilton, Ja es Hedges, John , Lowry, W W — l S a a 1 3 . illiam E. Russel , John helby, J cob rd S enate. Y S. EA e A E a A e . A . a M ssrs John ugustine , dw rd v ry, Z Be tty, . . a E am Sam a D H Be rdsley, benezer Buckingh , junior, uel C ld e a Catterlin a C a C a w ll , J cob , J cob l ypool , Joel ollins , D vid ’ C E a w m C O T . a a rouse , phr i utler, en Fishb ck, George Fithi n , Na a f Sam . a a . Hea Joseph Foos , th n Guil ord , uel H H le , D vid F ton a T ma K aff r , D vid Jennings, ho s irker, Henry L e , Robert a W o o am a N m Aa N . Luc s, illi M nning, George ewco b, ron rt n ” a S a S m a S a W am S a ~ D vid helby, M tthew i pson , D vid lo ne, illi t n C a W Sam W a W m f bery, l yton ebb, uel heeler , D niel o eldor , — a W A m S eaker 34. J bez right, Robert Young, llen T ri ble , p - N S. s W l am as a a a 2. AY Mes rs i li G s, D niel H rb ugh 366 APPE NDIX . ‘ “ a And f ull force until ltered bythe legisl ature of the district . and ha a a as af until the governor , judges s ll dopt l ws herein ter m a the a m a se be entioned, est tes in s id territory y be devi d or u eathed In i i a nd a him q by wills wr t ng, signed se led by or In m a m a Of f u a e and a her, who the est te y be (being ll g ), ttest ed by threewitnesses ; an d re al estates m ay be conve y ed by a and a a a and a S a an d c le se rele se , or b rg in s le, igned , se led d liv of f u a e om a m a ered by the person , being ll g in wh the est te y an at s be , d tested by two witnes es , provided such wills be duly , ' rove a nd a ack nowled ed or e xecu p d, such convey nces be g , the f v and a af tion thereo duly pro ed , be recorded within one ye r ter m a a and a a for proper gistr tes , courts, registers sh ll be ppointed th atpurpose ; and person al property m ay be transferred by deliv a e and Ca a a a a s ery, s ving howev r, to the French n di n inh bit nt , ' an d t K ask askias St. an other set lers on the , Vincents , d the neigh a a f f m boring vill ges , who h ve hereto ore pro essed the sel ves citi ' zen s of a aw and m n ow f Virgini , their l s custo s in orce am ong m a to t an d a Of the rel tive the descen convey nce property . B e it or dained a af a a , by the uthority ores id , th t there shall a f m m m C r a be ppointed ro ti e to ti e , by ong ess , governor, whose mm al n f for m of a co ission sh l co tinue in orce the ter three y e rs , unless sooner revoked by Congress ; he shall reside In the dis tr ct and a a f a e a I , h ve reehold est t therein , in one thous nd acres ffi Of a the of . T l nd , while in exercise his o ce here shall be a f m m m C s a a ppointed ro ti e to ti e , by ongres , secret ry, whose mm a f for f a co ission sh ll continue , in orce our ye rs, unless sooner a I n and a a f revoked ; he sh ll reside the district, h ve reehold a i n fi ve a of a in x est te therein , hundred cres l nd, while the e er cise of his Office ; it shall be his duty to keep a nd preserve the a an d a a a an d cts l ws p ssed by the legisl ture , the public records of t e distr iet an d of in h , the proceedings the governor his exe cu tiv e department ; an d transmit authentic copies of such acts and s m a of C proceeding , every six onths, to the secret ry ongress . T r a l a a of he e sh l be ppointed court to consist three judges, any two o f m f m a a who to or court , who sh ll h ave a common law i an d e I II and a j ur sdiction , resid the district , h ve each therein, a f a in fi ve d a of a reehold est te hundre cres l nd , while in the APPENDIX. 367 ' ‘ “ exerciseOf theii Offi ces ; and their commissions shall contin lie inforce during good behavior . T he o r and s or a ma Of m a a g ve nor judge , jority the , sh ll dopt ‘ and In a Of i a a publish the district, such l ws the or gin l st tes , ' m a and as' m a be ecessar and cri in l civil , y n y, best suited to the m a of i and r m C f circu st nces the distr ct, eport the to ongress , rom m me a ha beIn fo In c ti e to ti , which l ws s ll rce the distri t until the o a a o of the al a m Iin less disa rOv rg niz ti n gener sse bly therein , pp of C af a l “ a ed by ongress ; but terw rds , the egislature shall h ve ’ em as a h a uthority to alter th they sh ll t ink fit. o for th m n al - T he g vernor e ti e bei g, sh l be commander in ‘ ef Of m ia a i and commIssw n all chi the ilit , ppo nt Officers in the ' ‘ ‘ sam e below the an of e a Offi cr . All ener al Offi , r k _g ner l e s g cers l a Oin t d an d comm ed C r sha l be pp e ission by ong ess . ' ' PIiev i us t e Ori anization of a a m , o to h g the gener l sse bly, the governor shall appoin t such magistrates and other civil Offi cers, a as a fin d a i n e ch countyor township, he sh ll necess ry for the of th a and OOd preservation e pe ce g order in the same . Af ter e a a m al be a “ the g ner l sse bly sh l org nized , the powers and duties of magIstr ates and other civil Oflicers shall be regulated and defined by the said assembly; but all magistrates andcivil o h w c a flicrs i e , not herein ot er ise dire ted, sh ll, dur ng the con tinua ce of m a m a o n this te por ry govern ent, be pp inted by the governor . of m and s a For the prevention cri es injurie , the l ws to be ' a e Or ma a a f c all a of d dopt d de, sh ll h ve or e in p rts the istrict, nd for of m a and v he ov a the execution process , cri in l ci il , t g ’ nor a ma s f n a er , sh ll ke proper division thereo ; a d he sh ll proceed f m m me as m a ma la ro ti e to ti , circu st nces y require, to y out the parts Of the district in which the Indian titles shall have n n and h w bee extinguished , i to counties townships, subject , O ' ' a a as m af e m ad ever to , such lter tions ay there ter b e by the a Legisl ture . SO as fi v ma ha a soon there shall be e thousand free le in bit nts, of f a e in di s tr Ict n of e f Gov ull g , the , upon givi gpro th reo to the cru a m and a e to or, they sh ll receive authority, with ti e pl c , e n re re elect representatives from their counti s or tow ships, to p 36 8 AP PENDIX. m the n a a m : g , t a for r five sent the in e er l sse bly provided h t eve y , f ma e a i a a a hundred ree l inh b t nts there sh ll be one represent tive, and so on progressively with the number Of free male inhabit a a of r a a t nts, sh ll the right epresent tion incre se, until hen umber of a e a am -five af represent tiv s sh ll ount to twenty , ter which the number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by r ov ide a the Legislature : p d, th t no person be eligible or qualifi ed a a a a to act as a represent tive , unless he sh ll h ve been citizen of S a a an d a i one of the United t tes three ye rs , be res dent in the c al ha e in distri t, or unless he sh l ve resid d the district three a and a a ye rs, in either c se sh ll likewise hold in his own right, fee m a e of a am in si ple, two hundred cr s l nd within the s e ; p r o nided a lso a a f - in fif a of a in , th t ree hold ty cres l nd the district, a a of one Of a and h ving been citizen the st tes , be ing resident the f - and a in the district, or like ree hold two ye rs residence in a l a a f a ma a the district, sh l be necess ry to qu li y n s an elector Of a represent ative . T he a a o represent tive thus elected , sh ll serve f r the term of a and a Of a of a a e two ye rs, in c se de th represent tiv or remov al f m ffi a a r ro o ce, the governor sh ll issue w it to the county or , for w as a m m a township which he e ber, to elect nother in , his . a for r esidde of m . ste d , to serve the the ter T he al a m : a a gener sse bly, or legisl ture sh ll consist of the n a an d a of a gover or, legisl tive council , house represent tives . “ T he a a of five m m legisl tive council sh ll consist e bers , to con tinu e ffi fi ve a r ov d b C in o ce ye rs , unless sooner em e y ongress , o m of an f m a m an m . y three who to be quoru , d the e bers the a m a n a f ma council , sh ll be no in ted ad ppointed in the ollowing m ' : as as a ner, to wit soon represent atives sh ll be elected , the a o m m governor . shall appoint a time and pl ce f r the to eet to ' an d w a m a gether, , hen met, they sh ll no in te ten persons, resi n ia of a f five de ts the district , and each possessed reehold in a Of a am s hundred cres l nd , and return their n es to congres ; five of whom congress shall appoint and commission to serve a an a a a a I u as afores id ; d whenever a v cn cy sh ll h ppen n co ncil, a m a f m ffi of i es by de th or re ov l ro o ce , the house representat v a m a a fi a a fo a va sh ll no in te two persons, qu li ed as fores id, r e ch ' PP 370 A ENDIX . w i na a at as a as m -I ith the or gi l st tes, e rly periods ay be cousis tentwi th the general inteI est I It is her eb or dained and declar ed y , by the authority afore a a t f i a i e a be a s id , th the ollow ng rt cl s sh ll considered s articles of compact bet ween the original states and the people and ‘ a the a and f r ma a st tes in s id territory , o ever re in un lterable , nu b C less y ommon consent , to wit “ NO em a m f In a a a e ART I CLE I . person d e ning hi sel pe ce bl m a a m s a of his and orderly nner, sh ll ever be ole ted on ccount m n h mode of worship or religious senti e ts in t e said territory . a an of a a T e . ha a ART I C LE II. h inh bit ts s id territory s ll lw ys nefi Of Of abe a u and of be entitled to the be t the writ h s corp s, the trial by ju ry ; of a proportion ate representation of the peo a and of a o e d a ple in the legisl ture , judici l pr ce ings ccording to the course of the common law ; all persons shall be bailable u for a a Off e the f a e nless c pit l ences , wh re proo sh ll be evid nt, m a all fi ha m r a an o or the presu ption gre t nes s ll be ode te, d n cruel or u n usu al punishments shall be inflicted ; nOma n shall ' of or be deprived his liberty property, but by the judgment of the ' law Of a and u th hi s peers , or the l nd ; sho ld e public exi ci s m a a for mm a ta gen e ke it necess ry, the co on preserv tion to ke ’ a s o ma his a u ar v n y per on s pr perty , or to de nd p rtic l ser ice s , full compe ns ation shall be made for the same ; and in the just ' v n of nd is a . a u nd preser tio rights property, it erstood and de el ared tha t no law ought ever to be made; or have force in a y a a in an ma a f s id territor , th t sh ll y nner wh tever; inter ere aff i a n ra a m n bon afide a with or ect pr v te co t cts or eng ge e ts, , nd w ithout fraud previously formed . AR LE In. i . m a and w n T I C Rel gion or lity , kno ledge , being e » t a of ma nd cessar y to good government and he h ppiness nki , 3 schoo ls an d the means of ed ucation shall forever be one onta ‘ ged T he utmost good faith shall always be Observed towards ' the Indians ; their l ands and property shall never be taken from them w ithou t C n and and , x their o sent ; in their property, rights i . s a be a ss n liberty, they never h ll , inv ded or disturbed , unle d a f l wa a ss 'but aw s fem just an l w u rs, uthorized by congre l ] and ma a f m m me mad ed In justice hu nity, sh ll , ro ti e to ti , be e , AP PE NDIX . 371 ’ for e ' s . m and fe s pr venting wrong being done to the , r pre erving nd f s p e ace a riend hip with them. ART ICLE . T he a t r an d IV s id terri o y, the states which may f m r a f r v r ma a be or ed the ein , sh ll o e er e in part of this con fed cacof S a of Am a e a r c r y the United t tes eric , subj ct to the ti les of C fe a and u a a o e as s a on der tion , to s ch lter ti n ther in , h ll be constitutionally made ; a nd to all the acts a nd ordinances of ‘ the Sta r a m f o United tes in cong ess sse bled , con rmable thereto . ‘ T he ab a ts and e r In t e a rr inh it n s ttle s h s id te itory, shall be sub ect a v a h r t of f era e a j to p p the ed l d bts contr cted , and a pro ‘ a a of e o . s of o m n be a p rtion l . p rt the exp n es the g vern e t to p o h m a p rtioned 9 the , by congress, ccording to the s ame com ' ’ m on rule and measu re by which a pportionments t here of shall ' be made on the other st ates ; an d the taxes for pay ing their i n a b . a and e t proport o , sh ll e l id l vied , by the a u hority and di of a e of or new a s a rection the legisl tur s the districts, st te , s al ta the m a in the origin s tes , within ti e gree d upon by the Uni as m ted States in congress se bled . legisl atures of these ew s a e hal e districts or n t t s, s l n ver interfere with the primary ' disposal of the soil by the United States incongress as sem ‘ an a s ma fin sar bled , nor with y regul tion congress y d neces y o u t e In na fi de u a s f r sec ring the ti l such soil to the bo p rch ser . No tax shall be imposed on le ads the property of the United S a and In case al non- e rs a t tes , no sh l resid nt proprieto be t xed T he a a a : higher than residents . n vig ble w ters leading into ‘ the Mi SI and S i Lavvrenee and ar a shé s ss pI t , the c rying pl ce ' ‘ e n the am ha mmo a and foreVe f e tw e s e s ll be co n highw ys r r e , s to ab a f a rri as a well the inh it nts o the s id te tory, to the citi s n of. the Un t d Sta e nd of an ot s a ha ze i e t s , a those y her t tes t t ' ‘ a be a m t f era u an tax im m y d i ted into the con ed cy, witho t y , “ os t . p t, or duty herefor ART I CLE V. T er a l a er o h e sh l be formed in s id t r it ry, not l ss h m ha fiv aes and a e e than t ree, nor ore t n e st t , the bound ri s as soon asVirginia shall alter her act of se ss ion and consent ‘ e ame a m fi a as f t the s , sh ll beco e xed and est blished ollows, to b . T he t n a e a te r itorv a be n wit . wes er st t in s id r sh ll bou ded y i O a n W a a di e .t he Mississ ppi , the hio, d ab sh rivers ; rect lin 379 AP PE ND IX . n f m Wa a and V th e draw , ro the b sh Post incents due north to S a an d a a an d territorial line between the United t tes Can d , by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Missis T h e i a a n a sippi . mddle st te sh ll be bou ded by the s id direct Wab a h f m s O Oh line , the s , ro Po t Vincents to the hio, by the io, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great a an d the a t Miam i to the said territori l line , by s id erritorial a a a de a t m en line . T he e stern st te sh ll be boun d by the l s O a a and s a tion ed. direct line , the hio; Pennsylv ni , the id ter r and f r itor ial line ; provided , howeve , it is urther understood and decl ared,that the bound aries of I these three states shall a a if a be subject so far to be ltered , th t congress sh ll here after a a a f m find it expedient , they sh ll h ve uthority to or one or two sta tes in tha t part of the territory which lies n orth of an e ast an d west line drawn through the southerly bend or ex trem e of l ake Michigan : and whenever any of the states a f a a sh all have sixty thous nd ree inh bit nts therein , such st ates a m a the n o shall be d itted by its deleg tes , into co gress f the S a an a f the a a United t tes , on equ l ooting with origin l st tes, in all respects wh atsoever ; and shall be at liberty to form a per s an d a m : r ovided m anent con titution st te govern ent P , the con i u tion an d m fo m a a s t t govern ent so to be r ed , sh ll be republic n , ' and in conform ity to the principles conta ined in these articles : an d s o far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the f a a m a had a t an a co n eder cy, such d ission sh ll be e rlier p e ed an d m a a e m of f a a ri , when there y be l ss nu ber ree inh bit nts in the st ate than sixty thou sand . ' a b n a involun ART I CLE VI . T here sh ll e either sl very nor ta the a a ry servitude in s id territory, otherwise th n in punish ' ment of crimes whereof the p arty shall have been duly con v icted : P r ovided a a a an a , lw ys , th t y person esc ping into the am f m m a a f a m an s e , ro who l bor or service is l w ully cl i ed in y on e of i a s a f ma a f u r the or gin l t tes, such ugitive y be l w lly e cl aimed an d conveyed to the person cl aiming hIs or her labor or service as a foresaid . ' B e it or dai n ed the au r af sa d a d , by tho ity ore i , th t th a resol t of 2 3d of A 1784 a e o ions the pril, , rel tiv to the subject f this 3 74 P A PE NDIX . ' Mr . ff no Je erson , a y . H rd , no e c n o. M r er, N Ca a . S e orth rolin Mr p ight , no . Willi amson ay S Ca a . ad outh rolin Mr Re , no . ’ f n o: Beres ord , ‘ So the i was l and t he s u k 2 quest on ost , word were str c out , ( ) “ ‘ a 16 1785 a m was . ma M rch , , otion de by Mr . King and ’ , " o . E a t e he f . s c nded by Mr llery, th t ollowing proposition be com mitted: T h at there shall be neither sl avery nor involuntary servi‘ ' ‘ tude in any of the States desc ribed in the resolve of con e s of 23d of A 1 784 gre s the pril , , otherwise than in the pu n ish m ent of crimes whereof the p arty sh all have been person ally : and a a a an a t of m a guilty th t this regul tion sh ll be r icle co p ct , a nd rem ain a f u n dam en tal principle of the C onstitutions be t e i i a a a nd a of t ween the thirt en or g n l st tes , e ch hestates descr ib ia sa of 23d A ed the id resolve the pril , On of cmm m New am Massachu the question o it ent , H pshire , s a C New Y Ne w setts , Rhode I l nd , onnecticut , ork , Jersey, Penn ‘ va a an d a a v affi ma : a 3 syl ni M ryl nd , oted in the r tive Virgini , ( ) N C a a and S Ca a a . So orth rolin . outh rolin in the neg tive it w as t e affi ma resolved in h r tive . OII 7 of 1 786 C a a the th July, , ongress resolved th t the stipul . a . of a tion cont ined in the cession Virgini , respecting the division a a S w O r i into sep r te tates of the territory north est of the hio ver, be a a and r mm would ttended with gre t inconvenience, eco end a vi an d a m of C w was ed Virgini , to re se lter the ter s ession, hich af a terw rds done “ S m 29 1 786 C s a an epte ber , , ongre s took into consider tion ordinance f or the govern ment of the Western T erritory report m s of C P ed by a comittee consisting of John on onnecticut , ick ' of S C a a m of New Yor k Dane of a a ney, outh rolin , S ith , , , M ss chu setts an d McHenr of a a : and after e , y , M ryl nd , . consid ring 2 Sé 'en or a m a orit of the whol e n u m er of States thirteen were ( ) i , j y b , ( ,) w ted to r e o an ca ry a qu sti n . ti ve (3) Graysen v oted in the affi rmative ; Hardy and Lee in the nega . APPE NDIX. 375 t i i was f m m m t e it ro ti e o ti e , recommended to a committee con ' ' of Ca on and . . of a sisting rringt R H Lee , Virgini , D.1 11 e , of Mas l ' sachu setts a of S u Ca r ma and Sm of , Ke n , o th o , ith, New York, wa s a the fi m whose report re d rst ti e , July T his na c 1s m a i n a a nd f ame a rov m on s ordi n e si il r, its le ding und nt l p , tothat reported i n 1 784 by the committee of which Mr Jeffe t on 4 was a ma and t a a s ( ) ch ir n , , like h t, cont ined a 1 ohibition p _ - ‘f ' of slavery in the following words: - T here shall be neither ' sla ta ‘ very n or involun ry servitude in the said T eiritor y ; other l wis e than i n the punishment OFcrim es whereof th e p artyshall ” ” a c 1 e l 0 n 13th of u 8 h v been du yconvi ted the J ly, 17 7, this ' a was a Co h concm r ordin nce dopted by ngress , wit the ence not ’ of a but n a m m b of only every St te, every i dividu l e er every ' ’ S a ‘ Ya of e Mr . Ne w Y t te present , exc pt one , tes owrk ’ On 27th of m 1788 a a a the Dece ber, Virgini p ssed resolution ' off er in e an d 3 d of e m 1789 a e an g to c de , on the D ce ber , , p ss d act in which she forever ceded and relinquished to Congress and m of the S a n f a nd abs Govern ent United t tes, i ull olute right and exclusive jurisdiction as well of s oil as of persons resiiding ‘ or to h ua t ari ff of 8 r eside t erein , purs n to the tenor d e ect the th - section of the first article of the Constitution of the Govern u ' mnt cl n ed S a a a of r n ot e n e the U it t tes , tr ct count y exce di g ' ‘ “ m s a for ma ea of m of ten ile squ re , the per nent s t Govern ent the “ M a a fo m a n S a . T h i of r U ited t tes e cess on ryl nd, si il r purpose, was made December 23 and is absolute and without e r striction or limita tion . T i a m of fa o — l st T a a d h s st te ent cts sh ws, , h t Virgini cede the n dSt a an x v t it e a a f m to U ite tes e tensi e err ory, s p r ted ro her l b a an d fo a u t a d : on y y river, bordering on her r bo t one hous n " mi V1 1n 1a 2d T a Con les, Kentucky being then a part of rg , h t had af a ha ea n gress , ter h ving d the subject under consid r tio ' for m a ea a ore th n three y rs , abolished sl very in it by the extraordin ary concurrence of all u s members who voted , except f o n nce for o 1 effei son is . therefo1 e edit o the rdi a (4) T M . J j ustly du e th e cr c med for rnm nt of the o1 thwest T e 1 t Mr. D ne as l i the gove e N 1 1 t0 1 y and n o a , a ’ h im by his New Engl an d fi iends. 3 76 APPE NDIX . m a a 3 3d T a . T ma ff , h t the e sure origin ted with ho s Je erson, fa of Vir in ia a n d of a a the vorite son g the n tion , nd who was a C a a m an ssisted by h se , pro inent son d distinguishe d jurist of w t a an . An d 4th T a he of fa M ryl d , h t ith knowledge these cts, mm a af and i edi tely ter their occurrence , Virgini a an d Maryland ceded the district of Columbi a to the United St ates,without ' i of a or i restriction as to the prohibit on sl very, nde ed without imposing as m any restrictions as Virgini a did when she ceded the northwest territory . S h a C had In a o h eeing, t en , wh t ongress done b lis ing sla very had a a of a a n d w in what been p rt Virgini , in hic h territory a o a m of a .can there were c nsider ble nu ber sl ves, how it be said that Virginia an d Maryl and would not h ave cede d the district of m a if had C a Colu bi , they supposed ongress would ever bolish a at slavery in it ? or th t the doing so now, the expira tion of f a can a an ne ar hal century, be conceived to viol te y implied faith to those two states ? add in a a a I will only , conclusion , wh t str nge contrast the proceedings of 1787 present to those of 1837 ! T hen the aboli an o tion of sl avery in extensive territ ry, bordering on the slave a m et . No f a holding st tes , with no opposition e rs were then e n ter tain ed th at such an act would end anger the Union,or tend . It to disturb the quiet of any portion of it . was not then de ‘ nou n ced as the first step of Cong ress to abol ish slavery inthe No a was slaveholding states . ; sl very then considered by all ' w it m a W a as an evil ; n o is pronounced by so e bless ing . h t strange pervers1on ! What strange delusion ! Especially in an d a a e when e a a an am this enlightened liber l g , ther is bro d eli a m o f ff m a and li or ting spirit, ore p wer ul in its e ects in the or l po - tical world than the steam engine is in the mechanical . 3 8 7 APPENDIX. t -f a a - o w 1 t y our nor gre ter th n thirty six, until the number f h e m ale inh i bitants abdve twenty on e ye ars of age sh i ll be twen t - o a d an d a ftel a n at a o th l t y two th us n ; th t eve t , such r ti the wh ole number of represen ta tives shall never beless th an thir - - t n or two . y six, exceed seventy SE C . 3 . T he a i a o a Represent t ves sh ll be ch sen annu lly , by the e of a v y T u citiz ns e ch county respecti el , on the second es d ay of October . SEC . 4 . No a a a who ha person sh ll be represent tive , s ll not a a a a e of -five a an d a e o h ve tt ined the g twenty ye rs , be citiz n f the United St ates a nd an inh abitant of this state; shall also h av e re sided wi thin the limits of the cou nty in which he shall ch i s en a d u be , one ye r next prece ing his election , nless he sh t ll h ave bee n absent on the public business o f the Unit e d a a ax States or of this state ; an d sh all h ve p id a state or county t . h a SEC . 5 . T e a a the sen tors sh ll be chosen bienni lly, by i q u alified v oters for represent atives ; an d on their bei n g con of fi n a vened in consequence the rst electio , they sh ll be divi ded f m i v di i as , by lot, ro the r respecti e counties or str cts , n a as can two a a of a of e r be , into cl sses ; the se ts the sen tors the first class shall be v ac ated at the expiration of the firs t a a n d of the a at a of the o ye r, second cl ss the expir tion sec nd a a a f f as a as m a a ye r ; so th t one h l thereo , ne r possible , y be nnu s f all y ch o en f orever there a ter . ' ' E 6 . T he m of a a at the a e S C . nu ber sen tors sh ll , sever l p a m a f m befixe b r iods of m king the enu er tion be ore entioned , d y a and a am n a or the legisl ture, pportioned o g the sever l counties s a law a m e of district , to be est blished by , ccording to the nu b r t a e of - a a white male inhabitants of he g twenty one ye rs in e ch , - m a a and shall never be less than one third, nor ore th n one h lf of the number of representatives . ' ' E 7 . No e s a a na r who has not a S C . p r on sh ll be se to rrived a e of ar and a of at the g thirty ye s, is citizen the United States ; shall h ave resided two years in the county or district c a a n immediately preceding the ele tion , unless he sh ll h ve bee t S a of s absent on the public business of he United t tes, or thi a a i a a eou nt tax. state ; and sh ll, moreover, h ve pa d st te or y PPEND A IX . 379 SEC . 8 . T he a sen te and hou se of re i esen tativ es p , when a m a ea ’ sse bled , sh ll ch choose a speaker a nd its othe1 offi cers , be 1d es of a fi j g the qu li c ations and elections of its memb rs e , a nd own a o sit upon its dj urn ments : two thi rds of each house ' s a ti u a m h ll cons t te quoru to do business ; but a smaller n um b er ma a o f m da da and m e y dj urn ro y to y, co p l the a ttend ance of a m m bsent e bers. SEC . 9 . Ea ch house shall keep a journal of its proce ed i and bl , m : a and a of m m s ngs pu ish the the ye s n ys the e ber , an s a y , at of an two of t m on que tion sh ll the desire y he , be e a ntered on the journ ls . S C . 10 . An two E y members of either house sh all have lib ‘ C r ty f m ad a a an ct to dissent ro , n protest g inst , y a or resolution ma 1 n 11rious b an which they y think j to the pu lic or y individu al , an d a a of e h ve the re sons th ir dissent entered on the journ als . SE C . 1 1 . E h ma ach ouse y de termine the rules of its pre ceedin s its m m f or be h w ior g , punish e bers disorderly , a nd of a m m r o with the concurrence two thirds , expel e be , but n t a second time for the s ame c ause ; an d s h 1 11 ha ve all other pow ers neCe-ssar v for a branch of the legislature of a frce an d in dependent st ate “ 1 W SEC . 12 . a a 1 a e e hen v c nc es h pp n in eith r house , the ' ve n r e o of Go r or, o th pers n exercisin g the power the Governor, hall isssue of fill » va a . , s writs election to such c ncies ' S a o a ta a l a SEC. 13 . nd r a l en t rs rep esen tives sh ll , in c ses e e a f n a of e ace be i xc pt tre son , elo y or bre ch the p , priv leged t m ar u of the a as e m y an d m ro rest d ring the session gener l s bl , going to an d r e turni ng from the s ame ; and for a ny speech or d ba 1n a n ot be 1n a n e , te either , house , they sh ll questioned y other place . ‘ Ea e ma u h m s m du SEC. ch hous y p nis by .i pri on ent , t r s essim a ny o a m m shall be ri ng hei , pers n not e ber who guil of ) o b an y d s r y conte m tu ty disrespect t the h use , y i o derl or p ous behavior i n their p resenc e ; p ro ded su ch imprisonment - a t at an one m tu e n ty f . sh ll n o , y ti e , exceed our hour T he oo of w i fi ii se a nd of omm s of 15. . h S EC . d rs o l , c ittee ‘ e l ha be e e r ee t c Ca e as ,th who e , s ll kept op n , p in su h s s the 0 PE 3 8 AP NDIX . o of . N a l pinion the house require secrecy either house sh l , c of t a for m a without the onsent the o her, djourn ore th n two a an a a a hou s d ys, nor to y other pl ce th n th t in which the two es shall be sitting . SE C . 1 6 . m a a in ma Bills y origin te either house , but y be am . a ltered , ended or rejected by the other ' a a ff a SEC . 1 7 . Every bill sh ll be re d on three di erent d ys in ' ach hou s u a of -f t of the e e , nless in c se urgency, three our hs a e m house where such bill is so depending , sh ll d e it expedi ent to dispense with this rule : a nd every bill having passed a a of r es ec both houses , sh ll be signed by the spe kers their p tive houses . SE C . 1 8 . T he of a of this a a style the l ws st te sh ll be , ” ta t B e it en acted by the g en er a l assembly of the s e of Ohio . 19 . T h a of a a a SEC . e legisl ture the st te sh ll not llow the following ofiicer s of Government great er annu al s al aries than as f u a t a an d h ollows , ntil the ye r one hous nd eight hundred eig t, : T he m a u a a to wit Governor, not ore th n one tho s nd doll rs ; th of m m an a e Judges the supre e court , not ore th one thous nd a a the of of mm a doll rs e ch ; Presidents the courts co on ple s, not m ore than eight hundred dollars e ach ; the Secretary of ‘ S a m a fi ve a A of t te, not ore th n hundred doll rs ; the uditor pub a m a e an d fif a lic ccounts , not ore th n s ven hundred ty doll rs ; ' the T a m an d fift a re surer, not ore th an four hundred y doll rs ; n o member of the legisl ature sh all receive more than twcdol l a da a a a rs per y, during his ttend nce on the legisl ture , nor m for -five m h e a a ore every twenty iles sh ll tr vel in going to, an d f m the a a m . returning ro , gener l sse bly SE . 20 . No a a a C sen tor or represent tive sh ll , during the m for a e a ti e which he sh ll h ave been elect d , be ppointed to an ff at a a a y civil o ice under this st e , which h ve been cre . sh ll or m a a ted , the e oluments of which sh ll h ve been increased c m during su h ti e . SE 2 1 ' No m a a C . . f r m a oneys sh ll be dr wn o the tre sury, but ' e u of a a in cons q ence ppropriations m ade by l w . E 22 . S C. . An accurate statement of the receipts and ex 3 82 a p p axmx . a a of a ass m se t in either house the gener l e bly, until such per a a a for a n d a the a ll son sh ll h ve ccounted , p id into tre sury , a or ma a a sums f which he y be account ble or li ble . I E ART CL I I . S . T m of tl EC . 1 he s upre e executive power - is state shall e a Gove r nor . be v sted in , SE C . 2 T he a s . Governor sh ll be cho en by the electors of m m of a a m on T u a the e bers the gener l sse bly, the second esd y ‘ of Oc at a a a n d am m a n a tober, the s me pl ces , in the s e n er , th t al v o m m f T they sh l respecti ely vote f r e bers thereo . he r e n of fo r a a an a tur s election Governor , sh ll be se led up d tr ns m o the a of ov er nm e n t b ffi e itted t s e t g ,. y the returning o c rs , di r e cted to the spe aker of the sen ate ; who sh all open an d pub s m o a m a of the m m of li h the , in the presence f jority e bers e ach h ouse of the general assembly : the person h aving the highest number of votes shall be gove rnor ; but if two or m ore a be a an d of m a sh ll equ l highest in votes , one the sh ll be cho sen g overnor by join t b allot of both houses of the general as o for a det min se bl . C er m y ntested elections governor, sh ll be a m ma as e d by both h ouses of the gener l asse bly, in such nner s l w h l ll be prescribed by a . S ffi 3 . T h fi a EC . e rst governor sh ll hold his o ce until the fi s o a of m a an d r t M nd y Dece ber, one thous nd eight hundred fi ve a o s a a nd a fi to , until nother g vernor h ll be elected qu li ed ffi an d a ffi for o ce ; forever after, the governor sh ll hold his o ce ' the m of a an d u a a ter two ye rs, ntil nother governor sh ll be - e lected an d qualified ; but he sh all not . be eligible more th an a at a six ye ars in a n y term of eight ye ars . He sh ll be le st t r v e ar s of a e and a been a of h i ty g , h ve citizen the United S a e v a and an n a a of a e f a t tes tw l e ye rs , i h bit nt this st t our ye rs r next p eceding his election . SE C . 4 . a m a He sh ll , from time to ti e, give to the gener l ” s m an d as embly i n formation of the state of the govern ent , re commend to their consideration such measures as he shall m dee expedient . PPE N A DIX . 3 83 1 SEC ; 5 . a . He sh ll h ave the power to grant repri eves and a o af ‘ r e . a s of m a m p d ns t r conviction , except in c se i pe ch ent . ' . SEC . T he ov rn or shall at ta m g e , , s ted ti es , receive for er a om a a his s vices c pens tion , which sh ll n either be increased ' dimm i shed n t nor , duri g the erm for which he shall h ave been ) elected. SEC . 7 1 He m a foma i n y require in r tion, writing, from the ffi the e t a o cers in xecu ive d ep rtment, upon an y s ubject rel a to of e v ting the duties their resp cti e offices, and sh all t ake a e a a f a fu x ‘ c r th t the l ws be ith lly e ecuted . W S EC . 8 . an offi ee hen y r , the right of whose appomtment s C t e a a m i , by this onstitution , vested in h gener l sse bly, sh all , u r ecess die ffi . an m a m va d ring the , ‘ , or his o ce by y e ns beco e ’ ‘ an o a a w fill c t, the g vernor sh ll h ve the po er to such vacancy, ' b a a m m n y gr nting co issio , which shall expi re a t the end of the next session of the legisl ature. SEC . 9 . m a a a i He ay, on extr ordin ry occ s ons, convene the n a a m ama a a nd - ge er l sse bly by Procl tion, sh ll state to them, a m for when sse bled , the purposes which they shall have been k convened . - S 10 . a he mma 1n f of arm and EC . He sh ll co nder chie the y ' ‘ a of s a and of m a a l n vy thi st te the iliti , when they sh l { except be c alled into the service of the United States . S 1 1 : In ca of a m ou s E C. se dis gree ent between the two h se , W1th m of a o m o o s a respect to the , ti e dj urn ent the g vern r h ll ” ' have p ower to adjourn the general assembly to such time ' as . “ “ ‘ e n ro : P r ovided a an h thi ks p per , It be not period beyond the i ' ‘ ‘ m of th nual eeting e legislature. 2 a i a n SEC. 1 In of a m a m c se the de th, i pe ch ent , res gn tio or m o al of f ffi s eaker of sen re v the governor rom o ce, the p the ‘ te a x the ffi of be a a sh ll e ercise o ce , governor, until he cquit ' f or a s a a fi . In a o ted , nother governor h ll be duly qu li ed c se i the impeachment of the Speaker of the sen ate, or his death; or f m ffi i a f m ta the remov al ro o ce, or absence ro the s te, ‘ res gn tion ak e r of of r e n a a to spe , the house epr se t tives sh ll succeed the ffi and i the s f l a all o ce, e xerc se dutie thereo , unti governor sh be elected -and qualified . 1 3 84 APP E NDIX . No m m of SEC . 13 . s holdin e ber congress , or per on g any offi e S a a a ce under the Unit d t tes , or this st te , sh ll execute the offi ce of governor. SEC . 14 . T a a a of a a here sh ll be se l this st te, which sh ll be o and u him ffi a an d a kept by the govern r, sed by o ci lly, sh ll b”e a T HE EAT SEAL O F T HE ST AT E O c lled GR F OHIO . S . 1 5 All a and mm a a EC . gr nts co issions sh ll be in the n m e a nd a of S a of O ea a by the uthority the t te hio, s led with the se l and e b a . signed by the governor, countersign d y the secret ry 16 . A a of a a a a SEC . secret ry st te sh ll be ppointed by joint a of at an d of a w ho a b llot the sen e house represent tives , sh ll ' c ffi a if a a m ontinue in o ce three ye rs, he sh ll so long beh ve hi self well : he shall keep a fair register of all the offici al acts and and a la proceedings of the governor ; sh ll , when required, y the am an d all a m a nd o a s e , p pers , inutes v uchers rel tive thereto, before either branch of the M gislatu r e ; and shall preform such as a as him law other duties sh ll be signed by . ART I CLE I I I . SEC . 1 . T he a of S a as m a Judici l power this t te, both to tters of l aw a nd a a S m C equity, sh ll be vested in upre e ourt , in C of C mm a for a of ourts o on Ple s e ch county, in Justices the a an d as i a ma f m Pe ce , in such other courts the leg sl ture y, ro m m . ti e to ti e , establish a SEC . 2 . T he S me C al of n upre ourt sh l consist three Judges, y ; T a a a and two of whom shall be a quorum . hey sh ll h ve origin l a a mm law an d C a ppell te jurisdiction , both in co on h ncery, in w P robided T a such cases as shall he directed by l a , h t nothing a a a m f m herein cont ined , sh all prevent the gener l sse bly ro f adding a nother Judge to the Supreme Co urt a ter the term of fiv a m a state into e ye rs , in which c ase the Judges y divide the ’ h an of ma a. two circuits, within w ich, y two the Judges y hold court . f C mm a a o t 3 . T a C o SEC . he sever l ourts o on Ple s , sh ll c nsis a a be i of a President and Associate Judges . T he st te sh ll d vi w : a a ed in ded, by la , into three circuits there sh ll be ppoint 386 APPENDIX. C and e of the C of C mm a s ourt the Presid nts ourts o on Ple s , hall at a recel ve for an' a a com st ted times , their services dequ te pen sa be fi law S 'l li not m s tion , to xed by , which h be di ini hed da ring their continuance in office; but the y shall receive no fees Or o offi e nor an ffi of fi perquisites f c , hold y other o ce pro t or t fa uthorit 'o f ' this s a d ta trust under he y t te or the Unite S tes . 9 Ea C a a fo r m SEC . . ch ourt sh ll ppoint its own clerk the ter of a s n sh 1 ll a o m ted seven ye r , but no perso be pp clerk , excep t r o tem er a who h not u C u a p p , s all prod ce to the o rt ppointing him a fi a f m a ma or it v of the d of S m , certi c te ro j Ju ges the upre e C a h u him l a fi ourt , th t t eyj dge to be wel qu li ed to execute the ' duties o f the offi ce of clerk , to any court of the same dignity T a m a with that fo r which he offe rs himself. hey sh ll be re ov ' for a a at an t1me d of ble bre ch of good beh vior, y , by the Ju ges the respective Courts . . e u C s a a a T h S preme ourt h ll be held once ye r , in a y an d the C of C mm a s a d n e ch count , ourts o on Ple s h ll be hol e ‘ a at m and a as s hall be r in e ch county , such ti es , pl ces p escribed la w by . SEC m of i s of the ae a . A complete nu ber Just ce Pe c sh ll fi . ea the be elected bv the quali ed . electors in ch township in a and al t ffi a sever l counties, sh l con inue in o ce three ye rs whose a f m m m a and powers and duties sh ll, ro ti e to ti e, be regul ted . w defined by la . T he State 12 . T o a l a SEC . he style f l process sh ll be , qf ” ‘ Ohio : all pros ecutions shall be carried on in the n ame and by the a uthority of the State of Ohio ;' and all indictments sha ll c a al nst a and di nit of the am . onclude g the pe ce g y ‘ s e ART I CLE I V . m al a a sa SEC . 1 . a all In ll elections, white e inh bit nt bove a e of -o ne a a d 111 S a the g twenty ye rs, h ving resi ed the t te one e ar th an d who a a are y ne \t preceding e election , h ve p id , or a a e tax a en o the of a , y ' ch rged , with st t or county sh ll j right _ ’ in an elecor but no e on shall be en i e , ex e t ; p rs , t tl d to vote c pt ' APPENDl x. 3 87 the or 111 a a ua county district which he sh ll ct lly re31de, at the ini o f ' t e the election . 1 SEC . 2 . All c a a ele tions sh ll be by b llot . SEC . 3 . E cs all h in all ca s a le tors , se except tre son , felony or b re aCh of a f m a ; the pe ce, be privileged ro rrest, during their at ’ n a at and i n n and te d nce elections , goi g to, returning from, the sa me . S C. 4 e E . Th Legisl ature shall have full power to exclude f m the re vile e of b ro p g electing or eing elected , au v person C v of b an 1n f 1 on icted bri ery , perj ury, or y other mous c ri me . SEC. 5 . N C a n 111 ar t1cl othing ont i ed this e , shall be so constru e d as v m to pre ent white 1 1e persons above the age of twen ty one a who ar m e ye rs, e co p lled to labor on the roads of their re s or cu an spective township o nties, d who have resided one ea the a f m havm of an y r in st te, ro g the right elector . T I CLE V AR . ' ' ' “ a ai s a d s a t SEC. 1 . C pt n n ub l erns in the m1litia. shall be ‘ e lected by those persons in their respecti ve comp any districts s a u ubj ect to milit ry d ty . S 2 M t -ors s a e e e b ca ai s a u ] EC . . j h ll be l ct d y the pt n nd s bs tern s of the battalion SE 3 Co a ee e . ma s Ca a ns C . . lonels sh ll be l ct d by the jor , pt i a me n d subalterns of the regi nt . : SE 4 a a m ssion . a b m ed C . B rig diers gener l sh ll be elected yco i o otficers f their respecti ve brigades . SEC . 5 . M i ors l and a mas s a s a l j genera ,qu rter ter gener l , h l e o o s a be appoi nt d by j int ballot of both houses f the legi l ture . ' 6 . T he s al a oi t t ad utant e a . SEC . governor. h l pp n he j g ner l T he majors general shall appoint their a ids and other divis ion ' T he a a a a n h r stafi officers . brig diers gener l sh ll ppoi t t ei brig ' ade maj ors and other brigade stafi officers; T he commandi ng - a s a rmas officers of regiments shall appoint thei r adjut nt , qu rte ters and other regimental staff officers ; and the captai ns and subalterns shall appoint their non-commissioned officers and 11111 APPENDIX . EC T he a a an d a of a an S . 7 . c pt ins sub lterns the rtillery d a a a r e c v lry , sh ll be elected by the persons enrolled in their sp ective corps ; and the m ajors and colon els shall be appointed ma as a l aw . T h in such nner sh ll be directed by e colonel , shall appoint their regim ent al staff ; and the c aptains an d subal ‘ - i ffi a d m s a terns their non comm ssioned o cers n u ici ns . T V AR I CLE I . . 1 . T a a on SEC here sh ll be elected in e ch county, e sheriff on ar e a fi a n d e coroner , by the citizens thereof, who qu li ed to vote for m embers of the asse mbly : they shall be elected at the time and pl ace of holding elections for members of assembly: ff e two a if a the y shall continue in o ic ye rs, they sh ll so long a a n d t s and d a beh ve well, un il succes ors be chosen uly qu lified : vi ded T a a as iff f a P r o , h t no person sh ll be eligible sher or long a f a an m of a er term th n our ye rs in y ter six ye rs. E 2 . T e a a r and a a S C . h st te tre su er uditor sh ll be triennially a n a o a of us of a ppoi ted by j int b llot both ho es the l eg isl ture . 3 All n and ffi a SEC . . tow township o ces sh ll be chose n eu u all bv a a f a fi n y, the inh bit nts thereo , duly qu li ed to vote for m m e of a m at m and a as a e b rs sse bly, such ti e pl ce m y be dir ec a w ted by l . h o m of all SEC . 4 . T e ffi n ot app int ent civil o cers , otherwise a a as di rected by this constitution , sh ll be m de in such manner l a m ay be directed by w. T V AR I C LE I I . ' 1 . Ev a b a SEC . ery person who sh ll e chosen or ppointed to a n the a of s a n y office of trust or profit , u der uthority thi st te, “ s a f o f a an h ll , be ore the entering on the executi n thereo , t ke oath or affirmation to sup p ort the constitution of the United a an d of a t and a an a of ffi St tes this st e , lso o th o c e 2 a an f a for SE . An C . y elector, who sh ll receive y gi t or rew rd m a m a ff his vote, in e t . drink , oney or otherwise , sh ll su er such punishment as the l aw shall direct ; and any person who shall 39 0 PPENDIX. . A m o of a iam af a an uth the Gre t M i ores id , d on the north by an a e st and west line drawn through the southe rn extrem e of Lake a f Michig n , running east a ter intersecting the du e north line a f a f m m of ores id , ro the outh the Gre at Miami u ntil it shall in ter sect a E a a n d L ke rie on the territori l line , thence with the s ame through L ake Erie to the Pennsylvania line afores aid P r ovided a lwa s An d fu y , it is hereby lly understood and declar ed by this convention tha t if the southerly bend or extreme of L ake Michigan should extend so far south th at a line drawn a f m o a E due e st ro it sh uld not intersect L ke rie , or if it should a a E a of m intersect the s id L ke rie , e st the outh of the Mia mi i of a k a nd a a th a r ver the L e , then in th t c se , with e ssent of of S a s the congress the United t te , the northern bound ary of a s a l a an d x a this st te h l be est blished , by e tend to, direct line running from a southern ext remity of L ake Michigan to the m s a of am Ba a f o t northerly c pe the Mi i y , ter intersecting the due north line f rom the m outh of the Great Miami ri ver as af a a a a ores id , thence northe st to the territori l line , nd by the a a a a . s id territori l line , to the Pennsylv ni line RT ICLE VI I I A . a a and a T hat the gener l , gre t essenti l principles of liberty an d free governm ent may be recognized and forever ultimate l a d a y est blished , we ecl re , S 1 T a all m en ar a a nd en E C . . h t e born equ lly free nd i ep d and a c a a a a d a a ent, h ve ert in n tur l , inherent n un lien ble rights ; amongst which ar e the enj oying and defending life and a n an d y and libert y , cquiri g , possessing protecting propert , pur suing and obtaining h appiness an d safety ; and every free r e a m b in f ou nded a public n govern ent , e g on their sole uthority, an d organized for the gre at purpose of protecting their rights ' and and to effect these liberties , securing their independence ; a at all a m a f m ends , they h ve times co plete power to lter, re or a o m ma m ne or bolish their g vern ent, whenever they y dee it cessary . ° 2 . a a SEC . T here sh ll be neither sl very nor involuntary APPENDIX . 39 1 ‘ se e a e a for n m rvitud in this st te , oth rwise th n the p u ish ent of crimes; whereof the p arty sh i ll h ave been du lv convicted ; 1m shall any male person arri ved at the age of twenty -one ea f ma n a at the a e of a s y rs , or e le perso rrived g eighteen ye r , heheld to serve any person as a servant under the p i e ten ce of w i s indenture or other ise , unless such pe sou h all enter into h t l a a of f f a suc inden ure whi e in st te per ect reedom, nd on condition ot a bona fi de consideration; received or to be t e ce iv d as f e for ce . , their service . e xcept be ore ex ept d Nor shall a n de of any r m a o af ma an d y in nture neg o or, ul tt here ter de ex a a a out of a m ade i11 . the a c t d the st te, or it st te where the m of sar i/ ice e a e f - a a y ter xceeds one ye r, be the le st v lidit ex e s i v a of a c pt tho e g en m the c se pprenticeships . ‘ E 3 . T a l a a a a s S C . h t a l men h ve n tur l an d in i e fea ibl e r 1ght A m God a o i a of to worship l ighty , cc rding to the d ct tes con science ; that/ n o human authority can in an y case whatever, control or interfere with the l ights of conscien ce ; th: 1 t no man a b om o a an y a of sh ll e c pelled t ttend , erect or support pl ce ‘ o o m a n a an m a t inst s and w rship, or t i t in y inistry g his con ent ; a no f a e law to an v r e th t pre erence sh ll ever be giv n , by , l i ious i of and o a g society or node worship, n religious test sh ll o a o f fi be required as a qu alific ati n to n y ffi ce o trust or pro t . B t m al an o e e sse ntiallv n eces u religion , or ity dkn wl dg e, being a m and the a n of m a s ry t o good govern ent h ppi ess nkind, schools and the me ans of instruction shall f orever be e ncou r a ed la rovm on not n t g by legis tive p , i consis ent with the rights of consc1en ce 4 a be SEC . . P rivate property ought and sh ll ever held ’ nv a a ay he W fa v i iol te , but lw s subservient to t public el re, p ro i a o e ded a compens tion 1 n moneybe made to the wn r . o SEC . 5 . - T a a t s h t the. people sh ll be secure in heir pers n , ‘ ou a r s and a a s a h ses , p pe possessions,from unwarr nt ble e rches ” ' ' and seizures ; and that general warrants whereby an oflicer ' a m a o a s ho t a m y be co m nded t search suspected pl ce , wit u prob ble cof the fa t m o an or r eviden e c co mitted , to seize y person ' “ ' s not am h ff are not a a person n ed; w ose o ences, p rticul rly de 39 2 APPENDIX . s an a afii r mation are a cr ibed , d without o th or , d ngerous to lib ert and a be an . y, sh ll not gr ted SE C . 6 . T a a n and f h t the, printing presses sh ll be op e ree to every citizen who wishes to examine the proceedings of a f m of an ofii any br nch o gov ern ent , or the conduct y public ‘ a v cer ; an d no law shall ever restr in the right thereof . E ery as a o r an citizen h a right to spe k , write print , upon y subject, a bem a for the a of a l . s he thinks proper, g li ble buse th t iberty In prosecution for any public ation respecting the official con n a u a a re m a duct of m e in p blic c p city, or whe the tter publish for f ma f m a niv ed is proper public in or tion , the truth thereo y ways be given in evidence ; an d in all indictments fer libels, the jury shall h ave the right to de ter mm e the l aw and the fa i no t a s h a e . cts , under the direct o f the cour , in ot er c s s at al a an SEC . 7 . T h l courts sh ll be open ; d every person; for a n d him 1 11 a ar , injury one his l nds , goods , person or reput ' tion shall a m of law and , h ve re edy by the due course , right r a ' s a m s a a nd ju tice d ini tered without den i l or del y . ' ~ SE . 8 T a of a shall be a . C . h t the right tri l by jury inviol te T a a a SEC . 9 . h t no power of suspending l ws sh ll be exer ' cised unless by the legisla ture . SEe . 1 0 . T a a a a h t no person rrested or confined in j il , sh ll a a a r an be tre ted with unnecess ry rigor, or be put to nswe y m a a m m m a cri in l ch rge , but by present ent, indict ent or i pe ch ment . SEC . 1 1 . T a all a a h t in crimin l prosecutions , the ccused bath a right to be heard by himself and his cou nsel ; to de m a nd the natureand causeof the accus ation against him ; and _ to have a copy thereof to meet the witnesses face to face : to h ave compulsory process for obtaining witnesses 1n his favor; and i n m a prosecutions by indictment or present ent, speedy l a a of i n pub ic tri l , by n imp arti al jury the county or district which the offence shall h ave been committed ; and shall not m a f a e be co pelled to give evidence gainst himsel , nor sh ll he b twice put in jeopardy for the s ame off ence . 2 a a la l ~ b u c 1 . a b i b e ffi t SEC . T h t all persons sh ll be y s ien s o a ff e the f ureties, unless f r c pital o ences , wher proo is evi 3 94 A P PE NZ IX. not b e kept u p ; a n d i h i t the m ili tary sh all be kept under o e v o st rict s u bo rdi nation t th ci il p wer . 2 1 . T a s a as ar SE C . h t no per on in this st te , excep t such e a m a of S a m a employed in the r y or n vy the United t tes , or iliti a a a s e a me in ctu l service , sh ll be ubj ct to corpor l punish nt u n w der the military ia . l in m of a E 22 . T a ua S C . h t no so dier , ti e pe ce, be q rtered in an y h ou se w i thout the consent of the owner ; nor in ti me of w a r the m a r law . . but in nner presc ibed by T t v a th 23 . a he e e e SEC . h t le ying t x s by poll is gri vous a n d s v e f the a a v r le a oppre si ; there ore , legisl ture sh ll ne e vy 1 poll tax f r cou nty or state purposes . a e d a mo u m ts SE . 24 T n o C . e h t h re it ry e l en , privil ges or v f o o shall e a e a . h n rs , e r be gr nted or con rred by this st te 2 T a law s a a SEC . 5 . h t no h ll be p ssed to prevent the poor in the e a u a n d t a s ver l co nties townships within his st te , from a n e u a a c i in a a m s o q l p rti ip ion the schools , c de ie , c lleges an d v n a w a re uni ersities withi this st te , hich endowed , in whole or in a fr m a f r m a p rt , o the revenue rising o don tions m ade by the n f a for u of and U ited t tes , the s pport schools colleges ; and the of a a a em a nd n s d oors the s id schools , c d ies u iversities , h all be n for o of a s an d a o ope the recepti n schol r , students te chers , f v a w u an s f a e ery gr de itho t y di tinction or pre erence wh tever, a the for a contr ry to intent which s id don ations were made . T a 26. a h a a SEC . a h t l ws s ll be p ssed by the legisl ture , w hich sh all secure to e ach an d every denomination of r e l i iou s in a u g societies , e ch s rveyed township which now is , or m a e a f f m the a an a a a y h re ter be , or ed in st te , equ l p rticip tion, a i of the fi a ccording to the r n u mber of adherents , pro ts rising f r m a for o of o the l nd granted by congress the supp rt religion , a e a a c aCt of ma a gr e bly to the ordin n e or congress, king the p o a pr pri tion . SE " f 27 . T a a o a h t every associ tion persons , when regul r l f m n a and a m a y or ed ; withi this st te , h ving given the selves am ma a a to a r e n e , y, on pplic tion the legisl ture , be entitled to ceive r of a a m a lette s incorpor tion, to en ble the to hold est tes, APPENDIX . 3 95 ' " r a and a for u of t a a m e l person l , the s pport heir schools, c de ies , s v r a nd for r o college , uni e sities , othe purp ses . SEC . 2 8. T o ua a tinst g rd g the transg re ssi ons of the high ' w , h a a w e e la a all po ers which we ve deleg ted , d c re th t powers , e a r emai with not her by deleg ted , n the people . SCHEDULE . SEC. 1 . T a m a a f 1 om _ h t no evils or inconveniences y rise t he change of a terri tori al government to a pe rm an ent st 1 t e m is a b h ll t . i t a govern ent , it decl red y this convention , rights , ’ s uits a ction s a m and a s as 1t re , , prosecutions , cl i s contr ct , both t a and ra e a o e as if n o spec s individu ls bodies corpo t , sh ll c ntinu , a had a n lace in o e m ch nge t ke p this g v rn ent . ‘ SE C . 2 . All fi s a an d f f an d n ne , pen lties or eitures , due owi g rr of the S a s o w of to the te itory United t te , n rth est the river a m the us e of a . All u Ohio, sh ll ure to the st te bonds exec ted r an ffi m ffi a ca acit v to the governo , or y other o cer his o ci l p , in the terr1tor v shall a r o o o ffi e o f , , p ss ove to the g vern r or ther o c rs ' he a a d their su ccessors i ffi for of the s a t st te , n n o c e, the use t te . ’ or bv him or them to be respectively assigned over to the u se of t r as a ma be . hose conce ned, the c se y SEC . T he a an d u s and al l he governor, secret ry j dge , ot r office 1 s r a o m i t te the under. the territo i l g vern ent , sh ll con i n in o of d a m ts u t exercise f the duties their respective ep rt en , n il the s aid officers are superceded under the authority of th1s censtitu tion . ‘ 4 ; M l a o w f S EC . an a f a no l ws , d p rts l ws , in orce in this or i s a o t territ y, not nconsi tent with this constitution , sh ll c n inue ' and mai l n f ff a b a e x re n ull e ect , until repe led y the legisl ture , ‘ m uéh of theact e “ an act a a m s cept so , entitl d regul ting th”e d i of a at law and of sion andpractice ttorneys and counsellors , act ma am a e as a t m of m the de end tory th reto, rel tes o the ter ti e a a a a law which the pplic nt sh ll h ve studied , his residence with an the m m w h a ha ve in the territory, d ter of ti e hic he sh ll i a s an a at l a be fore he can be a m practiced ttorney w, d itted ' to the degr ee of a counsellor at l aw . Ap p ENDtx . 5 T he of a ma SE C . . Governor the st te sh all ke use of his a a a a a priv te se l , until st te se l be procured . SEC . 6 . T he of o a president the conventi n , sh ll issue writs of ff of s a election to the sheri s the ever l counties, requiring m of a m m of the to proceed to the election governor , e bers , the a a m ff an d at gener l sse bly, sheri s coroners, the respective elec a a of Jan tion districts in e ch county, on the second T uesd y u ary next ; which elections shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by the existing election laws of this territory : and m m of a a m y a con the e bers the gener l sse bl , then elected , sh ll tin u e to exercise the du ties of their respective offi ces until the a a a af as next nnu l or bienni l election there ter, prescribed by an d . this constitution , no longer m a as E . 7 . m a a ce S C Until the first enu er tion sh ll be de , dir ted in the second section of the first article of this constitution — tl1 e county of Ha milton sha ll be entitled to four senators an d a of C m a eight represent tives ; the county ler ont , one sen tor an d two a v of A am a represent ti es ; the county d s, one sen tor a nd a o f a three represent tives ; the county Ross , two sen tors a nd f a of Fairfield a our represent tives ; the county , one sen tor an d a of Wa sen aQ two represent tives ; the county shington , two an a of m tors d three represent tives ; the count y Bel ont, one a a n d two a of ff n sen tor represent tives ; the county Je erso , two sen ators an d four representatives ; and thecounty of T rumbull , on a e sen tor and two representatives . at C - da of Done in convention hillicothe , the twenty ninth y m th e a of ou ou a Nove ber, in ye r r Lord one th s nd eight hun an d an d of of i S a dred two, the independence the Un ted t tes - of Am a . eric , the twenty seventh m f a In the testi ony whereo , we h ve hereunto subscribed am » our n es . WA N esident ED RD T IFFI , P r . O cetar . Attest. HOM S SC T T Se r T A , y 398 APPENDIX . ’ McK eehan s a which this appendix refers . Doctor c pture and m m as was a m f i prison ent, sent he , to d inister relie , to our sick ’ an d men 11 a m am . wounded , 1 Proctor s wood y rd , is the ost sh e “ a a an a a r . less, b rb rous d cowardly tr ns ction , recorded in histo y ’ McK eehan s m a th Previous to Doctor ission , th t is , on e 22nd of a a 8 13 o J nu ry 1 , Proctor pledged his hon r, to protect m i the wounded prisoners until the next orn ng, when he would v send sleds to con ey them from Frenchtown to Amherstbu rgh. T he m at a da a w ar next orning e rly y light , two hundred Indi n m f m a and riors co ing ro M lden , killed burned the wounded , in a T the houses of the citizens where they l y . hese were Proc ’ SLE DS a ! tor s , these two hundred w rriors In recounting such a a a Sa a a fo a tr ns ctions , we h ve id wh t we h ve in the text , r s y ' W ff a and ma an . ing which , we o er no pology never will ke y e a m of a lo the the British govern ent, not the good people Engl nd . h m a - m But, to t ose who think our re rks ill ti ed , during a pro f a o s an d E a fo a an ound pe ce , between ngl nd , we bring rw rd , ex a f m an E a t h tr ct, honestly copied ro nglish p per, in which e a can how we ar s ken o re der see, e p o f in England during this am a s e pe ce . f ’ ’ T t a ran a his ex r ct, through ll the p apers from John O Groat s a End. T he f m w was house to L nds piece ro which it as copied, a a all a a of a ppl uded to the echo, by p rties , in every p rt Gre t Britian . W a a m ith this expl n tion, we dis iss the subject, " S U B SCRI B E RS N AMES . COLUMBUS. H Wa n am Ki JOSEP VANCE, 3 rren Jenki s, J es lbourn , ' ’ Cham Ohio . . ES Gocer nor of J M PY, p, neS a a a . . S a , C arter B. H rl n, Hon Gust w n, Ly t rling Secr tar o Statet A J: ib s , e y f _ H b , Levi Pinney W T . a Es . . m. M M. , q 3 . John A Bryan , J Kerr rtin W Ba aw W Bamborou h . Auditor of State. . g , sh , a Jr . W t am m . S , J ames hi ehill , J es Fle ing, L t rling ' E ke Sa , Tr easu rer qf Stat e. John P . lliot, Mis ll unders E m S a W . cCo 2 A . M , d , Z . Mills , y und h w H sseltine C . a a a . . , f or State Libr ary. J cob G nder, J M W l a m Ma a Abm . S . , , Jacob deir , Keller i li Miller ’ Wm . G G a am atterson U . . M . , State P rinter . J. P , s r h w N. . S a , H . N. Hubbell , H yne M . H . Kirby, ’ - Att rne . U S . Dist. C t . . . o y A . Pr osecuting Att y. ur is, M D a Go a , W. S Lincoln od le Charles H Bliss , ulliv nt , ' S a J m a A m on , James Irons M D. Joseph ulliv nt, ere i h r str g , _ Htinter m a Mn , a on M. . . , Jere i h i er Saml . P rs s D J cElvain Ar a K a Ca Andre w M g chib ld sson, Wm . L . sey, o o cC G. . , N Es ao , M R bins n Wm . J b rist iel , q ' Hunter M. C. W McCo W-H , R . . y, L . Kilbourn , J McElvain (1111 a Co . , a ttles W. A. ohn . A . B ; ‘ Hon ’ a ham . M. D B . L t , P S. u an Es . C a . , John L . D r , q h s ecker " ‘ ‘ h JNm . e , l a , K it er . How rd l . CO John B, g , Henry ' ' a e N. Medbury , Wm. C H nc , _ A . hittenden, ff s S ilman J. E. Je ord Fergu son & , F. p M r Es . " . . ine , q O m Absalom Doherty , J L P . H . l sted , B rotherlin , S lli an F rederick Bentz, R . M . u v t , Washin tonEsq. V . , n . g u 1 . Jo es , M D G John Yo ng, ' S u n ~ e - am p rli g, T a Wm . , J s ATV. ylor, Lusk 400 ’ SUBSCRIBERS NAMES . I N C CINNAT I . aa u rn e t s . D. T . G . B E . S Es . Is c q Disney, B torer, q N. C . a Es . . Dor feu ille E. . Re d , q J , B Reeder, W . . . . a S . S ff: J M Foote J M son , Fosdick , heri C . . E. S Es . John Gilpin , H pencer, q O . . S C . . a C . S n M pencer, P B rnes , tetso , . r S a Es . Sam O . . S M pencer, Jr Hen y t rr , q uel Morrison, . W E. S a . ra . . ams D D ke , M D Rev l ck , Jesse illi , W o a N Es . . . . C . T h M rg n eville q Rev J F right , John orp , S m . a Har tw ll Lawr ence a . . . e , L ne e i Libr ry , Gen R T Lytle, “ f s Co. N. E . h Guil ord , q Jo n Gross , McGu i an . . a am . En ness J J Gr h , John g , John B , W . S o c . a B a J M st, Geo hields, o d R . e h , C McMick en W m a . , John ilson , T ho s Fosset , A Es E am . a . A . l P L ngdon , John llen , M D . C . Jones , q am . a A . . S N. . . C e J es D L ngdon , Holley, M V leveng r, ‘ . C . v . . A. K inm on t A . . C a Es . L Ri es , M D , M h rles Fox, q T ma a m . o a So . . . Sa m ho s P l er, E M rg n , n, P L F lo on , Hon . . . E a m a D K ste , Joshu Jones , Jere i h Morrow, . a Es . . a a late Gov . o Ohio. D G no, q R Buch n n , f ' W . C . a E A . a a Gen . . . a r H rper , R nd ll , H H r ison, W W ' m . oodr ufi E . a Es . T : . S a Es . , H ines , q J tr it, q C . . am a Es . U . . S S r . n l A C o m R R s y, q u Ge er a . . D . o bs , W . amm Es C . . P unshon . . rt H ond , q Rev R . , T Ho on , W C a a S. am . . rlo De H ro, John illi s, H V Horton , W . N . . E Abm N. f A ewton, Joseph ol , H rnest, ' W Ricords . A . Jam es . . J . B . , J , J Ferris , W a m W s m . S . . av E . . . C mw D ies , q J H ro ell , P l er, W c an m . M Le Es . a r . Es . M yo , R Hodges , q , q W m . S E. A;S . . Exe Co. D . trong, J F chillinger, W wi a a Es . E. D . Cor n , H rvey H ll, q right, W S . . r s E . W m . S m . Young , tephenson , J B own , q S . A m w Es . E. S . M. L . G ynne, q inger, J r strong, RfMiller Es . . . C Ca . S . , q J B overt, pt George Porter, W 2 s T . l am . a E . John Geyer, M . il i s, M D wson , q aff a Es . . . T a A. . Samuel Sh er, J cob Burnet, q J L lbott , M ’ 402 su nsca isEn s NAMES . W a ard a v . . S John lke, Re E tevenson, J cob Hilli , am Wa W am a A . E. o J es ters, illi M rtin , F rce , . : Es . S . . C am Es . J H Keith, q P urrey, J es Bell , q d Ju a . S . O . . P r esi ent d e . . g . Z R M rtin , B lds , M D . a a o D Kinne r, Joseph Johnston , Rich rd J nes , T m m a a B O e Levi i ons, H nson Rock , J cob p , F W a N. S . . F . ittich, G . C . Geph rt , Gregg, W . m N. a s . a n Peter P rcels, E q illi Luckey, Joh D Jones , ' ' W o athan . C A . s . am a n Huston , E q illi M nch, J G orney, . s . a a Geo Botkin , E q D vid Hopkins , John B rnhill , W W . a am a S . J cob D . 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