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Iconium Şehrinin Jeopolitiği

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Iconium Şehrinin Jeopolitiği i T.C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI ICONIUM ŞEHRİNİN JEOPOLİTİĞİ FATMA ÖZAN YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ DANIŞMAN PROF. DR. HASAN BAHAR KONYA- 2018 ii iii iv İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................vi ÖZET ......................................................................................................................... vii SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. viii KISALTMALAR .........................................................................................................ix GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................ 1 1. ICONIUM VE ÇEVRESİNİN COĞRAFİ KONUM ÖZELLİKLERİ .................. 10 1.1. COĞRAFİ KONUMU ................................................................................................ 10 1.1.1. İKLİM .................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2. GÖLLER .............................................................................................................. 12 1.1.3. DAĞLAR ............................................................................................................. 16 1.1.4. AKARSULAR ..................................................................................................... 18 1.2. ÖNEMLİ YOLLAR .................................................................................................... 21 1.2.1. KUZEY YOLU .................................................................................................... 21 1.2.1.1. PERS KRAL YOLU ..................................................................................... 24 1.2.2. GÜNEY YOLU .................................................................................................... 25 1.2.2.1.VİA SEBASTE .............................................................................................. 27 2. ICONIUM ŞEHRİNİN SİYASİ TARİHİ ............................................................... 29 2.1. GEÇ HİTİT DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 1200- 675) ................................................................... 29 2.2. FRİGYA DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 750- 676) ......................................................................... 30 2.3. LİDYALILAR DÖNEMİ( MÖ 700- 546) .................................................................. 33 2.4. PERS DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 564- 333) ................................................................................ 34 2.5. BÜYÜK İSKENDER VE HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM ( MÖ 333- 30) ......................... 35 2.5.1. GALATİA DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 278- 25) ................................................................... 36 2.5.2. BERGAMA KRALLIĞI DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 190- 129) ........................................... 38 2.6. ROMA DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 188- MS 330) ....................................................................... 39 3. SOSYO- EKONOMİK YAPI ................................................................................. 45 3.1. DİNİ YAPI .................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.1. TANRIÇA ZİZİMENE ........................................................................................ 45 3.1.1.1. KYBELE ....................................................................................................... 46 3.1.1.2. ATHENA ...................................................................................................... 47 3.1.1.3. BOETHENE ................................................................................................. 48 v 3.1.1.4. ANGDISTIS .................................................................................................. 49 3.1.2. AZİZ PAVLUS/ PAUL VE ARKADAŞLARININ KENTTEKİ FAALİYETLERİ ............................................................................................................................................ 50 3.1.2.1. YAHUDİLERİN AZİZ PAVLUS/ PAUL VE ARKADAŞLARINA KARŞI OLAN İSYANLARI ...................................................................................................... 51 3.1.2.2. ICONİUM’DA HIRİSTİYANLIK .................................................................... 53 3.2. KÜLTÜR SENTEZİ ................................................................................................... 56 3.2.1. HİTİT DÖNEMİ IKKUWANIA .......................................................................... 57 3.2.2. HELLEN KENTİ ICONIUM ............................................................................... 61 3.2.3. ROMA KENTİ ICONIUM .................................................................................. 62 3.3. EKONOMİK YAPI ..................................................................................................... 65 3.3.1. TARIM ................................................................................................................. 65 3.3.2. HAYVANCILIK VE HAYVANSAL ÜRÜNLER .............................................. 66 3.3.3. TAŞIMACILIK .................................................................................................... 67 3.3.4. TİCARET ............................................................................................................. 68 3.3.5. MADENCİLİK .................................................................................................... 70 3.3.6. SİKKELER .......................................................................................................... 73 3.3.6.1. IULIUS- CLAUDIUS HANEDANI DÖNEMDEKİ SİKKELER ................ 73 3.3.6.1.1. AUGUSTUS DÖNEMİ ( MÖ 27- MS 14) ............................................ 73 3.3.6.1.2. CLAUDIUS DÖNEMİ (MS 41- 54) ...................................................... 74 3.3.6.1.3. NERO DÖNEMİ ( MS 54- 68) .............................................................. 75 3.3.6.1.4. VESPASIANUS DÖNEMİ ( MS 69- 79) .............................................. 75 3.3.6.1.5. HADRIANUS DÖNEMİ ( MS 117- 138) .............................................. 76 3.3.6.1.6. ANTONINUS PIUS ( MS 161- 180) .................................................... 77 3.3.6.1.7. LUCIUS VERUS ( MS 161- 169).......................................................... 78 3.3.6.2. ASKER İMPARATORLAR DÖNEMİ ........................................................ 79 3.3.6.2.1. III. GORDIANUS ( MS 238- 244)......................................................... 79 3.3.6.2.2. GALLIENUS DÖNEMİ ( MS 253- 268) ............................................... 79 SONUÇ ....................................................................................................................... 81 KAYNAKÇA .............................................................................................................. 83 EKLER ........................................................................................................................ 97 HARİTALAR: ................................................................................................................... 97 RESİMLER: ..................................................................................................................... 104 vi ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışmamda antik Iconium kentinin, jeopolitik açıdan değerlendirilmesi yapılarak; kentin coğrafi, siyasi, dini ve ekonomik olarak bir bütün halinde ele alınması sağlanmıştır. Çünkü bir yeri değerli ve önemli kılan sadece coğrafi ve siyasi özellikleri değildir. Elbette ki bunların katkısı çok büyüktür fakat bunların yanı sıra o merkezin ekonomisi, sosyo- dini yapısı da oldukça önemlidir. Iconium, antik dönemde Lykaonia bölgesinde yer almakla birlikte aynı zamanda bu bölgenin siyasal, kültürel, dinsel ve iktisadi anlamda başkentiydi. Bu bölgenin sınır komşularını güneyde Isauria, doğuda Kappadokia, batıda Pisidia ve kuzeyde Phrygia oluşturmaktaydı. Bu bölgelerin isimleri zamanla göçlerin ve siyasal etkilerin sonucunda değişikliğine maruz kalmıştır. Fakat bu çalışmada, tezin sınırlılıklar açısından bölgenin komşularındaki gelişmelerden ziyade Lykaonia Bölgesi incelenecektir. Iconium ismi bizi Hellenistik ve Roma dönemine de götürmüş olsa da kentin tarihiniGeç Hitit Dönemi’nden başlayarak ele almak, antik Iconium jeopolitiğinin genel çerçevesi açısından oldukça mühimdir. Kentin ismi çeşitli dönemlerde değişmiş olsa da, her dönemin kendi içerisinde incelenmesi zaruridir. Bu çalışmamda bilgi ve tecrübelerinden her daim faydalandığım, değerli fikir ve görüşleriyle bana yardımcı olan pek kıymetli danışman hocam Prof. Dr. Hasan Bahar’a teşekürlerimi sunarım. Ayrıca katkı ve desteklerinden dolayı Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Mustafa Arslan’a ve Prof. Dr. Özdemir Koçak’a teşekkür ederim. Bu süreçte bana desteklerini eksik etmeyen amcam Servet Özan, Meryem Eşiyok, Yasemin Ellik ve aileme sonsuz teşekkürlerimi bir borç bilirim… Fatma ÖZAN KONYA 2018 vii T. C. SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Adı Soyadı Fatma ÖZAN Numarası 154202011008 Ana Bilim / Bilim TARİH/ ESKİÇAĞ TARİHİ Dalı Programı Tezli Yüksek Lisans Doktora Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Hasan BAHAR Öğrencinin Tezin Adı Iconium Şehrinin Jeopolitiği ÖZET Antik Lykaonia bölgesinin merkezi olan Iconium şehri, coğrafi konumu sayesinde her dönemde büyük öneme sahip olmuştur. Kuzey- güney, doğu- batı yönlü yolların arasında bir kavşak noktası halinde bulunması, kentin önemini arttırarak kentte
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