DOCSLIB.ORG

Perennial Snow and Ice Volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, Estimated with Ice Radar and Volume Modeling

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Perennial Snow and Ice Volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, Estimated with Ice Radar and Volume Modeling Perennial Snow and Ice Volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, Estimated With Ice Radar and Volume Modeling Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4176 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: View of Iliamna Volcano from the Johnson River Valley. Perennial Snow and Ice Volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, Estimated with Ice Radar and Volume Modeling By Dennis C. Trabant U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 99-4176 Anchorage, Alaska 1999 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director Use of trade names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 4230 University Drive, Suite 201 Box 25286 Anchorage, AK 99508-4664 Denver, CO 80225-0286 http://ak.water.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................. 1 Introduction.............................................................................. 1 Location and Description .............................................................. 1 Eruption History ..................................................................... 1 Purpose and Scope ................................................................... 2 Glacier-Volume Model..................................................................... 3 Field Observations, Data Analysis, and Measurement Errors ....................................... 7 Glacier Volumes on Iliamna Volcano.......................................................... 9 Glacio-Volcanic Hazards ................................................................... 9 Conclusions.............................................................................. 11 References Cited.......................................................................... 11 FIGURES 1. Map showing location of Iliamna Volcano and other volcanoes near Cook Inlet, Alaska.......... 2 2. Topographic map of Iliamna Volcano with the edges of Tuxedni, Lateral, Red, and Umbrella Glaciers emphasized ............................................................... 4 3. Map showing cross-section locations of the four largest glaciers on Iliamna Volcano ............ 5 4. Map showing Tuxedni, Lateral, Red, and Umbrella Glacier edges as shown on the 1985 revision of the 1957 U.S. Geological Survey map ........................................ 6 TABLES 1. Glacier thickness measurement locations, transmitter/receiver separations, reflected signal delay times, qualitative signal quality, and measured and simulated glacier thickness ............ 8 2. Glacier volumes and areas on Iliamna Volcano .......................................... 9 CONVERSION FACTORS AND VERTICAL DATUM ____________________Multiply_______by_________To obtain_________________ meter (m) 3.281 foot kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile square meter (m2) 10.76 square foot cubic kilometer (km3) 0.2399 cubic mile meter per microsecond (m/(is) 3.281 foot per microsecond Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 A geodetic datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929. Perennial Snow and Ice Volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, Estimated With Ice Radar and Volume Modeling by Dennis C. Trabant ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The volume of four of the largest glaciers Location and Description on Iliamna Volcano was estimated using the volume model developed for evaluating glacier Iliamna Volcano is near the northeastern volumes on Redoubt Volcano. The volume end of the Aleutian volcanic arc, on the west model is controlled by simulated valley cross side of Cook Inlet, about 225 km southwest of sections that are constructed by fitting third- order polynomials to the shape of the valley Anchorage, Alaska (fig. 1) in Lake Clark walls exposed above the glacier surface. Criti­ National Park. The volcano is a broad, roughly cal cross sections were field checked by sound­ cone-shaped composite stratovolcano with a ing with ice-penetrating radar during July summit altitude of 3,053 m. Most of the vol­ 1998. The estimated volumes of perennial cano is covered by perennial snow and glacier snow and glacier ice for Tuxedni, Lateral, Red, ice. The broad base, below about 1,000-m alti­ and Umbrella Glaciers are 8.6, 0.85, 4.7, and tude, is deeply dissected by glacier erosion, 0.60 cubic kilometers respectively. The esti­ which has produced steep, 600-m-high head- mated volume of snow and ice on the upper walls along the southern and eastern flanks 1,000 meters of the volcano is about 1 cubic extending nearly to the summit. Since the last kilometer. The volume estimates are thought to eruption, large debris avalanches have begun as have errors of no more than ±25 percent. The mass failures of the highly altered rock on the volumes estimated for the four largest glaciers steep upper 2,000 m of the massif. A snow, ice, are more than three times the total volume of and rock avalanche in 1994 was recorded on snow and ice on Mount Rainier and about 82 regional seismometers as far away as 150 km. times the total volume of snow and ice that was Runout deposits extended to 10 km and were on Mount St. Helens before its May 18, 1980 primarily snow and ice with minor amounts of eruption. Volcanoes mantled by substantial rock. snow and ice covers have produced the largest and most catastrophic lahars and floods. There­ fore, it is prudent to expect that, during an erup­ Eruption History tive episode, flooding and lahars threaten all of the drainages heading on Iliamna Volcano. On Iliamna Volcano has had no well-docu­ the other hand, debris avalanches can happen mented eruptions during the last 200 years. any time. Fortunately, their influence is gener­ However, active fumaroles near the summit ally limited to the area within a few kilometers inspire a continuing series of eruption reports of the summit. dating back to 1867 (Coats, 1950; Miller and Introduction 152* 150° Talkeetna -62° Palmer L. Lake Clark r | National Park ~~1 Redoubt Volcano ^ ' Iliamna 60 ( Volcan J N -s^ Mount Douglas Fourpeaked Mountain Figure 1. Location of Iliamna Volcano and other volcanoes near Cook Inlet, Alaska. others, 1998). The most recent eruption has Purpose and Scope been dated at about 300 years BP (Beget, 1996). However, two strong seismic swarms The purpose of this study was to evaluate recorded beneath the volcano during 1996 the volume of the major glaciers on Iliamna (Neal and McGimsey, 1997) indicate that Volcano for use in assessments of the hazards Iliamna Volcano is dormant, not extinct. associated with pyroclastic eruptions. The four largest glaciers on Iliamna were chosen for 2 Perennial Snow and Ice Volumes on Iliamna Volcano, Alaska, Estimated With Ice Radar and Volume Modeling analysis. They are Tuxedni, Lateral, Red, and created by U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Umbrella Glaciers (fig. 2). These glaciers are Center, Anchorage from 1:250,000 scale maps the sources of the largest drainages on the based on aerial photography spanning from north, east, and southwest sides of the volcano. 1950 to 1966. Glacier termini on these maps The volume and area of each glacier were sub­ were updated from 1977 and 1980 aerial pho­ divided at about the 1,000-m surface altitude tography. contour (fig. 2) because the snow and ice above and below about 1,000-m altitude constitute The beds of the glaciers were simulated different hazards. The snow and ice on the steep by fitting third-order polynomial curves to the upper cone of Iliamna Volcano above 1,000 m parts of the valley walls that are exposed above may be completely removed by even a rela­ the glaciers (fig. 3). Cross sections were located tively small eruption. Below 1,000-m altitude, where the greatest quantity of ice was expected the glaciers will probably lose little mass dur­ and where the slopes of the valley walls were ing an eruption similar to the glaciers that were continuous and paired across the glacier, thus measured during the 1989-90 eruptions of producing well-controlled simulations. The Redoubt Volcano (Trabant, 1997; Trabant and density of cross sections was guided by the others, 1994). Only a plinian eruption is likely experience gained during the analysis of the ice to disrupt all of the glacier ice on Iliamna Vol­ volumes on Redoubt Volcano (Trabant, 1997). cano. No previous evaluation has been made of The glacier thicknesses that were predicted by the surface area or volume distribution of the simulated cross sections were checked in perennial snow and glacier ice on Iliamna Vol­ the field before the ice-volume modeling phase cano. of the analysis. The bottom surfaces of the glaciers were GLACIER-VOLUME MODEL modeled by incorporating the measured glacier thicknesses (fig. 4) in the cross-section simula­ Glacier volumes were determined by vol­ tions and re-fitting the third-degree polynomial ume modeling and were field checked by gla­ curves. The sub-glacial parts of the new cross cier-thickness measurements at 11 locations. sections were plotted in a three-dimensional The volume-modeling scheme was developed volume model and linear interpolations were for an assessment of the ice volume on Redoubt made between the cross-section nodes (fig. 3). Volcano (fig. 1) (Trabant, 1997). The model Non-linear
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska)
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resources Program Center Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska) Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR—2007/372 Cover photo: Glacier emerging from the slopes of Mt Douglas toward the Katmai coastline. August 2005. Photo: S.Nagorski 2 Assessment of Coastal Water Resources and Watershed Conditions at Katmai National Park and Preserve (Alaska) Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/NRWRD/NRTR-2007/372 Sonia Nagorski Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Ginny Eckert Biology Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Eran Hood Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 Sanjay Pyare Environmental Science Program University of Alaska Southeast Juneau, AK 99801 This report was prepared under Task Order J9W88050014 of the Pacific Northwest Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit (agreement CA90880008) Water Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 250 Fort Collins, CO 80525 June 2007 U.S. Department of Interior Washington, D.C. 3 The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. The Natural Resource Technical Reports series is used to disseminate the peer-reviewed results of scientific studies in the physical, biological, and social sciences for both the advancement of science and the achievement of the National Park Service’s mission.
    [Show full text]
  • Historically Active Volcanoes of Alaska Reference Deck Activity Icons a Note on Assigning Volcanoes to Cards References
    HISTORICALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES OF ALASKA REFERENCE DECK Cameron, C.E., Hendricks, K.A., and Nye, C.J. IC 59 v.2 is an unusual publication; it is in the format of playing cards! Each full-color card provides the location and photo of a historically active volcano and up to four icons describing its historical activity. The icons represent characteristics of the volcano, such as a documented eruption, fumaroles, deformation, or earthquake swarms; a legend card is provided. The IC 59 playing card deck was originally released in 2009 when AVO staff noticed the amusing coincidence of exactly 52 historically active volcanoes in Alaska. Since 2009, we’ve observed previously undocumented persistent, hot fumaroles at Tana and Herbert volcanoes. Luckily, with a little help from the jokers, we can still fit all of the historically active volcanoes in Alaska on a single card deck. We hope our users have fun while learning about Alaska’s active volcanoes. To purchase: http://doi.org/10.14509/29738 The 54* volcanoes displayed on these playing cards meet at least one of the criteria since 1700 CE (Cameron and Schaefer, 2016). These are illustrated by the icons below. *Gilbert’s fumaroles have not been observed in recent years and Gilbert may be removed from future versions of this list. In 2014 and 2015, fieldwork at Tana and Herbert revealed the presence of high-temperature fumaroles (C. Neal and K. Nicolaysen, personal commu- nication, 2016). Although we do not have decades of observation at Tana or Herbert, they have been added to the historically active list.
    [Show full text]
  • Geolc>Gy of the Mount
    Geolc>gy of the Mount Katmai Area Alaska !1y A. SAMUEL KELLER and HILLARD N. REISER VIINERAL RESOURCES OF ALASKA 3EOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 1058-G NITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1959 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printin~ Office Washington 25, D.C. CONTENTS Page Abstract ____ ~---------------------------------------------------- 261 Introduction------------------------------------------------------ 262 Geologic methods_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 263 Previouswork________________________________________________ 263 Acknowledgments_ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ 264 Geomorphology_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 264 TopographY-------------------------------------------------- 264 Drainage _________________ -,-__________________________________ 265 Ftivers___________________________________________________ 265 Lakes____________________________________________________ 266 Glaciation____________________________________________________ 266 Coastlines____________________________________________________ 267 Recent volcanism_ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ 268 StratigraphY------------------------------------------------------ 268 Undifferentiated rocks older than Middle Jurassic._________________
    [Show full text]
  • USGS Geologic Investigations Series I 2585, Pamphlet
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR TO ACCOMPANY MAP I–2585 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIGITAL SHADED-RELIEF IMAGE OF ALASKA By J.R. Riehle1, M.D. Fleming2, B.F. Molnia3, J.H. Dover1, J.S. Kelley1, M.L. Miller1, W.J. Nokleberg4, George Plafker4, and A.B. Till1 INTRODUCTION drawn by Harrison (1970; 1:7,500,000) for The National Atlas of the United States. Recently, the State of Alaska digi- One of the most spectacular physiographic images tally produced a shaded-relief image of Alaska at 1:2,500,000 of the conterminous United States, and the first to have scale (Alaska Department of Natural Resources, 1994), us- been produced digitally, is that by Thelin and Pike (1991). ing the 1,000-m digital elevation data set referred to below. The image is remarkable for its crispness of detail and for An important difference between our image and the natural appearance of the artificial land surface. Our these previous ones is the method of reproduction: like the goal has been to produce a shaded-relief image of Alaska Thelin and Pike (1991) image, our image is a composite that has the same look and feel as the Thelin and Pike im- of halftone images that yields sharp resolution and pre- age. The Alaskan image could have been produced at the serves contrast. Indeed, the first impression of many view- same scale as its lower 48 counterpart (1:3,500,000). But ers is that the Alaskan image and the Thelin and Pike im- by insetting the Aleutian Islands into the Gulf of Alaska, age are composites of satellite-generated photographs we were able to print the Alaska map at a larger scale rather than an artificial rendering of a digital elevation (1:2,500,000) and about the same physical size as the model.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of Volcanoes in Us National Parks, Four
    WALKUP, CASADEVALL AND SANTUCCI BORN OF FIRE: IN SEARCH OF VOLCANOES IN U.S. NATIONAL PARKS, FOUR STRIKING EXAMPLES LAURA C. WALKUP U.S. Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, MS 975 Menlo Park, CA 94025 [email protected] THOMAS J. CASADEVALL U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, MS 964, P.O. Box 25046, Denver, CO 80225 [email protected] VINCENT L. SANTUCCI National Park Service, Geologic Resources Division, 1849 "C" Street, NW, Washington, DC 20240 [email protected] ABSTRACT Geologic features, particularly volcanic features, have been protected by the National Park Service since its inception. Some volcanic areas were nationally protected even before the National Park Service was established. The first national park, Yellowstone National Park, is one of the most widely known geothermal and volcanic areas in the world. It contains the largest volcanic complex in North America and has experienced three eruptions which rate among the largest eruptions known to have occurred on Earth. Half of the twelve areas established as national parks before the 1916 Organic Act which created the National Park Service are centered on volcanic features. The National Park Service now manages lands that contain nearly every conceivable volcanic resource, with at least seventy-six managed Earth Sciences History lands that contain volcanoes or volcanic rocks. Given that so many lands managed by the Vol. 36, No. 2, 2017 National Park Service contain volcanoes and volcanic rocks, we cannot give an overview pp. 197–244 of the history of each one; rather we highlight four notable examples of parks that were established on account of their volcanic landscapes.
    [Show full text]
  • Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service
    Wednesday, December 10, 2008 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule VerDate Aug<31>2005 14:55 Dec 09, 2008 Jkt 217001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\10DEP2.SGM 10DEP2 dwashington3 on PROD1PC60 with PROPOSALS2 75176 Federal Register / Vol. 73, No. 238 / Wednesday, December 10, 2008 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR September 30, 2007, through September Species-specific information and 30, 2008. materials we receive will be available Fish and Wildlife Service We request additional status for public inspection by appointment, information that may be available for during normal business hours, at the 50 CFR Part 17 the 251 candidate species identified in appropriate Regional Office listed below [FWS-R9-ES-2008-0115; MO-9221050083 – this CNOR. in SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. General B2] DATES: We will accept information on information we receive will be available this Candidate Notice of Review at any at the Branch of Candidate Endangered and Threatened Wildlife time. Conservation, Arlington, VA (see and Plants; Review of Native Species ADDRESSES: This notice is available on address above). That Are Candidates for Listing as the Internet at http:// Candidate Notice of Review Endangered or Threatened; Annual www.regulations.gov, and http:// Notice of Findings on Resubmitted endangered.fws.gov/candidates/ Background Petitions; Annual Description of index.html. Species assessment forms The Endangered Species Act of 1973, Progress on Listing Actions with information and references on a as amended (16 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • DIGITAL SHADED-RELIEF IMAGE of ALASKA, Figure 2
    TOP (Pg 6) Centerfold TOP (Pg 7) 168W 164 160 156 152 148 144 140 136 132 Figure 2. Shaded-relief index of Alaska (without Aleutian Islands inset or lakes) showing locations of physiographic features discussed in text. Numbered 70 110 features are as follows: 109 107 70 1 Areas of low relief on Kupreanof Island, 60 Aniakchak Crater (caldera) in part, underlain by less resistant rocks 61 Mount Veniaminof volcano 108 106 105 2 Coast plutonic complexÑGeologically 62 Moraines of valley glaciers young intrusive igneous rocks 63 Moraine at head of Cold Bay 3 Chatham Strait, a fiord underlain by 64 Moraine at head of Morzhovoi Bay 102 Chatham Strait fault 65 Makushin Volcano 103 100 4 Mount Edgecumbe volcanic field on 66 Goodnews fault southern part of Kruzof Island 67 Denali-Farewell faults 94 99 5 Onshore extension of Denali fault near 68 Holitna Lowland 93 95 92 Juneau 69 Prominent, NW-trending lineament in 6 Juneau Icefield Alaska Range 101 7 Glacier Bay 70 Estuary at mouth of Kuskokwim River 104 96 8 Peril Strait (S) and Sitkoh Bay faults on 71 Yukon-Kuskokwim Coastal Lowland 66 northern part of Baranof Island 72 Nobs of resistant igneous rocks 79 98 9 Brady Glacier 73 Quaternary basalt cones on Nunivak 10 Icy Cape Island 82 91 66 97 11 Lituya Bay 74 Iditarod-Nixon Fork fault 12 Fairweather fault 75 Delta of Yukon River 84 85 83 90 13 Coastal lowlands near Alsek River 76 Nulato Hills 80 14 Yakutat Bay 77 Kaltag fault 15 Possible fault valley on Canadian border 78 Koyukuk Flats 81 78 86 88 16 Malaspina Glacier 79 Barrier islands, Seward
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing As Endangered Or
    Vol. 76 Wednesday, No. 207 October 26, 2011 Part II Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Review of Native Species That Are Candidates for Listing as Endangered or Threatened; Annual Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions; Annual Description of Progress on Listing Actions; Proposed Rule VerDate Mar<15>2010 16:54 Oct 25, 2011 Jkt 226001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\26OCP2.SGM 26OCP2 jlentini on DSK4TPTVN1PROD with PROPOSALS2 66370 Federal Register / Vol. 76, No. 207 / Wednesday, October 26, 2011 / Proposed Rules DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR period October 1, 2010, through Species-specific information and September 30, 2011. materials we receive will be available Fish and Wildlife Service We request additional status for public inspection by appointment, information that may be available for during normal business hours, at the 50 CFR Part 17 the 244 candidate species identified in appropriate Regional Office listed below this CNOR. [Docket No. FWS–R9–ES–2011–0061; MO– under Request for Information in 9221050083–B2] DATES: We will accept information on SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION. General any of the species in this Candidate information we receive will be available Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Notice of Review at any time. at the Office of Communications and and Plants; Review of Native Species ADDRESSES: This notice is available on Candidate Conservation, Arlington, VA That Are Candidates for Listing as the Internet at http:// (see address under FOR FURTHER Endangered or Threatened; Annual www.regulations.gov and http:// INFORMATION CONTACT). Notice of Findings on Resubmitted www.fws.gov/endangered/what-e-do/ Candidate Notice of Review Petitions; Annual Description of cnor.html.
    [Show full text]
  • Planned Alaska Route
    Planned Alaska route Erin McKittrick, M.S., Director1, Bretwood "Hig" Higman, PhD, Executive Director2 Last Modified: 22nd November 2010 [email protected] Author's Note (2010): This article was researched and written in 2007 as part of the preparation for our year-long Journey on the Wild Coast. This map outlines a portion of our proposed route (which we more-or-less followed) and the text describes many of these places in more detail. See the current version of our website here, where we discuss a variety of natural resources issues affecting the state of Alaska. Prospective route through Southeastern and Central Alaska Click on the map to read about a specific place, or scroll down to go through our route in order. Ketchikan - September 2007 This city of 8,000 people is the fifth largest in Alaska. Ketchikan is a long and narrow place, stretched out along the steep coastline of the nearly unpronounceable Revillagigedo Island (Revilla). In the summer, Ketchikan is a popular stop on Ketchikan is behind the cruise the cruise ship circuit, where boatloads of tourists can ships double the city's population each day. Ketchikan briefly hit the national stage in 2005 during the "Bridges to Nowhere" controversy, when a $223 million appropriation was placed in the federal highway bill to build a bridge from Ketchikan to nearby Gravina Island, home of the Ketchikan airport and about 50 people. In the winter, the tourists leave, and Ketchikan residents are left with their annual 152 inches (3862mm) of rain. Ketchikan was founded in 1900 as a gold mining town, and many old mine sites remain nearby.
    [Show full text]
  • Download a Full Copy of Alaska Park Science 18
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Alaska Park Science Alaska Region Understanding and Preparing for Alaska's Geohazards Volume 18, Issue 1 Cape Krusenstern Alaska Park Science National Monument Volume 18, Issue 1 August 2019 Bering Land Bridge Yukon-Charley Rivers National Preserve National Preserve Denali National Editorial Board: Park and Preserve Leigh Welling Wrangell-St Elias National Debora Cooper Park and Preserve Jim Lawler Jennifer Pederson Weinberger Lake Clark National Park and Preserve Guest Editor: Chad Hults Managing Editor: Nina Chambers Kenai Fjords Katmai National Glacier Bay National Design: Nina Chambers National Park Park and Preserve Park and Preserve Contact Alaska Park Science at: [email protected] Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve Alaska Park Science is the semi-annual science journal of the National Park Service Alaska Region. Each issue highlights research and scholarship important to the stewardship of Alaska’s parks. Publication in Alaska Park Science does not signify that the contents reflect the views or policies of the National Park Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute National Park Service endorsement or recommendation. Alaska Park Science is found online at https://www.nps.gov/subjects/alaskaparkscience/index.htm Table of Contents Geohazards in Alaska's National Parks Risk and Recreation in a Glacial Spring Breakup on the Yukon: What C. Hults, D. Capps, and E. Bilderback ................1 Environment: Understanding Glacial Lake Happens When the Ice Stops Outburst Floods at Bear Glacier in Kenai S. Lindsey .......................................................71 The 2015 Taan Fiord Landslide and Tsunami Fjords National Park B. Higman, M. Geertsema, D.
    [Show full text]
  • Чаграк Н. І. COUNTRY STUDIES the United Kingdom of Great Britain
    Чаграк Н. І. COUNTRY STUDIES The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland The USA Canada Australia New Zealand Навчальний посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів Івано-Франківськ Гостинець 2010 1 УДК 811.111 ББК 81.2. Англ. Ч 12 Рецензенти: Ткачівський В.В. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент Петрик Т.В. кандидат філологічних наук, доцент Чаграк Н. І. Ч 12 Country Studies. Посібник для студентів вищих навчальних закладів. – Івано-Франківськ: Гостинець, 2010. – 158с. Посібник призначений для студентів фахових факультетів вищих навчальних закладів України за спеціальностями «Туризм», «Готельно-ресторанна справа», а також усіх, хто зацікавлений вивченням англомовних країн. Посібник містить інформацію країнознавчого, лінгвістичного, туристичного характеру, висвітлюючи різні аспекти сучасного життя і туристичний потенціал Великобританії, США, Канади, Австралії та Нової Зеландії. Затверджено до друку Вченою радою Інституту туризму Прикарпатського національного університету імені Василя Стефаника (Протокол № 1 від 27 серпня 2010 р.) 2 CONTENTS ПЕРЕДМОВА THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CANADA AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND SOURCE MATERIAL 3 ПЕРЕДМОВА Навчальний посібник з лінгвокраїнознавства є одним з перших, що розглядає англомовні країни в аспекті туризмознавства і розрахований для студентів фахових факультетів вищих навчальних закладів України за спеціальностями «Туризм», «Готельно- ресторанна справа». Посібник містить інформацію країнознавчого, лінгвістичного, туристичного характеру, висвітлюючи різні аспекти сучасного життя і туристичний потенціал Великобританії, США, Канади, Австралії та Нової Зеландії. Книга складається з 5 розділів, побудованих за єдиною структурою, до якої входять такі підрозділи, як короткі відомості з географії та демографії, економічного розвитку країни, характеристика систем державного управління, освіти, здоров’я, інформація про культуру, мови і національну кухню. Значну частину кожного розділу присвячено туристичному потенціалові країни.
    [Show full text]
  • 2007-2012 5-Year Program
    III. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT III.A. Affected Environment Gulf of Mexico III. AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT A. Gulf of Mexico 1. Geology The marine geology of the Gulf of Mexico region includes continental shelf, slope, borderlands (transitional continental to oceanic crust), and the abyssal plain areas. Detailed geologic reports of these planning areas are in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (1981), Jackson and Galloway (1984), Martin (1978), Gross (1993), and Geological Society of America (GSA) (2002). This section describes the geologic features and processes associated with seafloor instabilities. Seafloor instabilities can result in damage to offshore infrastructure that could result in environmental impacts. For information on general petroleum geology, refer to The Resource Evaluation Program Structure and Mission on the Outer Continental Shelf (Dellagiarino and Meekins, 1998). For additional information on the geologic and petroleum geology of the different Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) planning areas in the Gulf of Mexico Region, refer to Minerals Management Service (MMS) (2002a, 2003c). The MMS Environmental Studies Program has conducted studies in areas where more detailed geologic information was needed for management of the OCS minerals leasing program. These studies have provided assessments of operational constraints to oil and gas exploration and production. The data and mapped information are being used on a daily basis for tract evaluation, lease stipulation development and application, protection of sensitive areas such as the Flower Garden Banks, and reviewing exploration, development, pipeline, and structure decommissioning applications. Seafloor stability and movements are often influenced by oceanographic processes acting either at the sea surface through ocean-atmosphere interactions that occur during extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and frontal cyclones, or at depth in association with currents involved in the circulation of the Gulf of Mexico, such as the Loop Current and associated eddies.
    [Show full text]