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The Visit of John R. Mott in Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár and His Impression Upon László Ravasz

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The Visit of John R. Mott in Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár and His Impression Upon László Ravasz Perichoresis Volume 19.1 (2021): 75–89 DOI: 10.2478/perc-2021-0005 AN ENCOUNTER AND ITS IMPACT: THE VISIT OF JOHN R. MOTT IN CLUJ-NAPOCA/KOLOZSVÁR AND HIS IMPRESSION UPON LÁSZLÓ RAVASZ * ÁRPÁD KULCSÁR Debrecen Reformed Theological University ABSTRACT. In this paper I examine one of the effects of László Ravasz’s (1882-1975) theological thinking, former professor of Practical Theology at Protestant Theological Institute, Kolzosvár- Cluj-Napoca, namely the development of his spiritual life and its impact on his theological sci- entific position. Due to the limitations of the scope of this paper, I could present the less well- known views of Ravasz’s work on the mission. John R. Mott’s lecture in Kolozsvár-Cluj-Napoca provides, among others, the certainty that in the modern theoretical approach of the young Ravasz he approached the tasks of pastoral ministry, preaching, dissemination of the gospel, theological education in a modern and actual way. This notion was not perfect, but it helped to bring about a new impetus for the Hungarian Protestant worldview that was stuck in rationalism and liberalism, and for the value theology to constitute a positive transition to the dialectical theology. Ravasz was an authentic representative of this transition. KEYWORDS: mission, value theology, spiritual life, J. R. Mott, László Ravasz. Introduction If we want to map the effects upon László Ravasz’s thinking, we should look at each of the thousands of phases of a huge life work. No one has ever done so, although there are significant, valuable partial results. The work of Lóránt Hegedűs Senior entitled Neo-Kantian and Virtue Theology in Hungary (Hegedűs 1998) unequivocally dominates as a basic reference in the issue, being una- voidable in this respect. There is no theological scientific work in the past thirty years not making a reference to this work. This study created during the period 1966-67 proved to be a duly authentic source, as it also turns out from the preface of the volume that László Ravasz (certified by a letter dated January 30, 1970) read the manuscript and even made some comments. [A few examples: Tóth Z (1855-1938) Adalékok a magyar református teológia fejlődéstörténetéhez, DRHE, Szegedre kihelyezett Vallástanári Tanszék. * ÁRPÁD KULCSÁR, Reformed minister, Ph.D. student at Debrecen Reformed Theolog- ical University, Hungary. He is an Assistant Professor at Partium Christian University, Oradea-Nagyvárad, Romania. Email: [email protected]. © EMANUEL UNIVERSITY of ORADEA PERICHORESIS 19.1 (2021) 76 ÁRPÁD KULCSÁR Ethelbert Stauffer Teológiai Kutatóintézet. Szeged, 2004; Tóth-Matolcsi László (2005) Műhely a lehetetlenséghez. Kapcsolódási pontok Bibó István és Ravasz László életművében. Argumentum kiadó, Bibó István Szellemi Műhely. Ifj. FE- KETE Fekete K (2008) Tudománnyal és a hit pajzsával. Válogatott Makkai- tanulmányok. Kolozsvár: Az Erdélyi Református Egyházkerület kiadása] Detailed discussion of these effects would outweigh the scope of this paper. I proposed an issue of less interest at first hearing as the aim of my research. Among the complex features of the character and scientific profile of a Chris- tian personality, such as László Ravasz, it is not negligible that he himself was a ‘man of faith’ or he cultivated the theological sciences only on a rational basis; showing only the professional peak of his preaching age or called ‘from faith to faith’. The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of John R. Mott on László Ravasz and to draw conclusions on the significance of this effect from theo- logical point of view. In order to point out the significance of Mott’s visit, in the first part of my paper I briefly describe the missionary situation of the 18- 19th century Hungarian Reformed Church; in the second part I write about John R. Mott and the circumstances of his visit, and finally I wish to point out the value of Mott and Ravasz’s encounter. An Outline of the Missionary Situation of the Hungarian Reformed Church in the 18th-19th Centuries Looking at the mission history of the Hungarian Reformed Church, it is eas- ily to be noted that, in addition to certain fragments, chapters of the general church history handbooks, lexicons and university courses, there are still very few accessible publications offering us relevant information. Anne-Marie Kool’s epoch-making work is still fundamentally important from the point of view of the issue (Kool 1995), and the research works carried out by Ábrahám Kovács and László Gonda valuably contribute to a more complete picture. In the following few lines, I summarize the historical situation in which the mis- sionary life of the Hungarian Reformed Church evolved. [Kovács Á (2004) A Budapesti Ev. Ref. Németajkú Leányegyház eredete és története 1858-1869. The His- tory of the German-speaking reformed affiliated church of Budapest 1858-1869 (bi- lingual edition). Debrecen: A D. Dr. Harsányi András Alapítvány kiadványai. Kovács Á (2001) The origin of Scottish-Hungarian church relations: the settlement and the first years of the Scottish mission in the 1840s (with a Hungarian preface and summary). Debrecen: A D. Dr. Harsányi András Alapítvány Kiadványai 4. Gonda L (2008) The service of evangelism, the evangelism of service. The impact of John R. Mott, Hendrik Kraemer, Johannes C. Hoekendijk, Willem A Visser’t Hooft on the development of the understanding of mission in the Reformed Church of Hun- gary, 1910-1968. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum] This is the time to find a way when the Reformed Christian mission re- ceives the impulses primarily from Western Europe, especially from the PERICHORESIS 19.1 (2021) An Encounter and Its Impact. The Visit of John R. Mott in Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvá r 77 tendencies for the renewal of the Church. Settled theoretical vision does not exist, it becomes mature only in the 20th century, but this century is also characterized by the lack of a unified vision. The initiation of various mission- ary work can be linked each to an enthusiastic and self-sacrificing person who, by dedicating his or her life, wishes to proclaim the Gospel of Christ to the dormant Hungarian souls and other non-Christians within and outside of Hungary. After the Turkish occupation ended, the rule of the Habsburg dynasty took place in Hungary. The emergence of the counter-reformation and the effectiveness of its operation, as well as the Pro-Catholic attitude of the Habs- burg rulers, among others, led to the fact that by the end of the 18th century not even 20% of the whole population of the country was protestant. In in- tellectual and psychic terms, the gradual effacement of puritanism and pie- tism can be observed for the benefit of rationalism and liberalism. Since the Habsburg state censorship allowed the publication of the Hei- delberg Catechism only if questions and answers offending the Roman Cath- olics are omitted, and thanks to the aforementioned spiritual changes, a few theological works of a scientific nature were created, especially the sermon volumes lived their heyday. These circumstances show that the Reformed Church lived its period of self-restraint, the reformer’s spiritual heritage was dimmed, and its place was replaced by less rigorous theological rationalism. Since the Reformed Church was almost 100% Hungarian, as opposed to the Roman Catholic Church, where the Croatians, the Germans and the Slo- vaks were present beside the Hungarians; and the Lutheran Church (the German-Saxons and the Slovaks), made the Habsburg Emperor House fear the most, the principle of ‘one religion, one constitution, one language’ being endangered especially by the Reformed Church. Surely it is no coincidence that the leaders of the Revolution and War of Independence of 1848-49 were Protestant aristocrats and noblemen. After the fall of the War of Independ- ence, several Reformed pastors and teachers were sentenced to death or im- prisoned. These measures led to a general lack of pastors and had the most unfavorable effect on the Reformed missionary work. Various attempts, pri- marily based on the intellectual and material support of a foreign missionary society, testify the presence of the desire for mission, but no breakthrough results could be produced. The effect of the Scottish Mission concentrated mainly on Budapest, and the missionary activity of the German Reformed Church in Pest, were also the few exceptions that could effectively work the mission’s thinking in the Reformed circles from the second half of the nine- teenth century. At that time, the ‘science’ of the mission was unknown in theological edu- cation. It was only in 1910 when the Universal Convention of the Reformed PERICHORESIS 19.1 (2021) 78 ÁRPÁD KULCSÁR Church of Hungary decided to include the theory of mission in the subjects to be taught in seminary and to make it compulsory for all students. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Hungarian Reformed Church sought to establish an independent theological clarification of the mission concept. By the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th cen- tury, the official ecclesiastical leadership did not consider as its task to conduct internal and foreign missions. The Hungarian missionaries, without excep- tion, were delegated by a foreign missionary association, they were primarily laymen’s, not pastors. In the territory of Hungary of that period, these for- eign companies carried out various missionary and diaconical services being known as revival movements. More and more people recognized the importance of being able to for- mulate to the Hungarian reformed community and clarify what the mission is, and it must be explained that it is the Church’s most important task. There were more attempts in these times, all of which made a significant contribu- tion to clarify the Church’s view on this issue. However, the process of recovery was refrained by several factors.
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