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Replacement Capability Options for the United States Space Shuttle

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Replacement Capability Options for the United States Space Shuttle Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2013-09 Replacement capability options for the United States Space Shuttle Buehler, Matthew D. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/37590 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS REPLACEMENT CAPABILITY OPTIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES SPACE SHUTTLE by Matthew D. Buehler September 2013 Thesis Advisor: William Welch Second Reader: Steven Clarke Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE: REPLACEMENT CAPABILITY OPTIONS FOR 5. FUNDING NUMBERS THE UNITED STATES SPACE SHUTTLE N/A 6. AUTHOR(S) Matthew D. Buehler 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol Number: N/A. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) After having invested millions of dollars into the International Space Station (ISS) and retiring the Space Shuttle, NASA and the U.S. are in the rare position of not having an operational human space lift program to reach the ISS or any location in space. This is truly an unusual time period in the history of NASA manned spaceflight. This thesis addresses the human spaceflight, Up Mass (launch a payload into space), and Down Mass (return payload from space) capabilities of the U.S. Space Shuttle and assesses options to regain these capabilities now that the Space Shuttle is retired. The research in this thesis was done with unclassified and public-domain information and was used to evaluate and propose options for mitigating the capability gaps left by the end of the United States Space Shuttle program. No current or planned system can fulfill all the capabilities that the Space Shuttle was able to provide. However, there are current/future domestic and foreign systems that can or will address these capabilities individually. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Space Shuttle, Commercial Crew Development (CCDev), Commercial Crew 15. NUMBER OF Integrated Capability (CCiCap), Commercial Crew Program (CCP), Commercial Orbital PAGES Transportation Services (COTS) 101 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution unlimited REPLACEMENT CAPABILITY OPTIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES SPACE SHUTTLE Matthew D. Buehler Captain, United States Air Force B.S.E.E., Cedarville University, 2003 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 2013 Author: Matthew D. Buehler Approved by: William Welch Thesis Advisor Steven Clarke Second Reader Rudolph Panholzer, PhD Chair, Department of Space Systems Academic Group iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT After having invested millions of dollars into the International Space Station (ISS) and retiring the Space Shuttle, NASA and the U.S. are in the rare position of not having an operational human space lift program to reach the ISS or any location in space. This is truly an unusual time period in the history of NASA manned spaceflight. This thesis addresses the human spaceflight, Up Mass (launch a payload into space), and Down Mass (return payload from space) capabilities of the U.S. Space Shuttle and assesses options to regain these capabilities now that the Space Shuttle is retired. The research in this thesis was done with unclassified and public-domain information and was used to evaluate and propose options for mitigating the capability gaps left by the end of the United States Space Shuttle program. No current or planned system can fulfill all the capabilities that the Space Shuttle was able to provide. However, there are current/future domestic and foreign systems that can or will address these capabilities individually. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1 A. BACKGROUND ..............................................................................................1 B. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................2 C. RESEARCH QUESTION ...............................................................................4 D. SCOPE, LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS .........................................4 E. LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY ....................................5 F. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS .....................................................5 G. ORGANIZATION OF STUDY ......................................................................6 II. UNITED STATES HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT ........................................................7 A. UNITED STATES HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT HISTORY .........................7 1. The Mercury Program (1961–1963) ...................................................9 2. The Gemini Program (1965–1966) ...................................................11 3. The Apollo Program (1968–1972).....................................................14 4. Skylab and Apollo-Soyuz Test Programs (1973–1975)...................19 B. UNITED STATES SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ...................21 1. United States Space Shuttle Program (1981–2011).........................22 2. Capabilities .........................................................................................25 a. Manned Space Flight Capability ............................................25 b. Heavy Space-Lift Capability ...................................................26 c. Payload Return to Earth (Down-Mass) Capability ................27 III. REPLACEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE SPACE SHUTTLE’S MANNED SPACE-LIFT CAPABILITY ....................................................................................29 A. CURRENT SYSTEMS .................................................................................29 1. Russian Soyuz .....................................................................................29 a. Soyuz Design ...........................................................................29 b. Soyuz and Space Shuttle Comparison. ...................................31 2. Chinese Shenzhou ..............................................................................33 B. FUTURE U.S. PROGRAMS .........................................................................35 1. Commercial Crew Integrated Capability (CCiCap) ......................36 a. Dragon Spacecraft ..................................................................37 b. CST-100 ...................................................................................40 c. Dream Chaser .........................................................................41 2. Non-United States Options ................................................................43 IV. REPLACEMENT OPTIONS FOR THE SPACE SHUTTLE’S HEAVY SPACE-LIFT CAPABILITY ....................................................................................45 A. CURRENT SYSTEMS ..................................................................................46 1. Delta IV Heavy ...................................................................................46 2. Atlas V Heavy Launch Vehicle (HLV) .............................................48 3. Ariane 5 ...............................................................................................49 4. Russian Proton ...................................................................................50 5. Japanese H-IIB ...................................................................................50 vii B. FUTURE SYSTEMS .....................................................................................50 1. Falcon Heavy ......................................................................................50 2. Chinese Long March 5.......................................................................52
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