Cilician Armenia

s

e t a r h p u Antioch Aleppo E Principality of Antioch

Latakia

Hama Cyprus Marqab Famagusta Tortosa Krak des Chevaliers County Homs of Akkar Tripoli Tripoli Mediterranean

Sea Beirut

Sidon Damascus Beaufort Tyre

Montfort Acre Safad Haifa Sea of Galilee Château Pèlerin

Ayn Jalut n Caesarea a

d

r

o Kingdom J Arsuf of Jaffa Jerusalem

Jerusalem Ascalon Bethlehem Dead Sea Gaza

0 50 miles

0 50 km Egypt Kerak

Th e Crusader States in the thirteenth century – xi – a The Furious

e a H l- a S M m a l a Gate of St Lazarus ik a a rm n l -M y o u f a z a Shipborne attack ff e a by the Pisans Gate of r n Evil Step

a 1

r

r Hospitallers’

e auberge

t

i d MONTMUSARD e

M

2

St Anthony Gate Gate of Gate of the our Lady Hospital Gate of St Michael

Hospitallers’ Royal Palace Castle Holy Cross

GENOESE QUARTER Arsenal VENETIAN QUARTER

St Andrew Templar St Sabas Castle Harbour PISAN QUARTER Outer anchorage Iron Gate Cape of Storms Chain Tower of Flies

Th e siege of Acre, 1291

– xii – Walls Ditches Churches Mamluk mining operations

Position of large mangonels/trebuchets

The Mamluk army

Probable position of defending troops: 1 1 The northern wall of Montmusard: The Templars 2 Eastern wall of Montmusard and St Anthony Gate: The Hospitallers S 3 The Teutonic Knights and troops of King Henry II u y n r d i 4 The vulnerable salient of the King’s Tower, the Accursed e a r n Tower and the Barbican of Hugh III: troops of the King of a M l- Cyprus and the Kingdom of Jerusalem under his brother, D a m i Amalric n l u L k 5&6 The eastern wall of Acre down to the harbour: the French a s j i troops of Jean de Grailly, the English troops of Othon de n Grandson, the Pisans, Venetians and urban militia

Th e Sultan’s E gyptian Mamlu ks Kerak tr oop s u nd er B a y b a r s

Tower of the Barbican a Tower of l Venetians of - the English M Hugh III a n

s Tower of Henry II u r (King’s Tower) i Tower 3 of Blood Accursed Tower St Romanus 4 Tower of the Tall al-Fukhar Countess of Blois 5 Sultan’s tent HQ of the Gate of Teutonic Knights St Nicholas 6 Butchers’ s Tower k lu m Tower of the The Victorious a Genoese M n a ti p y g E ’s Spiked n a fence lt Su Tower of the e 0 200 yards Th Patriarch 0 200 metres

– xiii – – xiv –