Heroes of the Nations A Series or Biographical Studies presenting the lives and work of certain representative histori cal characters, about whom have gathered the traditions or the nations to which they belong, and who have, in the majority or instances, been accepted as types or the several national ideals.
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SALADIN F,-ontispitu. THE CITADEL OF CAIRO, EAST ANGLE. SALADIN.
AND THE FALL OF THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM
BY
STANLEY LANE-POOLE, M.A.
AUTHOR OF THE u LIPB OF STRATFORD CANNING," "TH& ART 011' TRB SARACENS n
"CAJR01" "STUDIES IN A MOSQUE,'' "THB MOORS 1M SPAIN" 11 "TURKBY1 "THB BARBAKY CORSAIRS" ETC.
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS ICitW YOB.B: LONDON
• 2F WllST TWBNTY-THIRD STJl.BBT 84 B&DPORD STRBBT1 STRAHD l:~c Jnidurbodur Jrcs& 1903 COYJIIGHT, 111<}8 BY G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Eotered at Statiooers' Hall, Loodoa PREFACE.
ALADIN is one of the few Oriental Personages who need no introduction to English readers. S Sir Walter Scott has performed that friendly office with the warmth and insight of apJ>~eciative genius. It was Saladin's good fortune to attract the notke not only of the great romancer, but also of King Richard, and to this accident·he partly owes the result that, instead of remaining a dry historical expression, under the Arabic style of" d-Melik en-NasirSa/ak-ed din Yusuf ibn Ayyub," he has become, by the abbrevi ated name of " Saladin," that familiar and amiable companion which is called a household word. The idea, it is true, is vague and romantic. The Talis man has given us a noble portrait of the Sultan whose chivalry_ and generosity excited the admira tion of the Cr,usaders, but the reader is left . in un certainty as to the history and achievements of the hero, and what he is told in tho~e fascinating pages is not always strictly authentic. On the historical relation of the novel to which Saladin owes so much of-his fame something is said at the end of this book. The present biography, the first that has been writ- iii lV Saladz"n. ten in English, aspires to fill in, from contemporary sources, the details of the picture. It is singular that, so far as English literature is concerned, the character and history of Saladin should have been suffered to remain where Scott left them seventy years ago, and that no complete Life of the celebrated adversary of Richard Creur de Lion should have been written in our language. The materials are abundant, even exhaustive, so far as eastern scholars understood biography. \Ve must not expect the personal details which delight the student of " interviews " : there were no illustrated papers in Saladin's time. But for the essential facts of his life and the qualities of his nature we have the best possible evidence, rich in extent and faithful in detail. The writers of the two chief Arabic records had excellent opportunities of ascertaining the truth, and both were men of learning and high character. Baha-ed-din, who was only seven years younger than Saladin, though he survived him by forty, was an Arab of the celebrated tribe of Asad, born at Mosil on the Tigris in 1 145· He went through the arduous course of study by which Moslems in those days qualified themselves for the judicial office of Kady. In the famous Nizamiya college at Baghdad, founded by the great Vezir Nizam-el-mulk, the friend and schoolfellow of the astronomer-poet Omar Khayyam, Baha-ed-din attended the lectures of the most dis tinguished professors of the day, men who had wandered, like our own medieval scholars, from uni versity to university, from Spanish Cordova to Tatar Samarkand, teaching and learning as they went. He Preface. v became a professor himself at his native city of Mosil, and his wisdom and judgment so commended him to the Atabeg or ruler of Mesopotamia that he chose him repeatedly to be his ambassador in grave politi cal emergencies. Baha-ed-din was at Mosil when Saladin twice laid siege to it in 1182 and 1185; he went on an embassy to Damascus in I I84, when Saladin was so much im pressed by his ability that he offered him a judge ship, which was loyally declined by the envoy; but they met again at Harran in the spring of I I 86, when Baha-ed-din assisted in drawing up a treaty ~f peace between his sovereign and Saladin. After making the pilgrimage to Mekka, and to Jerusalem, then newly recovered from the Christians, he visited the Sultan once more, and from that time forth he seldom left his side. Entering his service on 28th June, 1188, he was present throughout his subse quent campaigns, witnessed the siege_ of Acre from the beginning to the end, accompanied him as he. harassed Richard's march down the coast, took a prominent part in the engagements at Jaffa in 1192, and was at Saladin's bedside during his fatal illness. After the Sultan's death, he accepted the high dig nity of judge of Aleppo, and there he devoted his zeal and his savings to founding colleges and training doctors to be learned in the law. One of his pupils has left a touching description of the venerable Kady, as he knew him, when a heated alcove and heavy furs could not warm the chilled blood of 8 S ; but the old scholar still loved to teach the students who came to him after Friday prayers, when he could no longer vi Saladin.
go to the mosque, and when even in his private de votions he could scarcely keep his feet. " He drooped like an unfledged bird for weakness," says his biographer, and in 1234 he died, twoscore years · after the events he related in his Life of his master. For the last five years of Saladin's career, Baha-ed din is an incomparable authority, an eye-witness of what passed, and an intimate friend and counsellor of the Sultan. For the earlier periods he is less ac curate and much less detailed ; but even here he is able to record several important transactions at first' hand, and his familiar intercourse with Saladin and his officers and kinsmen must have supplied him with much of his information. He writes, it is true, as an avowed panegyrist, but though in his eyes the King can do no wrong, he is so frank and guileless in his narrative, and so obviously writes exactly what he saw and thought, that the biography has not suffered by the writer's hero-worship. It bears the unmistak able stamp of truth, and its personal bias and oriental hyperbolism are easily discounted. As our sole first hand witness to the negotiations between Richard I. and Saladin, Baha-ed-din's simple veracity is espe cially a quality of importance. If Baha-ed-din is an avowed herO-worshipper, in the other prime authority we find a useful corrective to undue admiration. Ibn-el-Athir had every political reason to decry the supplanter of his local lords, and his annals contain criticism of Saladin's generalship and one or two graver accusations. Ibn-el-Athir, who was also an Arab, of the tribe of Sheyban, was fifteen years younger than Baha-ed-din, and was born in I 16o Preface. Vll at J ezirat-ibn-Omar on the Tigris, over which city his father was W aly or prefect. The historian spent most of his life in laborious study at Mosil, where his brother was a distinguished councillor of the Atabeg who ruled Mesopotamia. Another brother held a post in Saladin's chancery. Ibn-el-Athir, like Baha-ed-din, was present when Saladin besieged Mosil in I 185, and he accompanied the contingent which the Mesopotamian princes afterwards sent to join the Sultan's army in his north Syrian cam paign of I 188; he was also a traveller, and in his journeys to Damascus, Jerusalem, and Aleppo, he had means of verifying his information. His Hzs tory of th~ Atabegs of Mosil, completed in I2II, is as much a panegyric as Baha-ed-din's biography of Saladin, but it is a panegyric of Saladin's enemies; its author can never forgive him for supplanting the dynasty of the Atabegs in Syria, and making even the great lord of Mosil his vassal. Thus, if anything can be urged in disparagement of Saladin, we may be sure that lbn-el-Athir will not pass it over. Yet, with this natural bias in favour of his family's old masters and benefactors, he is not usually unfair. He recognises Saladin's great services to Islam, and in his later work, the Kamil, or Perfection of Htstory, which is brought up to within three years of his death in 1233, he shows a more impartial spirit than in his special eulogy of the Atabegs of Mosil. These two historians must be the prime authori ties for a Life of Saladin ; but there are others of great value for particular portions or aspects of his career. Of these lmad-ed-din of lspahan, generally Vlll Saladin. known as el-Katib, "the Scribe," Saladin's chief secretary or chancellor for the Syrian provinces, is of the first importance; but unfortunately only a small part of his work has been printed. He was with his master at the siege of Acre, and his writings, despite their intolerable rhetoric, have the merit of first hand documents. The Autobiography of Osama, an Arab prince and poet, of the castle of Sheyzar on the Orontes, who witnessed the greater part of the Cru sading period from his birth in 1095 to his death in I 188, presents a vivid picture of the times; but al-· though in his old age he lived for some years at Damascus in frequent intercourse with Saladin, his reminiscences in this regard are disappointing : the old Arab was too full of himself to give much space to the sayings and doings of others. lbn-Khallikan, the assiduous biographer of eminent men, and Abu Shama, the author of The Two Gardens, were neither of them contemporaries ; but both knew people who knew Saladin, and their writings sometimes supply what was missing, or amplify what was meagre, in the contemporary records. Among the Christian chroniclers we are fortunate in the presence in Palestine of the incomparable Arch bishop William of Tyre, whose H£stor£a, far trans cending in vividness, grasp and learning all Latin or Arabic annals of the time, deals with the events in the East from 1144 to 1183 from personal know ledge. The Archbishop left no successor of his own calibre, and that he should not have lived to carry his history ten years further, to the end of the Third Crusade, is a loss which every student of the period, . Preface. IX and not least the biographer of Saladin, must lament. The various continuators of his work cannot lay claim to his great qualities as an historian, but their merits are not to be undervalued, and the Chronicle of Ernoul in particular supplies valuable contem porary evidence. Ernoul was squire to Balian of lbelin, who played a prominent part in the Holy War and was frequently in personal relations with Saladin ; and the squire doubtless attended his mas ter to the memorable field of Hittin and afterwards in the defence of Jerusalem. Ernoul's narrative, which is full of vivid personal touches, is thus ex tremely valuable as representing the Christian side of events :which the Arabic writers describe from a Mohammedan point of view. It is also useful, in a less degree, in checking the exuberant Ricardolatry of the Itinerarz'um Reg£s Rz'card£, which forms our full est authority for the Third Crusade, and, despite its exaggerations and party spirit, is a marvellously graphic recital of the .ilChievements of the English hero. These then are the chief sources from which the present Life of Saladin is drawn. They are nearly all contemporary, and a large part of the story is told by actual eye-witnesses, whilst in no instance has an authority been relied upon who was more than one generation removed from the events he relates. References to these sources are given when a state ment seemed to require authentication, and in the later chapters, when it is important to distinguish tht testimony of Christian from that of Moslem wit pesses, such footnotes are frequent; but in the earlier X Saladi'n. part, where nearly everything rests upon the au thority of . lbn-el-Athir and Baha-ed-din, references are given only when there is a serious discrepancy between the two. In an historical study founded upon original research such verification is, of course, essential; but where none is given, some confidence, it is hoped, will be placed in the biographer. There is not a line in this volume that cannot be substan tiated by practically contemporary evidence. It has been remarked as strange that such abundant materials should not long ago have been utilised in an exhaustive Life of Saladin, but it would not be fair to ignore the admirable labours of M. Marin, "un ecrivain aussi connu par Ia douceur de ses mreurs que par l'etendue ·de ses lumieres et !'ele gance de sa plume." M. Louis- Fran<;ois- Claude Marin was born in Provence, where he eventually held the posts of Censeur Royal et de la police, and Secretaire general de la Librairie et des Academies de Marseille et Nancy. In 1758 he published in two charmingly printed duodecimo volumes an Histoire de Saladin, Sulthan d'Egypte et de Syrie (Paris, chez Tilliard, Libraire, Quai des Augustins, a l'Image Saint Benoit). The book appears to be almost un known, or it would surely have found a translator. At once scholarly, philosophic, and written with that light touch by which the French, preeminently, are able to carry off the ponderous effect of real learn ing, M. Marin's biography has only to be read to be admired. He made a full use of the Crusading chronicles, and of Schultens' edition of Baha-ed-llin, and he consulted lbn-el-Athir's Atabegs in an Arabic Preface. XI manuscript at Paris. So far as his contemporary materials go, he is excellent ; but he relied overmuch on later writers, and on unequal though learned com pilations such as Herbelot's Bibliot/t)que Orientale; and of course a·great deal has been discovered and published since his time. Still, considering his neces sary limitations, he achieved a remarkable success, and the only serious fault to be found with his man ner of dealing with such authorities as he was able to use is a tendency to read more " between the lines" than the text really justifies.. M. Marin em ployed what is called "the historical imagination " over freely, and despite his frequent references to original sources one can detect a personal equation which has to be eliminated. It is much more inter esting to give oneself a free hand in writing history, but the temptation must be subdued and the letter of the text must be respected. Some authors, in treating of the history of Meso potamia, have thought it necessary to prepare their readers by beginning at the Flood. M. Marin con sidered that his Life of Saladin demanded an intro duction which went back to Mohammed and the first preaching of Islam. I have not tried the patience of the reader quite so severely, but without some ac count of the course of history in western Asia dur ing the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the political situation in which Saladin began his career would be unintelligible. Especially important is the posi tion achieved by his great forerunner, Zengy, the co1iqueror of Edessa, whose unfulfilled ambitions prepared the way for the imperial realisations of .. Xll Sa!adz."n.
Saladin. The introductory chapters, however, have been reduced to as small a compass as possible. Oriental names are naturally a stumbling-block to western readers, and the use of accents, long marks, dots, and the like, does not seem to be of much assistance to the unlearned. In the present work, therefore, the names are written as simply as possible, and the reader is only asked to pronounce the vowels after the Italian manner. Those who are curious as to the more precise transliteration will consult the index, where every name is furnished with the proper accents and distinguishing marks, and can be at once converted by the scholar into the Arabic character. In the text, the article el is generally omitted before the well-known names of towns, such as el-Mosil, er Ramla, and western names are given when familiar, as in the case of Edessa (for er-Ruha), Aleppo (for Halab), and Cairo (for el-Kahira). When a town has two names, one used by the Arabs, the other by the "Franks" or Crusaders, both are given on its first occurrence, and Crusading names are retained so long as the place remained in the hands of. the Cru saders. Tables of contemporary sovereigns and princes in western Asia, of Saladin's family, and of the chief Crusading houses-, will help the reader to understand the political situation. The maps are based upon the "Survey of Western Palestine," Thuillier and Rey's "North Syria," and the Arab geographers. Much assistance has been derived from Mr. Guy Le Strange's valuable work on Palesttne under the Moslems; the notes contributed by Gen. Preface. xiii
Sir Charles Wilson and Lieut.-Col. Conder, R.E., to the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society's translation of Baha-ed-din have been consulted; but the text of that work, not being directly translated from the Arabic, has not been cited. The author is specially indebted to Mr. T. A. Archer, not only for ready help in any difficulty that arose in connexion with the Crusading chronicles, but also for permission to quote his translation of parts of the Itinerary of Kine RU:hard, originally published in his fascinating little book, The Crusade of RU:Izard 1., in the series of "English History from Contemporary Writers," edited by . Professor York Powell. His thanks are also due to Mr. E. B. Knobel, late President of the Royal Astronomical Society, for kindly investigating the chronology of the eclipses recorded in the course of Saladin's campaigns, and to the editor of the Quarterly Review for permission to reprint part of an article on "The Age of Saladin." M. Paul Casanova has kindly permitted the re production of three of the photographs which illus trate his valuable Histot"re et descrt"ptt"on de Ia C#adelle du Caire,- to Dr. F. J. Mackinnon is due the illus tration of the tomb of Saladin at Damascus, as restored in Ottoman times. The author is also obliged to the Council of the Royal Institute of British Architects for the use of two views of the Omayyad Mosque of Damascus, before the fire, from sketches by Mr. R. Phen~ Spiers, F.S.A. PRINCIPAL AUTHORITIES. lbn-el-Athir (II6o-I233), d-Ba en bourg, 2 vols., Paris, 1886- hir: History of the Atabegs 93). of el-Mosil, written in I2II < Imad-ed-drn el-Katib (II25- (Ruu~il da histo ri~n s da Croi I20I}, d -Fdn d-Kussy (ed. satks; historiNJs ori~11tauz, Landberg, vol. i., Leyden, tome ii. , 2, Paris. r8j6). I 888). lbn-el-Athir ( II6o-1233), ~1-Ktf Abu-Shima (ob. I267), Kit46 ~r mil Ji-1-larikh : General His Rodakytl : History of Niir-ed tory, written up to I231 (ed. dtn and Saladin (2 vols. , Cairo, Tornberg, I4 vols., Leyden, 187o-71}. 1866-76 ; Ruudl, tome i., William of Tyre (c. II3i-IIB5). I872 ; tome ii. , 1, I887). Historia r~um in parti6us Babi-ed-din, lbn-Sheddad ( 1145- trarumarinis %~slarum (Rt' 1234), ~n-Nawtidir a-Sultani Ctl~i/: ltistori~ns occid~ntaux , ya wa-I-Mahasi7t d- Yusujf;•a : tome i., Paris, 1844). Life of Saladin (ed . Schultens, Ernoul (fl. I I87), CnronUJu~ (ed. Leyden, I732; R~c u~il, tome Mas Latrie, Paris, I871). iii., I 884 ; and Palestine Pil Itirurarium P~~gt-inarum d grims' Text Society, ed. Sir C. Gesta R~~s Ricardi (1 1~ W. Wilson, K .C . B. , R .E., 92) (ed. Stubbs, Rolls Series, 1897). vol. xxxviii. a, London, 1864}. lbn-Khallikin (121 I-I 282), 1¥~ Archer, T . A., The Crusatk of fayat d-A'yan : Biographical Richard I. (London, 1888). Dictionary (trans. d e Slane, 4 Le Strange, Guy, Palatine un vols., Paris, 1843-j1}. der tit~ Moskms (Palestine Ex Osima ibn Munkidh (1095-I I 88}, ploration Fund, I8 PACO& PREFACE Ill PRINC IPAL A UT H O R ITI ES XlY LIST O F I L L USTRAT I O N S . XXI TABLE I .-DYN A STIES OF W ESTER N ASIA IN THE 0 TWELFTH C EN TURY . ~c: .; " 11.-THE FAMILY OF ALADI N :.. E _. ::l u- " ln.-KINGS OF JERUSALEM, PRINCES OF ~ ~ ANTIOCH, AND C O UNTS OF TRIPOLIS 0 "'"c: " IV. -THE G REAT LORDS OF PALE STINE. - PART I.-INTRODUCTORY. CHA PTER I. 'SALADIN'S WORLD . 3 CHAPTER II. T HE FIRST CRUSADE, 1098 CHAPTE R III. THE HARBINGER, 1127 35 CHAPTER IV. THE FALL OF EDESSA , I 1 2 7-1144 .. 47 xvii ... XVlll Contents. PART II.-EGYPT, IIJ8-II74- CHAPTER V. PA.GK SALADIN'S YOUTH, 1138-1164. CHAPTER VI. THE CONQUEST OF EGYPT, 1164-1169 77 CHAPTEE. VII. VEZIR OF EGYPT, 1169-I171 CHAPTER VIII. SALADIN AT .CAIRO, II7I-1173 III PART III.-EMPIRE, II7-f:-II86. CHAPTER IX. THE CONQUEST OF SYRIA, I 174-1176 131 CHAPTER X. TRUCES AND TREATIES, II76-II8I 147 CHAPTER XI. THE CONQUEST OF MESOPOTAMIA, ti81-1183 164 CHAPTER XII. DAMASCUS, 1183-1186 175 PART IV.-THE HOLY_ WAR, n8;-IIf)I. CHAPTER XIII. THE BATTLE OF HITTIN, 1187 1 97 CHAPTER XIV. JERUSALEM REGAINi:D, 1187 . • 217 Contents. XIX CHAPTER XV. PAGB THE RALLY AT TYRE, II87-1188 • . 2JS CHAPTER XVI. THE BATTLE OF ACRE, 1189 • . 251 CHAPTER XVII. THE SIEGE OF ACRE, II8!rii91 . 265 PART V.-RICHARDAND SALADIN, II9I-II9~· CHAPTER XVIII. THE LOSS OF ACRE, I 191 CHAPTER XIX. THE COAST MARCH, AUG.-5EPT., 1191 • JOO CHAPTER XX. IN SIGHT OF JERUSALEM, SEPT., 119~-JULY, 1192. 324 CHAPTER XXI. THE LAST FIGHT AT JAFFA, 1192. • 343 CHAPTER XXII. AT REST, 1192-1193 • JS8 CHAPTER XXIII. SALADIN IN ROMANCE • INDEX ILLUSTRATIONS. PAG& THE CITADEL OF CAIRO, EAST ANGLE Frontispiece *STORMING OF ANTIOCH, 1098 24 * T AKI:SG OF JERUSALEM IN THE FIRST CRUSADE 26 *ROBERT OF NORMANDY UNHORSES A SARACEN 30 *CRUSADERS PURSUING SELJUKS 34 *BATTLE BETWEEN CRUSADERS AND KURBUGHA 36 ASTROLOGICAL·: \LCULA TOR MADE BY )IOHAMMED IBN KUTLUK.'d OF MOSIL, A.H. 639 • • • 44 [In the British Museum.] fA PARTY OF CRUSADERS RETURNING FR0!-1 A· FORAGING EXPEDITION 46 [From a thirteenth-century manuscript of William of Tyre.] 1 THE GREAT 0:\~AYYAD MOSQUE AT DAMASCUS 74 *CRUSADERS AND EGYPTIAI"S BEt"ORE ASCALON 8o *Nos. 2, 3. 4. S. 6. and 10 represent paintings on &lass windows, now decdolished. at the abbey of St. Denys, executed by order of Abbot Sager in the middle of the twelfth century, and .are valuable as contemporary attempts to depict Crusaders and Saracens in their armour. They are reproduced from lelontfaucon's llf-umnrts t/1/a Mtmarelzil Franfais1, Tome I., pl. LJ.-LJV. f Reproduced from Archer's Crusnt/1 "/RichardT• • Reproduc:rd from the 7"':'·,al r-/ tlu lo.'4_J1a/ T"stituu "/ Britis" Arellit,.·tl. XXll Illustrations. PAGa PRAYER NICHE FROM THE CHAPEL OF SITT A NEFISA, CAIRO 82 [In the Arab Museum, Cairo.] *MOSQUE OF THE IMAM ESH-SHAFIY OUTSIDE CAIRO 96 GOLD COIN OF NUR-ED-DIN, STRUCK AT CAIRO IN A.H. 569 (A.D. II73-4) BY ORDER OF SALADIN 98 [In the British Museum.] EAGLE SCULPTURED ON THE WALL OF THE CITADEL OF CAIRO 110 GOLD COIN OF SALADIN STRUCK AT ALEXANDRIA IN A. H. 579 (A.D. 1183-4) . I II BAB ZUWEYLA, GATE OF THE 'FATIMID PALACE OF CAIRO, BUILT IN THE ELEVENTH CENTURY 112 f MOSQUE OF IBN-TULUN, CAIRO, BUILT IN THE NINTH CENTURY 116 A TOWER IN THE CITADEL OF CAIRO 118 *GATE OF VICTORY (BAB EN-NASR), CAIRO, ELEV- ENTH CENTURY 124 t SIEGE OF A SARACEN FORT • 128 [From a thirteenth-century manuscript.] SILVER COIN OF SALADIN STRUCK. AT DAMASCUS IN A.H. 573 (A.D. 1177-8) . 131 THE GATE OF STEPS, IN THE CITADEL OF CAIRO, WITH SALADIN'S INSCRIPTION OVER THE ARCH 152 § INSCRIPTION OF SALADIN AND -KARAKUSH OVER THE GATE OF STEPS, RECORDING THE FOUNDA TION OF THE CITADEL OF CAIRO, DATED A.H. 579 (A.D. 1183-4) • 154 --- * Reproduced from Lane-Poole's Cairo. f Reproduced from Lane-Poole's Art of the Saracms. t Reproduced from G. Paris' Guillaume de Tyr. § Reproduced from M lmoires publils par ks M embrt'S de Ia Missim .Arclzlq/opque Franfaise au Caire. Illustrations. XXlll PAGE COPPER COIN OF SEYF-ED-DIN GHAZY II., ATABEG OF MOSIL, STRUCK AT JEZIRA IN A.H. 575 (A.D. 1179-80) 163 SILVER COIN OF SALADIN, STRUCK AT ALEPPO I]!ll' A.H. 582 (A.D. 1186-7) . 164 *DOME OF OMAYYAD MOSQUE AT DAMASCUS • 184 COPPER COINS OF SALADIN'S VASSALS 194 [1. Sukman II., Ortu~id prince of Keyfa, A. H. 584 (A.D. nBS). 2. Yiiluk Arslan, Ortu~id prince of Maridin, A.H. 581 (A.D. nBs). 3. Kiikbury, emir of Harran and Irbil, A.H. 587 (A.D. 1191). 4· 'Izz..ed-din Mes'iid, Atabeg of Mo~il. A.H. 585 (A.D. 1189)- All four bear Saladin's name as Suzerain.] SEAL OF REGINALD OF CHATILLON. 216 SEAL OF RAYMOND OF TRIPOLIS 234 fCASTLE OF SAHYUN (SAONE), TAKEN BY SALADIN IN II88 . 246 t SIEGE OF A FORT 250 [From a thirteenth-century manuscript.] f THE KURDS' CASTLE, CRAC DES CHEVALIERS 256 SEAL OF RICHARD I. (u95) 299 COPPER COIN OF SALADIN, STRUCK IN A.H. 583 (A.D. 1187-8) 323 CASKET OF EL-' ADIL II, , 338 ----[In the South Kensington Museum.] .Reproduced from the 7ournal of the Royal Institute of Britisll .Arclliucts. t Reproduced from G. Rey's Monummts tk L'.Arcllitecture Mili taire tks Croisls. • Reproduced from G. Paris' Cuillau,ze de Tyr. XXIV Illustrations. PAG& OBVERSE OF COPPER COIN OF IMAD-ED-DIN, ATABEG OF SINJAR, WITH TWO-HEADED EAGLE, STRUCK IN A.H. 584 (A.D. 1188) • 357 TOMB OF SALADIN, DAMASCUS 368 [From a photograph by Bonlils.] NOTK.-The head- and tail-pieces not described above consist of Kufic inscriptions and arabesques not later than the thirteenth century. MAPS AND PLANS. MAP OF SALADIN'S EMPIRE IN 1190 XXIV PLAN OF CAIRO IN SALADIN'S TIME, lljO 114 MAP OF PALESTINE TO ILLUSTRATE SALADIN'S CON- QUEST • 196 MAP OF COUNTRY BETWEEN TIBERIAS AND ACRE 206 *PLAN OF JERUSALEM 226 [From a tweHth-century manuscript of Fulcher of Chartres at Brussels.] f PLAN OF ACRE ABOUT 1291 258 t PLAN OF THE BATTLE OF ACRE, OCTOBER 4, 1189 262 fPLAN OF THE BATTLE OF ARSyF, SEPTEMBER 7, 1191 314 *Reproduced from Lelewel's Glograpnie au Moym .Ar~. f Reproduced from Archer's CriiSatks__ t Reproduced from C. Oman's .tfrl of War. INDEX A Afcj.al, el-, 201, 213, 261 • A.lfaba, el-, Io6, 167, -175 Aba\c, Atabeg of Damascus, 67 ~~. mosque of el-, 236 • Abbasid Caliphs (Khali:fas), Al!:sun~ur, 17, 35 7-9.38, 52,109,116,142,164, Aleppo (I;Jalab), 26, 34; 49, 68, 191, 268 75. 84, 134. 137-141, 143. 144, • Abd-el-Basit, 372 n. 146, 147, 164, 165, 17o-173, 'Abd-el-Latif, 367, 369, 370 175. 194, 248 Abii-Bekr, chamberlain of Sala Alexandria, siege by Amalric, • din, 337, 350, 356 89, 94 ; by Sicilians, I 27, 128 Abii-Firas, 149 Alliance between Moslems and Abii-1-Heyja "the Fat," 340 Christians, etc., see Treaties Abii-$ali]J, 103 Almeida (meydan, horse-course Abii-Shama, viii., 158, 159, 245, , or playground), 45 n., see etc. Meydan Abyssinians' Lake (Birket el- Almohade Caliph, 288 1:;1 abash), 90, 93, JI6 • Aly the clockmaker, 160 Acre (' Akka), 24, 27, 30, 219, Amalric, 81, 83, 85-95. 103-IOS, 221, 241, 244, 254-299. 334. 120, 134 337. 344-346, 356, 357. 364, Ambassadors and envoys, 42, 86, 387; taken by Saladin, 219; II2, 191, 192, 364, seeN egotia battle of, 261-264; bishop of, tions 213; description, 259; hos Amid (modem Diyar-Bekr), 33, pitals, 244, 384, 385 ; massacre 36, s6, 172 at, 306, 307 ; siege by Cru • Amr, mosque of, 117 saders, 254-299 Anar (Ainardus), Mu' in-ed-din, Adana, 26 vezir of Damascus, 52, 53, 55, • A<;lid, el-, Fa~imid Caliph, 86- 69-71 _88, 96, 108-no Anar's daughter, wife of (1) 'Adil. el-, Seyf-ed-din (Sapha Niir-ed-din and (2) Saladin, din), 102, 152, 192, 219, 220 n., 372 n. 231, 232, 249. 267, 269, 277, Andrew of Brienne, 263 286, 301, 326-332, 337. 338, An~ariya mountains, 138, 148 353 n., 355, 356, 364 Ansel de Pass, 106 403 Index. Antioch (Antakiya), 24, 26, 27, at Damascus, 67, 7fr72, 74.75 253, 345 n., s~~ Bohemond treasurer of Egypt, 100 Apamea (Fii.miya), 27 counsels Saladin, 121, 122 Aqueduct, 153 death, 124 Ambia Felix, 125 • Aziz, 144-146 Ambs in Mesopotamia, 9, 37-39 Azhar, el-, university mosque at Archer, Mr. T. A., xiii., 70,104 n., Cairo, 18, 113, 119 178, 252, 282, 382 D., 386 D. Arethusa (er-Rastan), 140 B Armenia, Shiih of, 55, 171 Armorial bearings, 240 n., 320 Ba'albekk(Heliopolis), 55,65-67, Armour, 89 n., 145, 275 140 Army. 16, 32, 44. 89, 94. 132, Bib (gate), see Victory, Zuweyla 254. 310, 311 Babin, el-, 88, 89 Arsiif, 27 ; battle of, 313-322 Babel- 'lmady, 45 • Asik.ir, Ibn-, 20 Bib el-Mudarraj, 152 Ascalon (' A~alan), 2j, 154, 175, Babylon, of Egypt, 117 187, 222, 223, 255. 326, 334. Badge, heraldic, 320 335. 337. 339. 344. 350, 351, Baghdad, 5, 18,37,40,47 35b Baghras, 247 Ashib (el-' Imadiya, Amadia), 55 Baha-ed-din, Ibn-Sheddad, iv. 'Ashtam, 199, 204 vi., 83 n., 191, 193, 245 n., • Asimat-ed-din, Saladin's wife, 258 n., 26o, 268, 328, 329, 372D. 342 n., 346-349, 365 d jassi111 • Askar, el-, 116, 118 Bahr Yiisuf, 153 Assassins (Bapms or Isma'ilis), Baldwin 1., 120 138, 139, 145, 148-151, 336 Baldwin II., du Bourg, 30, so, Aswin, 102 51, 100 Atabeg, 22, 23, 41, ue Abalj:, . Baldwin IV., 134, 139, 154,156- • Imad-ed-din, • Izz-ed-din, 161, 167, 168, 177, 180, 181, Seyf-ed-din, Tughtigin, Zengy 198 Atfib,85 Baldwin V., 181, 199 Athirib (Cerep), 27, so, 51 Baldwin, archbishop of Canter Avesnes, James of, 254, 263, bury, 252, 273. 276 322 Baldwin of Ramla and lbelin, Axe, Danish, 349 158, 168, 178, 181, 200 Aydhib, 175, 176 Balian of Ibelin, 154, 158, 168, • Ayn Jiliid(Goliath's Well), 177. 178, 181, 200, 201, 2o8, 225, 178 226, 228-232, 337. 356 Ayn Tab (~atap), 26, 172 Balista (siege catapult), 53 n. · Ayyidiya, el-, 259, 272, 274, 287 Banias(CresareaPhilippi Paneas), Ayyiib, Nejm-ed-din, father of 55, 76, 83, 84, 156, 157 Saladin, origin, 4 ; leaves Banner, 109, 220, 222, 227, 292, Dawin for Baghdad, 5 : is ap 319, 320, 321, 349 pointed commandant ofTekrit, Baptism, legend of Saladin's, 5 ; renders a service to Zengy, 387 4; leaves Tekrit, 6, takes Bar, count de, 262 service under Zengy, 6F; ap Barada river, 183 pointed governor of Ba'abekk, Barbotes, 239, 240 55, 65-67 ; commander-in-r.hief Birin ()loot Ferrand), 53, 141 Index. Barka, I24 Bridges, Jordan, 207 Barkiya troops, So Brienne, Andrew of, 263 Barziiya, 247 Bukas, 247 Basra, el-, 37, 40 Burgundy, duke of, 2SS, 303, Batinis, 13S, see Assassins 3II, 334, 335 Beacon, fastle of the (~a~r esh- Bursuky, el-, 3S, 39 Shema ), 117 Biiry, Tiij-el-Muliik, 171 Bears, 24 7 n., 249 Bu~rii (Bozra), 76, 175 Beatitudes, mount of, 2I6 Beauvais, bishop of, 255 c Becket money, 203, 229 Bedr-ed-din, Sheykh esh-Shu- Cresarea, 219, 3IO, 35I ; mar yiikh, I9I quess of, 385; see Hngh Belfort (Shekif Arniin), I 57, ISS, Cairo, IS, 19, 78, 79, 111-119, 220, 254-257 151-153, 167, ue Fatimid Belfrey lberefridus, siege-tower), Caliphs 104 n., 2SS, 2S9 Caliphate, 6-9, see 'Abbiisids, Bells, 174, 22I Almohade, Fatimids Belus river, 259, 26I, 274, 309 Caragholam, 154 Belvoir (Kaukab, "The Star"), Carmel, mount, 259, 30<), 310 27. I6S, 206, 207, 220, 244. Casal of the Plains, 334 249. 364 Casanova, M. Paul, 103 Berter of Orleans, 252 Castle of the Mountain (Citadel Besanc;on, archbishop of, 272 of Cairo), uS, II9, lSI-I 53 Betenoble, see Beyt Niiba Cat, or bore, 272, 289, 291 Bethlehem, bishop of, I54. 362 Catapult (balista), 53 n. Beybars, IS6, 1S7, I89 Catholicos, Armenian, 268 Beyliin pass, 247 Cerep, see Athiirib Beyn el-J:{.asreyn, 102, 113 Champagne, Henry of, see Beyriit, 27, 169, 219, 344, 364 Henry Beysiin (Bethshan, Scythopolis), Chateau Neuf, 207 n., 220 27, 168, 177, 207 Cbatillon, see Reginald Beyt Jibrin (lbelin Hospita Chesney, General F. R., IS6 liorum), 339 Chesney, Walter, S3 Beyt N iiba lBetenoble), 332-334, Chess, 186 339 Chogiin, or polo, 40, 1S6 Bibriiz, 5 Circleia, 290, 29I, 293 Bika' a, UConrad of Montferrat, 22o-222, Bohemond Ill., prince of 239. 240, 245, 253. 256, 261, Antioch, 84, ISI, 220, 244, 263, 274. 276, 277. 302, 303, 24 7. 24S, 363 327, 330,331, 334. 336, 393 Index. Court, 189, 368 E Crac, see Karak Crac des Chevaliers (I.lisn-el-Ak Eclipse of the Sun, 143, 224 . rid), 27, 246 Edessa (Callirrhoe, er-Ruha, Cresson, skirmish at, 202, 203 modern Orfa), 24, 26, 49, 56- Cross, the "True," 154, 212- 59. 68, 134. 170, 231 214, 298, 302, 304. 305, 328, " Edith Plantagenet," 329, 394 329, 337. 361 Education, 18-21, 66, 67 Crow's Castle (Karak), 123 Egypt, 8, 30, 77-127 Crusade, First, 24 if. Elagabalus, 140 Crusade, German, 268, 270, 271, Eleanor of Aquitaine, 381, 382 274 Elephant, lake of the (Birket Crusade, Second, 69, 70 el-Fil), II6 Crusade, Third, 252 if. Emesa (I.lim~). 26, 137, 139, Cyprus, 281, 282, 336 140, 156, 193, 194, 245 English at Acre, 272 ; at Arsiif, D 314, 320 Emoul, ix., 156, t66, 198, 2oojf., Damascus (Dimashl_t), 26, 30, 33, 208 if., 220if., 232, 240, 353 n., 49, 52-55, 67, 69-76, 84, 90, etc. 92, 133-137. 151, 156, 167, Eschiva, 205, 206 169, 170, 175, 179-194, 199. Esdraelon plain, 177 221, 222, 303, 364-367 Eunuchs, 154 n. Damietta (Dimyat), 103-105, Eyla (Elath), 1o6, 167, 176 166 Danes at Acre, 254 F Darayya, 175 Darbesak, 247 Faba (La Feve, el-Fiila), I'J7, Dariim, ed-, 106, 338 201, 202, 207, 219 Da'iik bridge, 274 Fagil, JS:a Frederic Barbarossa, 174 n., 253, H 26S Frederic, Duke of Suabia, 271, I;Iabis Jeldek, I6S, 175 272 Haifa, 219, 274, 277, 309 French in Third Crusade, 2SI- I;Iajj (Pilgrimage), see Mekka 303, 311, 334-336, 339 I;Iakim, mosqu~ of el-, 119 Fiila, el-, su Faba l;lakkary, el-, '!sa, 99, ISS Fulcher, Geoffrey, S6-SS Hamadhan, 39 Fulk of Anjou, 26, 30, 53 I;Iamah, (Epiphania), 26, 137, Fusta!, el-, Bs, 92, 93, 112, 117, 140, 141, 143, 156, 24S, 296; us battle at the Horns of, 141 l;lammam, Wady, 206, 210 G I;Iarim (Harenc), 5 I, 76, 83 I;Iarran, 33, 169, 192, 193, 26x_ Gabes (Kabis), 124 Harzem, 171 Gardens of Cairo, II2, uS, I;Iaura, el-, 176 II9 Hawking, 325, see Falcons Garrisons, Christian, at Cairo, Henry II., 203, 229 91,92 Henry of Champagne, king of Gaza (Ghazza), 27, 106, IS4 Jerusalem, 269, 270, 274, 314, Gazelle valley (Wady-el-Ghiz 335, 336, 339. 343. 344. 352, Ian), Bs 356 Genoese, 17S, 350 n., 352 Heraclius, patriarch of J erusa- Gerard de Rideford, Master of lem, lSI, 225, 22S, 231, 232 the Temple, 200, 2oS, 214, Hermon, mount, 2o6 253. 263 Heshbon, 180 German Crusade, 26S, 270, 271 l;lilla, el-, 37, 3S Ghaur, 177 I;Iim~(modern Horns), seeEmesa Ghiita, el-, 1S3 I;Iisn-el-Akrad (Kurds' Castle, Gilboa, mount, x6S, 177 Crac des Chevaliers), 27, 246 Gisardus, mons (Tell Jezer), ISS l;lit!in, battle of, 205-216, 225 Giza, el-, S5, 102, 153 Horses, presented by Saladin to Glanvile, Ranulf de, 273, 276 Richard, 353 Godfrey of Lusignan, 275 Hospitallers, knights of St.John, Goergens, E. P., 15S, x66, etc. 31, ISS, ISI, 201-203, 215, Goliath's Well, 177, 178 220, 229, 246, 249· 2SS, 301, Gowers, Sir W. F., F.R.S., 314, 316, 317, 333. 3S6 365 n. Hospitals at Acre, 244, 384, 3S5 Greek Emperor, su Isaac, John, Hostages, 15, 29S n., 302; Manuel massacre of, 3o6, 307 Greek fire, 269, 271, 2S9-291, Hubert Walter, bishop of Salis- 293. 294 bury, 273, 3II, 361-363 Green Knight, 240, 245 Hugh of Cresarea, 86-BS Grey Castle (Aleppo), 137, 146, Hugh of Lusignan, 84 24S Hugh of Tiberias, ISS, 3S9-392 Gumushtigin, vezir of Aleppo, Humphrey II. of Toron, 91, 147, 137-139. 146 157 Guy of Lusignan, 177, 17S, 1Sr, Humphrey III. of Toron, 166 2Q0-215, 223, 253-~63, 314, Humphrey IV. of Toron, 179, ~25, 330, 336 . . JS0,200,214,253.276,326,331 408 Index. Hunin (Chateau Neuf), 207, 220 Jaffa (Yafa), 27, 219, 308, 322, Hunting, 19, 73 324-326,334.344-356 James of Avesnes, 254, 263, 322 I Jebela, 246 Jedda, 176 lbelin, 27, 335 Jemiil-ed-din el-Jawad, 19 Ibelin Hospitaliorum (Beyt Ji- Jerusalem, 24; kingdom of, 26, brin), 339 27; conquest by Saladin, 216 Ibn-Aby-Tay, x6o, 172 if. ; siege by Saladin, 224-234, lbn-Aby-Usriin, 74 255. 328-330, 332-334. 336, Ibn-' Asiikir, 20 337. 339-342, 354. 356, 361- lbn-el-Athir, vi., vii., 34 n., 220 363 n. etpassim Jewels, 114 lbn-Firro, 20 J ezira, el- (" the Island"), see lbn-Jubeyr,I51,152,176,177,I86 Mesopotamia lbn-Khallikan, viii., 100 Jezirat-Ibn-'Omar, vii., 48 !brim (Primis), 102 Jezreel, valley of, 177, 207 ldrisy, el-, 66 Jibab et-Turkman, 143 Ifrin, 48 Jihad (Holy War), 199.ff., 374 'il-Ghii.zy, Ortul;tid, 30, 47, 48 Joan of ~cily, proposed marriage 'lmad-ed-din, "Aliih," el-Katib, to el-'Adil, 329-331, 394, 397, Saladin's secretary, vii., viii., 398,400 158, 187-189, 232 n., 235, John Comnenus, emperor, 30, 270, etc. 53. 54 'lmad-ed-din, Atabeg of Sinjar, John, knights of St., see Hospi- 165, 166, 172, 173, 248 tallers 'lmadiya, el- (Ashib, mod. Ama- J oinville, 339 dia), 55 J osaphat, gate of, 227 'Imadiya college, 188 Joscelin de Courtenay (I.), 30, Inkitar, 342 49. 56; (II.), 56, 68: (III.), Inscriptions, 152, 238 178, 200, 214 Inspectors, 14-16, 19 J oscelin the Seneschal, I 54 'lriilj:, el- (Chalda:a), 41 Joseph's Pit, 203 Irbil, 143, 162 ; coin of, illus Joseph's Well, 153 tration, 194 Jubeyl, 27, 219, 245 Isaac Comnenus, emperor, 268, Jiirdik, 95, 309, 341, 347 270 Isabella, daughter of Amalric, K 179, I8o, 200 Isma 'ills, 138, see Assassins ~adamiis, 149 Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, ix., Kafar Kenna (Cana), 203, 258 91, 174 n., 198, 245, 253 etc. Kafar Sebt, 205, 210 'lzz-ed-din, Atabeg of Mo~l, Kafar Tab, 54, 141 164, 165, 17G-172, 191-193 Kiifiir, garden, 112 ~ahira, el-, see Cairo J ~aml].iya college, 108 n. ~ariija, 52 Ja'bar, ~al'at (Castle of Jaabar), Karak (Crac), 27, 123, 124, 166, 6o 167, 177, 179-181, 198, 199· Jacob's Ford, 156, 159, 16o ~49· 2~0, see c"'" Index. ~aralfiish, Io8, no, 152, 153, Leopards, coursing, I9 244, 295. 297. 364 Lessing, 329, 397-399 ~aralfiish of Gabes, 124 Le Strange, Mr. Guy, xii., 186, ~arl.dsiya, I:"O 239 Kasr esh-Shema', II7 Letters, Saladin's, ISS, 174 n. Katai', el-, n6, uS Libellus de Expugnatione Terrae Kaukab, see Belvoir Sanctae, 201 .If., 224, 227, etc. ~ayrawan, el-, 7S, II3, nS Libraries, II4, I72 Kazaghand (gambeson), I45. 347 Licence of Crusaders, 273, 307, Kellasa, 367 30S, 324, 325 Kenz-ed-daula, I02 Lions, 73, 247 n., 2S6 Keyfa, 47, 4S, 54, 146, I62 Li~ny valley (Bika'a), 65, I37. Keymiin, 309 I4S, ISS Kharriiba, el-, 258 n., 267, 268, Louis VII., le Jenne, 69, 70, 274 3SI, 382 Khu!ba(bidding-prayer),107,23S Louis XII., uS Kidron valley, 227 Louis, Landgrave of Turingia, Kingsford, Mr. C. L., 70, 178, 261 252 Lubia, 2IO Kishon river, 2S9, 309 Lu'lu, Admiral, I76, 177, 267 Knighthood of Saladin, 9I, 3S7- Lusignan, see Godfrey, Guy, 392 Hugh Knighthood of Saphadin's son, Lydda (Ludd), 27,326, 327,332, 33S. 3SS 342n., 344 Knights, 30, 201, 225, see Hos- pitallers, Templars M Knobel, Mr. E. B., xiii. Kom Ashlm, 30 Ma'arra, 27, I4I Koptos, 102 Mace, or club, toothed, 3I7, 3I9 Kor'an, 20, 3S, 54, 55, 57, sS, Mackinnon, Dr. F. J., 365 n. S1, 94, 194, 222, 23s-23S Madain (Ctesiphon), 37 Korosko, 102 Maghrabis, 177, 30I ~as, 90, 176 M&tlmiid, Seljii\t Sul~an, 39-4I Kiikbury, emir of I;! arran (later Mal,crizy, el-, 93 of lrbil), 169, 170, 192, 202, Ma!, Marj 'Oyiin (Meadow of Springs, Mu~idh, bridge of, ISI Mergion), ISS, 2S7, 2S8 n. Mustagy, el-, 'Abbiisid Caliph, Marriage proposed betwe_en Rich 164 ard's sister and el-' Adil, see Mustarshid, el-, 38 Joan N Martyr (shehid), 45 n., 61 Martyrs, apparition of, 296 Nablus (Niibulus, Neapolis, She- M~ el-'A~ 117 chem), 27, 18o, 201, 219, 223 Masyaf, 138, 149, 150 Naphtha, 272 Mate GriHon. 2S8 N~ir, en-, title of Saladin, 98 Mayyafarilfin, 192 N~ir, en-, 'Abbiisid Caliph, 164 Medina, el-, 175-177 Nii!jir-ed-din, son of Shirkiih, 193, Medresas, 153 194 Mekka, and pilgrimage, l26,I74- N~iriya college, 108 n. I76, 19S, 199, 364, 373, 374 Nathan the Wise, 329, 397-399 Melik Shah, Selj~ emperor, Io- Natriin (Toron Militum), 327, 25 339 Meniikir, el-, 162 Navy, 104, IOS, 107, I6o, I6I, Menestral de Reims, 38o-388 16q, 176, 240, 267, 269-271, Mesiifa, 157 278, 284-286 Meshtiib, el-, "le Balafre," 295, Nazareth, 177, 20I, 362 297.341 N efisa chapel, S2 Mesopotamia (el-Jezira), S, 9, 23, Negotiations between Richard 33. 36, 37. 41, 47. 133. 143. · and Saladin, 326-332, 336-338, 162, 17G-174, 191-193, 197, 343. 344. 350, 3SI, 3SS-357 199, 268, 33S, 361 N ejiil}, leader of the blacks. 101 Meydan, 45 n., 113, 172, 173, Neville, Hngh, 350 1S5, 1S6 Nile, change of bed, III ; flooded Milo de Planci, Io6 in defence, SI Mina valley, 176 Nile canal, 38 Mines in sieges, 159, 242, 292- Nisibin (Na!ilbin), 49, I7o, 173 294 Nizam-el-mulk, vezlr of Melik Mirabel, castle, 27, 219 Shah, II-IS, IS, 24 Mi'raj, Leylat el-, 230 N4amlya college at Baghdad. iv., Mi~, Ma!ir (Macer), or Fus?-f, I2, IS 117n. Nubia, I02 Moab, 123, 167 Niir-ed-din 1\l~miid, 20, 30 ; Mo'awiya, ISS takes Damascus, 67, 71, 72, 74; Mont Ferrand, su Barin invasions of Egypt, 79-¢; takes Montferrat, Sl!l! Conrad J:larim, 83, and Banias, 84; Sul Mont Real (esh-Shaubak), 27, tan of Syria and Egypt, 109, no-124. 167, 249 n. 115, II9-I28, I3I-I33. 139. Moors (Maghrabis), 153, 177, 301 36S, 372 n. M<¥1, el-, 23, 36-39, 41-43, 45, Niir-ed-din, Qrtulpd of Keyia, 46, 48, 51, sz, ss. oo, 6s, 134, I6I, I62, 17G-I72, 180 136, 139-141, 147, 162, I7G- 0 172,191-193,204,261,J40,354 Mosque of Omayyads at Damas Oak tree, boundary, 157 cns, 74 Odo, Master of the Temple, 154. Mu\cattam hills, u6, uS IS8, IS9 Index. 41 I Olivet, mount, 227 Ramla, er-, 27, IS4, 323, 327, Oman, Mr. C., 263 n., 313 n. 332, 334. 3SI, 3S4 'Omar, mosque of, 235 Ransoms, ISS, 229-232 'Ornar Khayyam, iv., 12 Ras-el-'Ayn, 192 Omara, us, 125, 126, 139 Ras-el-Ma (Spring Head), 95 Omayyad mosque at Damascus, Rastan, er-, 140 74, 1S3, ISS, 367 Rawadiya Kurds, 4 Ordene de Chevalerie, 3S9-392 Raymond II., Count of Tripolis, OrtuJ.<.ids, 23, 42, 47-49, 146 84, 134, 139, 15S, 161, ISI, Osama ibn MunJ.<.idh, viii., 27- 2oo-214, 220, 3S2, 3S3 32, 74, 75, 1S6 Reginald of Cbatillon, 166, I75- IS1, 19S-200, 214, 215 p Reginald of Sidon, 154, 178, 1Sr, 220, 2S6, 257, 331, 337 Palaces, Fa~imid, 112-IIS Reims, Menestral de, 38o-388 Palestine, conquest by Saladin, Rhupen, king of Lesser Ar 216 if. menia, 162 Payen, 123 Rhymed prose, 2II n. Perfidy, of Crusaders, 30, 31, 54, Richard Creur de Lion, 252, 253; of Zengy, 55 281-357; romance of, 377- Philip Augustus, 281-303 380, 392 Pilgrims, Christian, 33, 361-363 Richard of Devizes, 355 Pipino, 224, 3S6 Robert de Monte, 159 Pisans, 17S, 254, 271, 350 n. Rohricht, Prof., ISS, 220, 239 Pisans, castle of the, 226 Roger of Antioch, 48 Poison, 164, 165, 194 Roger of Howden, 306, 307 Polo (chOgan, mall), 40, 1S6 Romance of Saladin, Arabic, Pope, 174 n. 400 ; see Menestral de Reim!!i, Posts, 14 Nathan, Richard, Talisman Prisoners, 144, 152, 154, 176, 21S, Riim, see Seljii\l.s 229 .If., 276, 310, 371 Professors, 19, 20 s Progresses, 189, 190 Pullani, Syrian Franks, '• cre Sabat, 201 oles," 2S, 333 $afed, 27, 206, 220, 248, 249 Pulpit, ISS, 23S Saffiiriya, 168, 177, 179, 203- 208, 219 Q Sal;lyiin (Saone), 246, 247 n. Sakifa, porch of suppliants, II4 Quatremere, E., 186 Saladin (el-Melik en-N~ir$alal;l- ed-din Yiisuf ibn Ayyiib), birth R at Tekrit, 6 ; is taken to Miisil, 65 ; educated at Ba 'albekk, 66, Ra'abiin, 161, 162 and Damascus, 67 ; life at Rabugh gorge, 176 Niir-ed-dln's court, 72-76 ; RaJ.<.J.<.a, er-, 33, 61, 170, 173 character in youth, 72-75 ; ac Ralph de Diceto, 174 n. companies Shirkiih to Egypt, Ralph of Coggeshall, 212, 349, Bx ; occupies Bilbeys, and is 350, 353 n. there besieged by Amalric, 83, Ram, battering, 272 84 ; at the battle of Bahan, 89 ; 412 Index. Saladin-Continuea. 144 ; generosity to prisoners, defends Alexandria against I44; takes Manbij and lays Crusaders, 89, 90 ; is enter siege to •Aziiz, I44; second at tained in Amalric's camp, 91, tempted assassination, 145 ; and is possibly knighted there, takes •Azii.z, and makes treaty 91 ; unwillingly goes on the with Aleppo, 146; gives back third invasion of Egypt, 94, 'Azii.z, q6; truce with Franks, 9S ; makes Shii.war prisoner, 147; invasion of country of 95 ; succeeds Shirkiih as vezir Assassins, I48 ; siege of Mas of Egypt, 9S ; resolves to con yiif, I48-150; mysterious visit quer Palestine, 99; his rela of the Sheykh of the Moun tions with Niir-ed-din, 100 ; tain, ISO ; withdraws to is joined by his kinsmen, 100 : Damascus and Cairo, ISI ; wins popularity with the building the Citadel, ISI-I53 ; Egyptians, 101 ; represses re raids Palestine, I 54; is sur volt of the Blacks, 101, and prised and defeated at Tell repulses Christian siege of Jezer, near Ramla, ISS; en Damietta, 103-IOS ; attacks ters Syria again, I56 ; success Dii.tiim and Gaza; Io6 ; takes near Belfort, 157 ; engage Eyla, 1o6 ; deposes the Fii.~ ment at Marj 'Oyfm, ISS ; mid Caliph, 10S ; distributes siege and razing of castle at the treasures, II 5 ; extends Jacob's Ford, 159, I6o; naval the walls of Cairo and builds operations, 16o; truce with the Citadel, 118, 119; virtual Franks, I61 ; marches north independence, 119 ; jealousy to Ra'abii.n, 161 ; invades of Niir-ed-din, 120; attacks Lesser Armenia, 162 ; general Mont Real, 120, 121 ; fear of peace, 162, I63 ; returns to · Niir-ed-din, 121, 122 ; siege Cairo, I64; takes pilgrim-ship, of Karak, 123 ; invasion of 166 ; leaves Cairo for the last Barka and Gabes, 124 ; ex time, I67 ; crosses Sinai to pedition to the Siidii.n, 125, Damascus, 167 ; skirmishes and conquest of the Yemen, with Franks, 168; siege of 12S, 126 ; conspiracy against Beyriit, 169 ; invasion of Meso him in Egypt, 126 ; Sicilian potamia, 170; siege of M~, siege of Alexandria, 127 ; I70, 171 ; takes Sinjar, 17I, after Niir-ed-din's death, be and Amid, I72, and ob comes the most powerful ruler tains Aleppo by exchange, in western Asia, 134; is in I72, I73 ; r~x omnium ngum vited to occupy Damascus, and - urimta/ium,I74:despatchesto arrives there, 136 ; occupies Pope and Emperor, I74 n. ; Emesa and Hamii.b, 137 ; un engagement with Franks at successfully 'lays siege to Faba, I77, 17S; sieges of Aleppo, 13S ; attacked by Karak, I79, ISO; raid in Assassins, I39 ; returns to -Samaria, ISO; treaty with Emesa, defeats Atii.beg of Franks, 1S1 ; alliance with Masil at the Horns of Hamiih, Raymond of Tripolis, ISI ; at I4I-; makes a treaty aiid pro Damascus, IS2-192; plays polo claims himself independent and chess, 186 ; the Sultan's king, I4I, I42; again defeats work, 1S6-19I ; second siege Atii.beg at Tell es-Sul~ii.n, 143, of Mii~il, 192 ; takes Mayyii.- Index. 413 Saladin-Continueti. ments, 295, 296 ; is no party fariJ. Saladin-Continuetl. Seyf-ed-din Ghiizy I., Atiibeg of 368 ; geniality, 368 ; character Mo~il. 68 istics, 368, 369 ; asceticism Seyf-ed-din Ghiizy II. of Mo~il, and laborious life, 370 ; ap I36, I40, I4I, I43. 144, I47. proachableness, 370 ; equity, 164 37I ; clemency and excep Shiidhy ibn Marwiin, 5 · tions, 37I, 372 ; wives and Shafi'y, esh-, Imam, 77, 96 children, 372 ; devoutness, Shafra'amm, 258 n., 274, 303, rigid orthodoxy, 373 ; zeal 308 for the Holy War, 374 ; Shahrziir, 55, I93 prodigal generosity, 375, 376 ; Shaubak, esh-, see Mont Real character and legends in Shawar, vezir of Egypt, 8o-83, romance, 377 ./f.; legendary 85-87, 90o-93, 95, 96 combats with Richard, 378, Sheyzar, 28-30, 54, 296 379 ; intrigue with Queen Shi'ites, 77, 79, 99, IOO, 107, loS, Eleanor, 38I, 282; bribes ISI Raymond, 382, 383 ; visits Ships, see Navy hospital at Acre, 384, 385 ; Shirkiih, Asad-ed-din, uncle of the shroud, 386 : mythical Saladin, at Tekrit, 5 ; serves baptism, 387 ; knighted by under N iir-ed-din, 7 I ; viceroy Humphrey of Toron, 387, at Emesa, 72, 7S ; leads pil 388; the ceremony, 389-392; grimage, 76 ; thrice invades depicted in The Talisman, Egypt, 8I-«JS ; is made vezir, 392-397 ; in Nathan tlze Wise, 96 ; death, 97 397-399 ; in Arab romance, Shroud, legend of the, 386 400 Shughr, esh-, 247 ~ala9-ed-din, see Saladin Sibylla, daughter of Amalric, ~alal].-ed-din el-Yiighisiyany, 382 200, 223, 253. 2S4. 276 n, Sicilians, 127, 128, 245, 252 ~alii}., es-, son of Niir-ed-din, I34- Sidon (Saida), 24, 27, 2I9, see I38, I42, I43, I46, I47, I64, Reginald 165 . Siege engines, 53 n., 54, 104 n., Salisbury, bishop of, see Hubert 272, 288-29I Walter Sieges, Saladin's, 24I, 242 Samosata (Sumeysat), 26 ~iffin, 61 Samwil, Mar, 356 Sinin, grandmaster or Sheykh Sanguineus (Ze!_lgy), 52, 61 of the Assassins(" Old Man of Saphadin, see 'Adil, el the Mountain"), 138, I45, 148 Sarafenda, 2I9 -ISl, 166 Sarmin, 247 Sinjar, I65, I7I-I73 Sariij, 26, 49, I70, 173 Sinjar-Shah, 192 Schefer, M. Charles, II9 !;>innebra, es-, 205 Scott, Sir Walter, 329, 392-397 Sitt esh-Sham, " Lady of Syria," Sebaste, 219 Saladin's sister, 372 n., 397 Seir, mount (Shera range), 123, Slaves, 15, 22, 23, 33-35, 232 n., 167 249 Seljiil_ Standard, 320, 321, su Banner Toron Militum, Toran of the Stephania, 166, 253 Knights, su Natriin Stephen, gate of St., 227 Tortosa (An~artiis), 24, 27, 161, Stephen of Turnham, 337 246 Stone slings, 288-291 Treaties,sJ,SS,9Q,IJ6,I4I,I46, Sudan, 125 147. 153. 161-163, 166, 193. Sudanis, 86, 102, 103, 113, 126 248, 297. 3oo-3o6, 326-332, Suhite (Sa 'id ?), 175 336-33S, 343. 344. 3SS-357 Suhrawardy, es-, 20 Tribute, 79, So, S6 Sii~ en-N aQI.tasin, 113 Tripolis (Tarabulus), 24, 27, 220, Sukman, Ortu"l!oid, 47 245. 253 Summak mountains, 148 Tubania, 17S Sunnites, 99, 107, 108 Tughtig'in, Atabeg of Damascus, Swordmakers' Medresa, 153 49 Tughtig'in, Seyf-el-Islam, 137 Tiilun, Al,lmad Ibn-, 116, uS T Turan Shah, 102, us, 126, 151, ISS Tabary, et-, 115 Turcopoles, S9 n., 204, 20S Tabor, mount, 168, 177 Turkman's Wells(Jibab et-Turk- Ta'izz, 126 man), 143 Tal!:i-ed-din 'Omar, 121, 168, Turon, mount, 258 204,248,26o-262,286,292,320 Turris maledicta, 259, 28S Talisman, The, 329, 392-397 Tutush, daughter of, Zengy's Tancred, 30 wife, son. Tarsus, 26 Tyre(~iir),24,27,22Q-223,239- Taxation, 14, 16, 42-44 24I, 243, 244, 249, 2S7, 276, Tekrit, 3, 52, 72 277, 303, 345 n. Tell Bashir (Turbessel), 26, 56, Tyre, archbishop of, 2SI, 2S2; 339 suWilliam Tell el-'Ajjiil, 268 Tell el-Ayyadiya. 259, 272, 274, 287 u Tell el-Fokhkhir, 258 U)Jcl,luwana, el-, 204 Tell el-Mu~alliyin, 258 Tell es-Sul~an, battle at, 143, 144 Tell Jezer, battle of, ISS, 332 v Tell ~eysan, 259, 272, 274 Templars, knights, 31, 154, 158, Valenie, 13S 181, 201-203, 208, 215, 220, Vassals, IS-18, 22, 23; coins of 222, 246, 248, 263 n., 274, 288, Saladin's, illustration, 194 333. 356, 371 Venetians, 17S Tesil, 204 Vezir, house of the, IIS Thenaud, Jehan, 118, 119 Vezirs, II, 19, 78, So, 96, 98, Tiberias (Tabariya), 27, 168,200, 139 203-210 Victory, gate of (Bah en-Na!!r), Timurtish, Ortu~id of Maridin, 124 42,48 Visions, 59, 61, 296 Toassin, 154 Vitalis, Oliver, 174 n. Toron (Tubnin), 27, 219 Vogue, Vte. de, 239 Index." w Zengy, 'lmad-ed-din, Atabeg o( M~l. 3, I C). 23, 30; his youth, Wailly, M. N. de, 38o 35 ; first battle, 36 ; at 1\lo~l, Wala, el-, 18o 36 ; valour at Tiberias, 36 ; Walls of Cairo, n8 known as "the Syrian," 37 ; War-cry, 263, 293 governor of Wasil and B3l!ra, Wasi~, 37, 40 37, 40; at the battle of the Wedding at Karak, 179, 18o " Nile" canal, 38, 39 ; goes to Well, Joseph's, 153 the Seljii[< court, 39; chogan, Well of the slain, II3 40 ; marriage, 40 ; supports Well of the Winding Stairs, 153 Sul~n, 40 ; made warden of \Villiam de Preaux, 325 Baghdad, 41 ; governor of William of Sicily, 245, 252 Mo¢1 and Mesopotamia, 41; William of Tyre, viii., 53, 68, created Atabeg, 41 ; champion 84, 88, 89, 91, 97, 131, 154, of Islam, 41 ; his mode of 158, 166, 168, 178, 388 government, 42--45; army, 44; Wilson, Gen. Sir C. W., R. E., public works, 45 ; prosperity xiii., 104 n. of Mo~il, 45, 46 ; conquests in Winter in Palestine, 333, 335 Mesopotamia, 48, 49 ; takes \Vives, Saladin's, 372 n. Aleppo, 49 ; siege and battle Women, Frank, 32; in battle, ofAtharib(Cerep}, so. 51; de 261, 263, 264, 270 feated by Kariija, and Bight to Wiistenfeld, F., 93 Tekrit, 52; besieged by Caliph, 52 ; attack on Damascus, 52, y 53 ; siege of Mont Ferrand (Biirin), 53; negotiations with Yala-1-Islam, Saladin's ·battle- emperor John Comnenus, 54 ; cry, 263 marriage with Damascus prin Yaruktash, 6o cess, 54; massacre at Ba'al Yaziir, 325 n., 349 bekk, 55; loss of Banias, 55; Yellow, Saladin's colour, 154, failure to take Damascus, 55 ; 320 conquest of Kurdistan, 55 ; of Yemen, 126, 176 Diyar-Bekr, 56; siege of Amid, 56 ; conquest of Edessa, z 56-59; siege of Ja'bar, 6o; death, 6o, 61 ; his successors, ?:afir, ez-, 261 67,68 ?:abir, ez-, 248, 347, 367 Zeyn-ed-din 'Aly, 39 Zengids, 134, 140, 166, 277, s~e Zora, 175 'lmad-ed-din, 'lzz-ed-din,Seyf Zumurrud Khii.tiin, 54 ed-din, Zengy Zuweyla gate, 82, 112, 116 TABLE I.-DYNASTIES OF WESTER...'!' ASIA SYRIA.' MESoPOTAMIA ASIA MINOR /""'""' EGYPT PALESTINE TRIPOLIS ANTiocal DAMASCUS ALEPPO EDESSA DIYAR BEKlt MOSIL BAGHDAD PERSIA ARMENIA KONIA (RUM) LESS. A~l\IENIA [GREEK EMPIRE: FA TIMID KINGS OF COUNTS ORTUKID PRINCES CALIPHS JERUSALEM PRIIICU~ SEL]UK SULTAN SEL]OK SULTANS COUNTS Ksv>Xo~lWl>llr ZENGm ATABEGS 'ABBASmCALIPHS SELJOK SULTANS SHAHS SEI;!Oit SULTANS KINOS . ltNPII\OIIS '' - [t:r97 Raymond o( St. Giles] I lOQII Ooedan:dn '09l KlllJ Anlln I . •095 Duk.ik IGqS RJdwln ..... Bohemoooll •o;B Bllldwin or Boulogoe 1099 GB!!:fioC: uoo Baldwin I Boulogne noo Ba1d'll'i1' du UOQ. ot Bourg ThoiOII Sukmin (It) : ATJI.BEGS B0RJDS U03 TughdJin 1104 Tancred uo.f lbribim (K) [nos William .... Taactedf u04 Mobuunad Jordan] I no& Dawil.d (X.) rto6 Mellk SbAb l :noS It.GliAty •. 1n8 Baldwin 11 •n8 Joseelin de ruB el-Mustanbld 1111 Joball du Bourg .. Counc:nay f nu Tirrlurta.h (M) 1123 Balak no6 Boh :n37 Raymond l l u38 Mohammad t... U39 Abak 1141 Tborosll n43 Baldwin Ill ,,., Manuel! - 114-4 Zengy I DIN 1149 es ZAfir '' 11$2 R11ymond II U52 Melik Shih ll .... el·FA!z U53 MohammAd nstl Klllj-ArtiAn.ll .... ei-Adtd 1159 Suleymin i d. U71 u6o el·Musteojid u6]: Amalric 1 U61 ArsM.n ShAh .l ; AYYOBIDS 1169 SALADIN Vt:i:if ;:= ·~~f.'r ~· 'j ::Ufl Yil;el'Oy 1170 el-Mustady 1174 Baldwin IV 1174 SALADIN %174 es-Si'ilih 1174 Atabeg of MOsil U74 Nlll"'('d-din ' Isma'il Mohammad (K) 1175 klor 1115 Rhupnlll u76 11-Ghizy ii!M) u 77 Tuahril UI .... Al.. luoll n8r 'lmid..ed-dln , l....:=-====-'-,-,a-.-::-s.-....-.-,"---'. 'PtU;;i;~jSA~m·· ~ u83 SALADIN n8] ~r...J.db. ... , Andronleu• I nS.-s Baldwin V ekdmu,: '·i uf4 y~ j j . nBs SukmiD'fP(lo ···y.;,;;~i~./s:u:.\DUi'' ... , Loooll ...... n •186 Guy de Ana• lui .. l;Ui;i,pd ... ,. .. .. s...... liS,~~~~~ s A L A D I N 1188 Mellk Shlh II t!•Tyrennd z!r Henry of Ch... _e] ugs d, 4 March ~- TABLE !I.-THE FAMILY OF SALADIN. SHXDHYIBS MARWAN ! Nejm-ed-din AYYOB d. ll7) I I I . I I Shem..ed...d2wla SaJah.ed-din ISALADIN) 5e)·f-el.l•liln Sitt-csb-Sh•m S.:,.f~il! Tugbtigio TUrin..Shah YUsuf, en•N:llir d.IUO AbU-Bcb, EL--',\DIL d, 118o d. IIQ7 b.a{~)ull (A,.a.6ia) ... T. (Ar·) ~ ~: ~:b:nb~!:C~ Sbirl\oh I I . I I ·I I I I 'lzz-ed-dln Azr:i Taki-ed-din Et-•1,;, E •• L.,, E.I., Twdve MuJir-ed-din tsina'll Ayyub EJ..Jimil EJ..MJ:uum El.A,hr.U u.Ltlh El-A•had EJ..Mua.aftar ~errukh-Shah Kholtlm 'Omar, ei-Muzaff:ar 'Othmio Ghizy el-Khidr other Doi.wUd (nth wn) d.n¢? d. 1201? Moh.oamm•d 'h.i. MUI..i hm.l.'il Ayyt\b GhAJy d. tt81 d, IIQI CAr,ll•i<~) (Art~6ia) d. tHO d,tiU b. 117:~., d. ng8 b. 117)0 d. 1216 b. 111J, d. 12JO b. 1178, d. 12)4 b. n8o, d. u38 h. 118~, d. UZ7 b. 11h, d. U)S d.uu (Baallukk) (lfarh) I I -I •:J..K.I\mll .:.. Sa'ld EI·MansUr Ahm:t.d Sh:i.hin-Sh.lh El-MansCtr El-'Azi: El-M~ Es-S;.. lih El-'Llil En-N.Uir d. u6t Mohamm:ad T V1isuf AyyUb AbU-Hekr U:.wud Muhammad Ba~~~~~~h~.h Mohammad Mob:t.mmad d. ll)l d. 1211 b.111!9,d 1199 b. IZI.f, d. 1236 b. no6, d. ns8 (8aa/6dr!) (Hr .. ) (Egyjt) (Da,.,asnu) "'r;;:.j;;;' • '"f~ .''l''' En-Nasir EI-Muzaffar EI-Muz:affar El-Mu'azurn El-Mughith Kibj.Arsl:in Mahmtid Suleym;J.n Ytisu( TUr;ln-Sh:lh (E/-K"rali} d. 1244 d. 1249 b. IZJO,I. d. u6o d. 1:.150 til:;,~~J/~) {1/amtilr) (Arahia) (A l'f)o: Damas~ us) El.lfdal EJ-r,tansUr EI-Ashraf EI·'Azi: El-'Azi: 'Aiy Mohamm:ad Mits;i l\loh:t.mmad 'Othmoin d. 1284 d. 1252 d.r, (1/amtilr) (Er;fJ/, nomi11al) El-MuzaffarI lri~~t:tro~ Mahmltd b. nn, d. 1331 d. 1199 (/lam41r) (Hamiilr) EI·Afdal Moh:ammadI d. 1 341 (1/am.llt) TABLE 111.-KlNGS OF JERUSALEM, PRINCES OF ANTIOCH, AND COUNTS OF TRIPOLIS.* Cecilio =Po•jt,f;J!~ of BALDWIN II, 1 Klog of ).,.....:•"'· Louis VI. BOHf:MONP I."' Con•,..•• d. II))? or Aflt.iQCh.. Wllll.am IX. BOHdF.~ll:ff.lo II. = Alice:, d•uahcer ol I i)uko ol Aqui,.loo. d. II.JP'I. III>Jdwin II., li.ln< I of Jm.oukm. ltAnroNo 1., Couac of "'Hodil!l'b:t. Alioe ,...... aod II. of Mdlaiad C.)= FULK V.af.bjoo= (r) Gaibwzisof- Tripolis. I Anlioch. I K.iDg !/ J,-1 d. c. "52· · ~ l43o SiloYIIa ., Theodoric of ~ Th...... lciiV. I I EKhln = RAv»ono II. I I ollllol1. WiUi.tm X. IIA Y!.IOND I, (•) =CONSTANCE= (a) REmNALD of Chldlloo, d. uS,.. Tbtodor.a = BALDW'DIIII. M.uy II. (a)= AMALRIC = (t) Ap. de~= Ia) ~::f... "[.lbelia- ~•- Dulc o( Aquitaiot. Prinu of AaticQ,I Priac;e of APtioc;:h, Comama. d.. n6). I d. tlf.f. b) 01 ~ I . d. 1149- d, 1187. ,.--!..------, I ltmry I. al DO! EMOND Ill. lbl = Emp. Philipp• = Andronicus, Humphrey IV,(t) =IS! BELLA• (•l CONRAD of BAJ)WIN IV. '1\'illiam(•)•Jn.LA =!;a) GUY DE LtiSIG:SA!I' l"h.ul)p.acn«". d. uoa. M.tnucl. afterwards of l'oron. d. c. uo6. Montfll'l':lt. d. 111)1. d. :us.-s. off=- I Lug.._ I d."* I ___,1_, Emperor. d. ""· tom,. II. nf Ch.arapa,p•. Kina of jtNWrta. ,- l (J)l!J!:a~t:.'l.o:,97_ BA'.f~V· ..~~- llDIIJ:-,~j;~ll IV. (4) AIIIALRIC II. (de Lusigo.ao). d. uos. die"""""""' of A-. TABLE IV.-THE GREAT LORDS OF PALESTINE.* Hoou or laaLII(. Euuace Crentr, B.::aldwin I.= S\cph.aQia =Guy dae F.renchm.a.o. Lord nf Sidon :and C.::-u.rea. of R.asbla. I J I ~------~ B.Ji•a I. "' Helvis. t-tl. _, 1l Philip of -~ I Lord of Jbml:a. I "J wn. Ihelia aud Mir.obcl. Humrhrey I. • _!ca~~L Waner,1 Euolllell Gmonl...... ,. af &....,. Lol'l of c,...... , ~~~ .. :':::'.::/lea Loll'! of Sidon. B>ldjull. BA''"'" k(a)= llf.uy Comneua = (•) Am>lric I. (•) =Agnes= h) H.l ollbelin. Humphrey II. I ofll.aotlo. I 1 KlagofJ.,._ de I r-- usalem. Courtcuay. 1 . Humphrey Ill. (1.) • S A SERIES of biographical studies of the lives and work of a number of representative historical char acters about whom have gathered the great traditions of the Nations to which they belonged, and who have been accepted, in many instances, as t~ · pes of the several National ideals. With the life of each typical chara.cter will be presented a picture of the National conditions surrounding him during his career. The narratives are the work of writers who are recognized authorities on their several subjects, and, while thoroughly trustworthy as history, will present picturesque and dramatic "stories" of the Men and of th~ events connected with them. To the Life of each " Hero" will be given one duo decimo volume, handsomely printed in large type, ' provided with maps and adequately illustrated ac cording to the special requirements of the several subjects. 12°, cloth, each .. ·...... sf- Half leather ...... 6/- For full list of volumes see next page. HEROES OP THE NATIONS NELSO:s'. By \V. Clark Russell. ROBERT E. LEE. By H<=7 .Uex:>.nder White. Gt.;STAVUS ADOLPHUS. B>· C. R. L. Fletcher. THE CID C.-UIPEADOR. By H. Butler C:ark.e. PERICLES, By E\'elyn Abbott. SALADIN. By Stanley Lane- THEODORIC THE GOTH. By 1-'oo;e, Thumaa Hvdgkin. BlSli.\RCK. By ]. W. Head. SIR PHILIP SIDXEY. By H. R. lam . .i"'l)x~B.Jul":'1e. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. By ]l'Lit.:S C• .£SAR. By W. Warde Benjamin I. \\"heeler. l'owler. CHARLElfAGXE. By H. W. C. l'rYCLIF. By Lewis S N- York-G. P. PUTNA~I'S SONS, Pvausaus-Loadoa