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The Utilization of Soybean Meal in Formulated Diet for Marble Goby, Oxyeleotris Marmoratus

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The Utilization of Soybean Meal in Formulated Diet for Marble Goby, Oxyeleotris Marmoratus Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 5, No. 11; 2013 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916-9760 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The Utilization of Soybean Meal in Formulated Diet for Marble Goby, Oxyeleotris marmoratus Annita Seok Kian Yong1, Shing Yau Ooi1 & Rossita Shapawi1 1 Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Correspondence: Annita Seok Kian Yong, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. Tel: 60-8832-0000 ext. 2589. E-mail: [email protected] Received: August 13, 2013 Accepted: September 22, 2013 Online Published: October 15, 2013 doi:10.5539/jas.v5n11p139 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n11p139 Abstract Marble goby, Oxyeleotris marmoratus is a carnivorous fish that highly demanded in Asia region and has great potential in aquaculture industry. A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the possibility of replacing fishmeal with soybean meal in the diet for marble goby juvenile. Fish (initial body weight and length 0.28±0.01 g and 2.60±0.04 cm respectively) were fed with four isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, which contained 0%, 10% and 20% of defatted soybean meal (SB0, SB10 and SB20, respectively) and 20% of soybean meal supplemented with 2000 FTU/kg phytase (SB20+P). The fish were randomly distributed into 12L aquariums and hand-fed till apparent satiation twice daily. After 40-day of feeding trial, highest growth was observed in fish fed SB0, without significant difference with fish fed SB10; both groups were significant better than juveniles fed SB20 and SB20+P. Treatment SB20+P obtained slightly higher growth than those fed SB20. Similar trend was observed in the specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and nitrogen retention efficiency. Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed SB0, SB10 and SB20+P was significant higher than fish fed SB20. The body lipid content was significantly reduced in higher soybean meal level diet partly due to starvation as the fish were reluctant to feed on experimental diet. No distinct enteritis symptoms was observed in juveniles fed SB0 and SB10 while juveniles fed SB20+P had better intestinal morphology than in SB20. In conclusion, young marble goby juvenile can utilize 10% of defatted soybean meal in their diet without affecting its growth, nutrient utilization and intestinal condition. Keywords: marble goby juvenile, Oxyeleotris marmoratus, soybean meal, growth performance, nutrient utilization 1. Introduction Marble goby, scientifically known as Oxyeleotris marmoratus, is a carnivorous fish that occurs in freshwater as well as brackish water system in Southeast Asia, Taiwan and China (Allen, 2011). The maximum body length and body weight of marble goby recorded were approximately 65 cm and 2 kg (Kechik, 1995; Kottelat, 2001). It is a delicacy lean fish with excellent meat texture and has a lucrative market in the Asian region (Sreevatana, 1993; Masagca & Sumantadinata, 1994; Sverdrup-Jensen, 2002). In Malaysia, since the early 1980’s this fish had attracted the attention of aquaculturist to produce seedling for aquaculture production (Tan & Lam, 1973; Tavarutmaneegul & Lin, 1988; Cheah et al., 1994; Senoo et al., 1994). Although mass production of marble goby is yet established; the attractive market price and high demand make it a great potential species for aquaculture production. Recent years, the global fishmeal demand has far exceeded its supply. As fishmeal provides the major protein component in formulated feed, various efforts had been undertaken to find alternative protein sources to replace fishmeal in feed production (Francis et al., 2001; Shapawi et al., 2007; Hardy, 2010; Cheng et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2012). Plant-based protein such as defatted soybean meal is widely utilized in the production of feed for either terrestrial or aquatic animals (Dei, 2011). This plant protein has becomes one of the most promising alternative sources to replace fishmeal due to its lower price and sustainable supplies (Kikuchi & Furuta, 2009), high protein content with a relatively balanced of amino acid profile and reported to be palatable to most of the fish species (Lim & Akiyama, 1992). The utilization of soybean meal in the diet for aquaculture species is well documented (Pantha, 1982; Webster et al., 1992; Kikuchi & Furuta, 2009; Lim et al., 2011; Antolović et al., 2012; Shapawi et al., 2013a). However, the use of soybean meal is limited in monogastric animal such as fish due to the presence of anti-nutritional factors 139 www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 5, No. 11; 2013 (Bureau et al., 1998; Peres et al., 2003). Most of the carnivorous fish were recorded to be able to accept 10–40% of soybean meal (Tantikitti et al., 2005; Kikuchi & Furuta, 2009; Yigit et al., 2010; Lim et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2012; Antolović et al., 2012). However, some carnivorous and omnivorous fish such as European seabass, blue catfish and tilapia can accept up to 75-100% replacement by using soybean meal (Pantha, 1982; Webster et al., 1992; Kaushik et al., 2004). The ability to utilize soybean meal-based diet is species-specific (Forster, 2002; Gatlin, 2002) and the use of soybean meal by marble goby juvenile has yet been investigated. In this study, feeding trial was conducted to investigate the level of soybean meal that can be utilized by younger marble goby juvenile based on their growth performance, nutrient utilization and intestinal condition after feeding with soybean meal-based and phytase supplemented soybean meal-based diets. 2. Methods 2.1 Experimental Diets Four diets were formulated to replace 0%, 10% and 20% of fishmeal protein by soybean meal and another diet with 20% of soybean meal supplemented with 2000 FTU/kg diet phytase as SB0, SB10, SB20 and SB20+P, respectively (Table 1). Danish fishmeal and defatted soybean meal from China were used as the main protein sources. All diets were formulated to contain 45% of dietary protein and 10% of dietary lipid. The experiment diets were prepared by weighing all the dry ingredients separately. Then these ingredients were mixed thoroughly and subsequently fish oil was added. Phytase was dissolved in water before adding into the mixture. This mixture was screw-pressed through a 3-mm die with a meat mincer then was oven-dried at 40°C and kept refrigerated at -20°C until used. All diets were subjected to proximate analysis before the commencing of the feeding trial. Protein content of the diets was in the range of 46.0-47.5% (Table 2) while lipid content of diets was in range of 9.8-10.5%. The gross energy content of diets ranged from 16.2-17.6 kJ/g of diet was estimated by multiplying the average caloric conversion factors which are 23.4 kJ/g, 39.8 kJ/g and 17.6 kJ/g for protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content, respectively (Henken et al., 1986). Table 1. Formulation of experimental diets contained different level of soybean meal and phytase supplementation (dry weight basis) Dietary treatments Ingredients (g/100 g) SB0 SB10 SB20 SB20+P Fishmeala 53.3 47.5 41.8 41.8 Soybean mealb 0 8.9 17.8 17.8 Wheat gluten 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Starch 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Fish oil 5.8 6.2 6.6 6.6 Vitaminc 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Mineralc 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Alfa cellulose 29.0 25.5 21.9 21.9 Carboxymethylcellulose 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Phytased 0 0 0 0.02 a Danish fish meal. b Defatted soybean meal. c Halver’s mixture (1957). d Natuphos® 10,000G (10,000 FTU/g) BASF Mumbai, India. (1 unit of phytase (FTU) can liberates 1 micromol of inorganic phosphorus per minute from 0.0051 MOL/L of sodium phytate at pH 5.5 and 37°C). 140 www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 5, No. 11; 2013 Table 2. Proximate composition of experimental diets Dietary treatments Proximate analysis (%) SB0 SB10 SB20 SB20+P Crude protein 47.5±0.1 46.0±0.2 46.4±0.4 47.1±0.2 Crude lipid 9.9±0.3 10.2±0.2 10.5±0.1 9.8±0.0 Crude fiber 26.7±0.5 24.8±0.9 19.2±0.1 19.5±0.6 Dry matter 94.4±0.1 94.1±0.2 93.9±0.4 94.4±0.3 Ash 9.4±0.1 9.5±0.1 9.3±0.2 8.9±0.1 Nitrogen-free extract (NFE)a 6.5±0.8 9.5±1.2 14.6±0.6 14.4±0.8 Gross energy (kJ/g)b 16.2±0.1 16.5±0.1 17.6±0.0 17.5±0.1 a NFE = 100 – (Protein + Lipid + Ash + Fiber). b GE (kJ/g) = [protein(g) x 23.4] + [lipid (g) x 39.8] + [NFE x 17.6]. 2.2 Fish and Experiment Design This feeding trial was conducted in Borneo Marine Research Institute of Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Malaysia. Fish specimens approximately 1 cm body length (BL) used in this feeding trial were obtained from the fish hatchery of UMS. These fish were acclimatized to experimental condition and weaned to formulated diet prior to feeding trial. Groups of 20 fish of initial body weight (BW) and BL of 0.28 ± 0.01 g and 2.60 ± 0.04 cm, respectively were randomly distributed into 12 litre(L) aquariums (17 cm x 23 cm x 31 cm). A simple recirculation water system using dechlorinated tap water and coral rubble as filter was used in this feeding trial and about 20-30% of water was exchanged daily during bottom cleaning.
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