Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 1 Background Document To

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 1 Background Document To Committee for Risk Assessment RAC Annex 1 Background document to the Opinion proposing harmonised classification and labelling at EU level of barium diboron tetraoxide EC Number: 237-222-4 CAS Number: 13701-59-2 CLH-O-0000006847-60-01/F The background document is a compilation of information considered relevant by the dossier submitter or by RAC for the proposed classification. It includes the proposal of the dossier submitter and the conclusion of RAC. It is based on the official CLH report submitted to public consultation. RAC has not changed the text of this CLH report but inserted text which is specifically marked as ‘RAC evaluation’. Only the RAC text reflects the view of RAC. Adopted 17 September 2020 P.O. Box 400, FI-00121 Helsinki, Finland | Tel. +358 9 686180 | Fax +358 9 68618210 | echa.europa.eu [04.01-ML-009.02] ANNEX 1 - BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO RAC OPINION ON BARIUM DIBORON TETRAOXIDE CLH report Proposal for Harmonised Classification and Labelling Based on Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation), Annex VI, Part 2 International Chemical Identification: Barium diboron tetraoxide EC Number: 237-222-4 CAS Number: 13701-59-2 Index Number: Not assigned Contact details for dossier submitter: Swedish Chemicals Agency Esplanaden 3a, P.O Box 2 SE-172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden [email protected] +46 8 519 41 100 Version number: 2 Date: 2019-08-09 ANNEX 1 - BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO RAC OPINION ON BARIUM DIBORON TETRAOXIDE CONTENTS 1 IDENTITY OF THE SUBSTANCE ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.1 NAME AND OTHER IDENTIFIERS OF THE SUBSTANCE .............................................................................................. 6 1.2 COMPOSITION OF THE SUBSTANCE ........................................................................................................................ 7 2 PROPOSED HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ........................................................... 8 2.1 PROPOSED HARMONISED CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ACCORDING TO THE CLP CRITERIA ........................... 8 3 HISTORY OF THE PREVIOUS CLASSIFICATION AND LABELLING ................................................... 10 4 JUSTIFICATION THAT ACTION IS NEEDED AT COMMUNITY LEVEL .............................................. 13 5 IDENTIFIED USES .............................................................................................................................................. 13 6 DATA SOURCES.................................................................................................................................................. 13 7 PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES .............................................................................................................. 13 8 EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL HAZARDS ..................................................................................................... 14 9 TOXICOKINETICS (ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, DISTRIBUTION AND ELIMINATION) ........... 15 9.1 SHORT SUMMARY AND OVERALL RELEVANCE OF THE PROVIDED TOXICOKINETIC INFORMATION ON THE PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION(S) ...................................................................................................................................... 24 9.1.1 Justification for read-across from boric acid and borate salts ................................................................. 24 9.1.1.1 Consideration of barium as the counter ion ............................................................................................................ 25 9.1.2 Toxicokinetic data on boric acid and borate salts .................................................................................... 25 9.1.3 Toxicokinetic data on barium salts ........................................................................................................... 26 10 EVALUATION OF HEALTH HAZARDS ......................................................................................................... 27 10.1 ACUTE TOXICITY - ORAL ROUTE ..................................................................................................................... 27 10.1.1 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on acute oral toxicity .................. 28 10.1.2 Comparison with the CLP criteria ....................................................................................................... 29 10.1.3 Conclusion on classification and labelling for acute oral toxicity ....................................................... 29 10.2 ACUTE TOXICITY - DERMAL ROUTE ................................................................................................................ 30 10.2.1 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on acute dermal toxicity.............. 31 10.2.2 Comparison with the CLP criteria ....................................................................................................... 31 10.2.3 Conclusion on classification and labelling for acute dermal toxicity .................................................. 32 10.3 ACUTE TOXICITY - INHALATION ROUTE .......................................................................................................... 32 10.3.1 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on acute inhalation toxicity ........ 33 10.3.2 Comparison with the CLP criteria ....................................................................................................... 34 10.3.3 Conclusion on classification and labelling for acute inhalation toxicity ............................................. 34 10.4 SKIN CORROSION/IRRITATION ......................................................................................................................... 40 10.5 SERIOUS EYE DAMAGE/EYE IRRITATION ......................................................................................................... 40 10.6 RESPIRATORY SENSITISATION......................................................................................................................... 40 10.7 SKIN SENSITISATION ....................................................................................................................................... 40 10.8 GERM CELL MUTAGENICITY ........................................................................................................................... 40 10.9 CARCINOGENICITY ......................................................................................................................................... 40 10.10 REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY............................................................................................................................... 40 10.10.1 Adverse effects on sexual function and fertility .................................................................................... 40 10.10.2 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on adverse effects on sexual function and fertility ................................................................................................................................................ 66 10.10.2.1 Animal studies .................................................................................................................................................. 66 10.10.2.2 Human data ....................................................................................................................................................... 72 10.10.3 Comparison with the CLP criteria ....................................................................................................... 75 10.10.4 Adverse effects on development ............................................................................................................ 76 10.10.5 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on adverse effects on development 95 10.10.5.1 Animal studies .................................................................................................................................................. 95 10.10.5.2 Human data ..................................................................................................................................................... 100 ANNEX 1 - BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO RAC OPINION ON BARIUM DIBORON TETRAOXIDE 10.10.6 Comparison with the CLP criteria ..................................................................................................... 102 10.10.7 Adverse effects on or via lactation ..................................................................................................... 103 10.10.8 Short summary and overall relevance of the provided information on effects on or via lactation .... 107 10.10.8.1 Animal studies ................................................................................................................................................ 107 10.10.8.2 Human data ..................................................................................................................................................... 107 10.10.9 Comparison with the CLP criteria ..................................................................................................... 107 10.10.10 Conclusion on classification and labelling for reproductive toxicity ................................................. 108 10.11 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY-SINGLE EXPOSURE ................................................................................ 119 10.12 SPECIFIC TARGET ORGAN TOXICITY-REPEATED EXPOSURE ..........................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Technical Report: Barium Diboron Tetraoxide
    Technical report: barium diboron tetraoxide Agency technical report on the classification and labelling of Barium diboron tetraoxide EC Number: 237-222-4 CAS Number: 13701-59-2 Health and Safety Executive Chemicals Regulation Division Redgrave Court Merton Road Bootle L20 7HS [email protected] Date: MAY 2021 1 Technical report: barium diboron tetraoxide Contents Brief summary ........................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 Overview of current and proposed classification and labelling ................................................ 4 General substance information: ................................................................................................ 6 Background ................................................................................................................................ 6 Scientific assessment of the physical, human health and environmental hazard classes ........ 7 Physical Hazards ........................................................................................................................ 7 Health Hazards .......................................................................................................................... 7 Acute toxicity ......................................................................................................................... 7 Specific
    [Show full text]
  • (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0037303 A1 Waller Et Al
    US 20170037303A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2017/0037303 A1 Waller et al. (43) Pub. Date: Feb. 9, 2017 (54) COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR E2IB 43/267 (2006.01) DELAYED CROSSLINKING IN HYDRAULC C09K 8/90 (2006.01) FRACTURING FLUIDS E2IB 37/06 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (71) Applicant: Ecolab USA Inc., St. Paul, MN (US) CPC ................. C09K 8/685 (2013.01); C09K 8/68 (2013.01); C09K 8/90 (2013.01); C09K 8/887 (72) Inventors: Christopher Waller, Houston, TX (2013.01); E2IB 37/06 (2013.01); E2IB 43/26 (US); Kirk E. Wells, Sugar Land, TX (2013.01); E2IB 43/267 (2013.01); E2IB (US); Brian Mueller, Missouri City, 33/138 (2013.01) TX (US); Trinh Tran, Manrel, TX (US); Pablo Munoz, Katy, TX (US) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 15/225,879 Disclosed herein are compositions and methods for delaying (22) Filed: Aug. 2, 2016 crosslinking in injectable compositions for hydraulic frac turing and related applications. The compositions and meth Related U.S. Application Data ods are effective in injectable compositions comprising or Substantially excluding dissolved reactive species. The com (60) Provisional application No. 62/200,172, filed on Aug. positions and methods provide delayed crosslinking at high 3, 2015, provisional application No. 62/362.691, filed temperatures and pressures, such as those encountered by on Jul. 15, 2016. hydraulic fracturing compositions injected into Subterranean O O environments. Compositions include injectable solutions Publication Classification comprising a competing agent that is the reaction product of (51) Int. Cl. a dialdehyde having 2 to 4 carbon atoms with a non C09K 8/68 (2006.01) polymeric cis-hydroxyl compound.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Evaluation of Borate:Amine:Copper Derivatives In
    LABORATORY EVALUATION OF BORATE:AMINE:COPPER DERIVATIVES IN WOOD FOR FUNGAL DECAY PROTECTION George Chen Research Chemist Performance Enhanced Biopolymers USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive Madison, WI 53726 (Received December 2010) Abstract. This study aimed to evaluate borate:amine:copper derivatives in wood for fungal decay protection as well as the permanence of copper and boron in wood. Each of four derivatives of borate: amine:copper prevented fungal decay in wood. Disodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax):amine:copper derivatives with 0.61-0.63% retention after water leaching prevented decay by Gloeophyllum trabeum (Gt) and with 0.64% retention prevented decay by Trametes versicolor (Tv). Leaching did not decrease decay resistance for either Gt or Tv. Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT):amine:copper derivatives with 1.14-2.93% retention after water leaching prevented decay by Gt and with 0.54-1.19% retention prevented decay by Tv. Leaching decreased decay resistance to Gt but not to Tv. Higher copper and boron in disodium borax:amine:copper derivatives contributed to more decay resistance to Gt and Tv than that of DOT:amine:copper derivatives as evidenced by elemental analysis. IR spectra of wood treated with 5% borate:amine:copper derivatives after water leaching showed increased absorption at 1632-1635 cmÀ1 compared with the control. This increased absorption was partly attributable to carbonyl of copper carboxylates from oxidation of hemiacetals of hemicelluloses and cellulose by copper (II) ions and carbonyls of copper (II) quinone methides by oxidation of guaicyls by copper (II) ions. It was also partly attributable to carbonyls of copper carboxylates from hemicelluloses and phenolates from lignin through ion exchange reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 42, Number 4, 2010
    BULGARIAN CHEMICAL COMMUNICATIONS 2010 Volume 42 / Number 4 Journal of the Chemical Institutes of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and of the Union of Chemists in Bulgaria Announcement Seventh National Conference on Chemistry and 2nd International Conference on Green Technologies and Environmental Protection INVITATION 2. Organic chemistry: V. Dimitrov, P. K. The Union of Chemists in Bulgaria (UCB) Sharma extends a cordial invitation to all scientists 3. Inorganic chemistry: D. Todorovsky, R. in the field of chemistry to participate in the K. Sharma Seventh National Conference on Chemistry 4. Analytical chemistry: D. Tsalev, R. K. to be held at the University of Chemical Mahajan Technology and Metallurgy in Sofia 5. Catalysis: S. Damyanova, R. D. Kaushik (Bulgaria) from 26 to 29 May 2011. 6. Chemical engineering: V. Beshkov, M. Parallely the 2nd International Conference A. Abdullaha on Green Technologies and Environmental 7. Chemistry and environmental protection: Protection co-organized with the Chaudhary Y. Pelovsky, A. Mittal Charan Singh University, Meerut (India) 8. Polymers (plastics, rubbers, chemical and Devam Foundation – Bulgarian-Indian fibres, cellulose): N. Dishovsky, R. K. Soni Art & Culture Centre will take place. 9. Chemical technologies: G. Vissokov, A. Muddoo ORGANIZATION INSTITUTIONS 10. Oil processing, petrochemistry and Union of Chemists in Bulgaria, Union of organic synthesis: G. Cholakov, A. P. Gupta Scientists in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Academy 11. Chemical education: B. Toshev, A. K. of Sciences, Chaudhary Charan Singh Halve University, Meerut (India), Devam Foundation, University of Chemical GENERAL SCOPE Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Prof. A. The Seventh National Conference on Zlatarov University of Burgas, Faculty of Chemistry is organized within the Chemistry at St.
    [Show full text]
  • Select Reactions of Organoboranes and Organostannanes
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 8-2012 Select Reactions of Organoboranes and Organostannanes David W. Blevins [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Organic Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Blevins, David W., "Select Reactions of Organoboranes and Organostannanes. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1412 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by David W. Blevins entitled "Select Reactions of Organoboranes and Organostannanes." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Chemistry. George W. Kabalka, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Shane Foister, Craig Barnes, Kimberly Gwinn Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Select Reactions of Organoboranes and Organostannanes A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville David W. Blevins August 2012 DEDICATION I dedicate this work to Lisa, Preston, and Clarissa Blevins. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Tannins-Boron Networks for Long-Term and Low-Environmental Impact Wood Preservatives Jinbo Hu
    Tannins-boron networks for long-term and low-environmental impact wood preservatives Jinbo Hu To cite this version: Jinbo Hu. Tannins-boron networks for long-term and low-environmental impact wood preservatives. Materials. Université Montpellier, 2015. English. NNT : 2015MONTS248. tel-02127899 HAL Id: tel-02127899 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02127899 Submitted on 13 May 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTPELLIER T H È S E Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITE DE MONTPELLIER Spécialité : Mécanique et Génie Civil Ecole Doctorale : Information, Structures, Systèmes Associations tanins-bore pour des produits de protection du bois à faible impact environnemental Par Jinbo HU Soutenance prévue le 01 Septembre 2015 JURY Bertrand CHARRIER (Université de Pau et des Pays l’Adour) Rapporteur Pierre-Jean MEAUSOONE (Université de Lorraine) Rapporteur Joseph GRIL (Université de Montpellier) Examinateur Yiqiang WU (Université du Centre-Sud de la science et de la technologie (Chine)) Examinateur Gianluca TONDI (Université de Salzbourg (Autriche)) Invité Marie-France THEVENON (CIRAD, Montpellier) Directrice de Thèse Acknowledgement First and foremost I would like to thank my PhD advisors, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Premio Tesi Di Dottorato – 45 – PREMIO TESI DI DOTTORATO Commissione Giudicatrice, Anno 2013
    premio tesi di dottorato – 45 – PREMIO TESI DI DOTTORATO Commissione giudicatrice, anno 2013 Luigi Lotti, presidente della Commissione Tito Arecchi, Area Scientifica Franco Cambi, Area Umanistica Paolo Felli, Area Tecnologica Michele Arcangelo Feo, Area Umanistica Roberto Genesio, Area Tecnologica Luigi Lotti, Area Scienze Sociali Mario Pio Marzocchi, Area Scientifica Adolfo Pazzagli, Area Biomedica Mario Giuseppe Rossi, Area Umanistica Salvatore Ruggieri, Area Biomedica Saulo Sirigatti, Area Biomedica Piero Tani, Area Scienze Sociali Fiorenzo Cesare Ugolini, Area Tecnologica Vincenzo Varano, Area Scienze Sociali Graziella Vescovini, Area Umanistica Roberta Martelli Characteristics of raw and cooked fillets in species of actual and potential interest for italian aquaculture Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Firenze University Press 2014 Characteristics of raw and cooked fillets in species of actual and potential interest for Italian aquaculture : rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and meagre (Argyrosomus regius) / Roberta Martelli. – Firenze : Firenze University Press, 2014. (Premio Tesi di Dottorato; 45) http://digital.casalini.it/9788866556961 ISBN 978-88-6655-695-4 (print) ISBN 978-88-6655-696-1 (online) Peer Review Process All publications are submitted to an external refereeing process under the responsibility of the FUP Editorial Board and the Scientific Committees of the individual series. The works published in the FUP catalogue are evaluated and approved by the Editorial Board of the publishing house. For a more detailed description of the refereeing process we refer to the official documents published in the online catalogue of the FUP (www.fupress.com). Firenze University Press Editorial Board G. Nigro (Co-ordinator), M.T. Bartoli, M. Boddi, R. Casalbuoni, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE XXXII CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN NANOTECNOLOGIE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN AND ITS DERIVATIVES AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS Settore scientifico-disciplinare: BIO/10 - BIOCHIMICA DOTTORANDO FRANCO FURLANI COORDINATORE PROF. ALBERTO MORGANTE SUPERVISORE DI TESI PROF. IVAN DONATI COSUPERVISORI DI TESI PROF.SSA ELEONORA MARSICH DOTT. PASQUALE SACCO ANNO ACCADEMICO 2018/2019 ii PREFACE This thesis is submitted in fulfilment to the requirements of the Graduate School of Nanotechnology for the academic title of Ph.D. in Nanotechnology at the University of Trieste. The work has been carried out mainly at the Department of Life Sciences at the University of Trieste under the supervision of Prof. Ivan Donati and co-supervised by Prof. Eleonora Marsich and Dr. Pasquale Sacco. Part of the activity was performed at the Center for Translational Medicine (CTM), International Clinical Research Center (ICRC) of St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic under the supervision of Dr. Giancarlo Forte. The thesis consists of a general introduction, aim of the study and a detailed discussion of results divided into four chapters. iii SUMMARY Macro- and micro/nano-hydrogels are highly hydrated networks consisting of polymers and solvents. They are widely studied for different applications, especially for biomedical ones. One of the most challenging uses of hydrogels regards cartilage regeneration. Indeed, cartilage degeneration represents a severe burden for the healthcare worldwide. None of the currently proposed treatments is able to fully satisfy patients’ needs, probably since most of treatments lack of peculiar spatial complexity and mechanical properties of native tissues, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Borax by the Forest Service from 2000 to 2004
    SERA TR-056-15-03c Sporax® and Cellu-Treat® (Selected Borate Salts) Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment FINAL REPORT Submitted to: Dr. Harold Thistle USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team 180 Canfield St. Morgantown, WV 26505 Email: [email protected] USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-12-0009 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-3187-D-15-0074 SERA Internal Task No. 56-15 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 8125 Solomon Seal Manlius, New York 13104 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com October 17, 2016 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF ATTACHMENTS .......................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .............................................................. viii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................... xi CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .......................................................................... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of C5-Sugars in Oxidation Process Development Master's
    Lappeenranta University of Technology LUT School of Engineering Science Degree programme in Chemical and Process Engineering Kaukiainen, Antti Protection of C5-sugars in oxidation process development Master’s thesis 2018 Examiner: Professor Tuomas Koiranen Supervisors: Professor Tuomas Koiranen D. Sc. (Tech) Abayneh Demesa Abstract Lappeenranta University of Technology School of Engineering Science Degree Programme in Chemical and Process Engineering Antti Kaukiainen Protection of C5-sugars in oxidation process development Master’s Thesis 2018 Examiner: Professor Tuomas Koiranen Supervisors: Professor Tuomas Koiranen D. Sc. (Tech) Abayneh Demesa 93 pages, 32 figures, 13 tables, 3 appendices Keywords: carbohydrates, oxidation, protective groups, ultrasound, biorefining This study focuses on oxidation reaction of lactose selectively to galarose, which is lower sugar. Boric acid was used in the reaction as catalyst for lactose and protective group for galarose, and ultrasound was used to intensify the reaction. The first aim was to study parameter changes to make the reaction as efficient as possible. The second objective was to find more general applications for such oxidation process. The literature part gives background for protective groups, ultrasound processes and use of carbohydrates. The experimental part presents the experiments on the reaction. The reactor, experiment conditions and analysis method for HPLC are described. The main experimental results are presented in conversion of lactose and yield and selectivity of galarose. The discussion part highlights important results, show possible applications and gives recommendations for further studies on the subject. The increases in temperature and boric acid concentration gave positive results in the experiments. The use of ultrasound was also found out to be beneficial for the reaction, especially as it enable use of milder conditions like reduction of H2O2 concentration while giving good results.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential Advantages of Peroxoborates and Their Ester Adducts Over Hydrogen Peroxide As Therapeutic Agents in Oral Healthcare Pr
    dentistry journal Commentary Potential Advantages of Peroxoborates and Their Ester Adducts Over Hydrogen Peroxide as Therapeutic Agents in Oral Healthcare Products: Chemical/Biochemical Reactivity Considerations In Vitro, Ex Vivo And In Vivo Martin Grootveld 1,2,* , Edward Lynch 1,2, Georgina Page 1, Wyman Chan 1, Benita Percival 1 , Eugenia Anagnostaki 1 , Valina Mylona 1 , Sonia Bordin-Aykroyd 1 and Kerry L. Grootveld 1 1 Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK; [email protected] (E.L.); [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (W.C.); [email protected] (B.P.); [email protected] (E.A.); [email protected] (V.M.); [email protected] (S.B.-A.); [email protected] (K.L.G.) 2 School of Dental Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 April 2020; Accepted: 4 August 2020; Published: 7 August 2020 Abstract: Peroxides present in oral healthcare products generally exert favourable protective activities against the development and progression of tooth decay, plaque, gingivitis, and halitosis, etc. However, despite the high level of research focus on hydrogen and carbamide peroxides as therapeutically active (and tooth-whitening) agents, to date the use of alternative chemical forms of peroxides such as peroxoborates for these purposes has received only scant attention. Intriguingly, peroxoborate and its esters with polyols, such as glycerol, have a very diverse chemistry/biochemistry in aqueous solution, for which there is an increasing amount of evidence that it remains distinctive from that of hydrogen peroxide; such properties include self-associative and hydrolytic equilibria, and their abilities to participate in electrophile- or nucleophile-scavenging, metal ion-complexing, redox and free radical reactions, for example.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Borohydride for the Near-Future Energy: a “Rough Diamond” for Turkey
    Turkish Journal of Chemistry Turk J Chem (2018) 42: 193 { 220 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/chem/ ⃝c TUB¨ ITAK_ Review Article doi:10.3906/kim-1712-6 Sodium borohydride for the near-future energy: a \rough diamond" for Turkey Umit¨ Bilge DEMIRC_ I_∗ European Institute of Membranes (IEM), University of Montpellier, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), National Graduate School of Chemistry of Montpellier (ENSCM), Montpellier, France Received: 04.12.2017 • Accepted/Published Online: 31.01.2018 • Final Version: 27.04..2018 Abstract: Boron-based materials are potential solutions in the field of energy. They have been regarded as hydrogen storage materials, liquid fuels of direct liquid-fed fuel cells (DLFCs), electrolytes of battery, and/or energetic substances. A typical example is sodium borohydride (NaBH 4). In sodium hydroxide-stabilized aqueous solutions, it is seen as an efficient H 2 generator or a performing fuel of DLFCs. Actually, it plays a wider role; it is also the precursor of several boron-based materials of interest in the field of energy. In other words, it is indirectly considered for other energy applications, i.e. solid electrolytes of all solid-state batteries and hypergolic fuel. De facto sodium borohydride has become a key material in the field of energy. This is discussed in the present article, and it is highlighted that sodium borohydride may be clearly seen as a \rough diamond" for Turkey. Key words: Boron-based materials, direct borohydride fuel cell, electrolyte, energy, hydrogen storage, propellant, sodium borohydride 1. Introduction Is there still a need to report the direct causal link of anthropogenic carbon dioxide CO 2 emissions to global warming? Addressing these critical issues is now urgent and one of the ways is to develop sustainable energies while widening their use.
    [Show full text]