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Borax by the Forest Service from 2000 to 2004 SERA TR-056-15-03c Sporax® and Cellu-Treat® (Selected Borate Salts) Human Health and Ecological Risk Assessment FINAL REPORT Submitted to: Dr. Harold Thistle USDA Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team 180 Canfield St. Morgantown, WV 26505 Email: [email protected] USDA Forest Service Contract: AG-3187-C-12-0009 USDA Forest Order Number: AG-3187-D-15-0074 SERA Internal Task No. 56-15 Submitted by: Patrick R. Durkin Syracuse Environmental Research Associates, Inc. 8125 Solomon Seal Manlius, New York 13104 E-Mail: [email protected] Home Page: www.sera-inc.com October 17, 2016 Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ vi LIST OF ATTACHMENTS .......................................................................................................... vi ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS .............................................................. viii COMMON UNIT CONVERSIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................... xi CONVERSION OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION .......................................................................... xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Chemical Specific Information ............................................................................................ 1 1.2. General Information ............................................................................................................. 3 2. Program Description ................................................................................................................... 6 2.1. Overview .............................................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Chemical Description and Commercial Formulations ......................................................... 6 2.3. Application Methods ............................................................................................................ 9 2.4. Mixing and Application Rates ........................................................................................... 10 2.5. Use Statistics ...................................................................................................................... 12 3. HUMAN HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 14 3.1. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 14 3.1.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.2. Mechanism of Action .................................................................................................. 15 3.1.3. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism ............................................................................. 17 3.1.3.1. General Considerations ........................................................................................ 17 3.1.3.2. Absorption............................................................................................................ 18 3.1.3.3. Excretion .............................................................................................................. 20 3.1.4. Acute Oral Toxicity .................................................................................................... 20 3.1.4.1. Animal Studies ..................................................................................................... 20 3.1.4.2. Human Case Reports............................................................................................ 22 3.1.5. Subchronic or Chronic Systemic Toxic Effects .......................................................... 23 3.1.6. Effects on Nervous System ......................................................................................... 24 3.1.7. Effects on Immune System ......................................................................................... 25 3.1.8. Effects on Endocrine System ...................................................................................... 25 3.1.9. Reproductive and Developmental Effects .................................................................. 27 3.1.9.1. Developmental Studies in Experimental Mammals ............................................. 27 3.1.9.2. Reproduction Studies in Experimental Mammals ............................................... 28 3.1.9.3. Human Data ......................................................................................................... 29 3.1.10. Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity ............................................................................ 29 ii 3.1.11. Irritation and Sensitization (Effects on the Skin and Eyes) ...................................... 30 3.1.11.1. Skin Irritation ..................................................................................................... 30 3.1.11.2. Skin Sensitization............................................................................................... 31 3.1.11.3. Ocular Effects .................................................................................................... 31 3.1.12. Systemic Toxic Effects from Dermal Exposure ....................................................... 31 3.1.13. Inhalation Exposure .................................................................................................. 32 3.1.14. Adjuvants and Other Ingredients .............................................................................. 33 3.1.15. Impurities and Metabolites ....................................................................................... 34 3.1.16. Toxicological Interactions ........................................................................................ 34 3.2. EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................... 35 3.2.1. Overview ..................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.2. Workers ....................................................................................................................... 36 3.2.2.1. General Exposures ............................................................................................... 36 3.2.2.1.1. Liquid Stump Applications ........................................................................... 36 3.2.2.1.1.1. Absorption-Based Methods ................................................................... 36 3.2.2.1.1.2. Deposition-Based Methods .................................................................... 37 3.2.2.1.2. Dry Stump Applications ............................................................................... 38 3.2.2.2. Accidental Exposures........................................................................................... 40 3.2.2.2.1. Liquid Applications ...................................................................................... 40 3.2.2.2.2. Dry Applications ........................................................................................... 41 3.2.3. General Public ............................................................................................................. 41 3.2.3.1. General Considerations ........................................................................................ 41 3.2.3.1.1. Likelihood and Magnitude of Exposure ....................................................... 41 3.2.3.1.2. Summary of Assessments ............................................................................. 42 3.2.3.2. Direct Spray or Direct Consumption ................................................................... 42 3.2.3.2.1. Direct Spray (Liquid Applications) .............................................................. 42 3.2.3.2.2. Direct Consumption (Dry Applications) ....................................................... 43 3.2.3.3. Dermal Exposure from Contaminated Vegetation ............................................... 44 3.2.3.4. Contaminated Water ............................................................................................ 44 3.2.3.4.1. Accidental Spill ............................................................................................. 44 3.2.3.4.2. Accidental Direct Spray/drift for a Pond or Stream ...................................... 44 3.2.3.4.3. GLEAMS Modeling...................................................................................... 45 3.2.3.4.4. Other Modeling Efforts ................................................................................. 46 3.2.3.4.5. Monitoring Data ............................................................................................ 46 3.2.3.4.6. Concentrations in Water Used for Risk Assessment .................................... 47 3.2.3.5. Oral Exposure from Contaminated Fish .............................................................. 48 iii 3.2.3.6.
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