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Mills, Jeffrey 11-18-15 No Path to Victory: MACV in Vietnam 1964-1968 A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Jeffrey P. Mills December 2015 © 2015 Jeffrey P. Mills. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled No Path to Victory: MACV in Vietnam 1964-1968 by JEFFREY P. MILLS has been approved for the Department of History and the College of Arts and Sciences by Ingo W. Trauschweizer Associate Professor of History Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT MILLS, JEFFREY P., M.A., December 2015, History No Path to Victory: MACV in Vietnam 1964-1968 Director of Thesis: Ingo W. Trauschweizer The scholarship regarding US policy and military strategy in Vietnam is substantial, and by no means conclusive. To provide clear focus within the realms of national policy and military strategy, the analysis provided by this thesis is focused on the advice and actions taken by the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV), and its commander General William Westmoreland from 1964 to 1968. Within the actions of MACV, this thesis seeks to determine the contribution of MACV in the decision to escalate US involvement in the Vietnam War. This thesis analyzes the US Army’s doctrine, structure, and culture related to civil-military relations. Also, this thesis analyzes the military approach taken by MACV in fighting the Vietnam War at the operational level, and concludes with an analysis of a possible alternative to MACV’s military strategy in the form of the Combined Action Program (CAP). This thesis concludes that MACV’s operational approach was correct. 4 DEDICATION For my family, who make everything possible. May my words bring answers to some, and inspiration to others. 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Ingo Traushweizer, for his support and patience in guiding me through the process of developing this thesis. His mentorship and patience have been invaluable in forcing me to think in far broader terms than I thought possible. I also wish to acknowledge the administrators and professors of the Ohio University History Department for challenging my preconceived notions, and providing me the opportunity to grow as a scholar and person. Additionally, I wish to acknowledge the outstanding support I received from my peers. Last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank my wife Brittany, and children Grayson and Myla, for their patience, encouragement and support that enabled me to complete my thesis. Without the support of my family this project would have been impossible. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 3 Dedication ............................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction: No Path to Victory: MACV in Vietnam 1964-1968 ...................................... 9 Chapter 1: The Role of MACV in the Decision to Escalate in Vietnam .......................... 15 The U.S. Army in a Cold War Context ......................................................................... 16 U.S. Army Cold War Counterinsurgency Doctrine ................................................... 19 Civil-Military Relations: A Clear Divide ...................................................................... 25 The Chain of Command ................................................................................................ 29 NSAM 288 .................................................................................................................... 34 Military Advice 1964 and 1965 ..................................................................................... 38 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 2: Westmoreland’s War in South Vietnam 1965-1967 ........................................ 46 Critics of Westmoreland’s Strategy ............................................................................... 46 The Army Learning and Preparing ............................................................................ 50 The Value of Education and Training ....................................................................... 52 The Man, the Myth, the Legend ................................................................................ 55 Malaya is not Vietnam ............................................................................................... 57 The Enemy Has a Say ................................................................................................ 60 Pacification, Advising, and Search and Destroy: A Balancing Act 1965 ..................... 63 1966 ............................................................................................................................... 68 1967 ............................................................................................................................... 72 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 78 Chapter 3: The USMC Combined Action Platoons .......................................................... 80 Marines Arrive in Vietnam ............................................................................................ 80 The Marine Response ................................................................................................ 83 Birth of the CAP Program ............................................................................................. 85 CAP Purpose, Selection, Training, and Task Organization ...................................... 87 7 The ARVN and PF ........................................................................................................ 90 CAP Successes .............................................................................................................. 94 Why CAP Failed ............................................................................................................ 96 Doctrine ..................................................................................................................... 96 The Enemy ................................................................................................................. 99 South Vietnam: It Was Their Country ..................................................................... 101 The US Military…Good Intentions. ........................................................................ 104 Was CAP an Alternative? ............................................................................................ 108 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 110 Conclusion: 1968 to the Present ...................................................................................... 112 Abrams, Right Man, Right Strategy? .......................................................................... 112 Post-Vietnam Army ..................................................................................................... 115 Iraq—Vietnam, Part 2? ................................................................................................ 117 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 119 8 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Command Structure for Politico-Military Decision Making ............................. 30 Figure 2. III MAF Area of Operations ............................................................................. 82 9 INTRODUCTION: NO PATH TO VICTORY: MACV IN VIETNAM 1964-1968 The scholarship regarding US policy and military strategy in Vietnam is substantial and by no means conclusive. To provide clear focus within the realms of national policy and military strategy, the analysis provided by this thesis is focused on the advice and actions taken by the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV), and its commander General William Westmoreland from 1964 to 1968. The analysis of MACV and Westmoreland’s advice and actions are based on the relationships between US military doctrine, organization, training, and civil-military relations during the early 1960s. The purpose of this thesis to challenge the long held narratives of the Vietnam War put forth by Andrew Krepinevich, and supported by scholars Lewis Sorley and John Nagl. Theirs are narratives that continue to impact the dominant discourse related to the importance of counterinsurgency in contemporary US military operations. When approaching the topic of how the US fought the Vietnam War, there are many themes to choose from. Was Vietnam a policy failure? Was the failure of the US in Vietnam related to a flawed national and military strategy? Did an alternative exist to Westmoreland’s approach? The above questions are but a few of the questions scholars have attempted to answer regarding the defeat of the US in Vietnam. The problem with such questions is that they are broad and ignore the complexity of the situation faced by General Westmoreland in South Vietnam. In
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