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Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Updated

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Kinematics of the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean Updated TurkishJournalofEarthSciences (TurkishJ.EarthSci.),Vol.12, 2003,pp.5-46. Copyright©TÜB‹TAK KinematicsoftheMiddleEastandEastern MediterraneanUpdated ROBWESTAWAY 16NevilleSquare,DurhamDH13PY,ENGLAND (e-mail:[email protected]) Abstract: Arevisedquantitative,internallyconsistent,kinematicmodelhasbeendeterminedforthepresent-day relativeplatemotionsintheeasternMediterraneanandMiddleEasternregions,basedonacombinationof geologicalandGPSdata.TherelativemotionsofthebrittleuppercrustoftheAfricanandArabianplatesacross thesouthernDeadSeaFaultZone(DSFZ)arerepresentedbyrelativerotationat0.278°Ma-1 aboutanEulerpole at31.1°N26.7°E.TheresultingpredictedsliprateonthesouthernDSFZis4.0mma -1.Thekinematicsofthe northernDSFZaredescribedasrelativerotationat0.243°Ma -1 aboutthesameEulerpole,thedifferencein rotationratesreflectingtheabsorptionofasmallcomponentoftherelativemotionbydistributedshorteningin thePalmyrafoldbelt.ThenorthernDSFZ,inSyriaandsouthernTurkey,isregardedasaseriesoftranspressional stepovers,alongwhichtherateofleft-lateralslipissubstantiallylessthantherateofrelativeplatemotion,because thisslipisorientedstronglyobliquelytotherelativemotionbetweentheadjoiningplates.Thisgeometryseemsto resultinpartfromsomestrandsofthenorthernDSFZreactivatingolderfaultsegments,eventhoughtheywere notoptimallyorientedrelativetotheplatemotion,andinpartbecausetheidealinitialgeometryoftheDSFZ, whichwouldhavecontinuednorthwestwardoffshoreoftheLevantcoastlinetowardsCyprus,wasprecludedby thehighstrengthofthecrustalongthisline.TherevisedsliprateontheEastAnatolianFaultZone(EAFZ)is estimatedas~8mma -1.Atthisrate,restoringtheobservedsliprequirestheageoftheEAFZtobe~4Ma.The previousphaseofdeformation,whichinvolvedslipontheMalatya-Ovac›kFaultZonebeforetheEAFZcameinto being,isthusdatedto~7–4Ma,suggestingatimingofinitiationfortheNorthAnatolianFaultZone(NAFZ)of ~7Ma,not~5Maashaspreviouslybeenthought.LocalevidencefromthewesternNAFZalsosupportsa~7Ma orEarlyMessinianagefortheNAFZ.Theoverallpresent-daykinematicsoftheNAFZaredescribedusingtheEuler vectordeterminedin2000usingGPS:involvingrelativerotationbetweentheTurkishandEurasianplatesat1.2° Ma-1 about30.7°N32.6°E.ThisEulervectorpredictsarateofrelativemotionbetweentheseplatesof~25mm a-1,whichwhenextrapolatedoverestimatestheobservedamountoflocalisedright-lateralslip,suggestingthe existenceofacomponentofdistributedright-lateralsimpleshearinthesurroundingstotheNAFZaswell.The predictedrateofleft-lateralrelativemotionontheboundarybetweentheTurkishandAfricanplatesisestimated as~8mma-1.However,therateoflocalisedleft-lateralslipontheonshorepartofthisboundaryisestimatedas only~2mma-1,ontheYakap›nar-GöksunFault:thedifferencebeingtakenupbydistributeddeformationwithin thenorthern“promontory”oftheAfricanplate,whichappearstoinvolveacombinationofanticlockwiserotation anddistributedleft-lateralsimpleshear.Itisproposedthatthisboundaryfirstdevelopedatthesametimeasthe NAFZ,butitsoriginalgeometryinvolvingleft-lateralslipontheKaratafl-OsmaniyeFaulthassincebecomelocked bythepresenceofrelativelystrongophioliticcrustwithinthisfaultzone.Thekinematicconsistencyofthismodel requiresonetorelaxtheassumptionthatbrittleuppercrustandmantlelithospherearemovinginstep,consistent withtheassumedpresenceofaweaklayeroflowercrustinbetween.ThedevelopmentoftheNAFZduringthe Messiniancanthusbeexplainedasaconsequenceofacombinationofforcesresultingfrom(a)sheartractions appliedtothebrittleuppercrustofTurkeyasaresultofrelativewestwardmotionofmantlelithosphere,caused bythepre-existingrelativemotionsbetweentheAfricanandArabianplatesduringtheearlierMiocene;and(b)the reductioninnormalstressandincreaseinright-lateralshearstressthatresultedfromthedramaticwater unloadingduringtheMessiniandesiccationoftheMediterraneanbasin.Analysisindicatesthatthismechanism requirestheeffectiveviscosityofthelowercrustofTurkeytobe~5±3x1019 Pas,consistentwithrecentestimates inotherlocalities.Thewell-documentednear-totalabsenceofinternaldeformationwithintheTurkishplatethus doesnotresultfromhighstrength:itresultsfromthegeometryofitsboundarieswhichallowthemtoslipwithout anyneedforinternaldeformation.Themainimperfectioninthispatternofboundariesresultsfromthehigh- strength“patch”ontheTurkey-AfricaplateboundaryinsouthernTurkey.Theseismicityinthislocalityappears correlatedwithmajorearthquakesontheNAFZ,suggestingthepossibilitythatthisboundarybehavesasa “geometricallock”whoseslip,inmoderate-sizedearthquakes,canpermitmuchlargeramountsofslipinmuch largerearthquakesontheNAFZ.Futuredetailedmonitoringofthisregionmaythusprovidethebasisforasystem ofadvancewarningoffuturedestructiveearthquakesontheNAFZ. KeyWords: Turkey,Syria,Israel,Lebanon,NorthAnatolianFaultZone,EastAnatolianFaultZone,DeadSeaFault Zone,platekinematics,crustalrheology,lower-crustalflow,Quaternary,Pliocene,Messinian 5 KINEMATICSOFTHEMIDDLEEASTANDEASTERNMEDITERRANEAN Ortado¤uveDo¤uAkdeniz’inGüncellefltirilmiflKinemati¤i Özet: AkdenizveOrtaDo¤ubölgeleriningünümüzdekigörelilevhahareketleriiçin,jeolojiveGPSverilerinedayal› olarakgözdengeçirilmifl,kendiiçindetutarl›,say›salbirkinematikmodelortayakonmufltur.GüneyÖlüDenizFay ZonukesimindekiAfrikaveAraplevhalar›n›nk›r›lganüstkabu¤unungörelihareketleri31.1°N26.7°EEuler kutubunda,0.278°My-1 l›kbirgörelidönmeyletemsiledilmektedir.ÖlüDenizFayZonu’nda(ÖDFZ)ortayaç›kan tahminihareketh›z›4.0mm/y›ld›r.KuzeyÖDFZ’nunkinemati¤iafla¤›yukar›ayn›Eulerkutubunasahiptirfakat 0.243°My-1 l›kbirgörelidönmegösterir.Bufark›nsebebigörelihareketinküçükbirbileflenininPalmyrak›vr›m kufla¤›’ndaoluflturdu¤uk›salmad›r.SuriyevegüneyTürkiye’dekikuzeyÖDFZ,transpresyonals›çramaserisiolarak kabuledilir.Buradasolyanalat›m›nh›z›,buat›mkomflulevhalararas›ndakigörelihareketeverevkonumluoldu¤u içingörelilevhahareketih›z›ndanoldukçadüflüktür.Bugeometri,k›smenkuzeyÖDFZ’nunbaz›kollar›n›nlevha hareketineuygunyönelimdeolmad›¤›haldeeskifaysegmentlerinitekrarhareketegeçirmesivek›smendeLevant k›y›fleridininkuzeybat›daK›br›s’ado¤rudevam›olmas›gerekenÖDFZ’nunidealilkselgeometrisininbuhatboyunca varolanyüksekdirençlikabuktaraf›ndanengellemesineticesindemeydanagelmifltir.Do¤uAnadoluFayZonu (DAFZ)içinbelirlenenat›mh›z›~8mm/y›ld›r.Buh›zilegözlenentoplamat›mbiraradade¤erlendirildi¤inde, ÖDFZ’nunyafl›n›n~4Myolmas›gerekmektedir.ÖDFZoluflmadanöncekiMalatya-Ovac›kFayZonuüzerindekiat›m› kapsayanbiröncekideformasyonfaz›~7–4Myolarakyaflland›r›lm›flt›r,budaKuzeyAnadoluFayZonu’nun(KAFZ) oluflumzaman›n›ndahaöncedüflünüldü¤ügibi~5Myde¤il~7Myoldu¤unugösterir.Bat›KAFZ’dakiyerelkan›tlar da~7MyveyaErkenMessiniyenyafl›n›desteklemektedir.KAFZ’nungünümüzdekiayr›nt›l›kinemati¤iTürkve Avrasyalevhalar›aras›ndaki30.7°N32.6°Emerkezli1.2°My -1 likgörelidönmeyideiçerecekflekildeGPS kullanarak2000’debelirlenmiflolanEulervektörüilebelirlenmifltir.BuEulervektörü,levhalararas›nda25 mm/y›ll›kbirgörelihareketiöngörür;ayn›zamandaKAFZ’n›nçevresindedesaç›lm›flbirsa¤yanalbasitmakaslama bilefleninvarl›¤›n›gösterir.TürkiyeveAfrikalevhalar›aras›ndakigörelisolyanalhareketiçintahminedilenh›z~8 mm/y›lolarakbelirlenmifltir.Ancak,bus›n›r›nkaradakik›sm›n›nyerelsolyanalat›mh›z›Yakap›nar-GöksunFay› üzerindesadece2mm/y›lolarakhesaplanm›flt›r;aradakifark,saatintersiyönündebirdönmevesaç›lm›flbasitsol yanalmakaslaman›nbirlikteetkiledi¤iAfrikalevhas›n›nkuzeyedevam›n›ndaiçindebulundu¤uyay›lm›fl deformasyontaraf›ndanal›nm›flt›r.Bus›n›r›nilkönceKAFZileayn›zamandageliflti¤i,fakatKaratafl-Osmaniye Fay’›ndakisolyanalat›m›daiçerenorjinalgeometrisininbufayzonuiçindekigöreliolarakdirençliofiyolit kabu¤unungeliflimiylekilitlendi¤iönesürülmektedir.Bumodelinkinematiktutarl›l›¤›,aralar›ndazay›fbiraltkabuk katman›bulundu¤ukabuluileuyumluolarak,k›r›lganüstkabukilemantolitosferininaflamal›hareketetmesini gerektirir.BöyleceKAFZ’nunMessiniyen’dekigeliflimibirdizikuvvetinbirleflmesiyleaç›klanabilir;(a)Erken Miyosen’deAfrikaveAraplevhalar›aras›ndakiöncedenvarolangörelihareketlernedeniylemantolitosferiningöreli bat›yahareketininbirsonucuolarakmakaslamagerilmelerininTürkiye’dekiüstk›r›lgankabu¤auygulanmas›,(b) Akdenizhavzas›n›nMessiniyen’dekikurumas›esnas›ndasuyunboflalmas›sonucunormalgerilmedekiazalmavesa¤ yanalmakaslamagerilmesindekiart›fl.Yap›lananalizler,di¤eralanlardakisonhesaplamalarlauyumlubiçimdebu mekanizman›nçal›flmas›içinTürkiye’ninaltkabu¤ununetkinviskozitesinin~5±3x10 19 Pasolmas›gerekti¤ini göstermektedir.BuyüzdenTürkiyelevhas›n›niçseldeformasyonuniyibelgelenmiflverilerininolmamas›yüksek dayan›ml›l›ktankaynaklanmamaktad›r,içdeformasyonaihtiyaçduymadankaymalar›n›sa¤layans›n›r geometrilerindenkaynaklanmaktad›r.Bus›n›rmodelindekianaeksiklikGüneyTürkiye’deTürkiye-Afrikalevha s›n›r›ndakiyüksekdayan›ml›“yama”dando¤maktad›r.BualandakisismisiteKAFZüzerindekibüyükdepremlerle koroleedilebilirgörünmektedir.Bus›n›r›nolas›bir“geometrikkilit”gibidavranmas›ndandolay›ortabüyüklükteki depremlerdekiat›m›n›nKAFZüzerindedahabüyükdepremlerdedahafazlamiktardaat›maizinvermesi mümkündür.Bubölgeninönümüzdekidönemlerdedetayl›izlenmesiyleKAFZüzerindegelecektemeydana gelebileceky›k›c›depremleriçingeliflmiflbiruyar›sisteminintemelinioluflturabilir. AnahtarSözcükler:Türkiye,Suriye,‹srail,Lübnan,KuzeyAnadoluFayZonu,Do¤uAnadoluFayZonu,ÖlüDeniz FayZonu,levhakinemati¤i,kabukreolojisi,alt-kabukak›fl›,Kuvaterner,Pliyosen,Messiniyen Introduction region,overlyingtheHellenicsubductionzone.The ActivecrustaldeformationwithinandaroundTurkey easternboundaryoftheTurkishplateisacomplexleft- reflectstheinteractionbetweentheEurasian,African, lateralstrike-slipfaultzone,adjoiningboththeAfrican Arabian,andTurkishplates(Figure1).TheTurkishplate andArabian(AR)plates.TheTR-ARplateboundary (TR)isboundedtothenorthbytheright-lateralNorth followstheleft-lateralEastAnatolianFaultZone(EAFZ), AnatolianFaultZone(NAFZ),whichseparatesitfrom
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