Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (TNP)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (TNP) - Information Memorandum – Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (TNP) Head Office 661 Moo. 24 Rop Wiang, Muang, Chiang Rai 57000 Tel. +66 53 756 484 Fax: +66 53 756 484 Website: www.thanapiriya.co.th Listing Date As of 18 November 2015 (Trading commencement on 18 November 2015) Listing Securities 800 million common shares with par value of 0.25 Baht per share, total value of 200 million Baht Capital As of 18 November 2015 (Trading commencement) Registered Capital; Common Shares 200 million Baht (800 million shares) Paid-up Capital; Common Shares 200 million Baht (800 million shares) Secondary Market Market Alternative of Investment (mai) Offering Price 1.75 Baht Offering Date 11 - 13 November 2015 (The Company issues common shares to the public 200 million shares) Objectives and plans for utilizing the capital increase Amount Use of proceeds Estimated timing (million Baht) 1. Financing business expansion 245.00 Within 2016 2. Retiring bank loan 70.00 Within 2015 3. Using as working capital 19.41 Within 2015 - 2016 Total 334.41 Note: The capital increase in the amount of 350.00 million Baht, deduct an expenses in the amount of 15.59 million Baht, net proceeds in the amount of 334.41 million Baht. Green Shoe Option -None- Page 1 Type of Business and Nature of Operation Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (“The Company”) is a retailer and a wholesaler of consumer goods excluding fresh food under the name “Thanapiriya”. The major revenue is from store sales and the head office sales accounted for 75 percent and 25 percent of total sales revenue respectively. The Company owns and operates 12 stores dividing into 11 supermarket stores and 1 wholesale store located in Chiang Rai. Thanapiriya’s store model has a well mixture a wide variety of products and low price as modern trades but convenient as convenient stores. Thanapiriya aims to be a Thai traditional trade who provides good quality products and warm services to satisfy customer needs. Focusing on customer needs, the Company uses 25 years of experience in retail and wholesale business to develop its store model by offering well selected products over 15,000 SKUs, providing excellent service, and designing store layout to be more convenient to shop. Additionally, the supermarket stores are located in prime locations that are easy for customers to come for shopping. The Company offers a wide variety of products both retail and wholesale on every store to increase customer choices. Group Structure Thanapiriya Public Company Limited Registered Capital THB 200 mm Paid -Up Capital THB 200 mm 99 .99 % Thanaphoom Property 2013 Company Limited Registered Capital THB 90 mm Paid -Up Capital THB 60 mm Products and Services Category The Company offers well selected products for over 15,000 SKUs in order to satisfy customer needs. Most are necessity products such as Household Product, Personal Care Product, Drinks and Dried Food Product, Cosmetics and Supplements and Baby Care products. Thanapiriya offers variety of product size and package such as retail pack, boxes and crate. There are 5 categories as follows: 1) Household Product such as detergent, dish washing liquid, fabric softener, fabric conditioner, floor cleaner, tableware, candle, battery, automotive cleaning products, etc. 2) Personal Care Product such as shampoo, conditioner, soap, toothpaste, powder, cologne, sanitary napkin, paper towel and hair styling products, etc. 3) Drinks and Dried Food Product such as tea, coffee, milk, drinking water, snack, seasoning, vegetable oil, sugar, canned foods, juice, instant noodles, etc. 4) Cosmetics and Supplements such as skin care, foundation, lipstick, medicines and supplements etc. 5) Baby Care products such as milk bottles, milk powder, baby food, nappy, supersorber, toy, mom and baby care products etc. Page 2 Revenue Structure Revenue structure of each business line from 2012 – 2015 are summarized as follows 2012 2013 2014 Revenue structure million % million % million % Baht Baht Baht Store revenue 608.05 64.26 661.36 63.62 764.22 63.59 Head office revenue 324.89 34.33 361.66 34.79 408.40 33.98 Sales revenue 932.94 98.59 1,023.02 98.41 1,172.62 97.58 Others 13.35 1.41 16.55 1.59 29.11 2.42 Total 946.29 100.00 1,039.57 100.00 1,201.73 100.00 Revenue structure of each business line of January – September 2015 are summarized as follows 2014 (Jan – Sept) 2015 (Jan – Sept) Revenue structure million Baht % million Baht % Store revenue 560.48 62.76 696.85 72.40 Head office revenue 311.24 34.85 238.22 24.75 Sales revenue 871.72 97.62 935.07 97.15 Others 21.30 2.38 27.46 2.85 Total 893.01 100.00 962.53 100.00 Note: Others comprise sales promotion, rental income and interest income etc. Target customers Thanapiriya’s customers mainly are general customers covering all ages, all occupations, residents around that area, retail store operators selling consumer goods in Chiang Rai and neighboring provinces, government agencies and business professional, such as a school and a hospital and a laundry business, etc. Distribution Channels The Company distributes products via 2 channels: 1. Thanphiriya Stores The Company distributes products through its own stores as the main channel. The store is located near the residential area and next to major roads to be convenient for both regular and one-time customers. The Company has 12 supermarket stores dividing into 11 retail stores and 1 wholesale store. The details of store as of 31 August, 2015 are as follows: Page 3 Year's Area Branch Address Operating hours Opening (Sqm ) 1. Hor Naliga 414/1-2 Branprakarn Rd., Wiang, Muang, Chiang Rai 1991 220 7:00 – 21:00 57000 2. Den Ha 318/3 Moo 16, Rop Wiang , 2007 750 8:00 – 20:30 Muang, Chiang Rai 57000 . 3. Sri Sai Mun 139/6 Moo 9 Rop Wiang, 2009 400 8:00 – 20:00 Muang, Chiang Rai 57000 4. Bann Du 142 Moo 4 Baandu, Muang 2011 700 8:00 – 21:00 Chiang Rai 57100 5. Den Ha wholesale 510/14 Moo 16 Rop Wiang, 2012 900 8:00 – 19:00 Muang, Chiang Rai 57000 6. Mae Sai 888 Moo 9 Wiang Phang Kham, Mae Sai, Chiang Rai 2013 200 8:00 – 20:00 57220 7. Pa Gor 308/2 Moo 13 Rop Wiang, 2013 400 8:00 – 21:00 Muang, Chiang Rai 57000 8. Huai Khrai 302 Moo 2 Mae Rai, Mae 2014 500 8:00 – 20:00 Chan, Chiang Rai 57110 9. Wiang Pa Pao 340 Moo 2 Wieng, Wiang pa 2014 350 8:00 – 20:00 pao, Chiang Rai 57170 10. Mae Chan 500 Moo 4 ,Mae Chan, Mae 2014 400 8:00 – 20:00 Chan, Chiang Rai 57110 11. Phan 2347 Phan, Phan, Chiang Rai April 2015 550 8:00 – 20:00 57120 12. Mae Fah Luang 690 Moo Ta Sud, Muang August 356 8:00 – 20:00 Chiang Rai 57000 2015 2. Call Center - Head Office (Wholesale) For more customer coverage, Thanapiriya provides the service for wholesale customers via phone orders. This channel is mainly for customers buying in large amounts. The customer can call the head office or any nearby Thanapiriya stores to make an order. Product & Services Procurement The Company purchases products directly from suppliers or manufacturers. It selects the products based on customer preference, variety and quality of products. The Company has over 300 suppliers within the country to supply over 15,000 SKUs. The procurement procedures are as follows: Page 4 1) Survey customer needs The Company surveys the market by doing research on competitors, discussing with suppliers, observing consumer behaviors and catching up related advertisement. Moreover, the Company has a database to record store sales and purchase orders of wholesalers, in order to analyze the popularity of each product. 2) Product selection The product selection can be divided in 2 categories: New products selection The selection of new products is based on popularity, pricing, marketing strategies, quality and packaging that can attract consumers. Current products selection Thanapiriya uses the database to analyze sales, inventory turnover rate and the rate of return in order to procure appropriate product categories and optimal quantity to particular stores. Supplier selection The supplier selection criteria are as follows: 1) Popularity and needs of products 2) Quality standard 3) On time delivery 4) Effective marketing strategies 5) Reliability of suppliers The Company has policy to spread across over 300 suppliers, and does not place an order with any supplier exceeding 30 percent of total purchase to prevent the risk of dependency on a particular supplier. 3) Purchasing The Company has efficient control over the product procurement to ensure that it has optimal quantity of products to sell. The Company refers historical sales data of each store to estimate optimal order level. Before order, the Purchasing Department will check that there is no outstanding product exceeds the company's policy; otherwise, the Purchasing Department will discuss with the supplier to launch promotion campaign. 4) Distribution Products over 15,000 SKUs from suppliers will be delivered to the distribution center before distributing to Thanapiriya’s stores and wholesale customers outside the district. The distribution center is located at the head office and has area over 7,600 square meters. Distribution Center Management Products that pass the inspection process will be placed in the receiving warehouse on defined shelves and recorded into the inventory system. After that products will be transferred to distributing warehouse by a forklift to place on defined shelves separated by categories, with the First In First Out method (FIFO). Products are usually stored in the warehouse approximately 7 to 30 days before distributing to Thanapiriya stores and wholesale customers.
Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties and Their Improvement in Terms of Stability, Yield and Cooking Quality by Pure-Line Selection in Thailand
    ESEARCH ARTICLE R ScienceAsia 46 (2020): 157–168 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2020.029 Evaluation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and their improvement in terms of stability, yield and cooking quality by pure-line selection in Thailand Pawat Nakwilaia, Sulaiman Cheabuc, Possawat Narumona, Chatree Saensukb, Siwaret Arikita,b, a,b, Chanate Malumpong ∗ a Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140 Thailand b Rice Science Center & Rice Gene Discovery Unit, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140 Thailand c Faculty of Agriculture, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat 96000 Thailand ∗Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 3 Aug 2019 Accepted 3 Apr 2020 ABSTRACT: Many companies in Thailand have encouraged farmers, especially those in the northern regions, to cultivate DOA1 and DOA2 japonica rice varieties. Recently, the agronomic traits of DOA1 and DOA2 were altered, affecting yield and cooking quality. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic traits and cooking quality of DOA1 and DOA2 and those of exotic japonica varieties in different locations, including the Kamphaeng Saen and Phan districts (WS16). DOA2 was improved by pure-line selection. The results showed that the Phan district was better suited to grow japonica varieties than the Kamphaeng Saen district and that DOA2 produced high grain yields in both locations. Furthermore, DOA2 was selected by the pure-line method in four generations, after which five candidate lines, Tana1 to Tana5, were selected for yield trials. The results of yield trials in three seasons (WS17, DS17/18, WS18) confirmed that Tana1 showed high performance in terms of its agronomic traits and grain yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance Among the Lahu Hill Tribe People in Northern Thailand: a Cross-Sectional Study
    Antibiotic resistance among the Lahu hill tribe people in northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study SOPHAPHAN INTAHPHUAK ( [email protected] ) School of Nursing Mae Fah Luang University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-8563 TAWATCHAI APIDECHKUL School of Health Science Mae Fah Luang University PATITA KUIPIAPHUM Mae Je Dee Mai Sub-district Health Promotion Hospital Research Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Prevalence, Lahu, Hill tribe, Thailand Posted Date: May 18th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-27927/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at BMC Infectious Diseases on April 26th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06087-7. Page 1/14 Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is often reported and is of major concern as a public health problem. The hill tribe people in Thailand are considered populations vulnerable to antibiotic resistance due to their poor economic and educational status. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of, the factors associated with, and the major species of bacteria involved in antibiotic drug resistance among the Lahu hill tribe people in northern Thailand. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to gather information from participants between March and September 2019. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection. Participants who presented an illness related to infectious diseases were eligible to participate in the study and were asked to obtain specic specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by the Kirbey-Bauer disk diffusion test.
    [Show full text]
  • Tin-Tungsten Mineralized Granite at Mae Chedi Area, Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thalland
    GEOSEA V Proceedings Vol.//, Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bulletin 20, August 1986; pp. 423-471 Tin-Tungsten Mineralized Granite at Mae Chedi Area, Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thalland. R. HANSAWEKl, W. PONGSAPICH2 and S. VEDCHAKANCHANA2 1 Ecom;>mic Geology Division, Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 2 Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10500, Thailand Abstract: The granitic complexes in the Mae Chedi area, Wing Pa Pao district, Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand, compriSe two granitic suites. The first, the OM-series, is associated with the known primary tin-tungsten mineralization and composed of fine-grained biotite (GM-1), fine-grained muscovite-bearing biotite (OM-2), and fine- to medium-grained leucocratic (GM-3) granites. The second, the OR-series, is generally referred to as tin-tungsten barren granite. It is composed of porphyritic biotite (OR-1), medium- to coarse-grained biotite (OR-2), and fine- to medium-grained leucocratic (OR-3) granites. Both granitic series are geochemically calc-alkaline, peraluminous, and S-type granites. However, the OM-series appears to be less silicic than that of the OR-series and is characterized by higherTi02 , ~03 , F~03 , FeO, MnO, MgO, CaO, P20 5, ~o+, Li, F, Sr, Ba, Zr, Sn, W, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ce and lower Rb contents. Relative differences in N~O and KzO contents between the OM-1, OM-2 and the OR-1, OR-2 are not remarkably sharp. However, the OM-3 is notably lower in N~O but higher KzO contents than that of the GR-3. This and petrographic evidences have led to the belief that the OM-3 is the late metasomatic alteration product ofthe OM-1, wheq:as the OR-3 is the late magmatic differentiation product of the OR-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Consumption Among Older Adults in Northern Thailand
    Original Research Article 99 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN NORTHERN THAILAND Torranong Philalai1, 2, Cheerawit Rattanapan1, Orapin Laosee1, * 1 ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, 73170, Thailand 2 The Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization), Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand ABSTRACT: Background: Alcohol consumption of the older Thai adult population is important to understand for health promotion plans in district health systems. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of alcohol consumption and associated factors among older adults at community level to understand current situation for target health promotion policy implementation among this vulnerable group. Methods: A household cross-sectional study was conducted for Thai adults aged 50 years and older in Wiang Pa Pao district, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand from January to March 2016. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select the respondents from seven sub-districts. Three hundred and sixteen participants were approached and interviewed by trained research assistants. Data were analyzed by Bivariate, and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The majority of respondents (53.7%) were aged 60 years and over (Median = 60 years). The prevalence of current alcohol consumption over the past three months was 23.9%. The study identified factors associated with current alcohol consumption as aged between 50 to 59 years old, being male, current tobacco use, negative to moderate perceptions of current health status,
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park
    Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park Contents Chiang Rai 8 Phayao 20 Phrae 26 Nan 32 Doi Tung Palace Located 5 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northernmost province. At an average elevation of nearly 00 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,00 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north, and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level, and flowing between the hill ranges are several rivers, the most important being the Kok, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR Inhabiting the highlands are hilltribes like the Akha, Lahu, Karen, and Hmong. The region boasts a long history with small kingdoms dat- ing back to the pre-Thai period, while the city of Chiang Rai was founded in 122 by King Mengrai. It was temporarily the capital of Mengrai’s Lanna Kingdom until being superseded by Chiang Mai. Today, Chiang Rai is a small, charming city that provides the perfect base for exploring the scenic and cultural attractions of Thailand’s far north. City Attractions King Mengrai Monument Commemorating the founder of Chiang Rai, the monument should be the first place to visit, since locals believe that respect should be paid to King Mengrai before travelling further.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Tea in 2019, the Production Area of Tea in Chiang
    Chiang Rai Tea In 2019, the production area of tea in Chiang Rai Province is 84,118 rais, harvesting area of 80,043 rai and average yield (fresh tea leaves) that farmers can harvest are 1,063 kilograms per rai. The total yield is 85,104 tons. The major tea production areas in Chiang Rai Provice are Wiang Pa Pao District, Mae Fah Luang District, Mae Suai District, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Thoeng District, Phan District and Mae Lao District. Map showing the major tea plantation areas in Chiang Rai Province MaeSaiDiMae Sai strictDistrict Mae Fa Luang District Chiang Saen District Mae Chan District Chiang Doi Luang Khong District District Wiang Chiang Wiang Rung District Kaen District Phaya Muang Chiang Rai District Wiang Chai Mengrai District District Mae Lao District Mae Suai District Thoeng District Phan District Pa Daet District Wiang Pa Pao District Tea production of Chiang Rai Province in 2019 (Source : Chiang Rai Provincial Agricultural Extension Office) Plantation Harvesting Average Yield of Yield of Fresh No. District Area Area Fresh Tea Leaves Tea Leaves (rai) (rai) (kilogram/rai) (ton) 1 Mueang Chiang Rai 3,706 3,146 1,050 3,303 2 Mae Suai 21,883 21,720 1,050 22,806 3 Wiang Pa Pao 30,959 30,929 970 30,001 4 Mae Fa Luang 26,354 23,032 1,200 27,638 5 Thoeng 121 121 900 109 6 Phan 265 265 1,100 292 7 Mae Lao 830 830 1,150 955 Total 84,118 80,043 1,063 85,104 Tea that are grown in Chiang Rai Province are divided into 2 varieties: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Study on the Development of the Participatory Management Of
    The Study on the Development of the Participatory Management of Occupational Group that Affects the Sustainable Development of Mae Chan Tai Community, Mae Suai District, Chiang Rai Province กำรศึกษำแนวทำงพัฒนำกำรบริหำรจัดกำรกลุ่มอำชีพอย่ำงมีส่วนร่วมที่ส่งผลต่อกำรพัฒนำ อย่ำงยั่งยืนของชุมชนแม่จันใต้ อ�ำเภอแม่สรวย จังหวัดเชียงรำย Sutheemon Chongesiriroj1 and Chanchai Bunchapatanasakda2 สุธีมนต์ ทรงศิริโรจน์1 และ ชาญชัย บัญชาพัฒนาศักดา2 1Doctor of Business Administration Program, Shinawatra University 1หลักสูตรบริหารธุรกิจดุษฎีบัณฑิต มหาวิทยาลัยชินวัตร 2School of Management, Shinawatra University 2คณะการจัดการ มหาวิทยาลัยชินวัตร Received: February 7, 2019 Revised: March 13, 2019 Accepted: March 13, 2019 Abstract This research is a mixed methods research on both qualitative and quantitative research which aims to study the participatory management of the occupational group and the potential development guidelines, which can bring the knowledge to develop the management pattern and the strategies for promoting the community sustainable development. Sample consisted of 36 households. The research found out that the management of the occupational group (POSDCoRB) in overall is in high level. Anyway, in each aspect, it was found that the opinions with the highest level towards the budgeting and the other aspects were rated as high level such as staffing, reporting, directing, planning, organizing, and coordinating respectively. The guidelines for the participatory development of the occupational group that affecting the potential sustainable development
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand GEF/SGP National Committee 27
    United Nations Development Programme Project Document Project title: Sixth Operational Phase of the GEF Small Grants Programme in Thailand Country: Thailand Implementing Partner: United Nations Management Arrangements: Office for Project Services - UNOPS Agency-implemented UNDAF/Country Programme Outcome: Promoting inclusive Green Growth, creating fairness and reducing inequality in the society for sustainable development UNDP Strategic Plan Output: 1.3 - Solutions developed at national and sub-national levels for sustainable management of natural resources, ecosystem services, chemicals and waste. UNDP Social and Environmental Screening Category: UNDP Gender Marker: GEN 2 Low risk Atlas Project ID (formerly Award ID): Atlas Output ID (formerly Project ID): UNDP-GEF PIMS ID number: 5530 GEF ID number: 9558 Planned start date: December 2018 Planned end date: December 2021 LPAC meeting date: October 2018 Brief project description: The project will enable community organizations in four diverse regions of Thailand to take collective action for adaptive landscape and seascape management for socio-ecological resilience - through design, implementation and evaluation of small grant projects for global environmental benefits and sustainable development. The project will provide financing to the Upgraded Country Programme of the GEF Small Grants Programme. FINANCING PLAN GEF Trust Fund or LDCF or SCCF USD 2,381,620 UNDP TRAC resources USD 0 Cash co-financing to be administered by UNDP USD 0 (1) Total Budget administered by UNDP USD 2,381,620 PARALLEL CO-FINANCING (all other co-financing that is not cash co-financing administered by UNDP) 1 | P a g e UNDP – In Kind USD 147,000 Government – LDD in cash USD 1,910,000 Government – RFD in cash USD 1,500,000 IUCN in cash USD 352,000 Grantee in cash USD 200,000 Grantee in kind USD 1,300,000 (2) Total co-financing USD 5,409,000 (3) Grand-Total Project Financing (1)+(2) USD 7,790,620 SIGNATURES Signature: Agreed by Date/Month/Year: Government of Thailand Signature: Agreed by Date/Month/Year: Implementing Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS
    Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS CHIANG RAI 8 City Attractions 9 Out-of-city Attractions 13 Special Events 22 Interesting Activities 22 Local Products 23 How to Get There 23 PHAYAO 24 City Attractions 25 Out-of-city Attractions 27 Local Products 38 How to Get There 38 PHRAE 40 City Attractions 41 Out-of-city Attractions 42 Special Events 44 Local Products 45 How to Get There 45 NAN 46 City Attractions 47 Out-of-city Attractions 48 Special Event 54 Local Product 55 How to Get There 55 Chiang Rai Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Republic of the Union of Myanmar Mae Hong Son Chiang Mai Bangkok Lamphun Lampang Mae Hong Son Chiang Mai Lamphun Lampang Doi Pha Tang Chiang Rai Located 785 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northern most province. At an average elevation of nearly 600 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,700 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level. Flowing through the hill ranges are several rivers with the most important being the Kok River, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the Oub Kham Museum borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR. Inhabiting the highlands are ethnic hill-tribes centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Association of Environmental Factors and High HFMD Occurrence In
    Laor et al. BMC Public Health (2020) 20:1829 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09905-w RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Association of environmental factors and high HFMD occurrence in northern Thailand Pussadee Laor1* , Tawatchai Apidechkul1,2*, Siriyaporn Khunthason1,2, Vivat Keawdounglek1, Suntorn Sudsandee1, Krailak Fakkaew1 and Weerayuth Siriratruengsuk1 Abstract Background: The major population vulnerable to hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is children aged less than 5 years, particularly those who are cared for at day care centers (DCCs). This study aimed to assess the associations of environmental and sanitation factors with high HFMD occurrence rates in DCCs of northern Thailand. Methods: A case-control study was used to gather information from caregivers and local government administrative officers. DCCs in areas with high and low HFMD occurrence rates were the settings for this study. A validated questionnaire was used to collect environmental and sanitation information from the DCCs. In-depth interviews were used to collect information from selected participants who were working at DCCs and from local government administrative officers on the HFMD capacity and prevention and control strategies in DCCs. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations between many environmental factors and HFMD at the α = 0.05 significance level while the content analysis was used to extract information from the interviews. Results: Two variables were found to be associated with a high rate of HFMD occurrence: the number of sinks available in restrooms and the DCC size. Children attending DCCs that did not meet the standard in terms of the number of sinks in restrooms had a greater chance of contracting HFMD than children who were attending DCCs that met the standard (AOR = 4.21; 95% CI = 1.13–15.04).
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    LAHU TRADE AND COMMERCE by San it Wongspraset·t * Introduction This article describes the trading and commercial activities of the Lahu Nyi 1 villagers of Pang Fan village community in the hills of Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand2. These villagers are taken by the author to be fairly representative of the 16,389 Lahu hill people, who live in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Mae Hong Son and Tak Provinces3. The Lahu Nyi system of kinship is bilateral or cognatic4. A village or small cluster of neighbouring villages comprises the basic political unit (Walker, 1969: 44). Like other highland peoples, the villagers under study practise swidden agricultures. Their agriculture is mainly concerned with the production of food, both for local consumption and for exchange; rice, chilli and opium are the major crops with vegetables, melons, spices and tobacco as minor catch-crops. Fowl, pigs, cattle and water buffaloes are commonly found in the village. The Lahu keep their livestock as prestige commodities and for cash income. The Lahu exchange produce among themselves and with other ethnic groups. Trade and comme.rce play a very important role in the relationship between the Lahu and neighbouring peoples. *Senior Researcher, Tribal Research Centre, Chiang Mai. I) Known to the Thai as 'Mussur Daeng', see Walker, A.R. 'Blessing Feasts and Ancestor Propitiation among the Labu Nyi (Red Lahu)', in Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 60, Part 1, January !972, 345-346. 2) The fieldwork that forms the basis of this study was conducted between October 1966 and September 1969, under the supervision of Anthony R.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Chok Jamroean Tea Plantation on Doi Mae Salong Phayao • Phrae • Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park
    Chiang Rai Chok Jamroean Tea Plantation on Doi Mae Salong Phayao • Phrae • Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park Contents Chiang Rai 8 Phayao 20 Phrae 26 Nan 32 8 Wat Phrathat Doi Tung Chiang Rai Chiang Rai is a small, charming city that provides the perfect base for exploring the scenic and cultural attractions of Thailand’s far north. Doi Tung Palace 8 9 Located 785 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northernmost province. At an average elevation of nearly 600 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,700 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north, and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level, and flowing between the hill ranges are several rivers, the most important being the Kok, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR Inhabiting the highlands are hilltribes like the Akha, Lahu, Karen, and Hmong. The region boasts a long history with small kingdoms dating back to the pre-Thai period, while the city of Chiang Rai was founded in 1262 by King Mengrai. It was temporarily the capital of Mengrai’s Lanna Kingdom until being superseded by Chiang Mai. Today, Chiang Rai is a small, charming city that provides the perfect base for exploring the scenic and cultural attractions of Thailand’s far north.
    [Show full text]