DOCSLIB.ORG

Alcohol Consumption Among Older Adults in Northern Thailand

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alcohol Consumption Among Older Adults in Northern Thailand Original Research Article 99 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN NORTHERN THAILAND Torranong Philalai1, 2, Cheerawit Rattanapan1, Orapin Laosee1, * 1 ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, 73170, Thailand 2 The Healthcare Accreditation Institute (Public Organization), Nonthaburi, 11000, Thailand ABSTRACT: Background: Alcohol consumption of the older Thai adult population is important to understand for health promotion plans in district health systems. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of alcohol consumption and associated factors among older adults at community level to understand current situation for target health promotion policy implementation among this vulnerable group. Methods: A household cross-sectional study was conducted for Thai adults aged 50 years and older in Wiang Pa Pao district, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand from January to March 2016. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select the respondents from seven sub-districts. Three hundred and sixteen participants were approached and interviewed by trained research assistants. Data were analyzed by Bivariate, and multiple logistic regressions. Results: The majority of respondents (53.7%) were aged 60 years and over (Median = 60 years). The prevalence of current alcohol consumption over the past three months was 23.9%. The study identified factors associated with current alcohol consumption as aged between 50 to 59 years old, being male, current tobacco use, negative to moderate perceptions of current health status, low problem of sleep, high frequency of social contact, low frequency of modern medicine provider contact, and herbal medicine provider contact (p-value < 0.05). By multiple logistic regression, aged between 50 to 59 years old (AdjOR 1.98; 95% CI=1.09-3.59), being male (AdjOR 2.46; 95% CI=1.35-4.47), current tobacco use (AdjOR 6.29; 95% CI=2.56-15.44), high frequency of social contact (AdjOR 3.18; 95% CI=1.70-5.94), and low frequency of herbal medicine providers contact (AdjOR 2.78; 95% CI=1.01-7.68) were observed to be strong predictors of current alcohol consumption when adjusted for other factors. Conclusions: High prevalence of alcohol consumption has been highlighted in this study. Our findings could help to understand current situation targeting promotion policy implementation among this vulnerable group in the district of northern Thailand. Keywords: Alcohol consumption; Aging, Older adults; Risk factors; Thailand DOI: 10.14456/jhr.2017.13 Received: May 2016; Accepted: August 2016 INTRODUCTION significantly increasing risk factor for the global Nowadays, over 15% of the global populations burden of mortality, representing 2.8% of all deaths are over 50 years old and this will increase to 23% and 3.0% of all potential years of life lost (PYLL) in by 2030. A previous study showed that the absolute 2010 [3]. Previous studies reported that the trend of number of older adults with alcohol use disorders high risk alcohol consumption was increasing was increasing [1]. The Health Survey for England among older adult patients in primary care 2008 [2] reported a 3.6-fold increase in alcohol nationwide and was now considered as a public consumption in the last five years for people aged 65 health concern [4, 5]. Few studies have investigated years and over. Moreover, the 2013 review on alcohol use among older adults in low and middle alcohol research found that alcohol was a income countries. Research in India indicated that 7.7% of cases were hazardous and 9.2% were * Correspondence to: Orapin Laosee dependent and 2.4% were harmful drinkers [6]. The E-mail: [email protected] Thai National Survey in 2011 reported that 24.7% of Philalai T, Rattanapan C, Laosee O. Alcohol consumption among older adults in northern Thailand. Cite this article as: J Health Res. 2017; 31(2): 99-107. DOI: 10.14456/jhr.2017.13 http://www.jhealthres.org J Health Res vol.31 no.2 April 2017 100 people aged 60 years and over consumed alcohol older were obtained from January to March 2016. [7]. Sampling and recruitment Among the elderly, alcohol consumption was a Multi-stage cluster sampling was applied to major contributing factor for the occurrence of seven sub-districts of Wiang Pa Pao district, Chiang traumatic brain injuries, hypertension, anxiety and Rai, Thailand. The sample size was estimated using the worsening of chronic illnesses such as insomnia a confidence interval of 95%, an acceptance error of and depression with less social support during recent 5%, and estimate proportion of older adults who decades [8-10]. Consuming alcohol is more toxic in used alcohol of 0.25. The required minimum sample the ageing organism. Age related changes in size was determined at 316. Twenty-two villages in metabolism, distribution and elimination [11]. The seven sub-districts were selected and participants effects of alcohol may be increased in the elderly were recruited by simple random sampling. Trained because of pharmacologic changes associated with research assistants who work in primary care units ageing [12]. were trained for household data collection. Informed Socio-demographic factors were found to be consent was obtained before each interview. associated with alcohol consumption among elderly people including age, sex, marital status, education Research instrument level, race, religion and socioeconomic status [13- A face-to-face interview questionnaire was 18]. Kirchner et al. [18] reported that heavy drinking adapted from The World Health Organization’s was associated with depression and anxiety and less Ultra-rapid Alcohol, Smoking and Substance social support. Moreover, a recent review suggested Involvement Screening Test (ASSIT-lite) and the that increased attention must be focused on the Study on Global Ageing (SAGE) [26]. It consisted interaction between alcohol use, coping with stress of six parts, 1) general characteristics, 2) alcohol and depressive illness [19]. Older adults who have consumption behaviors, 3) current tobacco use, 4) health problems and use alcohol to manage pain are health state-related factors, 5) social networks, and at elevated risk to contract drinking problems [20]. 6) health service utilization. The questionnaire was In addition, few studies have suggested that the revised for validity and reliability according to the strongest predictor of alcohol misuse was tobacco expert comments and suggestions. addiction [5, 21]. Part 1 consisted of four questions regarding the The 2015 Thais alcohol consumption annual socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents report was shown prevalence 18.41% of Thais older which included age, gender, current marital status, adult were current alcohol use, 22.54% ever drink and education level. Part 2 was based on their but not drink in the past 12 months, and 59.05% response regarding alcohol consumption during the were ex-drinkers and lifetime abstainers [22]. three months prior to this study, modified from the Siviroj, et al. [23] reported that 64% of adults aged ASSIST-Lite version. The respondents were over 50 years in the northern Thailand were lifetime assessed with the question: “Did you have a drink alcohol users, 25.2% were daily alcohol users and containing alcohol?” The response choices included 13.1% engaged in drinking and driving. In Thailand, “yes” and “no”. Part 3 concerned current tobacco the difference association of age and gender with use which is an important reinforcing factor hazardous–harmful or probably dependent drinkers associated with alcohol consumption [5, 21]. This has been documented [23, 24]. It is hard to find section included one question modified from the reliable statistics on today’s elderly alcoholics at ASSIST-Lite version which asked about tobacco use district level in the northern Thailand [25]. This during the past three months. Each question study aimed to examine the prevalence of alcohol included the options “yes” or “no”. consumption and associated factors among older Part 4 included seven questions regarding the adults at community level to understand current heath related factors included perceptions of current situation for target health promotion policy health status, problem to dealing relationship, implementation among this vulnerable group. problem to dealing with conflicts, problem of pains, problem of sleep, problem of depressed, and MATERIALS AND METHODS problem of anxiety. An overall self-rated health This was a household cross sectional status question was asked as, “In general, how descriptive study. Data on current alcohol would you rate your health today?” The response consumption among Thai adults aged 50 years and choices included; 1) very good; 2) good; J Health Res vol.31 no.2 April 2017 http://www.jhealthres.org 101 Table 1 Distribution of alcohol consumption, respondents’ characteristics, current tobacco use, health related factors, social networks, and health service utilization (n=309) Characteristics Frequency % Current alcohol consumption Yes 74 23.9 No 235 76.1 Age group (years) 50 – 59 143 46.3 > 60 166 53.7 Median 60 (QD 5.5) Age range 50-95 Gender Male 124 40.1 Female 185 59.9 Current marital status Without spouse 96 31.3 With spouse 213 68.7 Education level Less than primary school 54 17.5 Primary school completed 178 57.6 Higher than primary school completed 77 24.9 Current tobacco use Yes 31 10.0 No 278 90.0 Perceptions of current health status Negative 86 27.8 Moderate 174 56.3 Positive 49 15.9 Problem to dealing with relationships Low 250 80.9 High 59 19.1 Problem to dealing with conflicts Low 258 83.5 High 51 16.5 Problem of pains Low 264 85.4 High 45 14.6 Problem of sleep Low 281 90.9 High 28 9.1 Problem of depressed Low 252 81.6 High 57 18.4 Problem of anxiety Low 281 90.9 High 28 9.1 Public meetings attended High frequency 100 32.4 Low frequency 209 67.6 Group meetings attended High frequency 93 30.1 Low frequency 216 69.9 Social contact High frequency 146 47.2 Low frequency 163 52.8 Modern medicine providers contact Low frequency 166 53.7 High frequency 143 46.3 Herbal medicine providers contact Low frequency 247 79.9 High frequency 62 20.1 Abbreviation: QD quartile deviation 3) moderate; 4) bad; and 5) very bad.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Japonica Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) Varieties and Their Improvement in Terms of Stability, Yield and Cooking Quality by Pure-Line Selection in Thailand
    ESEARCH ARTICLE R ScienceAsia 46 (2020): 157–168 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2020.029 Evaluation of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties and their improvement in terms of stability, yield and cooking quality by pure-line selection in Thailand Pawat Nakwilaia, Sulaiman Cheabuc, Possawat Narumona, Chatree Saensukb, Siwaret Arikita,b, a,b, Chanate Malumpong ∗ a Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140 Thailand b Rice Science Center & Rice Gene Discovery Unit, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom 73140 Thailand c Faculty of Agriculture, Princess of Naradhiwas University, Narathiwat 96000 Thailand ∗Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Received 3 Aug 2019 Accepted 3 Apr 2020 ABSTRACT: Many companies in Thailand have encouraged farmers, especially those in the northern regions, to cultivate DOA1 and DOA2 japonica rice varieties. Recently, the agronomic traits of DOA1 and DOA2 were altered, affecting yield and cooking quality. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the agronomic traits and cooking quality of DOA1 and DOA2 and those of exotic japonica varieties in different locations, including the Kamphaeng Saen and Phan districts (WS16). DOA2 was improved by pure-line selection. The results showed that the Phan district was better suited to grow japonica varieties than the Kamphaeng Saen district and that DOA2 produced high grain yields in both locations. Furthermore, DOA2 was selected by the pure-line method in four generations, after which five candidate lines, Tana1 to Tana5, were selected for yield trials. The results of yield trials in three seasons (WS17, DS17/18, WS18) confirmed that Tana1 showed high performance in terms of its agronomic traits and grain yield.
    [Show full text]
  • Antibiotic Resistance Among the Lahu Hill Tribe People in Northern Thailand: a Cross-Sectional Study
    Antibiotic resistance among the Lahu hill tribe people in northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study SOPHAPHAN INTAHPHUAK ( [email protected] ) School of Nursing Mae Fah Luang University https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0013-8563 TAWATCHAI APIDECHKUL School of Health Science Mae Fah Luang University PATITA KUIPIAPHUM Mae Je Dee Mai Sub-district Health Promotion Hospital Research Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Prevalence, Lahu, Hill tribe, Thailand Posted Date: May 18th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-27927/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at BMC Infectious Diseases on April 26th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06087-7. Page 1/14 Abstract Background Antibiotic resistance is often reported and is of major concern as a public health problem. The hill tribe people in Thailand are considered populations vulnerable to antibiotic resistance due to their poor economic and educational status. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of, the factors associated with, and the major species of bacteria involved in antibiotic drug resistance among the Lahu hill tribe people in northern Thailand. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to gather information from participants between March and September 2019. A validated questionnaire was used for data collection. Participants who presented an illness related to infectious diseases were eligible to participate in the study and were asked to obtain specic specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by the Kirbey-Bauer disk diffusion test.
    [Show full text]
  • Tin-Tungsten Mineralized Granite at Mae Chedi Area, Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thalland
    GEOSEA V Proceedings Vol.//, Geol. Soc. Malaysia, Bulletin 20, August 1986; pp. 423-471 Tin-Tungsten Mineralized Granite at Mae Chedi Area, Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thalland. R. HANSAWEKl, W. PONGSAPICH2 and S. VEDCHAKANCHANA2 1 Ecom;>mic Geology Division, Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok 10400, Thailand 2 Department of Geology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10500, Thailand Abstract: The granitic complexes in the Mae Chedi area, Wing Pa Pao district, Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand, compriSe two granitic suites. The first, the OM-series, is associated with the known primary tin-tungsten mineralization and composed of fine-grained biotite (GM-1), fine-grained muscovite-bearing biotite (OM-2), and fine- to medium-grained leucocratic (GM-3) granites. The second, the OR-series, is generally referred to as tin-tungsten barren granite. It is composed of porphyritic biotite (OR-1), medium- to coarse-grained biotite (OR-2), and fine- to medium-grained leucocratic (OR-3) granites. Both granitic series are geochemically calc-alkaline, peraluminous, and S-type granites. However, the OM-series appears to be less silicic than that of the OR-series and is characterized by higherTi02 , ~03 , F~03 , FeO, MnO, MgO, CaO, P20 5, ~o+, Li, F, Sr, Ba, Zr, Sn, W, Cu, Zn, Ni, Ce and lower Rb contents. Relative differences in N~O and KzO contents between the OM-1, OM-2 and the OR-1, OR-2 are not remarkably sharp. However, the OM-3 is notably lower in N~O but higher KzO contents than that of the GR-3. This and petrographic evidences have led to the belief that the OM-3 is the late metasomatic alteration product ofthe OM-1, wheq:as the OR-3 is the late magmatic differentiation product of the OR-1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park
    Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park Contents Chiang Rai 8 Phayao 20 Phrae 26 Nan 32 Doi Tung Palace Located 5 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northernmost province. At an average elevation of nearly 00 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,00 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north, and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level, and flowing between the hill ranges are several rivers, the most important being the Kok, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR Inhabiting the highlands are hilltribes like the Akha, Lahu, Karen, and Hmong. The region boasts a long history with small kingdoms dat- ing back to the pre-Thai period, while the city of Chiang Rai was founded in 122 by King Mengrai. It was temporarily the capital of Mengrai’s Lanna Kingdom until being superseded by Chiang Mai. Today, Chiang Rai is a small, charming city that provides the perfect base for exploring the scenic and cultural attractions of Thailand’s far north. City Attractions King Mengrai Monument Commemorating the founder of Chiang Rai, the monument should be the first place to visit, since locals believe that respect should be paid to King Mengrai before travelling further.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Tea in 2019, the Production Area of Tea in Chiang
    Chiang Rai Tea In 2019, the production area of tea in Chiang Rai Province is 84,118 rais, harvesting area of 80,043 rai and average yield (fresh tea leaves) that farmers can harvest are 1,063 kilograms per rai. The total yield is 85,104 tons. The major tea production areas in Chiang Rai Provice are Wiang Pa Pao District, Mae Fah Luang District, Mae Suai District, Mueang Chiang Rai District, Thoeng District, Phan District and Mae Lao District. Map showing the major tea plantation areas in Chiang Rai Province MaeSaiDiMae Sai strictDistrict Mae Fa Luang District Chiang Saen District Mae Chan District Chiang Doi Luang Khong District District Wiang Chiang Wiang Rung District Kaen District Phaya Muang Chiang Rai District Wiang Chai Mengrai District District Mae Lao District Mae Suai District Thoeng District Phan District Pa Daet District Wiang Pa Pao District Tea production of Chiang Rai Province in 2019 (Source : Chiang Rai Provincial Agricultural Extension Office) Plantation Harvesting Average Yield of Yield of Fresh No. District Area Area Fresh Tea Leaves Tea Leaves (rai) (rai) (kilogram/rai) (ton) 1 Mueang Chiang Rai 3,706 3,146 1,050 3,303 2 Mae Suai 21,883 21,720 1,050 22,806 3 Wiang Pa Pao 30,959 30,929 970 30,001 4 Mae Fa Luang 26,354 23,032 1,200 27,638 5 Thoeng 121 121 900 109 6 Phan 265 265 1,100 292 7 Mae Lao 830 830 1,150 955 Total 84,118 80,043 1,063 85,104 Tea that are grown in Chiang Rai Province are divided into 2 varieties: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand GEF/SGP National Committee 27
    United Nations Development Programme Project Document Project title: Sixth Operational Phase of the GEF Small Grants Programme in Thailand Country: Thailand Implementing Partner: United Nations Management Arrangements: Office for Project Services - UNOPS Agency-implemented UNDAF/Country Programme Outcome: Promoting inclusive Green Growth, creating fairness and reducing inequality in the society for sustainable development UNDP Strategic Plan Output: 1.3 - Solutions developed at national and sub-national levels for sustainable management of natural resources, ecosystem services, chemicals and waste. UNDP Social and Environmental Screening Category: UNDP Gender Marker: GEN 2 Low risk Atlas Project ID (formerly Award ID): Atlas Output ID (formerly Project ID): UNDP-GEF PIMS ID number: 5530 GEF ID number: 9558 Planned start date: December 2018 Planned end date: December 2021 LPAC meeting date: October 2018 Brief project description: The project will enable community organizations in four diverse regions of Thailand to take collective action for adaptive landscape and seascape management for socio-ecological resilience - through design, implementation and evaluation of small grant projects for global environmental benefits and sustainable development. The project will provide financing to the Upgraded Country Programme of the GEF Small Grants Programme. FINANCING PLAN GEF Trust Fund or LDCF or SCCF USD 2,381,620 UNDP TRAC resources USD 0 Cash co-financing to be administered by UNDP USD 0 (1) Total Budget administered by UNDP USD 2,381,620 PARALLEL CO-FINANCING (all other co-financing that is not cash co-financing administered by UNDP) 1 | P a g e UNDP – In Kind USD 147,000 Government – LDD in cash USD 1,910,000 Government – RFD in cash USD 1,500,000 IUCN in cash USD 352,000 Grantee in cash USD 200,000 Grantee in kind USD 1,300,000 (2) Total co-financing USD 5,409,000 (3) Grand-Total Project Financing (1)+(2) USD 7,790,620 SIGNATURES Signature: Agreed by Date/Month/Year: Government of Thailand Signature: Agreed by Date/Month/Year: Implementing Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS
    Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Rong Khun Temple CONTENTS CHIANG RAI 8 City Attractions 9 Out-of-city Attractions 13 Special Events 22 Interesting Activities 22 Local Products 23 How to Get There 23 PHAYAO 24 City Attractions 25 Out-of-city Attractions 27 Local Products 38 How to Get There 38 PHRAE 40 City Attractions 41 Out-of-city Attractions 42 Special Events 44 Local Products 45 How to Get There 45 NAN 46 City Attractions 47 Out-of-city Attractions 48 Special Event 54 Local Product 55 How to Get There 55 Chiang Rai Chiang Rai Phayao Phrae Nan Republic of the Union of Myanmar Mae Hong Son Chiang Mai Bangkok Lamphun Lampang Mae Hong Son Chiang Mai Lamphun Lampang Doi Pha Tang Chiang Rai Located 785 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northern most province. At an average elevation of nearly 600 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,700 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level. Flowing through the hill ranges are several rivers with the most important being the Kok River, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the Oub Kham Museum borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR. Inhabiting the highlands are ethnic hill-tribes centre.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    LAHU TRADE AND COMMERCE by San it Wongspraset·t * Introduction This article describes the trading and commercial activities of the Lahu Nyi 1 villagers of Pang Fan village community in the hills of Phrao District, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand2. These villagers are taken by the author to be fairly representative of the 16,389 Lahu hill people, who live in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Mae Hong Son and Tak Provinces3. The Lahu Nyi system of kinship is bilateral or cognatic4. A village or small cluster of neighbouring villages comprises the basic political unit (Walker, 1969: 44). Like other highland peoples, the villagers under study practise swidden agricultures. Their agriculture is mainly concerned with the production of food, both for local consumption and for exchange; rice, chilli and opium are the major crops with vegetables, melons, spices and tobacco as minor catch-crops. Fowl, pigs, cattle and water buffaloes are commonly found in the village. The Lahu keep their livestock as prestige commodities and for cash income. The Lahu exchange produce among themselves and with other ethnic groups. Trade and comme.rce play a very important role in the relationship between the Lahu and neighbouring peoples. *Senior Researcher, Tribal Research Centre, Chiang Mai. I) Known to the Thai as 'Mussur Daeng', see Walker, A.R. 'Blessing Feasts and Ancestor Propitiation among the Labu Nyi (Red Lahu)', in Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 60, Part 1, January !972, 345-346. 2) The fieldwork that forms the basis of this study was conducted between October 1966 and September 1969, under the supervision of Anthony R.
    [Show full text]
  • Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (TNP)
    - Information Memorandum – Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (TNP) Head Office 661 Moo. 24 Rop Wiang, Muang, Chiang Rai 57000 Tel. +66 53 756 484 Fax: +66 53 756 484 Website: www.thanapiriya.co.th Listing Date As of 18 November 2015 (Trading commencement on 18 November 2015) Listing Securities 800 million common shares with par value of 0.25 Baht per share, total value of 200 million Baht Capital As of 18 November 2015 (Trading commencement) Registered Capital; Common Shares 200 million Baht (800 million shares) Paid-up Capital; Common Shares 200 million Baht (800 million shares) Secondary Market Market Alternative of Investment (mai) Offering Price 1.75 Baht Offering Date 11 - 13 November 2015 (The Company issues common shares to the public 200 million shares) Objectives and plans for utilizing the capital increase Amount Use of proceeds Estimated timing (million Baht) 1. Financing business expansion 245.00 Within 2016 2. Retiring bank loan 70.00 Within 2015 3. Using as working capital 19.41 Within 2015 - 2016 Total 334.41 Note: The capital increase in the amount of 350.00 million Baht, deduct an expenses in the amount of 15.59 million Baht, net proceeds in the amount of 334.41 million Baht. Green Shoe Option -None- Page 1 Type of Business and Nature of Operation Thanapiriya Public Company Limited (“The Company”) is a retailer and a wholesaler of consumer goods excluding fresh food under the name “Thanapiriya”. The major revenue is from store sales and the head office sales accounted for 75 percent and 25 percent of total sales revenue respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiang Rai Chok Jamroean Tea Plantation on Doi Mae Salong Phayao • Phrae • Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park
    Chiang Rai Chok Jamroean Tea Plantation on Doi Mae Salong Phayao • Phrae • Nan Phu Chi Fa Forest Park Contents Chiang Rai 8 Phayao 20 Phrae 26 Nan 32 8 Wat Phrathat Doi Tung Chiang Rai Chiang Rai is a small, charming city that provides the perfect base for exploring the scenic and cultural attractions of Thailand’s far north. Doi Tung Palace 8 9 Located 785 kilometres north of Bangkok, Chiang Rai is the capital of Thailand’s northernmost province. At an average elevation of nearly 600 metres above sea level and covering an area of approximately 11,700 square kilometres, the province borders Myanmar to the north, and Lao PDR to the north and northeast. The area is largely mountainous, with peaks rising to 1,500 metres above sea level, and flowing between the hill ranges are several rivers, the most important being the Kok, near which the city of Chiang Rai is situated. In the far north of the province is the area known as the Golden Triangle, where the Mekong and Ruak Rivers meet to form the borders of Thailand, Myanmar and Lao PDR Inhabiting the highlands are hilltribes like the Akha, Lahu, Karen, and Hmong. The region boasts a long history with small kingdoms dating back to the pre-Thai period, while the city of Chiang Rai was founded in 1262 by King Mengrai. It was temporarily the capital of Mengrai’s Lanna Kingdom until being superseded by Chiang Mai. Today, Chiang Rai is a small, charming city that provides the perfect base for exploring the scenic and cultural attractions of Thailand’s far north.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Liquefaction Potential in Chiang Rai Province Northern Thailand Lindung Zalbuin Mase, Ph.D
    www.eng.chula.ac.th A Study of Liquefaction Potential in Chiang Rai Province Northern Thailand Lindung Zalbuin Mase, Ph.D. 1)2)* Prof. Suched Likitlersuang, D.Phil. 2) Associate. Prof. Tetsuo Tobita, Ph.D. 3) 1) (University of Bengkulu, Indonesia) 2) (Chulongkorn University, Thailand) 3) (Kansai University, Japan) * Presenter UNESCO-JASTIP JOINT SYMPOSIUM MANILA, PHILIPPINES 15-16 November 2017 www.eng.chula.ac.th Outline • Introduction • Study Area • Methodology • Results and Discussion • Concluding remarks Introductionwww.eng.chula.ac.th • Earthquake on 24 March 2011 (Magnitude of 6.8 Mw) • Earthquake on 5 May 2014 (Magnitude of 6.1 Mw) • Hit The Northern Thailand • Liquefactions and other geotechnical hazards near the border were found as reported by Ruangrassamee et al. (2012), Soralump and Feungaugsorn (2013), Soralump et al. (2014) • Intensive study of earthquake (liquefaction site response) was performed • This study was focused on the first earthquake event (Tarlay Earthquake in 2011) www.eng.chula.ac.th Impacts of the earthquakes in Northern Thailand Liquefaction site response was performed to investigate soil behaviour during earthquake www.eng.chula.ac.th Study Area 0.3 0.2 PGA = 0.207g 0.1 Mae Sai District 0 -0.1 -0.2 Acceleration (g) Acceleration -0.3 Mueang District 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (sec) Wiang Pa Pao District Performing Site Investigation including SPT-N (boring log test) and Seismic Downhole (to generate shear wave velocity) in CR-1, CR-2, CR-3 www.eng.chula.ac.th Site Investigation Results Site Investigation Results Briefly explanation of the site investigation results Sandy soils were dominant in the Northern Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • N. Sirimongkonlertkul / GMSARN International Journal 11 (2017) 45 - 50
    N. Sirimongkonlertkul / GMSARN International Journal 11 (2017) 45 - 50 Nion Sirimongkonlertkul, Witoon Prommee, Sarawut Pongleerat and Vivarad Phonekeo Abstract— This paper studies the outcomes of new application on smart phones to solve smoke haze problem in Chiang Rai. In this application, there are three main parts including web server,android application, and users. For the web server, the automatic filter program downloads the hotspot data of only Chiang Rai every five minutes from the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) of NASA. After that, the web server updates the new hotspot data in the application installed on smart phones. This proposed application is tested between 1 January 2016 and 30 April 2016 by Protected areas regional office 15 of National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department. If the users receive warning voice from the hotspot monitoring application on their smart phone, they will plan to control fire area in this application for surveying. In surveyed results, this application can show the number of hotspots, geographic location of hotspots, land use map of burned area and 99 percent of detected hotspots are true fire. The top number of 3 hotspots is 322 in Mae Suai district. The average PM10 of Muean Chiang Rai and Mae Sai stations are to 128 µg/m and 186.74 µg/m3 which are higher than the normal AQI (Air Quantity Index of the United States Environment 3 3 Protection Agency (EPA), 120 µg/m ) in April 2016. Moreover, the maximun PM10 is to 317 µg/m at Mae Sai station. The moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) is used to study hotspots in Chiang Rai.
    [Show full text]