DOCSLIB.ORG

{Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} the Icelandic Language

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Stefan Karlsson,Rory McTurk | 84 pages | 20 Jun 2004 | Viking Society for Northern Research | 9780903521611 | English | London, United Kingdom The Icelandic Language | Visit Reykjavik Egill is a man's name. As you can see, most place names in Iceland are very seethrough. English also has many words that are a combination of words, although they seldom have more than two words together blacksmith, cheesemonger, heartache. And then there's Welsh. The longest town name in the world is Welsh and unfortunately there are no big news stories coming from Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch, because I would love to hear news reporters pronounce that! There are many more similarities between Icelandic and English words than just those two. According to the Icelandic sagas then hundreds of years ago, in Viking times, people in Iceland could converse with Scandinavian people as well as people living in England , without much difficulties. Iceland is an isolated country and its language has stayed pure and close to its roots and is the closest you can get to Old Norse. Icelandic is quite similar to many old words in English. On that note, everyone is also addressed by their first name, never by their surname. That would explain the names of the Orkney islands, as well as Jersey and Guernsey. New Icelandic words are frequently invented - and in theory, anyone can invent a new word. Whereas many languages use the same root of a word for new inventions and old roots for words such as chemistry, biology or psychology — Iceland is determined to make their own unique words for every word there is. There are also endless amounts of Icelandic books to choose from, 1 in every 5 Icelanders will write a book in their lifetime according to statistics. Iceland has many peculiar and fun phrases and sayings and in every Easter egg there will always be an old saying inside. Many people think that the saying inside their Easter egg is even more of a treat than the chocolate itself. Many Icelanders put in an effort to speak correctly and keep up to date on new words. And you can read about new Icelandic words on the side of your milk cartons. The language is rich in words but a lot of words have double or triple meanings, meaning word puns are popular in completely untranslatable jokes. Icelandic is known for being a hard language to learn. You might disagree! The alphabet is Latin and familiar to Western European languages. In fact, it's even possible to learn how to speak Icelandic in just one week, if you're extremely good with languages! This was proved by Daniel Tammet from the UK, back in There are some useful websites where you can learn Icelandic online, either for free or for a small fee. Their classes also include visits to galleries or band rehearsals, cooking Icelandic recipes together and much more. Get a vacation. Book your tours. Rent a car. Find stays. Read info. Contact Us. Book your trip now. Guide to Iceland. How Hard is it to Speak Icelandic? Verified Expert. Popular articles. When was Guide to Iceland founded and why? How has Guide to Iceland changed since its conception? Continue reading to learn all about the leading travel agency of Iceland Midnight Sun in Iceland When does the midnight sun in Iceland take place? How long does a sunset or a sunrise last? Due to centuries of isolation from the mainland Scandinavian languages, Icelandic developed in its own unique direction, dropping some features that the other Scandinavian languages have kept namely certain vowels , preserving others such as complex verb conjugations and noun cases and coming up with its own innovations mainly vocabulary. This has made Icelandic a different beast from both its modern Scandinavian cousins and Old Norse. Today, there are around , speakers of Icelandic in Iceland. Icelandic is used at all levels of society: in government, education, commerce and everyday life. This semi-official policy, which finds its roots in the Icelandic nationalist movement, means that Icelandic usually creates its own words for foreign concepts rather than importing a loanword. If these words are considered by Icelanders to be functional enough, then they often enter into widespread use. There have been many well-meaning suggestions that have fallen by the wayside, though. Another stand-out feature of Icelandic is its complex grammar. Icelandic verbs conjugate for person, number, tense and mood if you studied French at school, then bad memories of learning the subjunctive may come flooding back. There is also a middle voice in addition to the more familiar active and passive. Nouns and adjectives are no walk in the park either. Nouns are declined in four cases: the nominative, accusative, dative and genitive e. Adjectives also decline in these four cases, as well as for definiteness and gender. The language is truly the jewel in the Icelandic cultural heritage crown. The rich literary heritage of the sagas has been kept alive over the centuries. Icelanders have always been great wordsmiths: what they lack in classical architecture they make up for in the written word. This small nation still publishes over a thousand books a year, spanning all genres from crime fiction to poetry to recipe books and translations of foreign bestsellers. One of the greatest existential threats to Icelandic is, and always has been, the advent of new technology. The language has proven to be surprisingly resilient: an official committee comes up with names for new car parts, to name but one example. Consumption of English-language media, both new and old, is just as widespread as in the other Nordic countries, if not more so. Compared to their Nordic cousins, Icelanders are at a disadvantage in that a lot of widely-used operating systems, software and services are not available in their language, let alone voice assistants like Siri and Alexa. Things have improved slightly in this regard in recent years, however. The Icelandic government is taking steps to rectify the issue through its Icelandic Language Technology Fund, although it is yet to be seen what lasting impact this will have on the status of the language. How Hard is it to Speak Icelandic? | Guide to Iceland But the reason why Icelandic words can get so long is because all the separate words are put together to make one new word. In English if you want to describe an object in more detail you simply use separate words. But this is not the case for Icelandic. Once you can see how the word is split up, then it becomes easier to pronounce. However, there are official translations for all news words that the Language Committee devises and promotes the use of, such as mobile phones, televisions, and radios. As English has developed somewhat over the years, here is a helpful guide for Icelandic pronunciation. Visit waterfalls, glaciers and black sand beaches on Iceland's South coast in in great comfort lead by one of our experienced and fun driver-guide, run exclusively in small groups of no more than 18 people. For example, the word rafmagn "electricity" , literally means "amber power", calquing the derivation of the Greek root "electr-" from Greek elektron "amber". The complete Icelandic alphabet is:. As Icelandic shares its ancestry with English and both are Germanic languages , there are many cognate words in both languages; each have the same or a similar meaning and are derived from a common root. The possessive, though not the plural, of a noun is often signified with the ending -s , as in English. Phonological and orthographical changes in each of the languages will have changed spelling and pronunciation. A few examples are given below. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. North Germanic language. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Language family. Writing system. Main article: History of Icelandic. Main article: Icelandic phonology. Main article: Icelandic grammar. Main articles: Icelandic vocabulary and Icelandic name. Main article: Language policy for Icelandic. Main article: Linguistic purism in Icelandic. Main articles: Icelandic orthography and Icelandic Braille. Glottolog 3. Language and Nationalism in Europe. OUP Oxford. Modern Language Association. Retrieved Based on US census data. Icelandic Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Archived from the original on German: Biography of a Language. Oxford University Press. Overall, written Icelandic has changed little since the eleventh century Icelandic sagas, or historical epics; only the addition of significant numbers of vocabulary items in modern times makes it likely that a saga author would have difficulty understanding the news in today's [Icelandic newspapers]. Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Retrieved 15 November Article 1; National language — official language; Icelandic is the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland. Public authorities shall ensure that its use is possible in all areas of Icelandic society. English is often described as being almost a second language in Iceland, as opposed to a foreign language like German or Chinese. However, in terms of many Icelandic students' Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency CALP —the language skills required for success in school—evidence will be presented suggesting that there may be a large number of students who have substantial trouble utilizing these skills. Retrieved on April 25, The difference is that German sch is labialized, while Icelandic s is not. It's a pre-alveolar, coronal, voiceless spirant. Language Log. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 1 April Ogilvie, Sarah. Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. Word Prosodic Systems in the Languages of Europe.
Recommended publications
  • Icelandic Folklore

    Icelandic Folklore

    i ICELANDIC FOLKLORE AND THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE ii BORDERLINES approaches,Borderlines methodologies,welcomes monographs or theories and from edited the socialcollections sciences, that, health while studies, firmly androoted the in late antique, medieval, and early modern periods, are “edgy” and may introduce sciences. Typically, volumes are theoretically aware whilst introducing novel approaches to topics of key interest to scholars of the pre-modern past. FOR PRIVATE AND NON-COMMERCIAL USE ONLY iii ICELANDIC FOLKLORE AND THE CULTURAL MEMORY OF RELIGIOUS CHANGE by ERIC SHANE BRYAN iv We have all forgotten our names. — G. K. Chesterton British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. © 2021, Arc Humanities Press, Leeds The author asserts their moral right to be identified as the author of this work. Permission to use brief excerpts from this work in scholarly and educational works is hereby granted provided that the source is acknowledged. Any use of material in this work that is an exception or limitation covered by Article 5 of the European Union’s Copyright Directive (2001/29/ EC) or would be determined to be “fair use” under Section 107 of the U.S. Copyright Act September 2010 Page 2 or that satisfies the conditions specified in Section 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act (17 USC §108, as revised by P.L. 94– 553) does not require the Publisher’s permission. FOR PRIVATE AND ISBN (HB): 9781641893756 ISBN (PB): 9781641894654 NON-COMMERCIAL eISBN (PDF): 9781641893763 USE ONLY www.arc- humanities.org Printed and bound in the UK (by CPI Group [UK] Ltd), USA (by Bookmasters), and elsewhere using print-on-demand technology.
  • Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)

    Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present (Impact: Studies in Language and Society)

    <DOCINFO AUTHOR ""TITLE "Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present"SUBJECT "Impact 18"KEYWORDS ""SIZE HEIGHT "220"WIDTH "150"VOFFSET "4"> Germanic Standardizations Impact: Studies in language and society impact publishes monographs, collective volumes, and text books on topics in sociolinguistics. The scope of the series is broad, with special emphasis on areas such as language planning and language policies; language conflict and language death; language standards and language change; dialectology; diglossia; discourse studies; language and social identity (gender, ethnicity, class, ideology); and history and methods of sociolinguistics. General Editor Associate Editor Annick De Houwer Elizabeth Lanza University of Antwerp University of Oslo Advisory Board Ulrich Ammon William Labov Gerhard Mercator University University of Pennsylvania Jan Blommaert Joseph Lo Bianco Ghent University The Australian National University Paul Drew Peter Nelde University of York Catholic University Brussels Anna Escobar Dennis Preston University of Illinois at Urbana Michigan State University Guus Extra Jeanine Treffers-Daller Tilburg University University of the West of England Margarita Hidalgo Vic Webb San Diego State University University of Pretoria Richard A. Hudson University College London Volume 18 Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert and Wim Vandenbussche Germanic Standardizations Past to Present Edited by Ana Deumert Monash University Wim Vandenbussche Vrije Universiteit Brussel/FWO-Vlaanderen John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements 8 of American National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Germanic standardizations : past to present / edited by Ana Deumert, Wim Vandenbussche.
  • On the Status of the Icelandic Language and Icelandic Sign Language

    On the Status of the Icelandic Language and Icelandic Sign Language

    No. 61/2011 7 June 2011 Act on the status of the Icelandic language and Icelandic sign language. THE EXECUTANTS OF THE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT OF ICELAND under Article 8 of the Constitution, the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Althingi and the President of the Supreme Court, make known: the Althingi has passed this Act, and we confirm it by our signatures: Article 1 National language – official language. Icelandic is the national language of the Icelandic people and the official language in Iceland. Article 2 The Icelandic language. The national language is the common language of the people of Iceland. The government authorities shall ensure that it is possible to use it in all areas of the life of the nation. Everyone who is resident in Iceland shall have the opportunity of using Icelandic for general participation in the life of the Icelandic nation as provided for in further detail in separate legislation. Article 3 Icelandic sign language. Icelandic sign language is the first language of those who have to rely on it for expression and communication, and of their children. The government authorities shall nurture and support it. All those who need to use sign language shall have the opportunity to learn and use Icelandic sign language as soon as their language acquisition process begins, or from the time when deafness, hearing impairment or deaf-blindness is diagnosed. Their immediate family members shall have the same right. Article 4 Icelandic Braille. Icelandic Braille is the first written language of those who have to rely on it for expression and communication.
  • The Icelandic Language at the Time of the Reformation: Some Reflections on Translations, Language and Foreign Influences

    The Icelandic Language at the Time of the Reformation: Some Reflections on Translations, Language and Foreign Influences

    THE ICELANDIC LANGUAGE AT THE TIME OF THE REFORMATION: SOME REFLECTIONS ON TRANSLATIONS, LANGUAGE AND FOREIGN INFLUENCES Veturliði Óskarsson (Uppsala University) Abstract The process of the Reformation in Iceland in its narrow sense is framed by the publication of the New Testament in 1540 and the whole Bible in 1584. It is sometimes believed that Icelandic language would have changed more than what it has, if these translations had not seen the day. During the 16th century, in all 51 books in Icelandic were printed. Almost all are translations, mostly from German. These books contain many loanwords, chiefly of German origin. These words are often a direct result of the Reformation, but some of them are considerably older. As an example, words with the German prefix be- were discussed to some length in the article. Some loanwords from the 16th century have lived on to our time, but many were either wiped out in the Icelandic language purism of the nineteenth and twentieth century, or never became an integrated part of the language, outside of religious and official texts. Some words even only show up in one or two books of the 16th century. The impact of the Reformation on the future development of the Icelandic language, other than a temporary one on the lexicon was limited, and influence on the (spoken) language of common people was probably little. Keywords The Icelandic Reformation, printed books, the New Testament, the Bible, loanwords, the German prefix be-. Introduction The Reformation in Iceland is dated to the year 1550, when the last Catholic bishop in Iceland, Jón Arason of the Hólar diocese in Northern Iceland, was executed.
  • C:\Documents and Settings\Holger\Holger's\Artikler\Afhandling\Afh

    C:\Documents and Settings\Holger\Holger's\Artikler\Afhandling\Afh

    Spelling problemse in Danish Juul, Holger Publication date: 2004 Citation for published version (APA): Juul, H. (2004). Spelling problemse in Danish. Download date: 02. okt.. 2021 HOLGER JUUL Spelling Problemse in Danish Revised version, July 2004 PhD Dissertation Department of Scandinavian Research University of Copenhagen Supervisors: Inge Lise Pedersen & Carsten Elbro Committee: Peter Molbæk Hansen, Karin Landerl & Pieter Reitsma Contents 3 Contents Resume af afhandlingen / Abstract 5 List of studies 7 Introduction to the dissertation 9 On spelling problems in general - and in Danish 10 - The main hypotheses 15 - Methodological considerations 18 - Summaries of the studies 22 - Perspectives 26 - References 31 Study 1: Orthography as a handicap? A direct comparison of spelling acquisition in Danish and Icelandic 35 Abstract 36 - Introduction 37 - Method 43 - Results 46 - Discussion 50 - Acknowledgements 53 - References 53 Study 2: Knowledge of context sensitive spellings as a component of spelling competence: Evidence from Danish 57 Abstract 58 - Introduction 59 - Method 65 - Results 68 - Discussion 70 - Acknowledgements 74 - References 74 - Appendix 77 Study 3: Phonemic quantity awareness and the consonant doublet problem 79 Abstract 80 - Introduction 81 - Experiment 1 85 - Method 86 - Results 89 - Discussion 91 - Experiment 2 92 - Method 95 - Results 99 - Discussion 102 - General discussion 105 - Acknowledgements 106 - References 107 - Appendices 110 Study 4: The links between grammar and spelling: A cognitive hurdle in deep orthographies? 117 Abstract 118 - Introduction 119 - Method 126 - Results 131 - Discussion 136 - Conclusion 140 - Acknowledgements 141 - References 141 - Appendices 145 Study 5: Grammatical awareness and the spelling of inflectional morphemes in Danish 147 Abstract 148 - Introduction 149 - Method 154 - Results 157 - Discussion 163 - Acknowledgements 167 - References 167 - Appendices 170 Credits 176 Resume / Abstract 5 Resume af afhandlingen Afhandlingen beskriver udvalgte staveproblemer hos danske børn.
  • Addressing the Actuation Problem of the Icelandic New Transitive Impersonal

    Addressing the Actuation Problem of the Icelandic New Transitive Impersonal

    Addressing the Actuation Problem of the Icelandic New Transitive Impersonal Edwin Ko Quirin Würschinger Georgetown University LMU Munich 22nd Germanic Linguistics Annual Conference University of Iceland • May 21st 2016 OVERVIEW BACKGROUND GERMAN BORROWING SOCIOHISTORICAL CONTEXT CORPUS STUDIES LIMITATIONS CONCLUSION BACKGROUND ICELANDIC CONSTRUCTIONS Active: Einhver opnaði skápinn. somebody-sg.Nom opened-3sg the.cupboard-sg.Acc ‘Somebody opened the cupboard.’ (Thráinsson 2007: 10, Ex. 1.22a) Canonical Passive: Skápurinn var opnaður. the.cupboard-m.sg.Nom was opened-m.sg.Nom ‘The cupboard was opened.’ (Thráinsson 2007: 10, Ex. 1.22b) ICELANDIC CONSTRUCTIONS Traditional Impersonal Passive: Það var dansað í Kringum jólatréð. itEXPL was danced-neut.sg around the.Christmas tree ‘People danced around the Christmas tree.’ (Maling & Sigurjónsdóttir 2002: 98, Ex. 1c) New Transitive Impersonal (NTI): %Það var lamið stúlkuna í Klessa. itEXPL was hit-neut.sg the.girl-f.sg.Acc in a.mess ‘People badly beat the girl.’ (Maling & Sigurjónsdóttir 2002: 98, Ex. 2a) ICELANDIC NEW TRANSITIVE IMPERSONAL (NTI) New Transitive Impersonal (NTI): %Það var lamið stúlkuna í Klessa. itEXPL was hit-neut.sg the.girl-f.sg.Acc in a.mess ‘People badly beat the girl.’ Burzio’s Generalization (1986:178): all and only the verbs that can assign θ-role to the subject can assign accusative Case to an object. In the 1st 1999-2000 nationwide survey (Maling & Sigurjónsdóttir 2002, henceforth M&S): ☞ 93% of adults (n=200) found the constructions unacceptable. ☞ But, 70% of adolescents (n=1695) found the constructions acceptable! ☞ First attested example in 1959 by a girl born in AKureyri (M&S 2002).
  • Language Resources for Icelandic

    Language Resources for Icelandic

    Language Resources for Icelandic Sigrún Helgadóttir1,Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson2 (1)Stofnun Árna Magnússonar í íslenskum fræðum, Reykjavík Iceland (2)University of Iceland, Reykjavík Iceland [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT We describe the current status of Icelandic language technology with respect to available language resources and tools. The recent META-NET survey of the state of language tech- nology support for 30 languages clearly demonstrated that Icelandic lags behind almost all European languages in this respect. However, it is encouraging that as a result of the META-NORD project, almost all basic language resources for Icelandic are now available through the META-SHARE repository and the local site http://www.málföng.is/, many of them in standard formats and under standard CC or GNU licenses. This is a major achievement since many of these resources have either been unavailable up to now or only available through personal contacts. In this paper, we describe briefly most of the major resources that have been made accessible through META-SHARE; their type, content, size, format, and license scheme. It is emphasized that even though these resources are extremely valuable as a basis for further R&D work, Icelandic language technology is far from having become self-sustaining and the Icelandic language technology community will need support from partners in the Nordic countries and Europe if Icelandic is to survive in the Digital Age. KEYWORDS: Icelandic, Language Resources, Repositories, Licenses. 1 Introduction According to the survey of language technology support for European languages recently conducted by META-NET (http://meta-net.eu) and published in the series “Europe’s Languages in the Digital Age”, Icelandic is among the European languages that have the least support (Rögnvaldsson et al., 2012).
  • H Kontakt \H 11' /F R Ve Gl Ich 1' UL-, Vanatlon Festschrift Fi.Ir Gottfried

    H Kontakt \H 11' /F R Ve Gl Ich 1' UL-, Vanatlon Festschrift Fi.Ir Gottfried

    kontakt ve gl�ich \h 11'/f r h � S1' UL-, vanatlon Festschrift fi.ir Gottfried Kolde zum 65. Geburtstag Herausgegeben von Kirsten Adamzik und Helen Christen Sonderdruck ISBN 3-484-73055-2 Max Niemeyer Verlag Tubingen 2001 l l_·-- Inhaltsverzeichnis Werner Abraham Negativ-polare Zeitangaben im Westgermanischen und die perfektive Kohasionsstrategie .. .. .. .. .. .. .. l Peter Blumenthal Deixis im literarisehen Text. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 BernhardBasebenstein Nominaldetermination im Deutschen und Franzosischen. Beobachtungen an zwei Gedichten und ihren modemen Obersetzungen (Rimbauds Bateauivre in Celans Fassung und Holderlins Ister in du Bouchets Version) .. .. .. ..... ..... ..... 31 Renate Basebenstein Lorenzos Wunde. Sprachgebung und psychologische Problematik in Thomas Manns Drama Fiorenza......................... ........... 39 Helen Christen l Anton Naf Trausers, shoues und Eis - Englisches im Deutsch von Franzosischsprachigen .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 61 Erika Diehl Wie sag ich's meinem Kinde? Modelle des Fremdsprachenunterrichts in der Primarschule am Beispiel Deutsch im Wallis und in Genf . .. .. 99 Jiirgen Dittmann Zum Zusammenhangvon Grammatik und Arbeitsgedachtnis. .. .. .. 123 Verena Ehrich-Haefeli Die Syntax des Begehrens. Zum Spntchwandel am Beginn der burgerliehen Moderne. Sophie La Roche: Geschichte des Frauleins von Sternheim, Goethe: Die Leiden desjungen Werther .......... ... 139 Karl-Ernst Geith Der lfp wandelt sich nach dem muot Zur nonverbalen Kommunikation im 'Rolandslied'.... ... ....... ... 171
  • Alphabets: a Miscellany of Letters Free

    Alphabets: a Miscellany of Letters Free

    FREE ALPHABETS: A MISCELLANY OF LETTERS PDF David Sacks | 240 pages | 09 Nov 2010 | Black Dog Publishing London UK | 9781907317095 | English | London, United Kingdom Alphabets: A Miscellany of Letters by David Sacks, Hardcover | Barnes & Noble® But a new book by David Sacks offers much more depth than the designerly eye candy the genre lends itself to. Alphabets: A Miscellany of Letters is an ambitious exploration of the pervasiveness of letters in everyday life, tracing our visual vocabulary to its roots in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Kanji characters and other ancient alphabets with rich illustrations, beautiful graphic design and typography, found objects, graffiti and more. Sacks explores the persona of each of the 26 letters of the alphabet, treating it as a separate symbol with its own design history Alphabets: A Miscellany of Letters cultural legacy. And Alphabets: A Miscellany of Letters a special tickle of our appetite for creative derivatives of the London Tube mapthis gem:. From Braille to the Morse code to Muji alphabet ice cube moulds, Alphabets covers an astounding range of linguistic symbolism, giving the nostalgically familiar alphabet book of our childhoods an adult upgrade with remarkable design sophistication and aesthetic sensibility. Images courtesy of The Guardian. Brain Pickings participates in the Amazon Services Alphabets: A Miscellany of Letters Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn commissions by linking to Amazon. In more human terms, this means that whenever you buy a book on Amazon from a link on here, I receive a small percentage of its price. Privacy policy. Share Article Tweet.
  • The Gentics of Civilization: an Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems

    The Gentics of Civilization: an Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems

    Comparative Civilizations Review Volume 49 Number 49 Fall 2003 Article 3 10-1-2003 The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems Bosworth, Andrew Bosworth Universidad Jose Vasconcelos, Oaxaca, Mexico Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr Recommended Citation Bosworth, Bosworth, Andrew (2003) "The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civilizations Based on Writing Systems," Comparative Civilizations Review: Vol. 49 : No. 49 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/ccr/vol49/iss49/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Comparative Civilizations Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Bosworth: The Gentics of Civilization: An Empirical Classification of Civil 9 THE GENETICS OF CIVILIZATION: AN EMPIRICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CIVILIZATIONS BASED ON WRITING SYSTEMS ANDREW BOSWORTH UNIVERSIDAD JOSE VASCONCELOS OAXACA, MEXICO Part I: Cultural DNA Introduction Writing is the DNA of civilization. Writing permits for the organi- zation of large populations, professional armies, and the passing of complex information across generations. Just as DNA transmits biolog- ical memory, so does writing transmit cultural memory. DNA and writ- ing project information into the future and contain, in their physical structure, imprinted knowledge.
  • Methods and Resources; Orthography and Phonology Standards of Normalization

    Methods and Resources; Orthography and Phonology Standards of Normalization

    Methods and Resources; Orthography and Phonology Standards of Normalization Figure: Facsimile (left) and normalized transcription (Menota: AM 162 B θ fol.) Alphabet 1200 aábdðeéfghiíjklmnoóprstuúvxyýzþøǿęæœǫ 1300 a á b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v x y ý z þ æ œ ǫ/ỏ/ö 2016 a á b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v x y ý z þ æ ö NB c, q found in manuscripts, but normalized in editions Stages of Old (Middle) Icelandic Orthography According to Jóhannes L. L. Jóhannsson: “Before 1250” “After 1250” æ, œ distinct merged as æ ę, e distinct merged as e ø, ǫ distinct merged as ǫ or ỏ, later ö , á distinct merged as á é /eː/ ie /je/ Reflexive suffix -sk became -z Dental suffix mostly ð in certain contexts became d, t ! Most prose editions emulate a standard around 1200, but without , ǿ Reconstructed Old Icelandic Pronunciation Figure: Vowel diagram using graphemes Modern Icelandic Pronunciation Grapheme Phonemic Transcription <á> /ɑu/ <é> /jɛ/ <ó> /ou/ <ö> /ø/ <æ> /ɑi/ Nom sg hǫnd Nom *hǫndu Acc sg hǫnd Acc *hǫndu Gen sg handar Gen handar Dat sg hendi Dat hendi Nom pl hendir Nom pl hendir Acc pl hǫndu Acc pl hǫndu Gen pl handa Gen pl handa Dat pl hǫndum Dat pl hǫndum Nom sg manus Nom pl manūs Acc sg manum Acc pl manūs Gen sg manūs Gen pl manuum Dat sg manuī Dat pl manibus Abl sg manū Abl pl manibus Thematic Vowels 1sg audiō 2sg audīs 3sg audit 1pl audīmus 2pl audītis 3pl audiunt Nom *hǫndu Acc *hǫndu Gen handar Dat hendi Nom pl hendir Acc pl hǫndu Gen pl handa Dat pl hǫndum Nom sg manus Nom pl manūs Acc sg manum Acc pl manūs
  • University of Cincinnati

    University of Cincinnati

    UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date: April 28, 2006 I, Kristín Jónína Taylor, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Doctorate of Musical Arts in: Piano Performance It is entitled: Northern Lights: Indigenous Icelandic Aspects of Jón Nordal´s Piano Concerto This work and its defense approved by: Chair: Dr. Steven J. Cahn Professor Frank Weinstock Professor Eugene Pridonoff Northern Lights: Indigenous Icelandic Aspects of Jón Nordal’s Piano Concerto A DMA Thesis submitted to the Division of Graduate Studies and Research of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS in the Performance Studies Division of the College–Conservatory of Music 28 December 2005 by Kristín Jónína Taylor 139 Indian Avenue Forest City, IA 50436 (641) 585-1017 [email protected] B.M., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1997 M.M., University of Missouri, Kansas City, 1999 Committee Chair: ____________________________ Steven J. Cahn, Ph.D. Abstract This study investigates the influences, both domestic and foreign, on the composition of Jón Nordal´s Piano Concerto of 1956. The research question in this study is, “Are there elements that are identifiable from traditional Icelandic music in Nordal´s work?” By using set theory analysis, and by viewing the work from an extramusical vantage point, the research demonstrated a strong tendency towards an Icelandic voice. In addition, an argument for a symbiotic relationship between the domestic and foreign elements is demonstrable. i ii My appreciation to Dr. Steven J. Cahn at the University of Cincinnati College- Conservatory of Music for his kindness and patience in reading my thesis, and for his helpful comments and criticism.