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Resisting Categories: Latin American And/ Or Latino? TABLE OF CONTENTS Critical Documents of 20th-Century Latin American and Latino Art r esistiNg categOries: series editors lat iN AmErican and/ m ari Carmen ramírez Héctor Olea or latino? series coordinator m aría C. gaztambide organized by volume editors héctor olea Héctor Olea m elina Kervandjian mari carmen ramírez tomás ybarra-frausto publications director with Document introductions by Diane Lovejoy maría c. gaztambide series titles Volume i: Resisting Categories: Latin American and/or Latino? (2012) edited by Volume II: National Imaginaries/Cosmopolitan Identities (2013) héctor olea melina kervandjian the museum of fine arts, houston Underwritten by THE NATiONAL ENDOWmENT FOr THE HUmANiTiES international center for the arts of the americas Published with the assistance of THE gETTY FOUNDATiON Distributed by yale university press, new haven and london © 2012 by The museum of Fine Arts, Houston. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data All rights reserved. Resisting categories: Latin American and/or Latino? / organized by Héctor olea, mari carmen ramírez, this book may not be reproduced, in whole or in tomás Ybarra-Frausto ; with document introductions part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that by maría c. Gaztambide ; edited by Héctor olea and in memorY oF oUr colleague copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the melina Kervandjian. OLiViEr DebrOise U.S. copyright law and except by reviewers for the pages cm public press), without written permission from the —(critical documents of 20th-century latin american (1954–2008) publisher. and latino art ; v. i) who believed in and supported wholeheartedly the this book was published in conjunction with the Summary: “this anthology of more than 165 seminal ICAA Documents Project from its inception. launch of the digital archive of the international writings by influential twentieth- and twenty- His intellectual contributions to the early stages center for the arts of the americas on January 19, first century artists and critics who explore and of this book were invaluable. 2012. http://icaadocs.mfah.org challenge complex definitions of what it means to be ‘latin american’ or ‘latino’ is designed to be an Publications Director: diane lovejoy indispensable tool for the study of latin american and latino art” —Provided by publisher. EDitorial ManagEr: melina Kervandjian includes bibliographical references and index. Cover and book desigN: Hvadesign, new York Henk van assen with loide marwanga iSBn 978-0-300-14697-4 (hardback) Index: J. naomi linzer indexing Services 1. art, latin american. 2. Hispanic american art. Printed in the United States of america by i. ramírez, mari carmen, 1955- editor of compilation. capital offset company, inc. ii. Ybarra-Frausto, tomás, 1938- editor of compilation. iii. olea, Héctor, editor of compilation. distributed by Yale University Press iV. Gaztambide, maría c., writer of added new Haven and london commentary. www.yalebooks.com/art V. Kervandjian, melina, editor. Cover illustration and frontispiece: rafael alberti, n6502.r47 2012 letter (detail) to león Ferrari, rome, italy, april 1965. 704.03’68—dc23 2011053252 Personal archive of león Ferrari, Buenos aires, argentina. [SEE DIGITAL ArCHiVE 743697] 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS volumE 01 i.1.2 Utopia Thomas More, 1516 | 68 i.1.3 New Atlantis r esistiNg categOries: Sir Francis Bacon, 1623 | 73 i.1.4 lat iN AmErican and/or latino? Machu Picchu: The Discovery Hiram Bingham, 1911 | 81 i.1.5 The Christening of America FOREWORD Alfonso Reyes, 1942 | 86 i.1.6 The March of Utopias by gwendolyn h. goffe | 20 Oswald de Andrade, 1953 | 89 i.1.7 The Invention of America FUNDErS OF THE iCAA DIGITAL ArCHiVE AND BOOK SERIES 23 | Edmundo O’Gorman, 1961 | 95 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 24 i.2. The invention of an Operative Concept cRitical DOcUmEnts of 20th-Century latin i.2.1 The Latin American States | 105 american anD latinO Art • Letter to His Majesty the Emperor Napoleon III Charles (Carlos) Calvo, 1862 a Digital aRchivE anD publicatiOns projEct • Letter from M. Thouvenel, Minister Of The French Foreign Office, by mari carmen ramírez | 27 to Charles (Carlos) Calvo Édouard Thouvenel, 1862 • Latin America PrOJECT ADMINiSTrATiON, STAFF, AND CONSULTANTS | 33 Charles (Carlos) Calvo, 1862 a bRiEF gUiDE tO USING vOlUmE i i.2.2 Ancient and Modern Mexico Michel Chevalier, 1863 | 111 nOtEs On THE sElECTIOn, PREsENTATIOn, EDITING, AND ANNOTATIOn i.2.3 The Latin Democracies in America | 118 OF tEXTS 36 | • Preface to Francisco García Calderón’s The Latin Democracies in America Raymond Poincaré, 1912 REsisting catEgoriEs • The Latin Democracies in America Francisco García Calderón, 1912 by héctor olea, mari carmen ramírez, and tomÁs ybarra-frausto | 40 i.2.4 To what extent is there a Latin America? André Siegfried, 1934 | 126 i.2.5 Latin America Chapter i The continental UtoPia Mário de Andrade, 1934 | 128 i.2.6 introduction by héctor olea | 50 Does Latin America Exist? Luis Alberto Sánchez, 1945 | 132 i.2.7 i.1. America as a Utopian refraction Luis Alberto Sánchez’s Book: Is There Just One Latin America? Fernand Braudel, 1948 | 142 i.2.8 Latin American Unity i.1.1 Concerning the Islands Recently Discovered in the Indian Sea Jean Casimir, 1969 | 149 Christopher Columbus, 1493 | 62 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS i.2.9 Does Latin America Exist? i.4.6 The Actual Function of Philosophy in Latin America Darcy Ribeiro, 155 1976 | Leopoldo Zea, 1942 | 266 i.2.10 The Invention of an Operative Concept: The Latin-ness of America Guy Martinière, 1978 | 164 i.5. Tensions at Stake i.2.11 Latin America: An Introduction to Far-Western Identity Alain Rouquié, 1987 | 178 i.5.1 Latin America Charles Malato, 1902 | 275 i.3. Nuestra América, the multi-Homeland i.5.2 Toward an Efficient Latin America Pedro Figari, 1925 | 277 i.3.1 Letter from Lope de Aguirre, Rebel, to King Philip of Spain i.5.3 Barren Imperialism Lope de Aguirre, 189 1561 | Pablo Rojas Paz, 1927 | 283 i.3.2 Reply of a South American to a Gentleman of this Island (Jamaica) i.5.4 – i.5.6 Simón Bolívar, 1815 | 193 controVersy on tHe oppoSite PoleS oF oUr cUltUre i.3.3 The Latin American Multi-Homeland i.5.4 Which Culture Will Create Latin America: The Mexican Parameter José Maria Torres Caicedo, 200 1864–65 | or the Argentinean One? i.3.4 Our America Antenor Orrego, 1928 | 286 José Martí, 208 1891 | i.5.5 Autochtonism and Europeanism i.3.5 Latin America—Evils of Origin (Summary) Martí Casanovas, 1928 | 289 Manoel de Bonfim, 215 1905 | i.5.6 Americanism and Peruvianism i.3.6 Latin American Perspectives Antenor Orrego, 1928 | 293 José Veríssimo, 222 1912 | i.5.7 The Anthropophagous Manifesto i.3.7 The Creation of a Continent Oswald de Andrade, 1928 | 297 Francisco García Calderón, 1912 | 226 i.3.8 Letter to the Youth of Colombia i.6. Does Brazil Belong to Latin America? José Vasconcelos, 1923 | 231 i.3.9 The Beginnings of an American Culture i.6.1 Brazil in the Americas Albert Zum Felde, 1924 | 236 Manoel Bomfim, 1929 | 301 i.6.2 The Disconnection of America i.4. Is América a No-Place? Prudente de Moraes Neto, 1932 | 307 i.6.3 The Cordial Man, an American Product i.4.1 Latin America—Evils of Origin (Conclusion) Ribeiro Couto, 1932 | 309 Manoel de Bomfim, 241 1905 | i.6.4 The Roots of Brazil: Frontiers of Europe i.4.2 Indology Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 1936 | 311 José Vasconcelos, 245 1926 | i.6.5 The Roots of Brazil: The Sower and the Bricklayer i.4.3 First Message to Hispanic America Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, 1936 | 318 Waldo Frank, 255 1930 | i.6.6 What Does Latin America Mean? i.4.4 Guardians of the Quill Afrânio Coutinho, 1969 | 324 Alfonso Reyes, 259 1930 | i.6.7 Brazilians and Our America i.4.5 The Destiny of America Antonio Candido, 1993 | 327 Alfonso Reyes, 1942 | 261 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter II a New art II.2.8 Apex of the New Taste Jorge Mañach, 390 introduction by mari carmen ramírez | 338 1929 | II.2.9 Our Surveys: Painting in Latin America, What Luis Felipe Noé ii.1. A New Art for a New Continent has to Say Luis Felipe Noé, 1961 | 396 II.1.1 A Visit to the Exhibition at [The School] of Fine Arts José Martí, 1875 | 346 ii.3. Harbingers of the New Art II.1.2 Three Appeals for the Current Guidance of the New Generation of II.3.1 – II.3.2 American Painters and Sculptors XUl Solar on PettorUti David Alfaro Siqueiros, 1921 | 348 II.3.1 II.1.3 Eurindia Pettoruti and His Works Xul Solar, 402 Ricardo Rojas, 1924 | 352 1923 | II.3.2 II.1.4 Art Interpretations Pettoruti Xul Solar, 404 Carlos Mérida, 1926 | 362 c. 1923–24 | II.3.3 – II.3.4 II.1.5 The New Art On carloS mérida Martí Casanovas, 1927 | 364 II.3.3 II.1.6 New World, New Races, New Art Images of Guatemala André Salmon, 406 José Clemente Orozco, 1926 | 366 1927 | II.3.4 II.1.7 Lesson 132: The American Man and the Art of the Americas Carlos Mérida: Essay on the Art of the Tropics Luis Cardoza y Aragón, 409 Joaquín Torres-García, 1941 | 367 1928 | II.3.5 Pablo Picasso: First Spiritual Unifier of Latin America Germán Quiroga Galdo, 414 ii.2. Surveys Concerning a Continental Attitude 1935 | II.3.6 Modern Mexican Painting José Sabogal, 417 II.2.1 – II.2.7 1937 | II.3.7 A SUrVeY: WHat SHoUld american art Be? (1928–29) Sabogal in Mexico Mada Ontañón, 1942 | 419 II.2.1 Response to revista de avance Survey Jaime Torres Bodet, 1928 | 373 II.2.2 Response to revista de avance Survey Eduardo Abela, 1928 | 377 Chapter III tHe Good neighborHood and II.2.3 Response to revista de avance Survey Bad timeS Carlos Enríquez, 1929 | 379 introduction by tomás ybarra-frausto | 424 II.2.4 Response to revista de avance Survey Eduardo Avilés Ramírez, 1929 | 380 iii.1.
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