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'Agonistic Pluralism' and 'The Political'

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'Agonistic Pluralism' and 'The Political' Dispatches from Greece: ‘‘We were sleeping as Individuals and we woke up as Citizens’’ Democracy and Development Revisited: Exploring openings through the social movement in Skouries, Chalkidiki May, 2015 Master Thesis in International Development and Management Author: Styliani-Mirsini Kazakou Supervisor: Elsa Coimbra Styliani-Mirsini Kazakou LUMID- MSc Thesis Abstract The universalistic understanding of the subject embedded in the Liberal and Marxist traditions together with contrasting accounts of unconstrained agency, fail to explain the contingencies of ground responses that call for social change. The paper makes a case for the opening of the understanding of the human subject when placed in the theoretical terrain of radical political philosophy elaborated by thinkers such as C. Castoriadis, M. Hardt & A. Negri, E. Laclau and C. Mouffe. The conceptualisation of the human subject as both a creative and constrained agent rescues it from deterministic excesses and accounts of unlimited power. Within these confines, the purpose of this paper was to explore the project of autonomy as conceptualised by Castoriadis and relate it to a new articulation of human development. Through a case study of the social movement in Skouries, Chalkidiki, the democratic openings realised by the creative human praxis and the re-politicisation of individuals, were explored. The self-organised communities call for a creation of public spaces where deliberation and self-reflection can take place, resulting in a re-thinking of the developmental paradigm applied during the years of Greek austerity. The question that remains open is how the new social relations manifested in the area can foster principles of social and individual autonomy in all spheres of social life. The paper concludes that processes of uniformity tend to eliminate the multiplicity embedded in social ambiguity resulting in forms of social exclusion. Key words: radical democratic politics; development; public/private sphere; autonomy; Castoriadis; Skouries, Chalkidiki; politicisation; Greece; austerity Word Count [15.096] 2 Styliani-Mirsini Kazakou LUMID- MSc Thesis Acknowledgments I would like to express my gratitude to people that made this study possible and provided immense practical and emotional support throughout this endeavour. Primarily, I deeply thank my parents for their personal sacrifices in order for me to be able to study in Sweden as they always believed that higher education is key for my personal development. Thank you for giving me the space to express myself and for supporting my choices. This thesis would not have been realised without the people from Chalkidiki and Thessaloniki who opened up their homes showing their immense hospitality and who shared their experiences and thoughts with me. I am respectful of their time and their courage to resist, create and reflect in times when cynicism and confusion seem to dominate our current political imaginary. Your struggle has been an inspiration to me and our discussions helped me understand the complexity and the gravity of our choices for the lives of others. Many thanks are due to Catherine, Anna and Daniela who peer- reviewed my work and supported my insights and ideas but also helped me to better articulate my complex and entangled thoughts. I hold particular admiration for my supervisor Elsa Coimbra who guided me through this exploration and provided insightful aspects on the human subject and its development. I wish we had more time to discuss and experiment on certain concepts but I hope we can have these discussions in the future. Many thanks are due to Emilia and Camila, who reviewed parts of this paper in an attempt to make my English more readable than usual. My journey in LUMID was an experience that helped me mature in both personal and academic levels. In this respect, all of my teachers’ insights have had a tremendous impact on my academic development. I am also grateful to all my brilliant student fellows and friends who were my ‘family’ during this time in Sweden and made this experience a life changing one. This thesis is dedicated to my beloved Christos who three years ago helped me realise that in order to live and understand the world around me I should be also looking into myself and try to love its most contradictory and ‘dark’ sides. This thesis would not have been possible without your love and support. 3 Styliani-Mirsini Kazakou LUMID- MSc Thesis Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1. The Story of Cassandra mines ........................................................................................................... 7 1.1. The ‘Problematique’: The evolution of an idea ....................................................................................... 7 1.2. The question of Democracy ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.3. The question of Development................................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 2. Setting the Scene .............................................................................................................................. 12 2.1. Background of the Skouries case............................................................................................................ 14 2.2. Resources and Sovereignty: A tale of a ‘modern’ Indebted State .......................................................... 15 2.3. Oppression, mainstream Media and Propaganda.................................................................................... 16 2.4. The ‘Golden era’ of Austerity: Understanding democratic deficit ........................................................ 18 Chapter 3. Theoretical Framework .................................................................................................................... 19 3.1. Democracy as Autonomy ....................................................................................................................... 19 3.1.1. Democratic Praxis: The Project of Autonomy ................................................................................. 19 3.1.2. The Three Spheres of an autonomous society ................................................................................. 20 3.2. Towards a radical democratic project ..................................................................................................... 23 3.2.1. The ‘public/private sphere’, the ‘public space’ and the importance of ‘politics’ ............................ 23 3.2.2. ‘Agonistic pluralism’ and ‘the political’ as constitutive elements .................................................. 25 3.2.3. De-politicisation of public sphere and ‘Emancipatory Agonism’ ................................................... 26 3.3. Refocusing Development: ‘From Ecology to Autonomy’ ...................................................................... 28 Chapter 4. Methodology Or...The Natural History of my Research .................................................................. 29 4.1. Methodological Strategies and epistemological assumptions ................................................................ 29 4.2. Methods for Data collection ................................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1. Semi-structured Interviews .............................................................................................................. 30 4.2.2. Participant/ Non-participant Observations ...................................................................................... 31 4.3. Fieldwork sites & Sampling ................................................................................................................... 31 4.4. Methods for Data Analysis and Interpretation ....................................................................................... 32 4.5. Strategies for validating findings ............................................................................................................ 33 4.6. Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................................................ 33 4.6.1. Reflexivity and Positionality ........................................................................................................... 33 4.6.2. Confidentiality, Anonymity and Informed Consent ........................................................................ 34 4 Styliani-Mirsini Kazakou LUMID- MSc Thesis 4.6.3. Constructing Knowledge for whom? ............................................................................................... 34 4.7. Limitations .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter
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