Reconstrucción Históri Ocurridas Durante El Ho De La Puna, Yungas Y

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Reconstrucción Históri Ocurridas Durante El Ho De La Puna, Yungas Y UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SALTA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS NATURALES Reconstrucción histórica de catástrofes ambientales ocurridas durante el Holoceno Superior en localidades de la Puna, Yungas y Chaco, mediante el uso de bio y geoindicadores. Tesis Doctoral Para optar por el grado de Doctora en Ciencias Biológicas Autor Pamela Tatiana Fierro Directores Julio José Kulemeyer Liliana Concepción Lupo Salta 2.018 Tesis Doctoral Reconstrucción histórica de catástrofes ambientales ocurridas durante el Holoceno Superior en localidades de la Puna, Yungas y Chaco, mediante el uso de bio y geoindicadores. Lic. Pamela T. Fierro Dr. Julio José Kulemeyer Dra. Liliana Concepción Lupo UNSa - FCN Salta 2.018 “Soy de las que piensan que la ciencia tiene una gran belleza. Un científico en su laboratorio no es sólo un técnico: es también un niño colocado ante fenómenos naturales que le impresionan como un cuento de hadas.” Marie Curie ÍNDICE………………………………………………………………………………..IV AGRADECIMIENTOS………………………………………………………………XVIII RESÚMEN……………………………………………………………………………..XX SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………XXIII ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS……………………………………………………….XXVI CAPÍTULO I. INTRODUCCIÓN Y MARCO TEÓRICO……………………………........1 1. Introducción……………………………………………………………………………....1 1.1 Desastres ambientales en Sudamérica……………………………………..................4 1.2 Antecedentes de reconstrucciones paleoambientales y paleoclimáticas en los Andes Centrales, el Chaco y región (últimos 3000 años)…………………………......................7 1.2.1 Planteo del problema………………………………………………...……………12 1.3 Objetivo General y Específicos…………………………………………...………...13 1.4 Hipótesis………………………………………………………………………...…..13 1.5 Esquema Metodológico……………………………………………………………..13 CAPÍTULO II. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS……………………………………………16 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO……………………………………………………………………...16 2.1 La Región………………………………………………………………………………16 2.1.1 Provincias Geológicas y geomorfología de la región NOA y Chaco Argentino………………………………………………………………………...……...16 2.1.2 Patrones climáticos…………………………………………………………..........20 2.1.3 Climas dominantes en la región del NOA y Chaco Argentino…………………...21 2.1.4 Fenómenos climáticas………………………………………..……………...........23 2.1.5 Fitogeografía………………………………………………………………………23 IV 2.2 Marco Local……………………………………………………………………………25 2.2.1 Lagunilla de los Pozuelos…………………………………………………………25 2.2.1.1 Características geológicas y ambientales……………………...…...………...26 2.2.1.2 Historia de ocupación humana y uso del territorio..…………………………28 2.2.2. Laguna Seca………………………………………………………………………30 2.2.2.1 Características geológicas y ambientales..…………………………………...30 2.2.2.2. Historia de ocupación humana y uso del territorio..………………………...33 2.2.3 Laguna Manantiales……………………………………………………………….35 2.2.3.1 Características geológicas y ambientales…………...………...……………...35 2.2.3.2 Historia de ocupación humana y uso del territorio..…………………………38 METODOLOGÍA………………………………………………………………………….40 2.3 SISTEMA ACTUAL…………………………………………………………..............40 2.3.1 Mapas de vegetación y geomorfológicos…………………………………………40 2.3.2 Estudios de la vegetación actual y palinológicos…………………………………40 2.3.2.1 Censos y relevamiento de la vegetación…………………………………….40 2.3.2.2 Muestreo de la lluvia polínica de superficie………………………..………..41 2.3.2.3 Análisis palinológicos………………………………………………………..42 2.3.2.4 Análisis estadísticos de los datos…………………………………………….42 2.3.2.4.1 Análisis Clúster…………………………………………………………..42 2.3.2.4.2 Análisis de Presencia-Ausencia entre Vegetación-Polen…………...........43 2.4 SISTEMA FÓSIL………………………………………………………………………44 2.4.1 Estudios sedimentológicos…………………………………………………..........44 2.4.2 Estudios Geoquímicos, Mineralógicos y Palinológicos…………………….....44 2.4.2.1 Análisis Litológico de los testigos………………………………………44 V 2.4.2.2 Análisis Geoquímico de los testigos……………………………………...44 2.4.2.3 Análisis Mineralógico de los testigos…………………………………..45 2.4.2.4 Análisis Palinológicos de los testigos……………………………………45 2.4.2.5 Cronología Absoluta……………………………………………………...45 2.4.3 Análisis estadísticos de los datos……………………………………………....46 2.4.3.1. Geoquímica y Mineralogía……………………………………………….46 2.4.3.2 Análisis de Componentes Principales (ACP)..…………………………...47 2.4.3.3 Análisis de Redundancia (ADR)……………..…………………………..47 2.4.3.4 Análisis Clúster…………………………………………………………...47 CAPÍTULO III. VEGETACIÓN Y LLUVIA POLÍNICA DE SUPERFICIE EN LA PUNA, YUNGAS Y CHACO……………………………………………………………..48 3.1 Introducción……………………………………………………………………………48 3.2 Resultados ………………………………………………...…………………….50 3.2.1 Lagunilla de los Pozuelos…………………………………………………..50 3.2.1.1 Mapas de vegetación……………………………………………………50 3.2.1.2 Mapa geomorfológico…………………………………………………..50 3.2.1.3 Censos regionales y Asociaciones vegetales…………………….……..53 3.2.1.4 Análisis de la lluvia polínica de superficie…..……………...………….57 3.2.1.5 Relación planta - polen…………………………………...……….........61 3.3.2 Laguna Seca………………………………………………………….…….63 3.3.2.1 Mapa de vegetación…………………………………………………….63 3.3.2.2 Mapa geomorfológico…………………………………………………..63 3.3.2.3 Censos regionales y Asociaciones vegetales…………….……………..66 3.3.2.4 Análisis de la lluvia polínica de superficie..……………………………69 VI 3.3.2.5 Relación planta - polen…………………………….………….………..71 3.3.3 Laguna Manantiales………………………………………………………..76 3.3.3.1 Mapa de vegetación…………………………………………………….76 3.3.3.2 Mapa geomorfológico…………………………………………………..76 3.3.3.3 Censos regionales y Asociaciones vegetales…………………………...79 3.3.3.4 Análisis de la lluvia polinica de superficie..……………………………81 3.3.3.5 Relación planta - polen…………………………………………………84 3.4 Discusión………………………………………………………………………...89 3.4.1 Puna………………………………………………………………………...89 3.4.1.1Censos regionales y Asociaciones vegetales……………………………89 3.4.1.2 Análisis del la lluvia polínica de superficie. Relación planta - polen…………………………………………………………………………….90 3.4.2 Yungas……………………………………………………………………...91 3.4.2.1 Censos regionales y Asociaciones vegetales…………………………...91 3.4.2.2 Análisis de la lluvia polínica de superficie. Relación planta - polen…………………………………………………………………………….92 3.4.3 Chaco……………………………………………………………………….93 3.4.3.1 Censos regionales y Asociaciones vegetales……………………..…….93 3.4.3.2 Análisis de la lluvia polínica de superficie. Relación planta - polen……………………………………………………………………...……..95 CAPÍTULO IV. RECONSTRUCCIÓN PALEOAMBIENTAL Y PALEOCLIMÁTICA…………………………………………………………………….100 4.1 Introducción…………………………………………………………………………..100 4.2 Resultados y Discusión………………………………………………………...103 VII 4.2.1 Resultados Lagunilla de los Pozuelos…………………………………...103 4.2.1.1 Cronología………………………………………………………...…103 4.2.1.2 Análisis litológico, mineralógico y geoquímico……………………..103 4.2.1.2.1 Litología………………………………………………………….103 4.2.1.2.2 Mineralogía……………………………………………………....104 4.2.1.2.3 Geoquímica……………………………………………………....107 4.2.1.3 Análisis estadísticos…………………………………………………...109 4.2.1.3.1 Componentes principales (ACP)…………………………………109 4.2.1.3.2 Redundancia (ADR)……………………………………………...111 4.2.1.4 Análisis Palinológicos…………………………………………………112 4.2.1.5 Análisis factorial. Correlación entre las muestras de la lluvia polínica de superficie y el registro fósil de Lagunilla de los Pozuelos……………............117 4.2.2 Discusión Lagunilla de los Pozuelos……………………………………118 4.2.2.1 Correlación entre las muestras de la lluvia polínica de superficie y el registro fósil………………………………………………………………..118 4.2.2.2 Sedimentología e interpretación de los análisis estadísticos (ACP Y ADR)…………………………………………………………………….....119 4.2.2.3 Interpretación Paleoclimática y Paleoambiental…………………...120 4.2.2.4 Marco Regional………………………………………………….....123 4.2.2.5 Disturbio antrópico en Lagunilla de los Pozuelos……………….....126 4.2.3 Resultados Laguna Seca………………………………………………...130 4.2.3.1 Cronología…………………………………………………………...130 4.2.3.2 Análisis litológico, mineralógico y geoquímico……………………..131 4.2.3.2.1 Litología………………………………………………………...131 4.2.3.2.2. Mineralogía…………………………………………………….131 VIII 4.2.3.2.3 Geoquímica……………………………………………………..135 4.2.3.3 Análisis estadísticos………………………………………………….136 4.2.3.3.1 Componente principales (ACP)…………..………………….....136 4.2.3.3.2 Análisis de redundancia (ADR)………………………………...139 4.2.3.4 Análisis palinológicos……………………………………………….140 4.2.3.5 Análisis factorial. Correlación entre las muestras de la lluvia polínica de superficie y el registro fósil de Laguna Seca………...........................144 4.2.4 Discusión Laguna Seca………………………………………………….145 4.2.4.1 Correlación entre las muestras de la lluvia polínica de superficie y el registro fósil………………………………………………………………….145 4.2.4.2 Sedimentología e interpretación de los análisis estadísticos (ACP Y ADR)…………………………………………………………………….......145 4.2.4.3 Historia ambiental y disturbio antrópico en la Laguna Seca.……….146 4.2.5 Resultados Laguna Manantiales…………………………………………..152 4.2.5.1 Cronología…………………………………………………………...152 4.2.5.2 Análisis litológico, mineralógico y geoquímico……………………..153 4.2.5.2.1 Litología………………………………………………………….153 4.2.5.2.2 Mineralogía……………………………………………………....154 4.2.5.2.3 Geoquímica……………………………………………………....157 4.2.5.3 Análisis estadísticos………………………………………………….159 4.2.5.3.1 Componentes principales (APC)…………………………………159 4.2.5.3.2. Redundancia (ADR)……………………………………………..161 4.2.5.4 Análisis palinológicos……………………………………………….163 4.2.5.5 Análisis factorial. Correlación entre las muestras del depósito polínico de superficie y el registro fósil de Laguna Manantiales……………………..169 IX 4.2.6 Discusión Laguna Manantiales………………………………………….170 4.2.6.1 Correlación entre las muestras de la lluvia polínica de superficie y el registro fósil………………………………………………………………170 4.2.6.2 Sedimentología e interpretación de los análisis estadísticos (ACP Y ADR)……………………………………………………………………...171
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