Constraints from U-Pb and Hf Isotopic Data of Detrital Zi

Home , Amazonian Craton, Andean orogeny, Antofagasta de la Sierra, Aracar, Bolivian tin belt, Caldera Basin

Magmatic History and Crustal Genesis of South America: Constraints from U-Pb Ages and Hf Isotopes of Detrital Zircons in Modern Rivers

Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation

Authors Pepper, Martin Bailey

Publisher The University of Arizona.

Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author.

Download date 23/09/2021 09:38:39

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/347220

MAGMATIC HISTORY AND CRUSTAL GENESIS OF SOUTH AMERICA: CONSTRAINTS FROM U-Pb AGES AND Hf ISOTOPES OF DETRITAL ZIRCONS IN MODERN RIVERS

Martin Pepper

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the

DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

2014

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE

As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Martin Pepper, titled Magmatic History and Crustal Genesis of South America: Constraints from U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes of detrital zircons in modern rivers and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

______Date: (11/17/2014) Peter Reiners

______Date: (11/17/2014) Paul Kapp

______Date: (11/17/2014) George Zandt

Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College.

I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.

______Date: (11/17/2014) Dissertation Director: George Gehrels

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.

Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that an accurate acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder.

SIGNED: MARTIN PEPPER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor George Gehrels for giving me this opportunity to execute such a unique research project and further my knowledge and experiences. The opportunities gained now and in the future are irreplaceable and I am eternally thankful for my new directions in life.

I would also like to thank my wife Lena Pepper for her support and understanding during this long academic stint with long hours and little time outside of my projects.

Thank you mother (Karen Pepper) and father (Carl Pepper) for always encouraging me to keep learning and allowing me to push my boundaries.

I am also very thankful for my colleagues and the other students in our department that were extremely helpful in this project, namely, Mauricio Ibanez-Mejia, Alex Pullen, Ned Brown, Mark Pecha, Jay Quade, Gayland Simpson, Dominique Giesler, Chelsea White, Clayton Loehn, Glynis Jehle and Victor Valencia.

Furthermore, I couldn’t have completed such an arduous journey throughout South America without the help of my field crew: Franco Urbani, David Mendi, Agustin Cardona, Camilo Bustamante, Giovani Jimenez and Herman Bayona.

Thank you!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………... 6 LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………… 7 ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….. 8 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………. 10 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF SOUTH AMERICA………………………………... 13 Cratonal Nucleus…………………………………………………………... 13 Northern Andes (NA)…………...…………………………………………. 14 Central Andes (CA)………………...……………………………………… 14 Southern Andes (SA)……………………..……………………………….. 14 PRESENT STUDY………………………………………………………………………… 16 Sampling Methodology……………………………………………………………. 16 Sample Descriptions……………………………………………………………….. 16 Northern Andes (NA)………………………………………………………. 16 Central Andes (CA)………………………………………………………… 17 Southern Andes (SA)……………………………………………………….. 17 U-Pb Analytical Methods………………………………………………….. 17 Hf Analytical Methods…………………………………………………….. 18 RESULTS………………………………………………………………………………….. 21 U-Pb Geochronology………………………………………………………………. 21 Northern Andes (NA)………………………………………………………. 21 Central Andes (CA)………………………………………………………… 21 Southern Andes (SA)……………………………………………………….. 21 East-West comparison of U-Pb ages………………………………………. 22 Hf Isotope Geochemistry…………………………………………………………... 22 Northern Andes (NA)………………………………………………………. 22 Central Andes (CA)………………………………………………………… 22 Southern Andes (SA)……………………………………………………….. 23 COMPARISON WITH EXISTING U-Pb AND Hf DATA FROM SOUTH AMERICA… 24 U-Pb………………………………………………………………………………... 24 HF………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS………………………………………………………. 26 Magmatic History…………………………………………………………………. 26 Crustal Evolution………………………………………………………………….. 28 DISCUSSION……………………………………………………………………………… 33 Magmatic Processes……………………………………………………………….. 33 Crustal Generation and Reworking………………………………………………... 35 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………... 37 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….. 40 APPENDIX A. FIGURE 1. GEOLOGIC MAP WITH OUTLINED CATCHMENTS…. 41 APPENDIX B. U-Pb REFERENCES USED IN ATTACHED DATA COMPILATION .. 44 APPENDIX C. Hf REFERENCES USED IN ATTACHED DATA COMPILATION…... 88 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….. 106

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1. MAP OF RESEARCH AREA……………………………………………….. 90 FIGURE 2. U-PB AND HF FOR NA REGION………………………………………….. 91 FIGURE 3. U-PB AND HF FOR CA REGION ………………………………………….. 92 FIGURE 4. U-PB AND HF FOR SA REGION ………………………………………….. 93 FIGURE 5. U-PB DISTRIBUTIONS OF ALL AREAS………………………………….. 94 FIGURE 6. 0-200MA DISTRIBUTIONS FOR ALL AREAS..………………………….. 95 FIGURE 7. MAP OF SAMPLE LOCATIONS OF COMPILED DATA.……………….. 96 FIGURE 8. SUMMARY OF U-PB AND HF FOR NA REGION ……………………….. 97 FIGURE 9. SUMMARY OF U-PB AND HF FOR CA REGION ……………………….. 98 FIGURE 10. SUMMARY OF U-PB AND HF FOR SA REGION ………………………. 99 FIGURE 11. SUMMARY OF U-PB AND HF FOR ALL REGIONS……………………. 100 FIGURE 12. 0-200MA U-PB, HF AND CONVERGENCE DATA OF ALL REGIONS..101-102 FIGURE 13. COMPARISON OF THIS PROJECT WITH GLOBAL DATA…………… 103 FIGURE 14. COMPARISON OF THIS PROJECT WITH HASCHKE ET AL., 2002… 104

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1. SAMPLE INFORMATION…………………………………………………… 105

ABSTRACT

South America provides an outstanding laboratory for studies of magmatism and crustal evolution because it contains older Archean-Paleoproterozoic cratons that amalgamated during

Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic supercontinent assembly, as well as a long history of

Andean magmatism that records crustal growth and reworking in an accretionary orogen. We have attempted to reconstruct the growth and evolution of South America through U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircons from 59 samples of sand from modern rivers and shorelines. Results from 5,524 new U-Pb ages and 1,199 new Hf isotope determinations are reported. We have also integrated our data into a compilation of all previously published zircon geochronologic and Hf isotopic information, yielding a record that includes

>42,000 ages and >1,600 Hf isotope analyses. These data yield five main conclusions: (1) South

America has an age distribution that is similar to most other continents, presumably reflecting the supercontinent cycle, with maxima at 2.2-1.8 Ga, 1.6-0.9 Ga, 700-400 Ma, and 360-200 Ma;

(2) <200 Ma magmatism along the western margin of South America has age maxima at 183 Ma

(191-175 Ma), 151 Ma (159-143 Ma), 126 Ma (131-121 Ma), 109 Ma (114-105 Ma), 87 Ma (95-

79 Ma), 62 Ma (71-53 Ma), 39 Ma (43-35 Ma), 19 Ma (23-15 Ma), and 6 Ma (10-2 Ma); (3) for the past 200 Ma, there appears to be a positive correlation between magmatism and the velocity of convergence between central South America and Pacific oceanic plates; (4) Hf isotopes record reworking of older crustal materials during most time periods, with incorporation of juvenile crustal materials at ~1.6-1.0 Ga, 500-400 Ma and ~200-100 Ma; and (5) the Hf isotopic signature of <200 Ma magmatism is apparently controlled by the generation of juvenile magmas during extensional tectonism and reworking of juvenile versus evolved crustal materials during crustal thickening and arc migration.

Keywords: Detrital zircon, U-Pb geochronology, Andes, South America, Hf isotopes, orogenic cycles, crustal evolution

INTRODUCTION

The ‘Andean type’ orogeny is frequently referenced as a modern analog for the subduction based orogeny of a current or an ancient oceanic plate beneath a continental plate (Hodges et al., 1982).

The problem with this statement is that we still do not completely understand what has been occurring along this Pacific margin in terms of magmatic flux and crustal evolution either in a regional context, east and west variations and/or along the entire ~7000 km length of the Andes.

Ideally, a single project would encompass the whole Andes in order to compare and contrast the different aspects of this orogen while minimizing bias and error from multiple researchers, sampling strategies and data gathering instruments. In order to execute a project of this scale a novel technique needs to be used that not only collects the most information but also reduces possible biases. Since rivers are the major conduit for transporting sediment from mountains to basins and oceans, employing river sands not only increases the regions sampled (see catchment sizes in Appendix 1 Table 1 and Fig. 1), but also adds a random sampling aspect that allows for a more robust sampling approach. Rivers are actively eroding what they come in contact with, thus samples will not only contain information on the latest magmatic events but also the old recycled orogenic detritus.

Understanding the generation and reworking of continental crust has been a long- standing goal in Earth science (Armstrong, 1968). South America provides an excellent laboratory for studying crustal evolution because it contains older cratons that record

Precambrian crustal genesis and assembly, and also early Paleozoic through modern magmatic assemblages that formed along a convergent/accretionary plate boundary along the western margin (Cordani et al., 2000; Acenolaza et al., 2002; Cawood, 2005; Franz et al., 2006; Cawood and Buchan, 2007; Ramos, 2009). This history has been reconstructed through a large number of

10 detailed studies of specific areas (e.g., Loewy et al., 2004; Herve et al., 2007; Augustsson and

Bahlburg, 2008; Chew et al., 2008; Miskovic et al., 2009; Bahlburg et al., 2009, 2011), as well as several syntheses that have focused on the assembly of South America (e.g., Goodwin, 1996) and the evolution of the Andean margin (e.g., Acenolaza et al., 2002; Haschke et al., 2002; Cawood,

2005; Cediel et al., 2003; Franz et al., 2006; Kay et al., 2005; Cawood and Buchan, 2007).

This study attempts to reconstruct the magmatic history and crustal evolution of South

America through U-Pb geochronologic and Hf isotopic analysis of detrital zircon grains from 59 samples of modern sediment (Fig. 1). Combined U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope analysis in zircon is a powerful method for evaluating the evolution of large regions with the power of sedimentary averaging (Link et al., 2005), the durability of zircon even under most P-T conditions (Speer, 1982), the ability of U-Pb geochronology to record felsic to intermediate- composition magmatism (e.g, Condie et al., 2011), and the petrogenetic information provided by

Hf isotopes (e.g, Augustsson et al., 2006; Bahlburg et al., 2009, 2011; Hawkesworth et al., 2010;

Dhuime et al., 2011).

It is important to note, however, that the age and Hf isotopic signature of detrital zircons provides only indirect information on magmatic history and crustal evolution. A full analysis would require consideration of (1) variations in zircon abundance related to rock composition

(e.g., SiO2 and/or Zr content) (Moecher and Samson, 2006; Dickinson 2008), (2) 3-dimensional analysis of the volumes of igneous rock present in the Andes through time (e.g., Paterson and

Ducea, in press), and (3) the importance of crustal additions and removals arising from tectonic processes (e.g., terrane accretion, subduction erosion), delamination/relamination, and erosion.

Such analyses are beyond the scope of this paper, but will be facilitated by the new and compiled information presented herein.

Our study complements the work of Rino et al. (2004, 2008), Condie et al. (2005, 2009),

Mapes et al. (2005), and Iizuka et al. (2010), who presented ages of detrital zircons from modern sand samples along the Amazon and Paraná Rivers. To complement the information from large rivers, we include samples from numerous smaller river systems (e.g., Milliman and Syvitski,

1992) that are present along the eastern and western flanks of the modern Andes.

GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK OF SOUTH AMERICA

The South American continent consists, to first order, of several Archean-

Paleoproterozoic cratons that were effectively welded together during Mesoproterozoic through early Paleozoic orogenesis (Goodwin, 1996). This continental cratonic nucleus served as the backstop for accretionary processes that formed the Andean orogen along the Paleo-Pacific margin (Coney, 1992; Cawood, 2005; Cawood and Buchan, 2007). The following sections outline the geologic evolution of cratonal South America and the northern, central, and southern

Andes, with an emphasis on patterns of magmatism and crustal generation/reworking (Fig. 1).

Cratonal Nucleus

The nucleus of South America consists mainly of the Amazon, Sao Francisco, Parana, and Rio de la Plata cratons (Fig. 1). The Central Amazon craton (CAm) has Archean ages from

3.3–2.5 Ga. The Maroni-Itacaiunas province (MI) occurs east of the CAm with radiometric ages between 2.2–1.9 Ga. Westward, the Ventuari-Tapajos (VT) mobile belt (2.0–1.8 Ga) and the Rio

Negro Juruena mobile belt (RNJ; 1.8–1.6 Ga) formed during the accretion of intraoceanic arcs.

The Rodonian San Ignacio (RSI) province (1.6–1.3 Ga) consists of accreted arc terranes and micro-continents that experienced high grade metamorphism during Mesoproterozoic time

(Teixeira et al., 1989; Tassinari and Macambira 1999; Santos et al., 2000, 2008; Cordani and

Teixeira, 2007; Cordani et al., 2009). Along the western margin of the Amazon craton is the

Sunsas orogen, which yields ages between 1.2 and 0.9 Ga (Litherland and Power, 1989; Teixera et al., 2010; Ibanez-Mejia et al., 2011). Separating these cratons are the Brasiliano mobile belts, with dominant magmatism during Neoproterozoic-earliest Paleozoic (0.7–0.5 Ga) time

(Goodwin 1996; Rapela et al., 1998, 2007; Kröner and Cordani, 2003; Valeriano et al., 2008;

Cordani et al., 2009; and Cordani, 2009).

Northern Andes (NA)

The northern Andes are divided into three separate mountain ranges that consist mainly of Precambrian basement (Cordani et al., 2005; Ordóñez- Carmona et al., 2006; Ibanez-Mejia et al., 2011). The western Cordillera (w of Fig. 1) comprises oceanic magmatic and Cretaceous deep-marine sedimentary rocks (McCourt et al., 1984; Cortés et al., 2005; Kennan and Pindell,

2009; Borrero et al., 2012). The main volcanic arc along the central Cordillera (c of Fig. 1) is composed mainly of Jurassic-Cretaceous igneous rocks intruded into and resting on both oceanic and continental crystalline basement (Aspden and McCourt, 1986; Aspden et al., 1987; Cediel et al., 2003). The eastern Cordillera (e of Fig. 1) consists of Mesoproterozoic-Archean inliers surrounded by 1.1–1.0 Ga rocks (Restrepo-Pace et al., 1997; Ruiz et al., 1999; Cordani et al.,

2005; Jiménez-Mejía et al., 2006; Ordóñez-Carmona et al., 2006; Chew et al., 2007a, 2007b,

2008; Cardona et al., 2009; Miskovic et al., 2009; Ibanez-Mejia et al., 2011).

Central Andes (CA)

The central Andes consist of arc-type and basinal assemblages that formed in a convergent-margin setting from early Paleozoic time to the recent. Some of these assemblages may belong to terranes that are exotic to South America (e.g., Cuyania terrane; Astini et al.,

1999; Ramos, 2004; Thomas et al., 2004; Finney, 2007), whereas most formed during long-lived accretionary tectonism along the proto-Andean margin (Cawood, 2005). Some of these terranes contain older Proterozoic basement (Shackleton et al., 1979; Loewy et al., 2004; Chew et al.,

2007a). The eastern CA also includes uplifted Neoproterozoic basement (Allmendinger et al.,

1997; Jordan and Allmendinger 1986; Strecker et al., 1989; Escayola et al., 2007).

Southern Andes (SA)

The SA consist primarily of Paleozoic and Proterozoic rocks exposed in basement uplifts

(Pankhurst et al., 2000; 2006; Augustsson et al., 2006), rimmed to the west by post-Triassic magmatic rocks of the Andean orogen (Kay et al., 2005; Herve et al., 2007). The southern portion of SA belongs to the Patagonia microcontinent, which consists of widespread Paleozoic magmatic arcs and marine basins that formed in the broad accretionary Terra Australis orogen

(Coney, 1992; Stern and De Wit, 2003; Cawood and Buchan, 2007; Ramos, 2008; Barbeau et al.,

2009).

PRESENT STUDY

Sampling Methodology

Samples were collected from active channels of modern rivers and from beaches along shorelines. Most of the rivers sampled do not have dams or major construction projects that could have influenced zircon distributions. Each sample consisted of a mixture of sediment from multiples sites (within a ~10 m2 area) with a wide range of grain sizes (silt to coarse sand).

Material coarser than 2 mm was removed during sample collection. This strategy was followed in an effort to maximize the number of age groups recognized and reduce biases from hydrodynamic sorting (Garzanti et al., 2009; Lawrence et al., 2011). Heavy minerals from each composite sample were initially concentrated with a gold pan, and then zircons were extracted using a Frantz isodynamic separator and heavy liquids (techniques described by Gehrels, 2000).

Sample Descriptions

Fifty-nine samples were collected from rivers draining the northern, central, and southern

Andes and from beach deposits along these rivers (Fig. 1; Table 1).

Northern Andes (NA)

Thirteen samples were collected from the northern Andes as follows. Sample NA01 was collected from the Caribbean coast. Seven samples were collected from the Magdalena River system in the Magdalena Valley (separating the eastern and central Cordilleras of Figure 1), with

NA02 from lowlands 140 km upstream, NA03-04 from the Magdalena delta, NA05 along the coast 70 km west of the Magdalena delta, and NA06-09 from the flanks of the eastern and western Cordillera (EC and CC) in the Magdalena highlands. Four samples were collected farther south, with NA10 from the Andean highlands, NA11 from a tributary of the Amazon

River system, and NA12- NA13 along the western flank of the western Cordillera (w of Fig. 1).

Central Andes (CA)

Twenty-five samples were collected from both the western and eastern flanks of the

Central Andes, with a spacing of approximately 300-400 km. Along the eastern flank of the

Andes, CA01-04 were collected from tributaries of the Rio de la Plata river system, CA05-06 are from tributaries of the Amazon river system, CA07-08 are from the Andean highlands, and

CA09-10 are from southern Amazon tributaries. Along the western flank of the Andes, samples

CA11-23 were collected along the Atacama Desert from small perennial rivers. CA16 and CA23 are from beach sands to the west.

Southern Andes (SA)

Five SA samples (SA01-05) were collected from the western flank of the orogen from rivers with a spacing of ~300 km. Samples SA01 and SA02 are from perennial rivers within 10 km of the coast, whereas sample SA03 was collected from the coast and SA04 was collected farther upstream. SA06-SA22 are from the eastern flank of the Andes, with a spacing of ~200 km. These samples are from lowland portions of rivers, approximately 30-50 km from the

Atlantic coast.

U-Pb Analytical Methods

U-Pb geochronology of zircons was conducted by laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICPMS) at the Arizona LaserChron

Center (www.laserchron.org) using analytical methods described by Gehrels et al. (2006, 2008) and Gehrels and Pecha (2014). Cathodoluminescence (CL) images, acquired with a Gatan

Chroma CL2 system (www.geosemarizona.org), were used to ensure that analyses were conducted on homogeneous (generally interior) portions of zircon grains.

The U-Pb analytical data are reported in Appendix A Tables 2-4. These tables present the

17 isotopic ratios, concentrations, calculated ages, and uncertainties for each analysis. Uncertainties are reported at 1-sigma, and include only internal uncertainty components (measurement of

206Pb*/238U, 206Pb*/207Pb*, 206Pb*/204Pb), and a factor to incorporate the over dispersion of primary standard analyses. Systematic (external) uncertainties are reported for each sample (at 2- sigma) in Appendix A Tables 2-4, and include contributions from the scatter of primary standard analyses, composition of common Pb, age of the primary standard, and U decay constants. Also reported for each analysis is the “Best Age,” which is based on 206Pb*/238U for <900 Ma grains and 206Pb*/207Pb* for >900 Ma grains.

Not included in these tables are analyses that are highly (>20%) discordant or highly

(>10%) reverse discordant, and analyses with >10% uncertainty. These filters are not applied to

<600 Ma 206Pb*/207Pb* ages and <100 Ma 206Pb*/238U ages. Also included in Appendix A

Tables 2-4 are Pb*/U concordia diagrams and relative age-probability diagrams (from Ludwig,

2008). The age-probability diagrams sum all ages (and associated uncertainties) from a sample into a single curve.

For interpretive purposes, U/Th ratios for each analysis are reported in Appendix A

Tables 2-4. Most (>90%) analyses have U/Th in the range of typical igneous values (e.g., 1-10;

Rubatto, 2002), suggesting that most ages record episodes of igneous activity. Values >10 are interpreted as possibly of metamorphic origin (e.g., Gehrels et al., 2009).

Hf Analytical Methods

Hf analyses were also conducted by LA-MC-ICPMS at the Arizona LaserChron Center, using methods described by Cecil et al. (2011) and Gehrels and Pecha (2014). Laser ablation analyses were conducted with a laser beam diameter of 40 microns, with ablation pits located either on top of the U-Pb analysis pits or adjacent to the U-Pb pit but in the same domain (using

CL images as guides). Each acquisition consisted of one 40-second integration on backgrounds

(on peaks with no laser firing) followed by 60 one-second integrations with the laser firing. The isotope ratios and uncertainties reported are based on all measurements, with only a 2-sigma filter to remove outliers. Critical isotope ratios used in data reduction are as follows: 179Hf/177Hf

= 0.73250 (Patchett and Tatsumoto, 1980); 173Yb/171Yb = 1.132338 (Vervoort et al., 2004);

176Yb/171Yb = 0.901691 (Vervoort et al., 2004; Amelin and Davis, 2005); 176Lu/175Lu = 0.02653

(Patchett, 1983); and the decay constant of 176Lu = 1.867e-11 (Scherer et al., 2001; Söderlund et al., 2004). Hf Depleted Mantle model ages are not calculated because of uncertainties in the

176Hf/177Hf and 176Lu/177Hf of source material(s) from which the zircons crystallized.

Analyses were calibrated using solution analyses of JMC475, solutions of JMC475 mixed with varying concentrations of 176Lu and 176Yb, and laser ablation analyses of standard zircons

Mud Tank, 91500, Temora2, R33, FC1, and Plesovice. Solutions of JMC475 yielded a weighted mean value of 0.282156± 0.000007 (2, n=17). Solutions mixed with 176Yb and 176Lu [with

176(Yb+Lu)/176Hf up to 1.6] yielded a similar weighted mean value of 0.282150± 0.000008 (2, n=16) with 173Yb/171Yb adjusted to 1.132423 (from value of 1.132338 suggested by Vervoort et al., 2004) to alleviate a correlation between measured 176Hf/177Hf and 176(Yb+Lu)/176Hf.

Zircon standards yielded 176Hf/177Hf values that were generally lower than previously reported values. With measured values increased by 0.8 epsilon units, the following results were obtained:

 Mud Tank: weighted mean value of 0.282518 ± 0.000007 (2, n) compared with

reported value of 0.282507 (Woodhead and Hergt, 2005). This yields an offset of +0.4

epsilon units.

 91500: weighted mean value of 0.282292 ± 0.000021 (2, n) compared with reported

value of 0.282313 (Fisher et al., 2014). This yields an offset of -0.7 epsilon units.

 Temora2: weighted mean value of 0.282677 ± 0.000009 (2, n) compared with reported

value of 0.282686 (Fisher et al., 2014). This yields an offset of -0.3 epsilon units.

 Plesovice: weighted mean value of 0.282480 ± 0.000007 (2, n) compared with

reported value of 0.282484 (Slama et al., 2008). This yields an offset of -0.1 epsilon units.

 FC1: weighted mean value of 0.282170 ± 0.000009 (2, n) compared with reported

value of 0.282183 (Fisher et al., 2014). This yields an offset of -0.4 epsilon units.

 R33: weighted mean value of 0.282735 ± 0.000009 (2, n) compared with reported

value of 0.282764 (Fisher et al., 2014). This yields an offset of -1.0 epsilon units.

These offsets suggest that the accuracy (external reproducibility) of a set of analyses is ~2 epsilon units. The precision (internal reproducibility) of individual analyses is 2-3 epsilon units, as indicated by an average measurement uncertainty of 3.3 epsilon units (average standard deviation of all standard measurements, at 2), and an average standard deviation for measurements of each standard of 2.8 epsilon units (at 2).

Data from all unknowns have been adjusted using a correction factor of +0.8 epsilon units, and the revised 173Yb/171Yb value reported above.

RESULTS

U-Pb Geochronology

A total of 5,524 new U-Pb analyses are reported in Appendix A Tables 2-4. Appendix A

Table 1 provides a description of the zircon grains present in each sample. Highlights of the results from samples from northern, central, and southern regions are described in following sections and shown on Figures 2-4. Figures 5 and 6 summarize the U-Pb age distributions from each region.

Northern Andes (NA)

Samples from the northern Andes contain detrital zircons that are quite variable in age

(Fig. 2). Most samples contain a few ages between ~2100-1700 Ma. The only age group that is present in most samples ranges from ~1600 to 950 Ma, with dominant ages near ~1000 Ma.

Several samples contain grains of ~700-400 Ma, and most samples contain abundant <400 Ma grains. The dominant ages for <200 Ma grains are shown on Figure 6.

Central Andes (CA)

For >200 Ma ages, the age patterns in the central Andes (Fig. 3) generally resemble data from regions to the north (Fig. 2), although proportions of the main age groups are somewhat different (Fig. 5). Namely, most samples are missing the ~1600 to 950 Ma and 400 to 200 Ma age groups. Similarly, for <200 Ma ages, some age groups (e.g., ~183 and ~126 Ma) are also missing from CA, and the proportions of other age groups are somewhat different (Fig. 6). The

600 to 400 Ma age group is much more prominent in the CA than the NA.

Southern Andes (SA)

The southern Andes yield age distributions that are quite different than the NA and CA, with predominance of 400-250 Ma and <25 Ma grains in most samples, and abundant 200-25 Ma

21 ages in only three samples (Figs. 4-6). SA samples contain very few ages between 900-700 Ma ands > 1200 Ma.

East-West comparison of U-Pb ages

As a complement to the above north-south comparison of ages, Figures 5 and 6 compare age distributions from rivers that are located along the eastern versus western flanks of the modern Andes. Omitted from this compilation are samples from the rivers in the northernmost

Andes (which drain northward) and in southern Patagonia (which have no sampled westerly counterpart). This comparison highlights the dominance of older basement sources in rivers of the eastern Andes, versus the prevalence of Phanerozoic igneous rocks in the western Andes.

This compilation also records a strong cyclicity to Andean magmatism, which is explored in detail below.

Hf Isotope Geochemistry

The results of our Hf isotope analyses are described in the following sections for samples from the northern, central, and southern Andes. A total of 1,199 new analyses are reported in

Appendix A Tables 5-7. These tables report all details of individual analyses, and show plots with results from each sample. Results are summarized on Figures 2-4.

Northern Andes

Hf isotope data from the northern Andes are quite variable, and record interesting patterns through time. As shown on Figure 2, epsilon Hf values progressively decrease (become more evolved) from ~1600 Ma through ~400 Ma, increase (become more juvenile) from ~300 to

~100 Ma, and then in most cases become more evolved again after ~100 Ma (Fig. 2).

Central Andes

Analyses from the central Andes reveal a generally similar pattern of changing epsilon Hf

22 values (Fig. 3). Additional patterns include the presence of more abundant >1600 Ma grains with variable epsilon Hf values, more juvenile values for 1.2-1.0 Ga grains, a distinctive pull-down of

650-500 Ma values, and considerably more negative epsilon Hf values for the youngest grains.

Southern Andes

The southern Andes (Fig. 4) yield few >1.2 Ga grains, mostly juvenile 1.2-1.0 Ga grains, abundant 600-300 Ma grains with intermediate epsilon Hf values, values that increase from moderately negative to positive from 300 to 100 Ma, and then mostly positive values for <100

Ma grains.

COMPARISON WITH EXISTING U-Pb AND Hf DATA FROM SOUTH AMERICA

U-Pb

In an attempt to compare our U-Pb geochronologic data set with previously published information, we have compiled ages reported from igneous and detrital samples from all of western South America (Fig. 7). All available U-Pb ages are included in the compilation, whereas only young (<200 Ma) volcanic K-Ar and Ar-Ar ages are included because of the likelihood that pre-200 Ma ages record cooling rather than igneous activity. Ages of individual analyses are included where reported; mean ages are reported where results from individual analyses are not available. Appendix B Table 1 includes all compiled ages, with corresponding references listed in Appendix B below. A total of 26,851 detrital ages and 9,929 igneous ages are included in this compilation, in addition to our 5,524 new ages.

Comparisons between our detrital data, previously published detrital data from both sedimentary rocks and modern sediment, and igneous rocks are provided on Figure 5. This comparison shows that our data and previously reported detrital data are quite similar in the dominant ages recognized, and in the approximate proportions of different age groups. These two data sets are somewhat different from the age distribution defined by igneous samples, presumably because of biases in sample selection.

Included in this compilation are analyses of detrital zircon ages from several South

American rivers. Condie et al. (2005, 2009) report ages from rivers in Brazil and Peru, whereas

Iiuzka et al. (2010) and Rino et al. (2004, 2008) report ages from the Amazon and Parana rivers.

Mapes et al. (2009) have also conducted analyses from Amazon river sediment, with analyses that are forthcoming. Campbell and Allen (2008) have included analyses from South American rivers in their database, but these ages have not been included in our compilation because sample

24 locations were not reported.

Hf data were also compiled from previous studies that reported essential information about the analyses (e.g., instrumentation, methodology, and data reduction). The acceptable data are tabulated in Appendix C Table 1, with associated references reported in Appendix C below. No acceptable analyses are available for the northern Andes, 351 were found from the central Andes, and 85 from the southern Andes. As shown on Figures 8-11, the published data are quite similar to our new results.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Our new and compiled data provide significant new insights into the magmatic history and crustal evolution of South America. Each of these aspects is described below.

Magmatic History

The U-Pb data presented herein, combined with existing geochronologic information and interpretations (e.g., Cediel et al., 2003; Franz et al., 2006; Pankhurst et al., 2006; Miskovic et al., 2009), provide important new information about the history of magmatism in South America.

This record is most relevant for igneous activity of felsic to intermediate composition, given that most of the information is derived from ages of zircon, and zircon is of low abundance in mafic magmas. As noted above, the connection between age distribution and magmatic flux is also complicated by potential variations in Zr content (and hence zircon fertility) through space and time, the long and complex history of uplift and erosion in the Andes, and potential additions and removals from the system by tectonic and erosional processes.

Given the objective of reconstructing the magmatic history of South America, with emphasis on both ages and proportions of magmatism, it is important to recognize that all three sets of information (our data, published detrital data, and published igneous data) have biases.

For igneous ages, it is clear that the age distribution is controlled in large part by the geographic and temporal focus of the constituent studies. This is apparent in the igneous age distribution

(Figures 5 and 6) by the large proportion of young igneous ages, which reflects the large number of studies of Andean magmatism. In contrast, previously published detrital ages from sandstones are biased away from these young ages, given that detrital zircons in sandstones always predate deposition. The detrital ages reported herein are biased toward contributions from the modern

Andes, given that most rivers in South America have headwaters in the Andes, and that most of

26 our samples were collected from within or adjacent to the Andes. It is also important to note that detrital age distributions may over-represent older sources given the tendency for zircon grains to be recycled. For these reasons, the following discussions focus on general patterns of ages, with the assumption that short-term variations in the proportion of ages may reflect true variations in magmatic addition, whereas variations over longer time periods may be controlled mainly by geologic or sampling biases.

Figure 5 shows that there are notable similarities in all three records. Most impressive is the similarity in detrital data sets from this study and previous studies in terms of both presence/absence of ages and proportions of ages. Igneous ages are also similar for most areas and time periods, but, as noted above, emphasize young Andean magmatism.

One of the first-order patterns apparent in all data sets is the relatively low abundance of pre-1.2 Ga ages, in spite of the fact that much of South America is underlain by Archean and

Paleoproterozoic cratonal rocks (Fig. 1). This low abundance is due in part to biases in sampling

(as noted above), but also suggests that little Archean-Paleoproterozoic cratonal material is present in the modern Andes.

The oldest significant age group includes 1.2-1.0 Ga grains, at least for the central and northern Andes. These 1.2-1.0 Ga grains presumably record magmatism within the Sunsas belt

(Fig. 1), which is exposed along the eastern flank of the northern and central Andes. Grains of these ages may also have been distributed widely across South America during Mesoproterozoic tectonism, as has been documented for sediment derived from the Grenville orogen in North

America (e.g., Rainbird et al., 2012).

The next main phase of magmatism recorded in the three data sets begins at ~700 Ma and extends into early Paleozoic time. This magmatism occurred within the Brasiliano belt (0.7-0.5

Ga) during assembly of the South American craton, which coincides with the Pan-African orogeny and the assembly of Gondwana (Windley, 1995; Brito Neves et al., 1999). This phase of continental assembly overlapped with the Late Neoproterozoic onset of magmatism along the western margin of South America in a broad and long-lived accretionary orogen (Coney, 1992;

Cawood, 2005; Cawood and Buchan, 2007). Igneous geochronology records magmatism along this convergent margin from ~610 Ma until ~470 Ma (Cawood and Buchan, 2007), which is also reflected in the record of detrital zircon ages (Fig. 5).

Our three geochronologic records all show a decrease in magmatism during mid-

Paleozoic time (~400 to 360 Ma), followed by significant magmatic addition between 360 and

200 Ma (Fig. 6). This pattern is quite similar to the magmatic history that Cawood and Buchan

(2007) reconstruct for the proto-Andes and other portions of the Terra Australis orogen.

The data provide a rich record of variations in magmatism during the past ~200 Ma. As summarized on Figure 6 (which shows age distributions smoothed using a ±3 m.y. sliding window average), the record is somewhat different from east to west, from north to south, and in the three different data sets. Of significance is the occurrence of age maxima at 183 Ma (191-175

Ma), 151 Ma (159-143 Ma), 126 Ma (131-121 Ma), 109 Ma (114-105 Ma), 87 Ma (95-79 Ma),

62 Ma (71-53 Ma), 39 Ma (43-35 Ma), 19 Ma (23-15 Ma, and 6 Ma (10-2 Ma), with an average periodicity (from mid-points) of ~22 m.y. (vertical gray bars of Figure 6). This record is quite different from the apparent magmatic history from the south-central Andes presented by Haschke et al. (2002), as described below.

Crustal Evolution

The Hf data presented herein, combined with previously published Hf isotope analyses, provide new constraints on the crustal evolution of South America. All of the available data are

28 shown for NA, CA, and SA on Figures 8-10, and together for all areas on Figure 11.

Accompanying these Hf isotope plots are age-distribution diagrams for our new data as well as for all available (igneous and detrital) data.

Yellow arrows on these diagrams show interpreted trajectories of Hf evolution. Arrows with slopes that are parallel to average crustal evolution are interpreted to represent successive remelting of a relatively uniform suite of older crustal materials, with little addition of juvenile magma. Arrays that project toward more positive (or less negative) values than average crust are interpreted to record the additional input of juvenile magmas. Arrays that project toward more negative values than average crust may result from incorporation of a greater proportion of older crustal material (and hence less juvenile material), and/or involvement of increasingly negative crustal material.

Using this interpretive framework as a guide, the Hf data support the following history of crustal genesis and reworking for South America:

1. Grains that are >1.6 Ga in age are scarce (especially in NA) and epsilon Hf values are highly variable, but there is a general trend toward more negative epsilon Hf with time. This is interpreted to record Paleoproterozoic reworking of mostly Archean crustal materials, with little input of juvenile material. This history presumably pertains in large part to the cratonal rocks of

South America (Fig. 1).

2. Between ~1.6 Ga and ~1.0 Ga, epsilon Hf values in CA and possibly SA tend to become more positive, reflecting progressive incorporation of juvenile magmas. In contrast, epsilon Hf values in NA remain intermediate in value, reflecting lesser addition of juvenile crustal material. Given the proximity of the Sunsas belt with NA, the latter history may be relevant for the Mesoproterozoic crustal evolution of northern South America. The more juvenile

Mesoproterozoic zircons in CA and SA may have been shed from other regions, for example

North America, which yields positive epsilon Hf values for grains of this age (Gehrels and

Pecha, 2014). Distribution of these zircons may have occurred as part of a global sediment dispersal system during assembly of Rodinia (e.g., Rainbird et al., 2011), or less likely, from early Paleozoic arrival of North American tectonic fragments with 1.2-1.0 Ga basement (e.g.,

Cuyania) along the Andean margin (e.g., Astini and Thomas, 1999; Thomas et al., 2004; Ramos

2004).

3. Between ~1.0 Ga and ~500 Ma, epsilon Hf values have trajectories that are generally similar to average crustal evolution (Figs. 8-11). This is interpreted to reflect mainly reworking of >1.0 Ga crustal materials, with little addition of juvenile magma. Franz et al. (2006) came to a similar conclusion on the basis of Sr-Nd isotope signatures of igneous and sedimentary rocks from the central Andes. In addition to this overall trend, there are apparent pull-downs (negative excursions) in epsilon Hf at about 650-550 and 500-450 Ma (Fig. 11). The older of these excursions likely reflects reworking of older crustal components in Brasiliano orogens, whereas the younger excursion may record involvement of older crustal components within early

Paleozoic arcs along the proto-Andean margin (blue line on Figure 1). It is interesting that other portions of the broad Terra Australis orogen are also characterized by significant reworking of older crustal materials during this time period (e.g., Cawood et al., 2009, 2012; Kemp et al.,

2009; Hawkesworth et al., 2010).

4. Early Paleozoic (500 to 400 Ma) magmatism contains epsilon Hf values that become more positive in the CA and SA. This ~100 m.y. progression towards an overall juvenile signature suggests an extensional tectonic regime with thinned continental crust and significant additions of mantle material related to the extensive early Paleozoic arc (e.g., Ducea et al., 2015).

5. Late Paleozoic (~360 to ~250 Ma) magmatism is treated separately from early

Paleozoic igneous activity based on a ~40 m.y. magmatic lull and a significant change in Hf isotope evolution. As shown on Figure 11, there is an overall trend toward more negative epsilon

Hf values during this time, reflecting increased involvement of older crustal materials in the late

Paleozoic magmatic arcs established along the Andean margin (Fig. 1). This trend is apparent in

NA (Fig. 8) and SA (Fig. 10), but is less obvious in the data from CA (Fig. 9). Involvement of continental material may have increased as the late Paleozoic arcs approached and were firmly accreted to the proto-Andean margin (e.g., Willner et al., 2008; Ramos, 2009; Bahlburg et al.,

2009).

6. Between ~250 and ~100 Ma, epsilon Hf values become more positive in all areas (Fig.

8-11), and mirror the presence of juvenile Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes in rocks of the central Andes (Franz et al., 2006) and epsilon Nd values in Patagonia (Herve et al., 2007). This trend is interpreted to result in large part from Triassic through Early Cretaceous extensional tectonism at the subduction plate boundary that is well documented all along the Andean margin (Fig. 12; Franz et al., 2006; Ramos, 2009; Maloney et al., 2013; Rossel et al., 2013). Such extension also manifests as widespread rift-related strata and normal faults of Triassic and Jurassic age (Ramos,

2009), formation of the Rocas Verdes back-arc basin in the southern Andes during Late Jurassic time (Dalziel et al., 1974), formation of the Salta rift system during Late Jurassic-Early

Cretaceous time (Salfity and Marquillas, 1994), and the opening of basalt-floored basins during

Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time in the northern Andes (Maloney et al., 2013). The observed trend toward more positive epsilon Hf values may also have resulted from migration of the magmatic arc westward. As reported by Haschke et al. (2002) and Franz et al. (2006), the Late

Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatic arc was situated along the far western margin of the orogen,

31 which is underlain by Paleozoic arc terranes with little evolved continental material (Fig. 1).

7. Between ~100 and ~35 Ma, most zircons lie along trends toward more negative epsilon

Hf values that are steeper than average crustal evolution (Figs. 8-11). This is interpreted to reflect a progressive decrease in the proportion of juvenile magma generated within the arc systems, and/or reworking of progressively older crustal materials. The former may be related to a change in subduction dynamics caused by an increase in the age of the slab being subducted and/or an increase in the convergence rate between South America and outboard ocean basins

(Fig. 12; Maloney et al., 2013). It is also likely that the average age of reworked crustal materials increased with time as the magmatic arc migrated back toward cratonal South America

(e.g., Haschke et al., 2002; Franz et al., 2006). Although most zircons lie along this apparent trend, at least in NA and CA, it is important to note that many <100 Ma zircons (especially in

SA) yield highly positive epsilon Hf values. Such variable proportions of juvenile versus reworked materials are not surprising given the length and complexity of the Andean magmatic arc system.

8. Zircons that are younger than ~35 Ma yield a broad range of epsilon Hf values, ranging from below -10 to above +10 (Fig. 11), which is similar to the broad range of epsilon Nd values in Patagonia (Pankhurst et al., 1999; Herve et al., 2007). This range is interpreted to reflect the broad range of tectonic settings along the Andean magmatic arc, from areas of crustal thickening where magmas are forming due to crustal melting, to areas of extension where mantle-derived melts are present (e.g., Kay et al., 2005; Ramos, 2009; DeCelles et al., 2009, 2014).

DISCUSSION

Magmatic Processes

There is a relatively consistent pattern of magmatism and crustal evolution in all of the geochronologic and Hf isotopic data sets available for South America. In terms of ages of felsic to intermediate-composition (e.g., zircon-bearing) magmas, the history is apparently episodic, with long-term patterns that parallel the first order global record (Fig. 13; Voice et al., 2011;

Condie, 2014). Significant mismatches are the abundance of <200 Ma ages and the scarcity of

>1.4 Ga ages in our South American record, which is not surprising given that most of our samples were collected in proximity to the Andean orogen or from rivers with headwaters in the

Andes. This apparent episodicity, with a period of ~0.6 Ga, is widely ascribed to the supercontinent cycle (Hawkesworth et al., 2009, 2010; Belousova et al., 2010; Voice et al., 2011;

Condie et al., 2011; Condie, 2014), with periods of low zircon production and preservation related to break-up of supercontinents (Fig. 13).

As shown on Figures 6 and 12, there is also a strong episodicity in the ages of magmatism during the past 200 Ma. Approximately similar times of high and low magmatism are apparent in all data sets, with age maxima at approximately 183, 151, 126, 109, 87, 62, 39,

19, and 6 Ma (vertical gray bars on Figures 6 and 12). There are significant variations in these records, however, with peak ages that are younger, older, or missing entirely along some transects. The origin of this apparent ~22 m.y. episodicity, and ultimately the control on magmatic addition, remains uncertain, but has been suggested to be from the subducting slab folding on itself at the 660 km discontinuity (Lee and King, 2011; Gibert et al., 2012). As shown on Figure 12, there does not appear to be a correlation between magmatism and the age of the down-going plate for any region (purple curves, from Maloney et al., 2013). Likewise, there is

33 no obvious correlation between magmatism and the absolute motion of South America (green curves, from Maloney et al., 2013). There is, however, an apparent correlation between magmatism and the relative convergence rates between South America and oceanic plates along the CA and SA (blue curves, from Maloney et al., 2013). An interpretation of this correlation is that periods of high magmatism occur at times of high plate convergence due to higher inputs of water and hydrous melts (Davies and Stevenson, 1991) and rapid ascent of magmas (Elliot et al.,

1997). Correlations are strongest along the CA most likely because it is has a relatively simple subduction history in comparison with the more complex plate boundaries to the north and south.

Equally important is the presence of outboard terranes and eastern cratons with evolved Hf signatures in CA that were most likely involved in melting during periods of compression and crustal thickening. Maloney et al., (2012) states that there might be some inaccuracies with their results for older plate motion estimates and for areas with large changes in subduction dynamics

(i.e. trench jumps, terrane accretions and complicated plate dynamics). Complicated plate dynamics have been noted in the NA and SA.

Haschke et al. (2002, 2006) reported a somewhat different episodicity for the central

Andes, with four phases of magmatism at 195-129 Ma, 123-82 Ma, 76-37 Ma, and 22-0 Ma, yielding an average periodicity of ~50 m.y. (blue fields on Figure 14). Magmatic gaps are reported to exist at 129-123 Ma, 82-76 Ma, and 37-22 Ma. Haschke et al. (2002) suggest that a correlation between magma addition and convergence rate may be due to a ~50 m.y. cycle of decreasing slab dip (periods of high magma addition) followed by slab break-off or roll-back

(periods of low magma addition). Ramos (2009) proposes an Andean orogenic/magmatic cycle that invokes changes in slab dip and delamination of lower crustal roots as a primary control on types and volumes of magmatism. DeCelles et al. (2009, 2014) provide an alternative

34 explanation of cyclicity that involves periods of compressional tectonics, heating, hydration, eclogitization, and delamination of the upper plate, with less reliance on processes directly associated with the subducting plate (e.g., slab angle, subduction velocity).

Crustal Generation and Reworking

As with magmatic processes, our data set provides new insight into processes of crustal generation/reworking that operate at two different time scales. On a broader time scale, our data provide an interesting contrast to the Hf isotopic results presented by Belousova et al. (2010) and

Condie et al. (2011), which emphasize data from cratonal regions of Asia, Australia, and South

America. Our data resemble the global patterns prior to ~800 Ma, but are somewhat different for younger time periods. The first significant difference is the abundance of juvenile values from

800-650 Ma in the global data set, which is not seen in South America. Next is the slight negative excursion from 650-500 Ma in our data set, which is much more pronounced in the global record due to Pan-African tectonism. A final difference is the abundance of juvenile values from 400 to 200 Ma in the global record (mainly due to juvenile terranes of Asia), which is not found in South America.

On a more recent time scale, our data record a dramatic change in crustal evolution during the past 200 Ma that is not seen in older orogenic events or in the global record (Figures

11-13). Magmatism in proto-Andean magmatic arcs initiated with relatively evolved Hf signatures that reflect incorporation largely of older continental crust. Beginning at ~180 Ma, epsilon Hf values become significantly more juvenile until ~100 Ma, and then become more negative until ~35 Ma. The pre-100 Ma trend toward more juvenile values may result largely from extension within the magmatic arc, as has been proposed for the Tasmanides (Kemp et al.,

2009; Hawkesworth et al. 2010). This excursion to more juvenile values may also have resulted

35 from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous magmatic arc having been located far to the west, where there was little influence from continental assemblages.

As has been suggested in most previous syntheses (e.g., Haschke et al., 2002; Kay et al.,

2005; Ramos, 2009), the trend toward more evolved values during the past ~100 Ma most likely resulted from the onset of shortening and crustal thickening within the Andes, causing more crustal melting, and also migration of magmatism eastward into older crust. The abundance of epsilon Hf values between +5 and +15 for <35 Ma zircons (Fig. 11) demonstrates that some

Andean magmatism is dominated by juvenile contributions.

Of particular interest for this study are the La/Yb, Sr isotope, and Nd isotope patterns reported by Haschke et al. (2002), which were interpreted to record changes in Andean subduction dynamics on a ~50 m.y. time scale. As shown on Figure 14, the patterns appear to record increasing incorporation of crustal material toward the end of each ~50 m.y., cycle, as well as an overall trend toward more evolved values during the past 200 Ma. The data generated and compiled in this study from the same region (CA) show the general trend toward more evolved values, especially since ~100 Ma. The ~50 m.y. pull-downs apparent from the Nd, Sr, and La/Yb data are not shown, however, by our Hf-in-zircon data, and, as noted above, our age data also do not record the magmatic gaps that were interpreted by Haschke et al. (2002) to separate these magmatic cycles. A possible explanation of these discrepancies is that our record is biased toward felsic to intermediate composition magmatism, whereas the samples reported by

Haschke et al. (2002) also include mafic components.

CONCLUSIONS

This study of U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope geochemistry yields five major contributions to understanding the magmatic history and crustal evolution of South America:

1. Our U-Pb ages (n=5,524), combined with previously published ages (n=36,764), record maxima at 1.6-0.9 Ga, 700-400 Ma, 360-200 Ma, and 190 Ma to the present day (Figure

13). Because this record has been assembled largely from studies of detrital zircons in rivers with headwaters in the modern Andes, the age distributions are biased toward felsic to intermediate composition magmatism, and toward younger events that are preserved in the Andean orogen.

2. Magmatism during the past 200 Ma has been variable north-to-south along the length of the Andes and east-west across the Andes, and studies of igneous rocks yield slightly different patterns than studies of detrital minerals (Fig. 6). Most records are consistent, however, with age maxima at 183 Ma (191-175 Ma), 151 Ma (159-143 Ma), 126 Ma (131-121 Ma), 109 Ma (114-

105 Ma), 87 Ma (95-79 Ma), 62 Ma (71-53 Ma), 39 Ma (43-35 Ma), 19 Ma (23-15 Ma, and 6

Ma (10-2 Ma) (vertical gray bars on Figure 6).

3. The full distribution of ages is an excellent match with the global record of magmatism

(Fig. 13), and correlates well with the supercontinent cycle (Hawkesworth et al., 2009, 2010;

Belousova et al., 2010; Voice et al., 2011; Condie et al., 2011; Cawood et al., 2012; Condie,

2014). The younger magmatic record has a periodicity of ~22 Ma (Fig. 12), and shows an apparent correlation with convergence rate between South America and Pacific oceanic plates

(Maloney et al., 2013).

4. Our Hf isotope determinations (n=1,199), combined with published Hf isotope data

(n=436), record eight phases in the crustal evolution of South America (Fig. 11):

 Prior to ~1.6 Ga, most grains record Paleoproterozoic reworking of mostly Archean crustal

materials.

 Between ~1.6 Ga and ~1.0 Ga, an increasing proportion of juvenile magma was mixed with

reworked Paleoproterozoic-Archean crust.

 Between ~1.0 Ga and ~500 Ma, most magmatic processes involved reworking of older

crustal materials, with little generation of new crust.

 Between ~500 and 400 Ma, increasing juvenile magmatism in CA resulted from extension

and crustal thinning throughout the extensive Famatinian-Puno arc (Ducea et al., 2015).

 Following a magmatic lull between ~400 and 360 Ma, there was an increase in the amount of

juvenile magmatism in proto-Andean arc terranes, followed by a trend toward greater

interaction with older crust until ~250 Ma. This increase in crustal reworking is presumably

related to accretion/consolidation of the arc terranes along the Andean margin.

 Following a magmatic lull between ~240 and ~180 Ma, and continuing until ~100 Ma,

magmatism increased and significant volumes of juvenile magma were generated. This phase

coincides with extensional tectonism (Ramos, 2009), a reduction in both convergence

velocity and westward motion of South America (Maloney et al., 2013), and migration of the

magmatic arc westward into more juvenile arc-type crust (Franz et al., 2006).

 Between ~100 Ma and ~35 Ma, abundant magmatism continued, but with decreasing

juvenile magma and increasing involvement of older continental crust. This phase

presumably relates to contractional tectonism and early formation of the modern Andes (Kay

et al., 2005; Franz et al., 2006; Ramos, 2009; DeCelles et al., 2014), an increase in both

convergence velocity and westward motion of South America (Maloney et al., 2013), and

migration of the magmatic arc eastward into more evolved crust (Hachke et al., 2002; Franz

et al., 2006).

 During the past ~35 Ma, high-flux magmatism continued with highly variable Hf isotope

signatures. No evolutionary trends are apparent, although there is a spatial variation with

more juvenile values in the northern and southern Andes and more evolved values in the

central Andes (Figures 11 and 12). These variations presumably reflect differing tectonic

settings (contractional versus extensional) along and across the orogen in response to changes

in both the subducting and over-riding plates.

5. The South American record of crustal evolution is somewhat different from the global record

(e.g., Belousova et al., 2010; Condie, 2014) in that South America lacks significant volumes of

800-650 Ma and 400-200 Ma juvenile crust and highly evolved 650-500 Ma crust. The main pattern of increasing juvenile crust before 100 Ma and decreasing juvenile crust after 100 Ma

(Fig. 11) is presumably a result of Jura-Cretaceous extension within the arc system (presumably due to lower convergence rates), as well as migration of the magmatic arc first outboard into more juvenile arc terranes and then inboard into crust with greater proportions of older continental crust.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful for support from the Geological Society of America (student grant 9157-06) and

Chevron-Texaco summer support grant. Analyses were conducted in the Arizona LaserChron

Center, which has been supported by NSF EAR-1338583. We also thank LaserChron staff

members Chen Li, Gayland Simpson, Chelsi White, Dominique Geisler, Mark Pecha, Clayton

Loehn, and Glynis Jehle for assistance with sample preparation and analysis. Ned Brown

provided valuable discussions of the work presented in this publication. We would also like to

thank the ExxonMobil COSA project that provided lots of discussions, and covered costs of a

Central Andean field trip. We are also very grateful for Agustin Cardona, Franco Urbani, David

Mendi, Camilo Bustamante, Giovani Jimenez and Herman Bayona who helped in field support

and the field collections for this project.

APPENDIX A FIGURE 1. GEOLOGIC MAP WITH OUTLINED CATCHMENTS

Appendix A Figure 1. Geologic map with legend of ages and rock types in lower right corner. Red polygons outline individual catchment areas for each sample that is described in Appendix A Table 1. White dots are sample locations with tie-line to sample names used in text. Samples are described further in Appendix A Table 1 with all the new data that has been generated for this project in attached Tables 2-7.

APPENDIX B

U-Pb REFERENCES USED IN ATTACHED DATA COMPILATION

Northern Andes detrital zircon ages

Ayala, R.C., Bayona, G., Cardona, A., Ojeda, C., Montenegro, O.C., Montes, C., Valencia, V.,

and Jaramillo, C., 2012, The paleogene synorogenic succession in the northwestern

Maracaibo block: Tracking intraplate uplifts and changes in sediment delivery systems:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 93-111.

Bande, A., Horton, B.K., Ramírez, J.C., Mora, A., Parra, M., and Stockli, D.F., 2012, Clastic

deposition, provenance, and sequence of Andean thrusting in the frontal Eastern

Cordillera Llanos foreland basin of Colombia: Geological Society of America Bulletin,

v. 124, p. 59-76.

Bayona, G., Cardona, A., Jaramillo, C., Mora, A., Montes, C., Valencia, V., Ayala, C.,

Montenegro, O., and Ibañez-Mejia, M., 2012, Early Paleogene magmatism in the

northern Andes: insights on the effects of oceanic plateau–continent convergence: Earth

Planetary Science Letters, v. 331, p. 97-111.

Cardona, A., Chew, D., Valencia, V.A., Bayona, G., Miskovik, A., and Ibanez-Mejia, M.,

2010b, Grenvillian remnants in the Northern Andes: Rodinian Phanerozoic

paleogeographic perspectives: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 92-

104.

Cardona, A., Valencia, V.A., Bayona, G., Duque, J., Ducea, M., Gehrels, G., Jaramillo, C.,

Montes, C., Ojeda, G., and Ruiz, J., 2011, Early subduction related orogeny in the

northern Andes: Turonian to Eocene magmatic and provenance record in the Santa Marta

Massif Rancheria Basin, northern Colombia: Terra Nova, v. 23, p. 26-34.

Chew, D.M., Schaltegger, U., Kosaler, J., Whitehouse, M.J., Gutjahr, M., Spikings, R.A., and

Miskakovic, A., 2007, U-Pb geochronologic evidence for the evolution of the

Gondwanan margin of the north-central Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin,

v. 119, p. 697-711.

Chew, D.M., Magna, T., Kirkl, C.L., Misakovic, A., Cardona, A., Spikings, R., and

Schaltegger, U., 2008, Detrital zircon fingerprint of the Proto-Andes: Evidence for a

Neoproterozoic active margin?: Precambrian Research, v. 167, p. 186-200.

Ibanez-Mejia, M., Valencia, V.A., Cardona, A., Gehrels, G.E., and Mora, A.R., 2011, The

Putumayo Orogen of Amazonia and its implications for Rodinia reconstructions: new U–

Pb geochronological insights into the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of northwestern

South America: Precambrian Research, v. 191, p. 58-77.

Martin-Gombojav, N., and Winkler, W., 2008, Recycling of Proterozoic crust in the Andean

Amazon foreland of Ecuador: implications for orogenic development of the Northern

Andes: Terra Nova, v. 20, p. 22-31.

Molina, A.C., Cordani, U.G., and MacDonald, W.D., 2006, Tectonic correlations of pre-

Mesozoic crust from the northern termination of the Colombian Andes, Caribbean region.

Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 337-354.

Nie, J., Horton, B.K., Mora, A., Saylor, J.E., Housh, T.B., Rubiano, J., and Naranjo, J., 2010,

Tracking exhumation of Andean ranges bounding the Middle Magdalena Valley basin,

Colombia: Geology, v. 38, p. 451-454.

Nie, J., Horton, B.K., Saylor, J.E., Mora, A., Mange, M., Garzione, C.N., Basu, A. Moreno,

C.J., Caballero, V., and Parra, M., 2012, Integrated provenance analysis of a convergent

retroarc foreland system: U–Pb ages, heavy minerals, Nd isotopes, and sandstone

compositions of the Middle Magdalena Valley basin, northern Andes, Colombia: Earth-

Science Reviews, v. 110, p. 111-126.

Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., and Beltrán, A., 2011,

Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central

cordilleras of Colombia: Lithos, v. 125, p. 875-896.

Weber, M., Cardona, A., Valencia, V., García-Casco, A., Tobón, M., and Zapata, S., 2010,

U/Pb detrital zircon provenance from Late Cretaceous metamorphic units of the Guajira

Peninsula, Colombia: tectonic implications on the collision between the Caribbean arc

and the South American margin: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p.

805-816.

Northern Andes Igneous ages

Bayona, G., Cardona, A., Jaramillo, C., Mora, A., Montes, C., Valencia, V., Ayala, C.,

Montenegro, O., and Ibañez-Mejia, M., 2012, Early Paleogene magmatism in the

northern Andes: insights on the effects of oceanic plateau–continent convergence: Earth

Planetary Science Letters, v. 331, p. 97-111.

Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Bayona, G., Jaramillo, C., Ojeda, G., and Ruiz, J., 2009, U/Pb LA-

MC-ICP-MS Zircon Geochronology and Geochemistry from a Post collisional Biotite

Granite of the Baja Guajira Basin, Colombia: Implications for Late Cretaceous and

Neogene Caribbean, South American Tectonics: The Journal of Geology, v. 117, p. 685-

692.

Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Bustamante, C., García-Casco, A., Ojeda, G., Ruiz, J., Saldarriaga,

M., and Weber, M., 2010a, Tectonomagmatic setting provenance of the Santa Marta

Schists, northern Colombia: Insights on the growth and approach of Cretaceous

Caribbean oceanic terranes to the South American continent: Journal of South American

Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 784-804.

Cardona, A., Chew, D., Valencia, V.A., Bayona, G., Miskovik, A., and Ibanez-Mejia, M.,

2010b, Grenvillian remnants in the Northern Andes: Rodinian and Phanerozoic

paleogeographic perspectives: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 92-

104.

Cardona, A., Valencia, V., Garzón, A., Montes, C., Ojeda, G., Ruiz, J., and Weber, M., 2010c,

Permian to Triassic I to S-type magmatic switch in the northeast Sierra Nevada de Santa

Marta adjacent regions, Colombian Caribbean: Tectonic setting and implications within

Pangea paleogeography: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 772-783.

Chiaradia, M., Vallance, J., Fontboté, L., Stein, H., Schaltegger, U., Coder, J., Richards, J.,

Villeneuve, M., and Gendall, I., 2009, U–Pb, Re–Os, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the

Nambija Au-skarn Pangui porphyry Cu deposits, Ecuador: implications for the Jurassic

metallogenic belt of the Northern Andes: Mineralium Deposita, v. 44, p. 371-387.

Ibanez-Mejia, M., Ruiz, J., Valencia, V.A., Cardona, A., Gehrels, G.E., and Mora, A.R., 2011,

The Putumayo Orogen of Amazonia and its implications for Rodinia reconstructions:

new U–Pb geochronological insights into the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of

northwestern South America. Precambrian Research, v. 191, p. 58-77.

Leal-Mejía, H., 2011, Phanerozoic Gold Metallogeny in the Colombian Andes: A tectono-

magmatic approach [Ph.D. thesis]: Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 999 p.

Martin-Gombojav, N., and Winkler, W., 2008, Recycling of Proterozoic crust in the Andean

Amazon foreland of Ecuador: implications for orogenic development of the Northern

Andes: Terra Nova, v. 20, p. 22-31.

Noble, S.R., Aspden, J.A., and Jemielita, R., 1997, Northern Andean crustal evolution: New U-

Pb geochronological constraints from Ecuador: Geological Society of America Bulletin,

v. 109, p. 789-798.

Restrepo, J.J., Ordóñez-Carmona, O., Armstrong, R., and Pimentel, M.M., 2011, Triassic

metamorphism in the northern part of the Tahamí Terrane of the central cordillera of

Colombia: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 497-507.

Villagómez, D., Spikings, R., Magna, T., Kammer, A., Winkler, W., and Beltrán, A., 2011,

Geochronology, geochemistry and tectonic evolution of the Western and Central

cordilleras of Colombia: Lithos, v. 125, p. 875-896.

Vinasco, C.J., Cordani, U.G., González, H., Weber, M., and Pelaez, C., 2006,

Geochronological, isotopic, geochemical data from Permo-Triassic granitic gneisses and

granitoids of the Colombian Central Andes: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v.

21, p. 355-371.

Central Andes detrital zircon ages

Abre, P., Cingolani, C.A., Cairncross, B., and Chemale Jr, F., 2012, Siliciclastic Ordovician to

Silurian units of the Argentine Precordillera: Constraints on provenance and tectonic

setting in the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 40, p. 1-22.

Adams, C.J., Miller, H., Aceñolaza, F.G., Toselli, A.J., and Griffin, W.L., 2011, The Pacific

Gondwana margin in the late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic: detrital zircon U–Pb ages

from metasediments in northwest Argentina reveal their maximum age, provenance and

tectonic setting. Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 71-83.

Augustsson, C., Rusing, T., Adams, C.J., Chmiel, H., Kocabayoglu, M., Buld, M.,

Zimmermann, U., Berndt J., and Kooijman, E., 2011, Detrital quartz and zircon

combined: The production of mature sand with short transportation paths along the

Cambrian west Gondwana margin, northwestern Argentina: Journal of Sedimentary

Research, v. 81, p. 284-298.

Bahlburg, H., Vervoort, J.D., Du Frane, S.A., Bock, B., Augustsson, C., and Reimann, C.,

2009, Timing of crust formation and recycling in accretionary orogens: Insights learned

from the western margin of South America: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 97, p. 215-241.

Bahlburg, H., Vervoort, J.D., Andrew DuFrane, S., Carlotto, V., Reimann, C., and Cárdenas, J.,

2011, The U–Pb Hf isotope evidence of detrital zircons of the Ordovician Ollantaytambo

Formation, southern Peru, and the Ordovician provenance and paleogeography of

southern Peru and northern Bolivia: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 32, p.

196-209.

Boekhout, F., Sempere, T., Spikings, R., and Schaltegger, U., 2013, Late Paleozoic to Jurassic

chronostratigraphy of coastal southern Peru: Temporal evolution of sedimentation along

an active margin: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 179-200.

Caffe, P.J., Soler, M.M., Coira, B.L., Onoe, A.T., and Cordani, U.G., 2008, The Granada

ignimbrite: A compound pyroclastic unit and its relationship with Upper Miocene caldera

volcanism in the northern Puna: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 464-

484.

Cardona, A., Cordani, U.G., Ruiz, J., Valencia, V.A., Armstrong, R., Chew, D., Nutman, D.,

and Sanchez, A.W., 2009, U-Pb Zircon Geochronology and Nd Isotopic Signatures of the

Pre-Mesozoic Metamorphic Basement of the Eastern Peruvian Andes: Growth and

Provenance of a Late Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous Accretionary Orogen on the

Northwest Margin of Gondwana: The journal of Geology, v. 117, p. 285-305.

Casquet, C., Baldo, E., Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Galindo, C., Fanning, C.M., and

Saavedra, J., 2001, Involvement of the Argentine Precordillera terrane in the Famatinian

mobile belt: U-Pb SHRIMP and metamorphic evidence from the Sierra de Pie de Palo:

Geology, v. 29, p. 703-706.

Casquet, C., Pankhurst, R. J., Fanning, C.M., Baldo, E., Galindo, C., Rapela, C.W, González-

Casado, J.M., and Dahlquist, J.A., 2006, U–Pb SHRIMP zircon dating of Grenvillian

metamorphism in Western Sierras Pampeanas (Argentina): correlation with the Arequipa-

Antofalla craton and constraints on the extent of the Precordillera Terrane: Gondwana

Research, v. 9, p. 524-529.

Casquet, C., Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Galindo, C., Fanning, C.M., Chiaradia, M., Baldo,

E., González-Casado, J.M., and Dahlquist, J.A., 2008, The Mesoproterozoic Maz terrane

in the Western Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina, equivalent to the Arequipa–Antofalla block

of southern Peru? Implications for West Gondwana margin evolution: Gondwana

Research, v. 13, p. 163-175.

Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Galindo, C., Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., and Torres, P., 2010,

The Arequipa Massif of Peru: new SHRIMP and isotope constraints on a

Paleoproterozoic inlier in the Grenvillian orogen: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 29, p. 128-142.

Chernicoff, C.J., Zappettini, E.O., Santos, J.O., Beyer, E., and McNaughton, N.J., 2008,

Foreland basin deposits associated with Cuyania accretion in La Pampa Province,

Argentina: Gondwana Research, v. 13, p. 189-203.

Chew, D.M., Schaltegger, U., Kosler, J., Whitehouse, M.J., Gutjahr, M., Spikings, R.A., and

Miskovic, A., 2007, U-Pb geochronologic evidence for the evolution of the Gondwanan

margin of the north-central Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p.

697-711.

Chew, D.M., Magna, T., Kirkl, C.L., Miskovic, A., Cardona, A., Spikings, R., and Schaltegger,

U., 2008, Detrital zircon fingerprint of the Proto-Andes: Evidence for a Neoproterozoic

active margin?: Precambrian Research, v. 167, p. 186-200.

Collo, G., Astini, R.A., Cawood, P.A., Buchan, C., and Pimentel, M., 2009, U–Pb detrital

zircon ages Sm–Nd isotopic features in low-grade metasedimentary rocks of the

Famatina belt: implications for late Neoproterozoic–early Palaeozoic evolution of the

proto-Andean margin of Gondwana: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 166, p. 303-

319.

DeCelles, P.G., Carrapa, B., and Gehrels, G.E., 2007, Detrital zircon U-Pb ages provide

provenance and chronostratigraphic information from Eocene synorogenic deposits in

northwestern Argentina: Geology, v. 35, p. 323-326.

Decou, A., von Eynatten, H., Dunkl, I., Frei, D., and Wörner, G., 2013, Late Eocene to Early

Miocene Andean uplift inferred from detrital zircon fission track and U–Pb dating of

Cenozoic forearc sediments, 15–18° S: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 45,

p. 6-23.

Finney, S., Gleason, J., Gehrels, G., Peralta, S., and Aceñolaza, G., 2003, Early Gondwanan

connection for the Argentine Precordillera terrane: Earth and Planetary Science Letters,

v. 205, p. 349-359.

Finney, S., Peralta, S.H., Gehrels, G., and Marsaglia, K., 2005, The Early Paleozoic history of

the Cuyania, (greater Precordillera) terrane of western Argentina: evidence from

geochronology of detrital zircons from Middle Cambrian sandstones: Geologica Acta, v.

3, p. 339.

Gleason, J.D., Finney, S.C., Peralta, S.H., Gehrels, G.E., and Marsaglia, K.M., 2007, Zircon

and whole-rock Nd-Pb isotopic provenance of Middle and Upper Ordovician siliciclastic

rocks, Argentine Precordillera: Sedimentology, v. 54, p. 107-136.

Hauser, N., Matteini, M., Omarini, R.H., and Pimentel, M.M., 2011, Combined U–Pb and Lu–

Hf isotope data on turbidites of the Paleozoic basement of NW Argentina petrology of

associated igneous rocks: Implications for the tectonic evolution of western Gondwana

between 560 460Ma: Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 100-127.

Leier, A.L., McQuarrie, N., Horton, B.K., and Gehrels, G.E., 2010, Upper Oligocene

conglomerates of the Altiplano, central Andes: the record of deposition and deformation

along the margin of a hinterland basin: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 80, p. 750-

762.

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Baldo, E.G., González-Casado,

J.M., Galindo, C., and Dahlquist, J., 2007, The Río de la Plata craton and the assembly of

SW Gondwana: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 83, p. 49-82.

Reimann, C. R., Bahlburg, H., Kooijman, E., Berndt, J., Gerdes, A., Carlotto, V., and López,

S., 2010, Geodynamic evolution of the early Paleozoic Western Gondwana margin 14–17

S reflected by the detritus of the Devonian and Ordovician basins of southern Peru and

northern Bolivia: Gondwana Research, v. 18, p. 370-384.

Schwartz, J.J., and Gromet, L.P., 2004, Provenance of a late Proterozoic–early Cambrian basin,

Sierras de Córdoba, Argentina: Precambrian Research, v. 129, p. 1-21.

Thomas, W.A., Astini, R.A., Mueller, P.A., Gehrels, G.E., and Wooden, J.L., 2004, Transfer of

the Argentine Precordillera terrane from Laurentia: constraints from detrital-zircon

geochronology: Geology, v. 32, p. 965-968.

Tunik, M., Folguera, A., Naipauer, M., Pimentel, M., and Ramos, V.A., 2010, Early uplift and

orogenic deformation in the Neuquén Basin: constraints on the Andean uplift from U–Pb

and Hf isotopic data of detrital zircons: Tectonophysics, v. 489, p. 258-273.

Willner, A.P., Gerdes, A., and Massonne, H.J., 2008, History of crustal growth recycling at the

Pacific convergent margin of South America at latitudes 29–36 S revealed by a U–Pb and

Lu–Hf isotope study of detrital zircon from late Paleozoic accretionary systems:

Chemical Geology, v. 253, p. 114-129.

Wotzlaw, J.F., Decou, A., von Eynatten, H., Worner, G., and Frei, D., 2011, Jurassic to

Palaeogene tectono-magmatic evolution of northern Chile and adjacent Bolivia from

detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and heavy mineral provenance: Terra Nova, v. 23, p.

399-406.

Central Andes Igneous ages

Alonso, R.N., 1999, Boratos terciarios de la Puna, Jujuy, Salta y Catamarca. In: Recursos

Minerales de la República Argentina. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales

SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires, Anales 35, p. 1779-1826.

Alonso, R., Viramonte J.G., and Gutierrez, R., 1984, Puna Austral - Bases para el

subprovincialismo gelógico de la Puna Argentina. IX Congreso Geológico Argentino,

Bariloche, I: p. 43-63.

Ambrus, J., 1977, Geology of the El Abra porphyry copper deposit, Chile: Economic Geology

v. 76, p. 1062-1085.

Arias, J.E., and Viera, O., 1982, Estratigrafía y tectónica de la comarca Olacapato y Tuzgle,

Provincias de Jujuy y Salta, República Argentina. Revista del Instituto de Ciencias

Geológicas, Universidad Nacional de Jujuy, Nr. 5: p. 71-86.

Baker, M.C., 1977, Geochronology of Upper Tertiary volcanic activity in the Andes of North

Chile: Geol Rundschau, v. 662: p. 455-465.

Baker, M.C., and Francis P.W., 1978, Upper Cenozoic volcanism in the Central Andes. Ages

volumes: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 41: p. 175-187.

Ballard, J.R., Palin, J.M., Williams, I.S., Campbell, I.H., and Faunes, A., 2001, Two stages of

porphyry intrusion resolved for the super giant Chuqicamata copper deposit of northern

Chile by ELA- ICP- MS and SHRIMP: Geology v. 29: p. 383-386.

Barnes, V.E., Edwards, G., McLaughlin, I., and Joensuu, O., 1970, Macusanite occurrence, age,

composition, Macusani, Peru: Geology Society of America Bulletin, v. 81, p. 1539-1546.

Bellon, H., and Lefevre, C., 1976, Donnees geochronometriques sur le volcanisme in dans le sud du Perou; Implications volcano-tectoniques: Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, v.

283: p. 1-4.

Benavides V, 1999, The Orogenic Evolution of the Peruvian Andes: The Andean Cycle. In:

Skinner, B.J., Ed., Geology and Ore Deposits of the Central Andes: Society of Economic

Geologists Special Publication 7, p. 61-10.

Blasco, G., Zappettini, E., and Hongn, F., 1996, Hoja Geológica 2566-I, 1:250.000, San

Antonio de los Cobres, provincias de Salta y Jujuy: Dirección Nacional del Servicio

Minería y Geológico, Buenos Aires, Boletín 217.

Bonhomme, M.G., Fornari, M., Laubacher, G., Sebrier, M., and Vivier, G., 1988, New

Cenozoic K-Ar ages on volcanic rocks from the eastern High Andes, southern Peru:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences v. 1, p. 179-183.

Bonhomme, M.G., and Soler, P., 1985, New K-Ar age determinations of intrusive rocks from

Western Cordillera high plateaus of central Peru; implications on Cenozoic migration of

magmatic activity on metallogenesis: Resumenes expidos, simposio final del proyecto

PICG 120 "Evolution magmatica de los Andes". Universidad de Chile, Santiago, p. 31-

32.

Boric, R., Diaz, F., and Maksaev, V., 1990, Geología y yacimientos metalíferos de la Región de

Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Boletin, v. 40, 246 p.

Baumgartner, R., Fontboté, L., Spikings, R., Ovtcharova, M., Schaltegger, U., Schneider, J.,

Page, L., and Gutjahr, M., 2009, Bracketing the Age of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Activity

at the Cerro de Pasco Epithermal Polymetallic Deposit, Central Peru: A U-Pb and

40Ar/39Ar Study: Economic Geology, v. 104, p. 479-504.

Boger, S.D., Raetz, M., Giles, D., Etchart, E., and Fanning, C.M., 2005, U–Pb age data from the

Sunsas region of Eastern Bolivia, evidence for the allochthonous origin of the Paragua

Block: Precambrian Research, v. 139, p. 121-146.

Boekhout, F., Sempere, T., Spikings, R., and Schaltegger, U., 2013, Late Paleozoic to Jurassic

chronostratigraphy of coastal southern Peru: Temporal evolution of sedimentation along

an active margin: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 179-200.

Caelles, J.C., Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., McBride, S.L., and Quirt S., 1971, Potassium-argon ages

of porphyry copper deposits and associated rocks in the Farallón Negro, Capillitas

District, Catamarca, Argentina: Economic Geology v. 66, p. 961-964.

Caffe, P.J., and Coira, B.L., 1999, Complejos de domos volcánicos del Mioceno medio de Puna

Norte. Un modelo geológico y metalogénico para yacimientos epitermales de metales de

base ricos en plata y estaño: Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales

SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires, Anales 35, p. 1569-1578.

Caffe, P., Coira, B., Chayle, W., Díaz, A., Martínez, M., Orosco, O., Pérez, A., Pérez, B., and

Ramírez, A., Rosas S, 2001, Hoja Geológica 2366-I Mina Pirquitas : Provincia de

Jujuy. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires, v. 269.

Caffe, P.J., Trumbull, R.B., Coira, B.L., and Romer, R.L., 2002, Petrogenesis of early Neogene

Magmatism in the Northern Puna; Implications for Magma Genesis and Crustal

Processes in the Central Andean Plateau: Journal of Petrology v. 43: p. 907-942.

Campbell, I.H., Ballard, J.R., Palin, J.M., Allen, C., and Faunes, A., 2006, U-Pb zircon

geochronology of granitic rocks from the Chuquicamata-El Abra Porphyry Copper Belt

of Northern Chile: excimer laser ablation ICP-MS analysis: Economic Geology, v. 101,

p. 1327-1344.

Ciotti de los Rios, H., Noble, D.C., and McKee, E.H., 1990, Geologic setting epithermal silver

veins of the Arcata District, southern Peru: Economic Geology, v. 85, p. 1473-1490.

Cardona, A., Cordani, U.G., Ruiz, J., Valencia, V.A., Armstrong, R., Chew, D., Nutman, D.,

and Sanchez, A.W., 2009, U-Pb Zircon Geochronology and Nd Isotopic Signatures of the

Pre-Mesozoic Metamorphic Basement of the Eastern Peruvian Andes: Growth

Provenance of a Late Neoproterozoic to Carboniferous Accretionary Orogen on the

Northwest Margin of Gondwana: The journal of Geology, v. 117, p. 285-305.

Carlier, G., and Carlotto, V., 1990, Evidence for the origin of a shoshonitic suite by mixing of

peraluminous and ultrapotassic magmas; the Oroscocha and Quimsachata Quaternary

volcanoes, Sicuani Province, southern Peru: Colloques et Seminaires - Institut de

Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, p. 325-328.

Casataños, I.A., and Saavedra, M.A., 1979, Determinación de edades absolutas en Bolivia:

Revista de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Bolivia, v. 1, p. 81-102.

Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Galindo, C., Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., and Torres, P., 2010,

The Arequipa Massif of Peru: new SHRIMP and isotope constraints on a

Paleoproterozoic inlier in the Grenvillian orogen: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 29, p. 128-142.

Cheilletz, A., Clark, A., Farrar, E., Arroyo-Pauco, G., Pichavant, M., and Seman, H., 1992,

Volcano-stratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Macusani ignimbrite field:

Monitor of Miocene geodynamic evolution of the Andes of southeast Peru:

Tectonophysics, v. 205: p. 307-327.

Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., Kontak, D.J., Langridge, R.J., Arenas, F.M.J., France, L.J., McBride,

S.L., Woodman, P.L., Wasteneys, H.A., Seman, H.A., and Archibald, D.A., 1990,

Geologic geochronologic constraints on the metallogenic evolution of the Andes of

southeastern Peru: Economic Geologist, v. 85, p. 1520-1583.

Clavero, J., Mpodozis, C., Pérez, A.C., and Villeneuve, M., 2000, El macizo Tres Cruces: un

complejo volcánico longevo y potencialmente activo en la Alta Cordillera de Copiapó,

Chile: IX Congreso Geológico Chileno, Puerto Varas, Actas 2, p. 291-295.

Clavero, J., Gardeweg, M., and Mpodozis, C., 2007, Geología del área del Salar de Piedra

Parada, III Región de Atacama, Chile, Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Santiago

de Chile, scale 1:100,000.

Coira. B., and Caffe. P., 1999, Volcanismo Cenozoico de Puna Norte: Relatorio XIV Congreso

Geológico Argentino, Salta, Geología del Noroeste Argentino, Tomo I, p. 371-386.

Coira, B., and Kay, S.M., 1993, Magmatismo y levantamiento de la Puna, su relación con los

cambios en el ángulo de subducción y en el espesor cortical: XII Congreso Geológico

Argentino, Mendoza, Actas III, p. 308-319.

Coira, B., and Paris, G., 1981, Estratigrafía del área volcánica del Cerro Tuzgle, 23º50´- 24º25´

latitud S y 66º15´- 66º45´ longitud O, provincias de Salta y Jujuy: VIII Congreso

Geológico Argentino, Actas III, p. 659-671.

Coira, B., and Pezzutti, N., 1976, Vulcanismo cenozoico en el ámbito de Puna Catamarqueña:

Revista Asociación Geológica Argentina, v. 31, p. 33-52.

Coira, B., Caffe, P., Díaz, A., and Ramírez, A., 1996, Sistema de calderas anidadas del

Cenozoico Superior: Vilama-Coruto (Puna, Argentina)- Altiplano, Bolivia: XII Congreso

Geológico de Bolivia, Tarija, Memorias, v. 3, p. 991-1002.

Coira, B., Kay, S.M., and Viramonte, J., 1993, Upper Cenozoic magmatic evolution of the

Argentine Puna- A Model for changing subduction geometry: International Geology

Review, v. 35, p. 677-720.

Cornejo, P., Mpodozis, C., Kay, S.M., Tomlinson, A.J., and Ramirez, C.F., 1993, Upper

Cretaceous – lower Eocene potassic volcanism in an extensional regime in the

Precordillera of Copiapo, Chile: International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics, St.

Malo, IRSDC, Paris, p. 347-350.

Cornejo, P., and Mpodozis, C., 1994, Estratovolcanes y domos coalescentes del Oligoceno

Superior-Mioceno Inferior en la faja de Maricunga: Los sistemas Cerros Bravos-

Esperanza y La Coipa: VII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Concepción, Actas I, p. 13-17.

Cornejo, P., and Mpodozis, C., 1997, Eventos volcánicos discretos en el Paleógeno del norte de

Chile: el caso de la Formación Chile Alemania en la región de Sierra Exploradora, 25º-

26º S: VIII Congreso Geológico Chileno, Antofagasta, Actas I, p. 31-35.

Dahlquist, J.A., Pankhurst, R., Rapela, C.W., Galindo, C., Alasino, P., Fanning, C.M.,

Saavedra, J., and Baldo, E., 2008, New SHRIMP U-Pb data from the Famatina complex:

constraining early-mid Ordovician Famatinian magmatism in the Sierras Pampeanas,

Argentina: Geologica acta: an international earth science journal, v. 6, p. 319-333.

Dahlquist, J.A., Pankhurst, R.J., Gaschnig, R.M., Rapela, C.W., Casquet, C., Alasino, P.H.,

Galindo, C., and Baldo, E.G., 2013, Hf and Nd isotopes in Early Ordovician to Early

Carboniferous granites as monitors of crustal growth in the Proto-Andean margin of

Gondwana. Gondwana Research, v. 23, p. 1617-1630.

Damm, K.-W., Pichowiak, S., and Todt, W., 1986, Geochemie, Petrologie und Geochronologie

der Plutonite und des metamorphen Grundgebirges in Nordchile: Berliner

Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, v. 66, p. 73-146. de Silva, S.L., 1989, Geochronology and stratigraphy of the ignimbrites from the 21º30´S to

23º30´S portion of the Central Andes of Northern Chile: Journal of Volcanology and

Geothermal Research, v. 37, p. 93-131. de Silva, S.L., and Francis, P.W., 1991, Volcanoes of the Central Andes, Springer, New York,

216 p.

Döbel, R., Friedrichsen, H., Hammerschmidt, K., 1992, Implication of 40Ar/39Ar dating of

early Tertiary volcanic rocks from the North Chilean Precordillera: Tectonophysics, v.

202, p. 55-81.

Deckart, K., Godoy, E., Bertens, A., Jerez, D., and Saeed, A., 2010, Barren Miocene granitoids

in the Central Andean metallogenic belt, Chile: Geochemistry, Nd-Hf and U-Pb isotope

systematic: Andean Geology, v. 37, p. 1-31.

Folkes, C.B., de Silva, S.L., Schmitt, A.K., and Cas, R.A., 2011, A reconnaissance of U-Pb

zircon ages in the Cerro Galán system, NW Argentina: Prolonged magma residence,

crystal recycling, and crustal assimilation: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal

Research, v. 206, p. 136-147.

Giovanni, M.K., Horton, B.K., Garzione, C.N., McNulty, B., and Grove, M., 2010, Extensional

basin evolution in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru: Stratigraphic and isotopic records of

detachment faulting and orogenic collapse in the Andean hinterland: Tectonics, v. 29, no.

Farrar, E., and Noble, D.C., 1976, Timing of late Tertiary deformation in the Andes of Peru:

Geology Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 1247-1250.

Farrar, E., Clark, A.H., and Heinrich, S.M., 1990, The age of the Zongo Pluton and the

tectonothermal evolution of the Zongo-San-Gaban Zone in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia,

in Laubacher, G., Olivier, R.A., Vatin-Perignon, N., eds., Symposium international:

geodynamique ine, Grenoble, France, p. 171-174.

Fornari, M., Baudron, J., and Vilca, C., 1983, Edades K/Ar del volcanicismo y mineralisation

Cenozoica en las minas de plata de Caylloma y Arcata, sur del Peru : V Congreso

Peruano de Geologia, Sociedad Geologica del Peru, Lima, v. 38.

Francis, P.W., McDonough, W.F., Hammill, M., O´Callaghan, L.J., and Thorpe, R.S., 1984,

The Purico shield complex, North Chile, in Harmon, R.S., Barreiro, B.A., eds., Andean

Magmatism: chemical and isotopic constraints: Shiva Publications, Kent, p. 106-123.

Galliski, M.A., Viramonte, J.G., Yagüe, A.P., and Marquez Zavalía, M.F., 1999,

Caracterización del vulcanismo Cenozoico de Archibarca, Puna de Salta y

Catamarca, XIV Congreso Geológico Argentino, Salta, Actas II, p. 232-234.

Gardeweg, P.M., and Ramírez, C.F., 1985, Hoja Río Zapaleri, II Región de Antofagasta, Carta

geológica de Chile 66: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Santiago, scale

1:250,000.

Gardeweg, M., and Ramirez, C.F., 1987, La Pacana caldera and the Atana Ignimbrite. A major

ash-flow resurgent caldera complex in the Andes of Northern Chile: Bulletin of

Volcanology, v. 49, p. 547-566.

Gonzalez, O.E., 1983, Geología, alteración hidrotermal y edad del Cerro Tebenquincho,

Departamento Antofagasta de La Sierra, Catamarca: Revista de la Asociación Geológica

Argentina, v. 38, p. 49-59.

Gonzalez Ferrán, O., Baker, P.E., and Rex, D.C., 1985, Tectonic-volcanic discontinuity at

latitude 27º south, Andean range, associated with Nazca plate

subduction: Tectonophysics, v. 112, p. 423-441.

Grant, J.N., Halls, C., Avila-Salinas, W., and Snelling, N.J., 1979, K-Ar ages of igneous rocks

and mineralisation in part of the Bolivian tin belt: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 838-851.

Gubbels, T.L., Isacks, B.L., and Farrar, E., 1993, High level surfaces, plateau uplift, and

foreland development, Bolivian Central Andes: Geology v. 21, p. 695-698.

Haller, M., and Mendía, J.E., 1993, Geoquímica del vulcanismo Mioceno del Distrito Minero

La Poma, Puna Salteña: XII Congreso Geológico Argentino, Mendoza, Actas IV, p. 199-

205.

Harris, A.C., Allen, C.M., Bryan, S.E., Campbell, I.H., Holcombe, R.J., and Palin, J.M., 2004,

ELA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon geochronology of regional volcanism hosting the Bajo de la

Alumbrera Cu–Au deposit: implications for porphyry-related mineralization: Mineralium

Deposita, v. 39, p. 46-67.

Harris, A.C., Dunlap, W.J., Reiners, P.W., Allen, C.M., Cooke, D.R., White, N.C., Campbell,

I.H., and Golding, S.D., 2008, Multimillion year thermal history of a porphyry copper

deposit: application of U–Pb, 40Ar/39Ar (U–Th)/He chronometers, Bajo de la Alumbrera

copper–gold deposit, Argentina: Mineralium Deposita, v. 43, p. 295-314.

Hauser, N., Matteini, M., Omarini, R.H., and Pimentel, M.M., 2011, Combined U–Pb and Lu–

Hf isotope data on turbidites of the Paleozoic basement of NW Argentina and petrology

of associated igneous rocks: Implications for the tectonic evolution of western Gondwana

between 560 and 460Ma: Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 100-127.

Hervé, M., and Marinovic, N., 1989, Geocronología y evolución del batolito Vicuña Mackena,

Cordillera del la Costa, Sur de Antofagasta, 24-25°S: Revista Geologica Chile, v. 16, p.

31-49.

Hongn, F.D., Monaldi, C.R, Alonso, R.N., Gonzalez, R.E., and Seggiaro, R.E., 1998, Hoja

Geológica 2566-III-Cachi, Provincias de Salta y Catamarca: SEGEMAR, Buenos Aires,

Boletín 248.

Hongn, F.D., Tubía, J.M., Aranguren, A., Vegas, N., Mon, R., and Dunning, G.R., 2010,

Magmatism coeval with lower Paleozoic shelf basins in NW-Argentina (Tastil batholith):

constraints on current stratigraphic and tectonic interpretations: Journal of South

American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 289-305.

Kaneoka, I., and Guevara, C., 1984, K-Ar age determinations of late Tertiary Quaternary

Andean volcanic rocks, southern Peru: Geochemical Journal, v. 18, p. 233-239.

Kay, S.M., Orrell, S., and Abbruzzi, J.M., 1996, Zircon and whole rock Nd-Pb isotopic

evidence for a Grenville age and a Laurentian origin for the basement of the Precordillera

in Argentina: The Journal of Geology, v. 104, p. 637-648.

Kay, S.M., Mpodozis, C., Tittler, A., and Cornejo, P., 1996, Magmatic and Tectonic Controls

on late Tertiary Mineralization in the Maricunga Belt, 26º -28º, Chile: XIII Congreso

Geológico Argentino, Actas III, p.117-122.

Kay, S.M., Coira, B., and Mpodozis, C., 1997, Southern Central Volcanic zone arc and backarc

mafic magmas: signals of Andean lithospheric processes, 27º- 25º S: VIII Congreso

Geológico Chileno, Antofagasta, Actas III, p. 1656-1661.

Kay, S., Mpodozis, C., and Coira, B., 1999, Neogene magmatism, tectonism, and mineral

desposits of the Central Andes, 22º to 33º S latitude, in Skinner BJ, ed., Geology and ore

deposits of the Central Andes: Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication 7, p.

27-59.

Kay, S.M., and Mpodozis, C., 2000, Chemical signatures from magmas at the southern

termination of the Central Andean Volcanic Zone: The Incapillo/Bonete and surrounding

regions: IX Congreso Geológico Chileno Actas 1, p. 626-629.

Kennan, L., Lamb, S., and Rundle, C., 1995, K-Ar-dates from the Altiplano and Cordillera

Oriental of Bolivia: implications for Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonics: Journal of

South American Earth Sciences, v. 8, p. 163-186.

Klinck, B.A., Ellison, R.A., and Hawkins, M.P., 1986, The geology of the Cordillera Occidental

Altiplano west of Lake Titicaca, southern Peru: British Geological Survey Open-File

Report 353.

Kontak, D.J., Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., Pearce, T.H., Strong, D.F., and Baadsgaard, H., 1986,

Petrogenesis of a Neogene shoshonite suite, Cerro Moromoroni, Puno, southeastern

Peru: Canadian Mineralogist, v. 24, p. 117-135.

Koukharsky, M., and Munizaga, F., 1993, Nuevas edades K/Ar de estratovolcanes de la Puna

entre los 24 y 24º 30' S, República Argentina: Actas del XII Congreso Geológico

Argentino, Mendoza, Actas 4, p. 277-281.

Kraemer, B., Adelmann, D., Alten, M., Schnurr, W., Erpenstein, K., Kiefer, E., van den

Bogaard, P., and Görler, K., 1999, Incorporation of the Paleogene foreland into the

Neogene Puna plateau: The Salar de Antofalla area, NW Argentina: Journal of South

American Earth Sciences, v. 12, p. 157-182.

Kussmaul, S., Jordan, L., and Ploskonka, E., 1975, Isotopic ages of Tertiary volcanic rocks of

SW Bolivia: Geologische Jahrbuch, v. 14, p. 111-120.

Kern, J.M., 2012, Timescales of large silicic magma systems: investigating the magmatic

history of ignimbrite eruptions in the Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex of the Central

Andes through U-Pb zircon dating [Master’s thesis]: Oregon State University, 111 p.

Laubacher, G., Sebrier, M., Fornari, M., and Carlier, G., 1988, Oligocene and Miocene

continental sedimentation, tectonics, and S-type magmatism in the southeastern Andes of

Peru (Crucero Basin): geodynamic implications: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 1, p. 225-238.

Leal, P.R., Hartmann, L.A., Santos, J.O.S,. Miró, R.C., and Ramos, V.A., 2003, Volcanismo

postorogénico en el extremo norte de las Sierras Pampeanas Orientales: Nuevos datos

geocronológicos y sus implicancias tectónicas: Revista Asociacion Geologica Argentina,

v. 58, n. 4.

Lema, J.C., and Ramos, W., 1996, Hoja Zapaleri: Carta Geológica de Bolivia: Servicio

Geológico de Bolivia, La Paz, Publicaciones, Serie I- CGB- 39, scale 1:100,000.

Linares, E., 1979, Catálogo de edades radimétricas determinadas para la República Argentina.

III Años 1977-1978 y Catálogo de edades radimétricas realizadas por el Ingeis y sin

publicar, II Año 1975-1976: Publicaciones especiales de la Asociación Geológica

Argentina, Serie B, no. 6.

Linares, E., 1981, Catálogo de edades radimétricas determinadas para la República

Argentina. IV Años 1979- 1980. y Catálogo de edades radimétricas de Argentina

realizadas por el Ingeis y sin publicar III Años 1977-1978: Publicaciones especiales de la

ascociación Geológica Argentina, Serie B, no. 10.

Linares, E., and Gonzalez, R.R., 1990, Catálogo de edades radimétricas de la República

Argentina. 1957-1987: Asociación Geológica Argentina, Publicaciones Especiales serie

B, no. 19, 317 p.

Linares, E., Parica, C.A., and Parica, P.D., 1987, Catálogo de edades radimétricas determinadas

para la República Argentina. V Años 1981-1982 y Catálogo de edades radimétricas

realizadas por el INGEIS y sin publicar, IV Años 1979-1980: Publicaciones especiales de

la Asociación Geológica Argentina, Serie B, no. 15.

Lindsay, J., de Silva, S., Trumbull, R.B., Emmermann, R., and Wemmer, K., 2001, The La

Pacana Caldera, N. Chile: a re-evaluation of one of the world´s largest resurgent calderas:

Journal of Volcanology Geothermal Research, v. 106, p. 145-173.

Loewy, S.L., Connelly, J.N., and Dalziel, I.W., 2004, An orphaned basement block: The

Arequipa-Antofalla Basement of the central Andean margin of South America:

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 171-187.

MacFadden, B., Anaya, F., Perez, H., Naeser, C.W., Zeitler, P.K., and Campbell, K.E., 1990,

Late Cenozoic paleomagnetism and chronology of Andean basins of Bolivia: evidence

for possible oroclinal bending: Journal of Geology, v. 98, p. 541-555.

Macfarlane, A.W., Prol-Ledesma, R.M., Conrad, M.E., 1994, Isotope and fluid inclusion

studies of geological and hydrothermal processes, northern Peru: International Geology

Review, v. 36, p. 645-677.

Maisonnave, E.B., 2002, Mezcla de magma: análisis de vidrios de lavas pliocenas del Volcán

Aracar: Actas XV Congreso Geológico Argentina, El Calafate, Tomo II, p. 223-228.

Maksaev, V., 1990, Metallogeny, geological evolution and thermochronology of the Chilean

Andes between latitudes 21° and 26° South, and the origin of major porphyry copper

deposits [Ph.D. thesis]: Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 554 p.

Maksaev, V., Marinovic, N., Smoje, I., and Mpodozis, C., 1991, Mapa Geológico de la Hoja

Augusta Victoria, Región de Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería,

Santiago, Documento de Trabajo No 1, scale 1:100,000.

Maksaev, V., Munizaga, F., Fanning, M., Palacios, C., and Tapia, J., 2006, SHRIMP U–Pb

dating of the Antucoya porphyry copper deposit: new evidence for an Early Cretaceous

porphyry-related metallogenic epoch in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile:

Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, p. 637-644.

Mamani, M., Tassara, A., and Wörner, G., 2008, Composition and structural control of crustal

domains in the Central Andes: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, no. 3.

Marschik, R., and Söllner, F., 2006, Early Cretaceous U–Pb zircon ages for the Copiapo

plutonic complex implications for the IOCG mineralization at Celaria, Atacama Region,

Chile: Mineralium Deposita, v. 41, p. 785-801.

Martina, F., Viramonte, J.M., Astini, R.A., Pimentel, M.M., and Dantas, E., 2011,

Mississippian volcanism in the south-central Andes: new U–Pb SHRIMP zircon

geochronology and whole-rock geochemistry: Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 524-534.

Marinovic, N., and Lahsen, A., 1984, Hoja Calama, Región de Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional

de Geología y Minería, Santiago, Carta Geológica de Chile, No 58, scale 1:250,000.

Marinovic, N., Smoje, I., Maksaev, V., Herve, M., and Mpodozis, C., 1992, Hoja Aguas

Blancas, Región de Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Santiago, No

70, scale 1:250,000.

Marrett, R., Allmendinger, R.W., Alonso, R.N., and Drake, R.E., 1994, Late Cenozoic tectonic

evolution of the Puna Plateau and adjacent foreland, Northwestern Argentine Andes:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 7, p. 179-207.

Marshall, L.G., Butler, R.F., Drake, R.E., and Curtis, G.H., 1982, Geochronology of type

Uquian (Late Cenozoic) l mammal age, Argentina: Science, v. 216, p. 986-989.

Matteini, M., Mazzuoli, R., and Omarini, R., 1999, Geochemical, petrographic and isotopic

characterization of the Tul-Tul, Del Medio and Pocitos Volcanoes, Central Andes: XIV

Congreso Geológico Argentino, Salta, Actas II, p. 228-231.

Matteini, M., Omarino, R.H., Mazzueli, R., and Hler, R., 2002, New 40Ar/39Ar ages for the Tul-

Tul, del Medio and Pocitos Volcanic complex, Puna, central Andes (~ 24ºS):

Geodynamic implications: XV Congreso Geológco Argentino, El Calafate, Actas, p. 117-

122.

McBride, S.L., 1972, A potassium argon age investigation of igneous and metamorphic rocks

from Catamarca and La Rioja provinces, Argentina [Ph.D. thesis]: Queens University,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 101p.

McKee, E.H., Robinson, A.C., Rybuta, J.J., Cuitino, L., and Moscoso, R.D., 1994, Age and Sr

isotopic composition of volcanic rocks in the Maricunga Belt, Chile: implications for

magma sources: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 7, p. 167-177.

Medina, E.E., 2003, Volcanismo y metalogénesis del Complejo Volcánico Poquis [Ph.D.

thesis]: Salta, Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales,

187 p.

Miskovic, A., Spikings, R.A., Chew, D.M., Kosler, J., Ulianov, A., and Schaltegger, U., 2009,

Tectonomagmatic evolution of Western Amazonia: Geochemical characterization and

zircon U-Pb geochronologic constraints from the Peruvian Eastern Cordilleran granitoids:

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, p. 1298-1324.

Montecinos, P., Schärer, U., Vergara, M., and Aguirre, L., 2008, Lithospheric origin of

Oligocene–Miocene magmatism in Central Chile: U–Pb ages and Sr–Pb–Hf isotope

composition of minerals: Journal of Petrology, 49, 555-580.

Mpodozis, C., Marinovic, N., Smoje, I., and Cuitiño, L., 1993, Estudio Geológico-Estructural

de la Cordillera de Domeyko entre Sierra Limón Verde y Sierra Mariposas, Región de

Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional de Geología y Mineria, Corporación Nacional del Cobre

de Chile (internal report), 280 p.

Mpodozis, C., Cornejo, P., Gardeweg, M., and Kay, S.M., 1994, El Complejo volcánico

Copiapó, Mioceno Superior, faja de Maricunga, 27º 30'S: VII Congreso Geológico

Chileno, Concepción, Actas II, p. 1125-1129.

Mpodozis, C., Cornejo, P., Kay, S.M., and Tittler, A., 1995, La Franja de Maricunga: síntesis

de la evolución del Frente Volcánico Oligo- Mioceno de la zona sur de los es Centrales:

Revista Geológica de Chile, v. 22, p. 273-314.

Mpodozis, C., Kay, S.M., Gardeweg, M., and Coira, B., 1996, Geología de la región Ojos del

Salado, es Centrales (27ºS): implicancias de la migración hacia el este del frente

volcánico Cenozoico Superior: XIII Congreso Geológico Argentino, Actas III, p. 539-

548.

Mukasa, S.B., 1986, Zircon U-Pb ages of super-units in the Coastal batholith, Peru:

Implications for magmatic and tectonic processes: Geological Society of America

Bulletin, v. 97, p. 241-254.

Naranjo, J.A., and Cornejo, P., 1987, Múltiples avalanchas del volcán Chaco en el Norte de

Chile: un mecanismo de degradación de volcanes compuestos Miocenicos: X Congreso

Geológico Argentino, Actas IV, p. 361-363.

Naranjo, J.A., and Cornejo, P., 1992, Hoja Salar de la Isla: Servicio Nacional Geológico y

Minero, Santiago, Carta Geológica de Chile No 72, scale 1:250,000.

Naranjo, J.A., and Puig, A., 1984, Hojas Taltal y Chañaral: Servicio Nacional Geológico y

Minero, Carta Geológica de Chile, nos. 62-63.

Nullo, F., 1988, Descripción de la Hoja Geológica 4a b-Susques. Provincia de Jujuy: Segemar,

Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino.

Noble, D.C., McKee, E.H., Farrar, E, and Petersen, U., 1974, Episodic Cenozoic volcanism and

tectonism in the Andes of Peru: Earth and Planetary Science Letters v. 21, p. 213-220.

Noble, D.C., Farrar, E., and Cobbing, E.J., 1979, The Nazca Group of South-central Peru: age,

source, and regional volcanic and tectonic significance: Earth and Planetary Science

Letters, v. 45, p. 80-86.

Noble, D.C., Vogel, T.A., Peterson, P.S., Lis, G.P., Grant, N.K., Jezek, P.A., and McKee, E.H.,

1984, Rare-element-enriched, S-type ash-flow tuffs containing phenocrysts of muscovite,

alusite, and sillimanite, southeastern Peru: Geology, v. 12, p. 35-39.

Noble, D.C., Sebrier, M., Megard, F., and McKee, E.H., 1985, Demonstration of two pulses of

Paleogene deformation in the Andes of Peru: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 73:

p. 345-349.

Ort, M., Coira, B., Mazzoni, M., Fisher, R.V., and Merodio, J.C., 1989, Centro emisor

volcánico Cerro Panizos, Jujuy: Revista Asociación Geológica Argentina, v. 44, p. 291-

300.

Ort, M.H., Coira, B.L., and Mazzoni, M.M., 1996, Generation of a crust mantle magma

mixture: magma sources and contamination at Cerro Panizos, Central Andes:

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 123, p. 308-322.

Page, S., and Koukharsky, M., 1992, Origen de los domos con Topacio del Cerro Chivinar,

Puna Argentina: III Congreso Geológico de España y VIII Congreso Latinoamericano de

Geología, Salamanca, Actas 4, p. 194-199.

Parada, M.A., Féraud, G., Fuentes, F., Aguirre, L., Morata, D., and Larrondo, P., 2005, Ages

and cooling history of the Early Cretaceous Caleu pluton: testimony of a switch from a

rifted to a compressional continental margin in central Chile: Journal of the Geological

Society, v. 162, p. 273-287.

Pecho, V., 1981, Geologia de los cuadrangulos de Chalhuanca, Antabamba y Santo Tomas.

Instituto Geologico Minero y Metalurgico, Serie A: Carta Geologico Nacional, Boletin

35, p. 29.

Pereyra, F.X., 1990, El volcanismo del sector oriental del Salar de Incahuasi, provincia de

Salta: XI Congreso Geológico Argentino, San Juan, Actas I, p. 105-108.

Peterson, C.R., Rivera, S.L., and Peri, M.A., 1996, Chimborazo copper deposits, region II,

Chile; exploration geology, in Camus, F., Sillitoe, R.H., and Peterson, R., eds., Andean

Copper Deposits: New discoveries, mineralizations, styles metallogeny: Society of

Economic Geology Special Publication 5, p. 71-80.

Petrinovic, I.A., Mitjavila, J., Viramonte, J.G., Martí, J., Becchio, R., Arnosio, M., and

Colombo, F., 1999, Geochemistry and geochronology descriptions of the back-arc

Neogene volcanic sequences in the eastern border of the Quevar Transversal Volcanic

Range, NW Argentina, in Colombo, F., Queral, I., Petrinovic, I.A., eds., Geology of the

Southern Central Andes: Northwestern Argentina: Acta Geologica Hispanica, v. 2-3, p.

243-255.

Petrinovic, I.A., Arnosio, M., Alvarado, G., Brod, J.A., and Riller, U., 2003, Bimodal

volcanism, mafic-felsic (effusive-explosive) into a zone of tectonic transference: the

Pleistocene Tocomar San Jeronimo-Negro de Chorrillos volcanic centres, Southern

Central Andes, Argentina: Curso internacional de volcanología de campo de los es

Centrales, X Edición, Universidad Nacional de Salta.

Pichavant, M., Kontak, D.J., Valencia, H.J., and Clark, A.H., 1988, The Miocene-Pliocene

Macusani Volcanics, SE Peru: 1, Mineralogy magmatic evolution of a two-mica

aluminosilicate-bearing ignimbrite suite: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.

100, p. 300-324.

Polli, M., Schaltegger, U., Frank, M., and Fontboté, L., 2005, Formation of intra-arc

volcanosedimentary basins in the western flank of the central Peruvian Andes during Late

Cretaceous oblique subduction: field evidence and constraints from U–Pb ages and Hf

isotopes: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 94, p. 231-242.

Prezzi, C.B., 1999, Paleomagnetismo de rocas Terciarias de la Puna Jujeña (23ºS, 66º30´O):

ausencia de rotaciones según ejes verticales: Revista Asociación Geológica Argentina, v.

54, p. 407-419.

Prezzi, C.A., 2002, Relevamiento magnetométrico terrestre de la zona de Pan de Azúcar, Puna

Jujeña, 22º30´S - 66º00´O: Revista Asociación Geológica Argentina, v. 57, p. 85-91.

Prezzi, C.B., Singer, S.E., and Allmendinger, R., 1998, Estudio paleomagnético de rocas

cenozoicas aflorantes en Juncal Gre, Puna Catamarqueña, Argentina: rotación local de

bloques: X Congreso Latinoamericano de Geología y VII Congreso Nacional de

Geología Económica Actas II, p. 122-127.

Puig, A., Diaz, S., and Cuitiño, L., 1988, Sistemas hidrotermales asociados a calderas en el arco

volcánico paleógeno de la Región de Antofagasta, Chile: Distritos El Guanaco, Cachinal

de la Sierra y el Soldado: Revista Geológica de Chile, v. 15, p. 91-106.

Ramírez, C.F., 1979, Edades Potasio- Argón de rocas volcánicas cenozoicas en la zona de San

Pedro de Atacama- El Tatio. Región de Antofagasta: II Congreso Geológico Chileno,

Arica, Actas VI, p. 31-41.

Ramírez, C.F., Gardeweg, M., 1982, Hoja Toconao, región de Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional

de Geología y Minería, Santiago, Carta Geológica de Chile, No 54, scale 1:250,000.

Ramírez, C.F., and Huete, C., 1981, Hoja Ollague, Región de Antofagasta: Servicio Nacional

de Geología y Minería, Santiago, Carta Geológica de Chile, No 40, scale 1:250,000.

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Baldo, E.G., González-Casado,

J.M., Galindo, C., and Dahlquist, J., 2007, The Río de la Plata craton and the assembly of

SW Gondwana: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 83, p. 49-82.

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Baldo, E., Galindo, C., Fanning, C.M., and

Dahlquist, J.M., 2010, The Western Sierras Pampeanas: Protracted Grenville-age history

(1330–1030Ma) of intra-oceanic arcs, subduction–accretion at continental-edge and

AMCG intraplate magmatism: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 105-

127.

Richards, J.P., Noble, S.R., and Pringle, M.S., 1999, A revised late Eocene age for porphyry Cu

magmatism in the Escondida area, northern Chile: Economic Geology, v. 94, p. 1231-

1247.

Richards, J., and Villeneuve, M., 2002, Characteristics of Late Cenozoic volcanism along the

Archibarca Lineament from Cerro Llullaillaco to Corrida de Cori, Northwest Argentina:

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 116, p. 161-200.

Rocha-Campos, A.C., Basei, M.A., Nutman, A.P., Kleiman, L.E., Varela, R., Llambias, E.,

Canile, F., and da Rosa, O., 2011, 30 million years of Permian volcanism recorded in the

Choiyoi igneous province (W Argentina) and their source for younger ash fall deposits in

the Paraná Basin: SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology evidence: Gondwana Research,

v. 19, p. 509-523.

Rosello, E.A., and Jones, J.P., 1999, Potencial geominero de la caldera Vicuña Pampa (27º00´S

- 67º00´O), Catamarca: XIV Congreso Geológico Argentino, Salta, Actas II, p. 294-297.

Rossel, P., Oliveros, V., Ducea, M. N., Charrier, R., Scaillet, S., Retamal, L., and Figueroa, O.,

2013, The Early Andean subduction system as an analog to island arcs: Evidence from

across-arc geochemical variations in northern Chile: Lithos, v. 179, p. 211-230.

Rubinstein, N., Segal, S., and Zappettini, E., 2000, El pórfiro cuprífero Taca-Taca Alto,

provincia de Salta: nuevos aportes al conocimiento del yacimiento: Revista Asociación

Geológica Argentina, v. 55, p. 125-128.

Rubiolo, D., Seggiaro, R., Gallardo, E., Disalvo, A., Sanchez, M.C., Turel, A., Ramallo, E.,

Sruss, A., and Godeas, M., 2001, Hoja Geológica 2366- II / 2166-IV. La Quiaca,

provincias de Salta y Jujuy : Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino, Buenos

Aires, Boletín 246.

Seman, H.A., Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., and Arroyo, P.G., 1996, A critical appraisal of the

Cayconi Formation, Crucero Basin, southeastern Peru: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 9, p. 381-392.

Seman, H., Clark, A., Farrar, E., and Arroyo, G., 1997, Lithostratigraphy, petrology and Ar/Ar

geochronology of the Crucero Supergroup, Puno, SE Peru: Journal of South American

Earth Sciences, v. 10, p. 223-245.

Sasso, A., and Clark, A., 1999, El grupo Farallón Negro: evolución magmática, hidrotermal y

tectónica e implicancias para la metalogenia de Cu-Au en el retroarco ino, Catamarca:

Recursos Minerales de la República Argentina, Segemar, Anales 35, p. 1437-1450.

Schmitt, A.K., Lindsay, J.M., de Silva, S., and Trumbull, R.B., 2003, U–Pb zircon

chronostratigraphy of early-Pliocene ignimbrites from La Pacana, north Chile:

implications for the formation of stratified magma chambers: Journal of Volcanology and

Geothermal Research, v. 120, p. 43-53.

Schnurr, W., Siebel, W., Hahne, K., Kraemer, B., and Trumbull, R., 1999, Neogene ignimbrites

of the southern Central Andes (25º - 27ºS, 67º - 69ºW): Interpretation of the new isotopic

and trace element data in terms of a fractionation model from arc andesites: XIV

Congreso Geológico Argentino, Salta, Actas I, p. 109.

Schwartz, J.J., Gromet, L.P., and Miro, R., 2008, Timing and duration of the calc-alkaline arc

of the Pampean Orogeny: implications for the Late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian

evolution of Western Gondwana: The Journal of Geology, v. 116, p. 39-61.

Seggiaro, R.E., 1994, Petrología, geoquímica y mecanismos de erupción del Complejo

Volcánico Coranzulí [Ph.D. thesis]: Salta, Argentina, Universidad Nacional de Salta, 137

Seggiaro, R., Hongn, F., Castillo, A., Pereira, F., Villegas, D., and Martinez, L., 1999, Hoja

Geológica 2769-II Paso de San Francisco, Provincia de Catamarca Programa Nacional de

Cartas Geológicas, Segemar, Buenos Aires, scale 1:250,000.

Sergeomin, 1998a, Hoja San Pablo de Lipez, mapa geológico de Bolivia, Servicio Nacional de

Geología y Minería, La Paz Bolivia, scale 1:250,000.

Sergeomin, 1998b, Hoja Uyuni, mapa geológico de Bolivia, Servicio Nacional de Geología y

Minería, La Paz, scale 1:250,000.

Siebel, W., Schnurr, W., Hahne, K., Kraemer, B., Trumbull, R., van den Bogaard, P., and

Emmerman, R., 2001, Geochemistry and isotope systematics of small- to medium-

volume Neogene-Quaternary ignimbrites in the southern Central Andes: evidence for

derivation from andesitic magma sources: Chemical Geology, v. 171, p. 213-237.

Singer, S.E., and Somoza R., 1998, Estudio comparativo de dos ignimbritas del Mioceno

superior ino: Sifón (Norte de Chile) y Vilama, Puna, Argentina: X Congreso

Latinoamericano de Geología y VII Congreso Nacional de Geología Económica, Actas

II, p. 245-250.

Sparks, C.J., Francis, P.W., Hamer, R.D., Pankhurst, R.J., Callaghan, R., Thorpe, R.S., and

Page, R., 1985, Ignimbrites of the Cerro Galan Caldera, Northwestern Argentina: Journal

of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 24, p. 205-248.

Steenken, A., Siegesmund, S., Wemmer, K., and López de Luchi, M.G., 2008, Time constraints

on the Famatinian and Achalian structural evolution of the basement of the Sierra de San

Luis, Eastern Sierras Pampeanas, Argentina: Journal of South American Earth Sciences,

v. 25, p. 336-358.

Thouret, J.C., Wörner, G., Gunnell, Y., Singer, B., Zhang, X., and Souriot, T., 2007,

Geochronologic and stratigraphic constraints on canyon incision and Miocene uplift of

the Central Andes in Peru: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 263, p. 151-166.

Tosdal, R.M., Farrar, E., and Clark, A.H., 1981, K-Ar geochronology of the late Cenozoic

volcanic rocks of the Cordillera Occidental, southernmost Peru: Journal of Volcanology

and Geothermal Research, v. 10, p. 157-173.

Uba, C.E., Strecker, M.R., and Schmitt, A.K., 2007, Increased sediment accumulation rates and

climatic forcing in the central Andes during the late Miocene: Geology, v. 35, p. 979-982.

Vandervoort, D.S., 1993, Non-marine evaporite basin studies, Southern Puna Plateau, Central

Andes [PhD thesis]: Ithaca, New York, Cornell University, 177 p.

Vatin, P.N., Oliver, R.A., Goemans, P., Keller, F., Briqueu, L., and Salas, A.G., 1991,

Geodynamic interpretations of plate subduction in the northernmost part of the Central

Volcanic Zone from the geochemical evolution and quantification of the crustal

contamination of the Nevado Solimana Volcano, southern Peru: Tectonophysics, v. 205,

p. 329-355.

Victor, P., Oncken, O., and Glodny, J., 2004, Uplift of the western Altiplano plateau: evidence

from the Precordillera between 20° and 21°S, northern Chile: Tectonics, v. 23, TC4004.

Viramonte J.G., 1999, Anillos de tobas de Ramadas: Relatorio XIV Congreso Geológico

Argentino, Salta Geología del Noroeste Argentino, I, p. 393-394.

Viramonte, J.G., and Coira, B., 1999, Salar de Antofalla-Archibarca: Relatorio XIV Congreso

Geológico Argentino, Salta, Geología del Noroeste Argentino, Tomo I, p. 395-397.

Viramonte, J.M., Becchio, R.A., Viramonte, J.G., Pimentel, M.M., and Martino, R.D., 2007,

Ordovician igneous and metamorphic units in southeastern Puna: new U–Pb and Sm–Nd

data implications for the evolution of northwestern Argentina: Journal of South

American Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 167-183.

Von Gosen, W., Loske, W., and Prozzi, C., 2002, New isotopic dating of intrusive rocks in the

Sierra de San Luis (Argentina): implications for the geodynamic history of the Eastern

Sierras Pampeanas: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 237-250.

Wasteneys, H., 1990, Epithermal silver mineralization associated with a Mid-Tertiary

diatreme: Santa Barbara, Santa Lucia district, Puno, Peru [PhD thesis]: Kingston,

Ontario, Canada, Queen's University, 367 p.

Wasteneys, H.A., Clark, A.H., Farrar, E., and Langridge, R.J., 1995, Grenvillian granulite-

facies metamorphism in the Arequipa Massif, Peru: a Laurentia-Gondwana link: Earth

and planetary science letters, v. 132, p. 63-73.

Weibel, M., Frangipane, G.M., Hunziker, J., 1978, Volcanology of South Peru: Geologische

Rundschau, v. 67, p. 243-252.

Wörner, G., Hammerschmidt, K., Henjes-Kunst, F., Lezaun, J., and Wilke, H., 2000,

Geochronology, (40Ar/39Ar, K-Ar and He-exposure ages) of Cenozoic magmatic rocks

from Northern Chile (18-22°S): implications for magmatism and tectonic evolution of the

central Andes: Revista geológica de Chile, v. 27, p. 205-240.

Zappettini, E., and Blasco, G., 2001, Hoja Geológica 2569-II, Socompa, Provincia de

Salta. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales: Segemar, Buenos Aires Boletín 260.

Zentilli, M., Stark, A., Reynolds, P.H., Muija, T., Walker, J.A., and Ulriksen, C.E., 1991,

Native sulphur deposits as the crown of epithermal systems? - isotopic and

geochronological data on volcan Copiapó Complex, Maricunga, Northern Chile: VI

Congreso Geológico Chileno, Resúmenes expidos, p. 616-620.

Zimmermann, U., Niemeyer, H., and Meffre, S., 2010, Revealing the continental margin of

Gondwana: the Ordovician arc of the Cordón de Lila, northern Chile: International

Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 99, p. 39-56.

Southern Andes Igneous ages

Aguirre-Urreta, M.B., Pazos, P.J., Lazo, D.G., Mark Fanning, C., and Litvak, V.D., 2008, First

U–Pb shrimp age of the Hauterivian stage, Neuquén Basin, Argentina: Journal of South

American Earth Sciences, v. 26, p. 91-99.

Anma, R., Armstrong, R., Danhara, T., Orihashi, Y., and Iwano, H., 2006, Zircon sensitive high

mass-resolution ion microprobe U-Pb and fission-track ages for gabbros and sheeted

dykes of the Taitao ophiolite, Southern Chile, and their tectonic implications: Island Arc,

v. 15, p. 130-142.

Aragón, E., Castro, A., Díaz-Alvarado, J., and Liu, D.Y., 2011, The North Patagonian Batholith

at Paso Puyehue, Argentina-Chile, SHRIMP ages and compositional features: Journal of

South American Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 547-554.

Benedini, L., and Gregori, D., 2013, Significance of the Early Jurassic Garamilla formation in

the western Nordpatagonian Massif: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 45, p.

259-277.

Calderón, M., Fildani, A., Hervé, F., Fanning, C.M., Weislogel, A., and Cordani, U., 2007, Late

Jurassic bimodal magmatism in the northern sea-floor remnant of the Rocas Verdes

basin, southern Patagonian Andes: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 164, p. 1011-

1022.

Castro, A., Aragón, E., Díaz-Alvarado, J., Blanco, I., García-Casco, A., Vogt, K., and Liu,

D.Y., 2011, Age composition of granulite xenoliths from Paso de Indios, Chubut

province, Argentina: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 567-574.

Cuitiño, J.I., Pimentel, M.M., Ventura Santos, R., and Scasso, R.A., 2012, High resolution

isotopic ages for the early Miocene “Patagoniense” transgression in Southwest Patagonia:

Stratigraphic implications: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 110-122.

Cúneo, R., Ramezani, J., Scasso, R., Pol, D., Escapa, I., Zavattieri, A.M., and Bowring, S.A.,

2013, High-precision U–Pb geochronology and a new chronostratigraphy for the

Cañadón Asfalto Basin, Chubut, central Patagonia: Implications for terrestrial, faunal and

floral evolution in Jurassic: Gondwana Research, v. 24, p. 1267-1275.

G. Feraud, Alric, V., Fornari, M., Bertr, H., and Haller, M., 1999, 40Ar/39Ar dating of the

Jurassic volcanic province of Patagonia: migrating magmatism related to Gondwana

break-up subduction: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 172, p. 83-96.

Fosdick, J.C., Romans, B.W., Fildani, A., Bernhardt, A., Calderón, M., and Graham, S.A.,

2011, Kinematic evolution of the Patagonian retroarc fold-thrust belt and Magallanes

foreland basin, Chile and Argentina, 51 30 2 S: Geological Society of America Bulletin,

v. 123, p. 1679-1698.

Hervé, F., Pankhurst, R.J., Fanning, C.M., Calderón, M., and Yaxley, G.M., 2007, The South

Patagonian batholith: 150 my of granite magmatism on a plate margin: Lithos, v. 97, p.

373-394.

Hervé, F., Calderón, M., Fanning, C.M., Pankhurst, R.J., and Godoy, E., 2013, Provenance

variations in the Late Paleozoic accretionary complex of central Chile as indicated by

detrital zircons: Gondwana Research, v. 23, p. 1122-1135.

Lucassen, F., Trumbull, R., Franz, G., Creixell, C., Vásquez, P., Romer, R. L., and Figueroa,

O., 2004, Distinguishing crustal recycling juvenile additions at active continental

margins: the Paleozoic to recent compositional evolution of the Chilean Pacific margin,

36–41 S: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 17, p. 103-119.

Maksaev, V., Munizaga,F., McWilliams, M., Fanning, M., Mathur, R., Ruiz, J., and Zentilli,

M.,, 2004, New chronology for El Teniente, Chilean Andes, from U/Pb, 40Ar/39Ar,

Re/Os and fission-track dating: implications for the evolution of a supergiant porphyry

Cu-Mo deposit: Andean Metallogeny: New Discoveries, Concepts Update: Society of

Economic Geologists, Special Publication, v. 11, p. 15-54.

Martin, M.W., Kato, T.T., Rodriguez, C., Godoy, E., Duhart, P., McDonough, M., and Campos,

A., 1999, Evolution of the late Paleozoic accretionary complex and overlying forearc

magmatic arc, south central Chile (38-41 S): Constraints for the tectonic setting along the

southwestern margin of Gondwana: Tectonics, v. 18, p. 582-605.

Mazzini, A., Svensen, H., Leanza, H.A., Corfu, F., and Planke, S., 2010, Early Jurassic shale

chemostratigraphy and U–Pb ages from the Neuquen Basin (Argentina): Implications for

the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 297, p. 633-645.

McAtamney, J., Klepeis, K., Mehrtens, C., Thomson, S., Betka, P., Rojas, L., and Snyder, S.,

2011, Along-strike variability of back-arc basin collapse and the initiation of

sedimentation in the Magallanes foreland basin, southernmost Andes, 53-54.5 S:

Tectonics, v. 30, no. 5.

Munoz, J., Troncoso, R., Duhart, P., Crignola, P., Farmer, L., and Stern, C.R., 2000, The

relation of the mid-Tertiary coastal magmatic belt in south-central Chile to the late

Oligocene increase in plate convergence rate: Revista geológica de Chile, v. 27, p. 177-

203.

Pankhurst, R.J., Riley, T.R., Fanning, C.M., and Kelley, S.P., 2000, Episodic silicic volcanism

in Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula: chronology of magmatism associated with the

break-up of Gondwana: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, p. 605-625.

Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Fanning, C.M., and Márquez, M., 2006, Gondwanide continental

collision and the origin of Patagonia: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 76, p. 235-257.

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Fanning, C.M., and Grecco, L.E., 2003, Basement evolution of

the Sierra de la Ventana Fold Belt: new evidence for Cambrian continental rifting along

the southern margin of Gondwana: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 160, p. 613-628.

Rocha-Campos, A.C., Basei, M.A., Nutman, A.P., Kleiman, L.E., Varela, R., Llambias, E.,

Llambias, E., Canile, F.M., and da Rosa, O., 2011, 30 million years of Permian

volcanism recorded in the Choiyoi igneous province (W Argentina) and their source for

younger ash fall deposits in the Paraná Basin: SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology

evidence: Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 509-523.

Rolo, A.P., Hartmann, L.A., Santos, J.O.S., Fernez, R.R., Etcheverry, R.O., Schalamuk, I.A.,

and McNaughton, N.J., 2002, SHRIMP zircon U–Pb evidence for extended Mesozoic

magmatism in the Patagonian Batholith and assimilation of Archean crustal components:

Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 15, p. 267-283.

Sanchez, A., Saint-Blanquat, M., Herve, F., Pankhurst, R.J., and Fanning, C.M., 2006, A

Shrimp U-Pb zircon late Miocene crystallization age for the Torres Del Paine Pluton,

Chile: South American Symposium on Isotope Geology, Short Papers, p. 196-199.

Vennari, V.V., Lescano, M., Naipauer, M., Aguirre-Urreta, B., Concheyro, A., Schaltegger, U.,

Armstrong, R., Pimentel, M., and Ramos, V.A., 2013, New constraints on the Jurassic–

Cretaceous boundary in the High Andes using high-precision U–Pb data: Gondwana

Research, v. 26, p. 374-385.

Southern Andes detrital zircon ages

Abre, P., Cingolani, C.A., Cairncross, B., and Chemale Jr., F., 2012, Siliciclastic Ordovician to

Silurian units of the Argentine Precordillera: Constraints on provenance and tectonic

setting in the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 40, p. 1-22.

Augustsson, C., Muenker, C., Bahlburg, H., and Fanning, C.M., 2006, Provenance of late

Palaeozoic metasediments of the SW South American Gondwana margin: a combined U–

Pb and Hf-isotope study of single detrital zircons: Journal of the Geological Society, v.

163, p. 983-995.

Calderón, M., Fildani, A., Hervé, F., Fanning, C.M., Weislogel, A., and Cordani, U., 2007, Late

Jurassic bimodal magmatism in the northern sea-floor remnant of the Rocas Verdes

basin, southern Patagonian Andes: Journal of the Geological Society, v. 164, p. 1011-

1022.

Chernicoff, C.J., Santos, J.O., Zappettini, E.O., and McNaughton, N.J., 2007, Esquistos del

Paleozoico inferior en la cantera Green (35° 04´ s-65° 28´ o), sur de San Luis: edades U-

Pb Shrimp e implicancias geodinámicas: Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina,

v. 62, p. 154-158.

Chernicoff, C.J., Zappettini, E.O., Santos, J.O., Beyer, E., and McNaughton, N.J., 2008,

Foreland basin deposits associated with Cuyania accretion in La Pampa Province,

Argentina: Gondwana Research, v. 13, p. 189-203.

Chernicoff, C.J., Zappettini, E.O., Santos, J.O., McNaughton, N.J., and Belousova, E., 2013,

Combined U-Pb SHRIMP and Hf isotope study of the Late Paleozoic Yaminué Complex,

Rio Negro Province, Argentina: Implications for the origin evolution of the Patagonia

composite terrane: Geoscience Frontiers, v. 4, p. 37-56.

Cuitiño, J.I., Pimentel, M.M., Ventura Santos, R., and Scasso, R.A., 2012, High resolution

isotopic ages for the early Miocene “Patagoniense” transgression in Southwest Patagonia:

Stratigraphic implications: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 38, p. 110-122.

Di Giulio, A., Ronchi, A., Sanfilippo, A., Tiepolo, M., Pimentel, M., and Ramos, V.A., 2012,

Detrital zircon provenance from the Neuquén Basin (south-central Andes): Cretaceous

geodynamic evolution and sedimentary response in a retroarc-foreland basin: Geology, v.

40, p. 559-562.

Fildani, A., Cope, T.D., Graham, S.A., and Wooden, J.L., 2003, Initiation of the Magallanes

foreland basin: Timing of the southernmost Patagonian Andes orogeny revised by detrital

zircon provenance analysis: Geology, v. 31, p. 1081-1084.

Finney, S., Gleason, J., Gehrels, G., Peralta, S., and Aceñolaza, G., 2003, Early Gondwanan

connection for the Argentine Precordillera terrane: Earth and Planetary Science Letters,

v. 205, p. 349-359.

Fosdick, J.C., Grove, M., Hourigan, J.K., and Calderón, M., 2013, Retroarc deformation

exhumation near the end of the Andes, southern Patagonia: Earth and Planetary Science

Letters, v. 361, p. 504-517.

Hervé, F., and Fanning, C.M., 2003, Early Cretaceous subduction of continental crust at the

Diego de Almagro archipelago, southern Chile: Episodes, v. 26, p. 285-289.

Hervé, F., Calderón, M., Fanning, C.M., Pankhurst, R.J., and Godoy, E., 2013, Provenance

variations in the Late Paleozoic accretionary complex of central Chile as indicated by

detrital zircons: Gondwana Research, v. 23, p. 1122-1135.

Martin, M.W., Kato, T.T., Rodriguez, C., Godoy, E., Duhart, P., McDonough, M., and Campos,

A., 1999, Evolution of the late Paleozoic accretionary complex and overlying forearc-

magmatic arc, south central Chile (38-41 S): Constraints for the tectonic setting along the

southwestern margin of Gondwana: Tectonics, v. 18, p. 582-605.

McAtamney, J., Klepeis, K., Mehrtens, C., Thomson, S., Betka, P., Rojas, L., and Snyder, S.,

2011, Along-strike variability of back-arc basin collapse and the initiation of

sedimentation in the Magallanes foreland basin, southernmost Andes, 53-54.5 S:

Tectonics, v. 30, no. 5.

Moreira, P., Fernández, R., Hervé, F., Fanning, C.M., and Schalamuk, I.A., 2013, Detrital

zircons U–Pb SHRIMP ages and provenance of La Modesta Formation, Patagonia

Argentina: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 47, p. 32-46.

Naipauer, M., García Morabito, E., Marques, J.C., Tunik, M., Rojas Vera, E.A., Vujovich, G.I.,

Pimentel, M.P., and Ramos, V.A., 2012, Intraplate Late Jurassic deformation and

exhumation in western central Argentina: Constraints from surface data and U–Pb detrital

zircon ages: Tectonophysics, v. 524, p. 59-75.

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Baldo, E.G., González-Casado,

J.M., Galindo, C., and Dahlquist, J., 2007, The Río de la Plata craton and the assembly of

SW Gondwana: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 83, p. 49-82.

Rocha-Campos, A.C., Basei, M.A., Nutman, A.P., Kleiman, L.E., Varela, R., Llambias, E.,

Llambias, E., Canile, F.M., and da Rosa, O., 2011, 30 million years of Permian

volcanism recorded in the Choiyoi igneous province (W Argentina) and their source for

younger ash fall deposits in the Paraná Basin: SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology

evidence: Gondwana Research, v. 19, p. 509-523.

Sagripanti, L., Bottesi, G., Naipauer, M., Folguera, A., and Ramos, V.A., 2011, U/Pb ages on

detrital zircons in the southern central Andes Neogene foreland (36°–37° S): Constraints

on Andean exhumation: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 555-566.

Tunik, M., Folguera, A., Naipauer, M., Pimentel, M., and Ramos, V.A., 2010, Early uplift and

orogenic deformation in the Neuquén Basin: constraints on the Andean uplift from U–Pb

and Hf isotopic data of detrital zircons: Tectonophysics, v. 489, p. 258-273.

Uriz, N.J., Cingolani, C.A., Chemale Jr., F., Macambira, M.B., and Armstrong, R., 2011,

Isotopic studies on detrital zircons of Silurian–Devonian siliciclastic sequences from

Argentinean North Patagonia and Sierra de la Ventana regions: comparative provenance:

International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 100, p. 571-589.

Varela, A.N., Poiré, D.G., Martin, T., Gerdes, A., Goin, F.J., Gelfo, J.N., and Hoffmann, S.,

2012, U-Pb zircon constraints on the age of the Cretaceous Mata Amarilla Formation,

Southern Patagonia, Argentina: its relationship with the evolution of the Austral Basin:

Andean Geology, v. 39, p. 359-379.

Willner, A.P., Gerdes, A., and Massonne, H.J., 2008, History of crustal growth and recycling at

the Pacific convergent margin of South America at latitudes 29–36 S revealed by a U–Pb

and Lu–Hf isotope study of detrital zircon from late Paleozoic accretionary systems:

Chemical Geology, v. 253, p. 114-129.

APPENDIX C

Hf REFERENCES USED IN ATTACHED DATA COMPILATION

Augustsson, C., Muenker, C., Bahlburg, H., and Fanning, C.M., 2006, Provenance of late

Palaeozoic metasediments of the SW South American Gondwana margin: a combined U–

Pb and Hf-isotope study of single detrital zircons: Journal of the Geological Society, v.

163, p. 983-995.

Bahlburg, H., Vervoort, J.D., Du Frane, S.A., Bock, B., Augustsson, C., and Reimann, C., 2009,

Timing of crust formation and recycling in accretionary orogens: Insights learned from

the western margin of South America: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 97, p. 215-241.

Bahlburg, H., Vervoort, J.D., Andrew DuFrane, S., Carlotto, V., Reimann, C., and Cárdenas, J.,

2011, The U–Pb and Hf isotope evidence of detrital zircons of the Ordovician

Ollantaytambo Formation, southern Peru, and the Ordovician provenance and

paleogeography of southern Peru and northern Bolivia: Journal of South American Earth

Sciences, v. 32, p. 196-209.

Chernicoff, C.J., Zappettini, E.O., Santos, J.O., Beyer, E., and McNaughton, N.J., 2008, Foreland

basin deposits associated with Cuyania accretion in La Pampa Province,

Argentina: Gondwana Research, v. 13, p. 189-203.

Chernicoff, C.J., Zappettini, E.O., Santos, J.O., McNaughton, N.J., and Belousova, E., 2013,

Combined U-Pb SHRIMP and Hf isotope study of the Late Paleozoic Yaminué Complex,

Rio Negro Province, Argentina: Implications for the origin and evolution of the

Patagonia composite terrane: Geoscience Frontiers, v. 4, p. 37-56.

Chew, D.M., Schaltegger, U., Košler, J., Whitehouse, M.J., Gutjahr, M., Spikings, R.A., and

Miškovíc, A., 2007, U-Pb geochronologic evidence for the evolution of the Gondwanan

margin of the north-central Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p.

697-711.

Dahlquist, J.A., Pankhurst, R.J., Gaschnig, R.M., Rapela, C.W., Casquet, C., Alasino, P.H.,

Galindo, C., and Baldo, E.G., 2013, Hf and Nd isotopes in Early Ordovician to Early

Carboniferous granites as monitors of crustal growth in the Proto-Andean margin of

Gondwana: Gondwana Research, v. 23, p. 1617-1630.

Montecinos, P., Schärer, U., Vergara, M., and Aguirre, L., 2008, Lithospheric origin of

Oligocene–Miocene magmatism in Central Chile: U–Pb ages and Sr–Pb–Hf isotope

composition of minerals: Journal of Petrology, v. 49, p. 555-580.

Polliand, M., Schaltegger, U., Frank, M., and Fontboté, L., 2005, Formation of intra-arc

volcanosedimentary basins in the western flank of the central Peruvian Andes during Late

Cretaceous oblique subduction: field evidence and constraints from U–Pb ages and Hf

isotopes: International Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 94, p. 231-242.

Willner, A.P., Gerdes, A., and Massonne, H.J., 2008, History of crustal growth and recycling at

the Pacific convergent margin of South America at latitudes 29–36 S revealed by a U–Pb

and Lu–Hf isotope study of detrital zircon from late Paleozoic accretionary

systems: Chemical Geology, v. 253, p. 114-129.

Figure 1. Map showing first-order geologic features of South America (adapted from Goodwin,

1996; Ramos, 2008, 2009, 2010; Bahlburg et al., 2009). Samples are keyed to three regions as follows: Northern Andes (NA; 12oN-4oS), Central Andes (CA; 4oS-34oS) and Southern Andes

(SA; 34oS-54oS).

Figure 2. Diagram showing U-Pb and Hf isotopic results from NA samples. 1339 U-Pb ages and

308 Hf isotope analyses are reported. Reference lines for Hf isotope data are as follows: DM =

176 177 176 177 Depleted Mantle array, calculated using Hf/ Hf0 = 0.283225 and Lu/ Hf0 = 0.03830

(Vervoort and Blichert-Toft, 1999); CHUR = Chondritic Uniform Reservoir, calculated using

176Hf/177Hf = 0.282785 and 176Lu/177Hf = 0.0336 (Bouvier et al., 2008). Arrows showing

Average Crustal Evolution represent trajectories with present-day 176Lu/177Hf = 0.0115 (Vervoort and Patchett, 1996; Vervoort et al., 1999). The average measurement uncertainty for all NA analyses is 2.8 epsilon units (2σ). Age-distribution curves for 0-200 Ma and 200-2800 Ma have been normalized such that area under each curve is the same.

Figure 3. Diagram showing U-Pb and Hf isotopic results from CA samples. 2172 U-Pb ages and

447 Hf isotope analyses are reported. See Figure 2 for explanation. The average measurement uncertainty for all analyses is 2.6 epsilon units (2σ).

Figure 4. Diagram showing U-Pb and Hf isotopic results from SA samples. 2013 U-Pb ages and

444 Hf isotope analyses are reported See Figure 2 for explanation. The average measurement uncertainty for all analyses is 3.0 epsilon units (2σ).

Figure 5. Comparison of U-Pb age distributions from this study, from published analyses of detrital and igneous minerals (Appendix B Table 1 and Appendix B sources cited below). Ages of basement provinces are from Figure 1. The numbers of ages reported are as follows for this study, published detrital ages, and published igneous ages: NA = 1,339/8,871/1,492, CA =

2,172/12,264/5,723, SA = 2,013/5,716/2,714, All = 5,524/26,851/9,929.

Figure 6. Comparison of 0-200 Ma ages from various data sets. Vertical bands show interpreted maxima of ages. Note that curves are smoothed with a sliding window average (with a band width of 6 m.y.), and are normalized by height (not area).

Figure 7. Map showing location of samples included in compilation of published data. Each polygon is the area sampled for each publication.

Figure 8. Summary of all available U-Pb and Hf isotope data from NA. See Figure 2 for explanation. All Hf data are from this study (n=308). U-Pb data are from this study (n=1,340) and from previous studies (Appendix B Tables 1-2; detrital n=8,871, igneous n=1,492). Note that proportions of >250 Ma ages are enhanced by a factor of 5 relative to <250 Ma ages.

Figure 9. Summary of all available U-Pb and Hf isotope data from CA. See Figure 2 for explanation. Hf data are from this study (n=447) and from previous studies (Appendix C Table 1; n=351). U-Pb data are from this study (n=2172) and from the previous studies (Appendix B

Tables 1-2; detrital n=12,264, igneous n=5,723). Note that proportions of >250 Ma ages are enhanced by a factor of 5 relative to <250 Ma ages.

Figure 10. Summary of all available U-Pb and Hf isotope data from SA. See Figure 2 for explanation. Hf data are from this study (n=444) and from previous studies (Appendix C Table 1; n=85). U-Pb data are from this study (n=2,013) and from the previous studies (Appendix B

Tables 1-2; detrital n=5,716, igneous n=2,714).

Figure 11. Summary of all available U-Pb and Hf isotope data from South America. See Figure

2 for explanation. Hf data are from this study (n=1199) and from previous studies (Appendix C

Table 1; n=436). U-Pb data are from this study (n=5,524) and from the previous studies

(Appendix B Tables 1-2; detrital n=26,851, igneous n=9,929).

100

101

Figure 12. Diagram comparing the results of Maloney et al. (2013) with our data for all three regions (e.g. NA, CA and SA) for the past 200 Ma. Red diamonds in upper portion of plots show

Hf isotope data from this study. Filled orange curves in lower portion of plots show all available

U-Pb ages (smoothed with a 6 m.y. sliding window average). Vertical gray bands show interpreted age maxima (from Fig. 6). Central portion of upper plot shows information about plate convergence along the NA margin (average of sites 2-9 of Maloney et al., 2013), with gray line equal to zero age and velocity: purple line = age of the downgoing plate (maximum age of

78 m.y.); blue line = convergence velocity between South America and outboard oceanic plates

(maximum velocity of ~6.1 cm/yr); green line = absolute motion of South America (maximum westward velocity of ~3.1 cm/yr). Central portion of center plot shows information about convergence along the CA margin (average of sites 12-36 of Maloney et al., 2013), velocity: purple line maximum age of 66 m.y.; blue line maximum velocity of ~6.0 cm/yr; green line maximum westward velocity of ~2.4 cm/yr. Central portion of lower plot shows information about convergence along the SA margin (average of sites 39-54 of Maloney et al., 2013), purple line maximum age of 62 m.y.; blue line maximum velocity of ~7.2 cm/yr; green line maximum westward velocity of ~2.8 cm/yr.

102

Figure 13. Comparison of U-Pb and Hf isotope data from South America with global compilation of U-Pb ages and Hf isotope data. See Figure 2 for explanation. Hf data are from this study (n=1,199) and from the global compilation of Belousova et al. (2010) (n=12,375). The sliding window average of global Hf data is from Belousova et al. (2010). U-Pb data are from this study (n=5,524), all available data from South America (n=42,304), and the global compilation of Belousova et al. (2010) (n=23,178). Color bands are from Condie (2014), with green = supercontinent assembly and red = supercontinent breakup.

103

Figure 14. Diagram comparing the results of Haschke et al. (2002) with our CA data for the past

200 Ma. Blue fields in upper plot show age and Nd isotope fields of Hashke et al. (2002). Red diamonds in upper plot show CA age and Hf isotope data from this study. Age distribution diagrams show, in deepening shades of red, our results from CA (n=1,339), our results from all of South America (n=5,524), and all ages available from South America (n=42,304). Vertical gray bands show interpreted age maxima (from Fig. 6).

104

Table 1. Sample information Northern Andes (NA) CA - continued Sample # analyses # analyses name ID Sand type U-Pb/Hf ID Sample ID Sand type U-Pb/Hf NA01 RRANCO01 Delta 100/28 CA17 RLLUCH01 River 96/20 NA02 RMAGCO06 River 102/23 CA18 RCAMCH01 River 106/25 NA03 RMAGCO07 Delta 101/20 CA19 RLOACL01 River 79/17 NA04 RMAGCO08 Delta 97/20 CA20 RLOACL02 Beach 85/18 NA05 RSINCO01 River 106/23 CA21 RCONCH01 River 104/18 NA06 RCHICO01 River 101/20 CA22 RCHOCH01 River 106/9 NA07 RNEICO01 River 106/24 CA23 BVILCH01 River 112/19 NA08 RMAGCO01 River 92/20 Southern Andes (SA) NA09 RPAICO01 River 93/27 SA01 RMATCH01 River 93/20 NA10 RCHOTEC01 River 99/20 SA02 RMAUCH01 River 94/25 NA11 RBLAEC01 River 80/15 SA03 RBIOCH01 Delta 87/27 NA12 RTENEC01 River 69/21 SA04 RBIOCH02 River 99/17 NA13 RJUBEC01 River 103/25 SA05 RBUECH01 River 94/18 NA14 RSULPE01 River 88/23 SA06 RCOLAR01 River 86/20 Central Andes (CA) SA07 RCOLAR02 River 94/27 CA01 RPILAR02 River 74/17 SA08 RSAUAR01 River 93/21 CA02 RBERAR02 River 95/20 SA09 RNEUQAR01 River 101/20 CA03 RPILAR01 River 76/20 SA10 RLIMAR01 River 93/18 CA04 RBERAR01 River 81/13 SA11 RNEGAR01 River 100/19 CA05 RHUALPE01 River 96/20 SA12 RNEGAR02 River 104/21 CA06 RPUCPE01 River 97/20 SA13 ASALAR01 River 100/25 CA07 RHUANPE01 River 91/22 SA14 RCHUAR01 River 99/16 CA08 RLUNPE01 River 100/20 SA15 RCHUAR02 River 107/25 CA09 RMDDPE01 River 92/20 SA16 RCHIAR01 River 104/23 CA10 RAQUIPE01 River 100/23 SA17 RDESAR01 Arroyo 99/26 CA11 RTRUPE01 River 100/21 SA18 RDESAR02 Arroyo 95/17 CA12 RHUAPE01 River 107/21 SA19 RCHIAR02 River 93/22 CA13 RCLAPE01 Beach 101/21 SA20 RSCRAR01 River 59/16 CA14 RICAPE01 River 78/20 SA21 RGALAR01 River 97/20 CA15 ROCOPE01 River 97/22 SA22 RCHIAR03 River 22/1 CA16 BILOPE01 River 99/22

105

REFERENCES

Aceñolaza, F.G., Miller, H., and Toselli, A. J., 2002, Proterozoic–Early Paleozoic evolution in

western South America—a discussion: Tectonophysics, v. 354, p. 121–137.

Allmendinger, R. W., Jordan, T.E., Kay, S.M., and Isacks, B.L., 1997, The evolution of the

Altiplano-Puna plateau of the Central Andes. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary

Sciences, v. 25, p. 139-174.

Amelin, Y., and Davis, W.J., 2005, Geochemical test for branching decay of 176 Lu: Geochimica

et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 69, p. 465–473.

Armstrong, R.L., 1968, A model for the evolution of strontium and lead isotopes in a dynamic

earth. Reviews of Geophysics, v. 6, p. 175-199.

Aspden, J.A., and McCourt, W.J., 1986, Mesozoic oceanic terrane in the central Andes of

Colombia: Geology, v. 14, p. 415–418, doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14

<415:MOTITC>2.0.CO;2.

Aspden, J.A., McCourt, W.J., and Brook, M., 1987, Geometrical control of subduction-related

magmatism: The Mesozoic and Cenozoic plutonic history of western Colombia: Journal

of the Geological Society of London, v. 144, p. 893–905, doi: 10.1144/ gsjgs.144.6.0893.

Astini, R.A., and Thomas, W.A., 1999, Origin and evolution of the Precordillera terrane of

western Argentina: A drifted Laurentian orphan, In Ramos, V.A., and Keppie, J.D., eds.,

Laurentia Gondwana connections before Pangea: Geological Society of America Special

Paper 336, 20 p.

Augustsson, C., and Bahlburg, H., 2008, Provenance of late Palaeozoic metasediments of the

Patagonian proto-Pacific margin (southernmost Chile and Argentina): International

Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 97, p. 71-88.

106

Augustsson, C., Muenker, C., Bahlburg, H., and Fanning, C.M., 2006, Provenance of late

Palaeozoic metasediments of the SW South American Gondwana margin: a combined U–

Pb and Hf-isotope study of single detrital zircons: Journal of the Geological Society, v.

163, p. 983–995.

Bahlburg, H., Vervoort, J.D., DuFrane, S.A., Bock, B., Augustsson, C., and Reimann, C., 2009,

Timing of crust formation and recycling in accretionary orogens: Insights learned from

the western margin of South America: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 97, p. 215–241.

Bahlburg, H., Vervoort, J.D., DuFrane, S.A., Carlotto, V., Reimann, C., and Cardenas, J., 2011,

The U–Pb and Hf isotope evidence of detrital zircons of the Ordovician Ollantaytambo

Formation, southern Peru, and the Ordovician provenance and paleogeography of

southern Peru and northern Bolivia: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 32, p.

196–209.

Barbeau, D.L., Gombosi, D.J., Zahid, K.M., Bizimis, M., Swanson-Hysell, N., Valencia, V., and

Gehrels, G.E., 2009, U-Pb zircon constraints on the age and provenance of the Rocas

Verdes basin fill, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina: Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, v.

10, no. 12, p. Q12001, doi: 10.1029/2009GC002749.

Belousova, E.A., Kostitsyn, Y.A., Griffin, W.L., Begg, G.C., O’Reilly, S.Y., and Pearson, N.J.,

2010, The growth of continental crust: Constraints from zircon Hf isotope data: Lithos, v.

119, p. 457–466.

Borrero, C., Pardo, A., Jaramillo, C.M., Osorio, J. A., Cardona, A., Flores, A., Echeverri, S.,

Rosero, S., García, J., Castillo, H., 2012, Tectonostratigraphy of the Cenozoic Tumaco

forearc basin (Colombian Pacific) and its relationship with the northern Andes orogenic

build up: Journal of South American Earth Sciences, v. 39, p. 75–92.

107

Bouvier, A., Vervoort, J.D., and Patchett, P.J., 2008, The Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic

composition of CHUR: constraints from unequilibrated chondrites and implications for

the bulk composition of terrestrial planets: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 273, p.

48-57.

Brito Neves, B.B.D., Campos Neto, M.D.C., and Fuck, R. A., 1999, From Rodinia to Western

Gondwana: an approach to the Brasiliano-Pan African Cycle and orogenic

collage: Episodes-Newsmagazine of the International Union of Geological Sciences, v.

22, p. 155-166.

Campbell, I.H., and Allen, C.M., 2008. Formation of supercontinents linked to increases in

atmospheric oxygen: Nature Geoscience v. 1, p. 554–558.

Cardona, A., Cordani, U.G., Ruiz, J., Valencia, V.A., Armstrong, R., Nutman, A., and Sanchez,

A., 2009. U/Pb zircon and Nd isotopic signatures of the pre-Mesozoic metamorphic

basement of the Eastern Peruvian Andes: growth and Provenance of a Late Neoproterozoic

to Carboniferous accretionary orogen on the Northwest margin of Gondwana: Journal of

Geology, v. 117, p. 285–305.

Cawood, P.A., 2005, The Terra Australis orogen: Rodinia break-up and development of the

Pacific and Iapetus margins of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic:

Earth-Science Reviews, v. 69, p. 249–279.

Cawood, P.A., and Buchan, C., 2007, Linking accretionary orogenesis with supercontinent

assembly: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 82, p. 217–256.

Cawood, P.A., Kroner, A., Collins, W.J., Kusky, T.M., Mooney, W.D. and Windley, B.F., 2009,

Accretionary orogens through Earth history , in Earth Accretionary Systems in Space and

Time, P.A. Cawood and A. Kroner, eds.: Geological Society, London, Special

108

Publication, v. 318, 36 p.

Cawood, P.A., Hawkesworth, C.J., and Dhuime, B., 2012, The continental record and the

generation of continental crust: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 125, p. 14–32,

doi:10.1130/B30722.1.

Cecil, R., Gehrels, G., Patchett, J., Ducea, M., 2011, U-Pb-Hf characterization of the central

Coast Mountains batholith: Implications for petrogenesis and crustal architecture:

Lithosphere, v. 3 (4), p. 247-260.

Cediel, F., Shaw, R., and Cáceres, C., 2003, Tectonic assembly of the northern Andean block, in

Bartolini, C., Buffler, R.T., and Blickwede, J., eds., The Circum-Gulf of Mexico and the

Caribbean: Hydrocarbon Habitats, Basin Formation and Plate Tectonics: American

Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, v. 79, p. 815–848.

Chew, D.M., Schaltegger, U., Kosler, J., Whitehouse, M.J., Gutjahr, M., Spikings, R.A., and

Miskovic, A., 2007a. U–Pb geochronologic evidence for the evolution of the Gondwanan

margin of the north-central Andes: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 119, p.

697–711.

Chew, D.M., Kirkland, C.L., Schaltegger, U., and Goodhue, R., 2007b. Neoproterozoic

glaciation in the Proto-Andes: tectonic implications and global correlation: Geology, v.

35, p. 1095–1099.

Chew, D.M., Magna, T., Kirkland, C.L., Miskovic, A., Cardona, A., Spikings, R., and

Schaltegger, U., 2008, Detrital zircon fingerprint of the Proto-Andes: Evidence for a

Neoproterozoic active margin?: Precambrian Research, v. 167, p. 186–200.

Condie, K.C., 2014, Growth of continental crust: a balance between preservation and recycling:

Mineralogical Magazine, v. 78, p. 623–637.

109

Condie, K.C., Beyer, E., Belousova, E., Griffin, W.L., and O’Reilly, S.Y., 2005, U/Pb isotopic

ages and Hf isotopic isotopic composition of single zircons: The search for juvenile

Precambrian continental crust: Precambrian Research, v. 139, p. 42–100.

Condie, K.C., Belousova, E., Griffin, W.L., and Sircombe, K.N., 2009, Granitoid events in space

and time: Constraints from igneous and detrital zircon age spectra: Gondwana Research,

v. 15, p. 228–242.

Condie, K.C., Bickford, M.E., Aster, R.C., Belousova, E. and Scholl, D.W., 2011, Episodic

zircon ages, Hf isotopic composition and the preservation rate of continental crust:

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 951–957.

Coney, P.J., 1992, The Lachlan belt of eastern Australia and Circum-Pacific tectonic evolution:

Tectonophysics, v. 214, p. 1–25.

Cordani, U.G., 2009, From Rodinia to Gondwana: tectonic significance of the Transbrasiliano

Lineament, in Simpósio 45 anos de geocronologia no Brasil, Boletim de Resumos

Expandidos, São Paulo, p. 32–40.

Cordani, U.G., and Teixeira, W., 2007, Proterozoic accretionary belts in the Amazonian Craton:

Geological Society of America Memoirs, v. 200, p. 297–320.

Cordani, U.G., Sato, K., Teixeira, W., Tassinari, C.C.G., and Basei, M.A.S., 2000, Crustal

evolution of the South American Platform, In Cordani, U.G., Milani, E.J.,Thomaz-Filho,

A., and Campos, D.A., eds., Tectonic evolution of South America: 31st International

Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, p. 19–40.

Cordani, U.G., Cardona, A., Jimenez, D., Liu, D., and Nutman, A.P., 2005, Geochronology of

Proterozoic basement inliers from the Colombian Andes: tectonic history of remnants

from a fragmented Grenville belt, in Vaughan, A.P.M., Leat, P.T., and Pankhurst, R.J.,

110

eds., Terrane Processes at the Margins of Gondwana: Geological Society of London,

Special Publication 246, p. 329–346.

Cordani, U.G., Teixeira, W., D'Agrella-Filho, M.S., and Trindade, R.I., 2009, The position of the

Amazonian Craton in supercontinents: Gondwana Research, v. 15, p. 396–407.

Cortés, M., Angelier, J., and Colletta, B., 2005, Paleostress evolution of the northern

Andes(Eastern Cordillera of Colombia): Implications on plate kinematics of the South

Caribbean region: Tectonics, v. 24, no. 1.

Dalziel, I.W., de Wit, M.J., and Palmer, K.F., 1974, Fossil marginal basin in the southern Andes:

Nature, v. 250, p. 291–294.

Davies, J. H., and Stevenson, D. J., 1992, Physical model of source region of subduction zone

volcanics: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v. 97, p. 2037-2070.

DeCelles, P.G., Ducea, M.N., Kapp, P., and Zandt, G., 2009, Cyclicity in Cordilleran orogenic

systems: Nature Geoscience, v. 2, p. 251–257.

DeCelles, P.G., Zandt, G., Beck, S.L., Currie, C.A., Ducea, M.N., Kapp, P., Gehrels, G.E.,

Carrapa, B., Quade, J., and Schoenbohm, L.M., 2014, Cyclical Orogenic Processes in the

Central Andes: Geological Society of America Memoir, in press.

Dhuime, B., Hawkesworth, C., and Cawood, P, 2011, When continents formed: Science, v. 331,

p. 154–155.

Dickinson, W. R., 2008, Impact of differential zircon fertility of granitoid basement rocks in

North America on age populations of detrital zircons and implications for granite

petrogenesis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 275, p. 80-92.

111

Ducea, M. N., Otamendi, J. E., Bergantz, G. W., Jianu, D., and Petrescu, L., 2015, The origin and

petrologic evolution of the Ordovician Famatinian-Puna arc: The Geological Society of

America Memoir 212.

Elliott, T., Plank, T., Zindler, A., White, W., and Bourdon, B., 1997, Element transport from slab

to volcanic front at the Mariana arc: Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, v.

102, p. 14991-15019.

Escayola, M.P., Pimentel, M.M., and Armstrong, R., 2007, Neoproterozoic backarc basin:

Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotopic evidence from the

Eastern Pampean Ranges, Argentina: Geology, v. 35, p. 495-498.

Finney, S., 2007, The parautochthonous Gondwanan origin of the Cuyania (greater Precordillera)

terrane of Argentina: A re-evaluation of evidence used to support an allochthonous

Laurentian origin: Geologica Acta, v. 5, p. 127.

Fisher, C.M., Vervoort, J.D., and DuFrane, S.A., 2014, Accurate Hf isotope determinations of

complex zircons using the “laser ablation split stream” method: Geochemistry,

Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 15, p. 121–139.

Franz, G., Lucassen, F., Kramer, W., Trumbull, R., Romer, R., Wilke, H., Viramonte, J.G.,

Becchio, R., and Siebel, W., 2006, Crustal evolution at the Central Andean continental

margin: a geochemical record of crustal growth, recycling and destruction, in Oncken, O.,

Chong, G., Franz, G., Giese, P., Götze, H.J., Ramos, V.A., Strecker, M.R., Wigger, P.,

eds., The Andes - Active Subduction Orogeny, (Frontiers in Earth Sciences): Springer, p.

45–64.

Garzanti, E., Andò, S., and Vezzoli, G., 2009, Grain-size dependence of sediment composition

and environmental bias in provenance studies: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v.

112

277, p. 422–432.

Gibert, G., Gerbault, M., Hassani, R., and Tric, E., 2012, Dependency of slab geometry on

absolute velocities and conditions for cyclicity: insights from numerical

modeling: Geophysical Journal International, v. 189, p. 747-760.

Gehrels, G.E., 2000, Introduction to detrital zircon studies of Paleozoic and Triassic strata in

western Nevada and northern California, in Soreghan, M.J. and Gehrels, G.E., eds.,

Paleozoic and Triassic paleogeography and tectonics of western Nevada and northern

California: Geological Society of America Special Paper 347, p. 1–18.

Gehrels, G., and Pecha, M., 2014, Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Hf isotope

geochemistry of Paleozoic and Triassic passive margin strata of western North America:

Geosphere, v. 10, p. 49–65.

Gehrels, G.E., Valencia, V., Pullen, A., 2006, Detrital zircon geochronology by Laser-Ablation

Multicollector ICPMS at the Arizona LaserChron Center, in Loszewski, T., and Huff, W.,

eds., Geochronology: Emerging Opportunities, Paleontology Society Short Course:

Paleontology Society Papers, v. 11, p. 1–10.

Gehrels, G.E., Valencia, V., Ruiz, J., 2008, Enhanced precision, accuracy, efficiency, and spatial

resolution of U-Pb ages by laser ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–

mass spectrometry: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 9, Q03017,

doi:10.1029/2007GC001805.

Gehrels, G., Rusmore, M., Woodsworth, G., Crawford, M., Andronicos, C., Hollister, L.,

Patchett, J., Ducea, M., Butler, R. Klepeis, K. Davidson, C., Mahoney, B., Friedman, R.,

Haggart, J., Crawford, W., Pearson, D., and Girardi, J., 2009, U-Th-Pb geochronology of

the Coast Mountains Batholith in north-coastal British Columbia: constraints on age,

113

petrogenesis, and tectonic evolution: GSA Bulletin, v. 121, p. 1341–1361, doi

10.1130/B26404.1.

Goodwin, A.M., 1996, Principles of Precambrian geology: Academic Press, New York, 327 p.

Haschke, M.R., Scheuber, E., Günther, A., and Reutter, K.J., 2002, Evolutionary cycles during

the Andean orogeny: repeated slab breakoff and flat subduction?: Terra nova, v. 14, p.

49–55.

Haschke, M., Günther, A., Melnick, D., Echtler, H., Reutter, K. J., Scheuber, E., and Oncken, O.,

2006, Central and southern Andean tectonic evolution inferred from arc magmatism, In

The Andes: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 337–353.

Hawkesworth, C., Cawood, P., Kemp, T., Storey, C., and Dhuime, B., 2009, A matter of

preservation: Science, v. 323, p. 49–50.

Hawkesworth, C., Dhuime, B., Pietranik, A., Cawood, P., Kemp, T., and Storey, C., 2010, The

generation and evolution of the continental crust: Journal of the Geological Society of

London, v. 167, p. 229–248.

Hervé, F., Pankhurst, R.J., Fanning, C.M., Calderón, M., and Yaxley, G.M., 2007, The South

Patagonian batholith: 150 my of granite magmatism on a plate margin: Lithos, v. 97, p.

373–394.

Hodges, K. V., Bartley, J. M., and Burchfiel, B. C., 1982, Structural evolution of an A‐type

subduction zone, lofoten‐Rombak Area, northern Scandinavian Caledonides: Tectonics,

v. 1, p. 441-462.

Ibanez-Mejia, M., Ruiz, J., Valencia, V.A., Cardona, A., Gehrels, G.E., and Mora, A.R., 2011,

The Putumayo Orogen of Amazonia and its implications for Rodinia reconstructions:

new U–Pb geochronological insights into the Proterozoic tectonic evolution of

114

northwestern South America. Precambrian Research, v. 191, p. 58–77.

Iizuka, T., Komiya, T., Rino, S., Maruyama, S., and Hirata, T., 2010, Detrital zircon evidence for

Hf isotopic evolution of granitic crust and continental growth: Geochimica et

Cosmochimica Acta, v. 74, p. 2450–2472.

Jiménez-Mejía, D.M., Juliani, C., and Cordani, U.G., 2006, P-T-t conditions of high-grade

metamorphic rocks of the Garzon Massif, Andean basement, SE Colómbia: Journal of

South American Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 322–336.

Jordan, T.E., and Allmendinger, R.W., 1986, The Sierras Pampeanas of Argentina: A modern

analogue of Rocky Mountain foreland deformation: American Journal of Science, v. 286,

p. 737-764.

Kay, S.M., Godoy, E., and Kurtz, A., 2005, Episodic arc migration, crustal thickening,

subduction erosion, and magmatism in the south-central Andes: Geological Society of

America Bulletin, v. 117, p. 67–88.

Kemp, A.I.S., Hawkesworth, C.J., Collins, W.J., Cray, C.M., and Blevin, P.L., 2009, Isotopic

evidence for rapid continental growth in an extensional accretionary orogen: The

Tasmanides, eastern Australia: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 284, p. 455–466.

Kennan, L., and Pindell, J.L., 2009, Dextral shear, terrane accretion and basin formation in the

Northern Andes: best explained by interaction with a Pacific-derived Caribbean Plate?:

Geological Society, London, Special Publication 328, p. 487–531.

Kröner and Cordani, 2003, African, southern Indian and South American cratons were not part

of the Rodinia supercontinent: evidence from field relationships and geochronology:

Tectonophysics, v. 375, p. 325–352.

Lawrence, R.L., Cox, R., Mapes, R.W., and Coleman, D.S., 2011, Hydrodynamic fractionation

115

of zircon age populations: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, p. 295–305.

Lee, C., and King, S. D., 2011, Dynamic buckling of subducting slabs reconciles geological and

geophysical observations: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 312, p. 360-370.

Link, P.K., Fanning, M.C., and Beranek, L.P., 2005, Reliability and longitudinal change of

detrital-zircon age spectra in the Snake River system, Idaho and Wyoming: An example

of reproducing the bumpy barcode: Sedimentary Geology, v. 182, p. 101–142.

Litherland, M., and Power, G., 1989, The geologic and geomorphologic evolution of Serrania

Huanchaca, eastern Bolivia: the legendary “Lost World”: Journal of South American

earth sciences, v. 2, p. 1–17.

Loewy, S.L., Connelly, J.N., and Dalziel, I.W.D., 2004, An orphaned basement block: the

Arequipa-Antofalla Basement of the central Andean margin of South America:

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 116, p. 171–187.

Ludwig, K.R., 2008, Isoplot 3.60: Berkeley Geochronology Center, Special Publication, no. 4,

77 p.

Maloney, K.T., Clarke, G.L., Klepeis, K.A., and Quevedo, L., 2013, The Late Jurassic to present

evolution of the Andean margin: Drivers and the geological record: Tectonics, v. 32, p.

1049–1065.

Mapes, R.W., Coleman, D.S., and Nogueira, A.C.R., 2005, Understanding zircon transport in the

modern Amazon River: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 37

(4), p. 86.

McCourt, W.J., Aspden, J.A., and Brook, M., 1984, New geological and geochronological data

from the Colombian Andes: continental growth by multiple accretion: Journal of the

Geological Society, v. 141, p. 831–845.

116

Milliman, J. D., and Syvitski, J. P., 1992, Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to

the ocean: the importance of small mountainous rivers: The Journal of Geology, v. 100,

p. 525-544.

Miskovic, A., Spikings, R.A., Chew, D.M., Koaler, J., Ulianov, A., and Schaltegger, U., 2009,

Tectonomagmatic evolution of Western Amazonia: Geochemical characterization and

zircon U-Pb geochronologic constraints from the Peruvian Eastern Cordilleran granitoids:

Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 121, p. 1298–1324.

Moecher, D. P., and Samson, S. D., 2006, Differential zircon fertility of source terranes and

natural bias in the detrital zircon record: Implications for sedimentary provenance

analysis: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 247, p. 252-266.

Ordóñez-Carmona, O., Restrepo Álvarez, J.J., and Pimentel, M.M., 2006, Geochronological and

isotopical review of pre-Devonian crustal basement of the Colombian Andes: Journal of

South American Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 372–382.

Pankhurst, R.J., Weaver, S.D., Hervé, F., and Larrondo, P., 1999, Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution

of the North Patagonian batholith in Aysen, southern Chile: Journal of the Geological

Society, v. 156, p. 673-694.

Pankhurst, R.J., Riley, T.R., Fanning, C.M., and Kelley, S.P., 2000, Episodic silicic volcanism in

Patagonia and the Antarctic Peninsula: chronology of magmatism associated with the

break-up of Gondwana: Journal of Petrology, v. 41, p. 605–625.

Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., Fanning, C.M., and Márquez, M., 2006, Gondwanide continental

collision and the origin of Patagonia: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 76, p. 235–257.

Patchett, P.J., 1983, Importance of the Lu-Hf isotopic system in studies of planetary chronology

and chemical evolution: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, p. 81-91.

117

Patchett, P.J., and Tatsumoto, M., 1980, Hafnium isotope variations in oceanic basalts:

Geophysical Research Letters, v. 7, p. 1077–1080.

Paterson, S.R., and Ducea, M.N., in press, Introduction to arc tempos: arc tempos

Rainbird, R., Cawood, P., Gehrels, G., 2012, The Great Grenvillian Sedimentation Episode:

Record of Supercontinent Rodinia's assembly, in Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins:

Recent Advances, C. Busby and A. Azor, editors, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, p. 583-

601.

Ramos, V. A., 2004, Cuyania, an exotic block to Gondwana: review of a historical success and

the present problems: Gondwana Research, v. 7, p. 1009-1026.

Ramos, V.A., 2008, The basement of the Central Andes: The Arequipa and related terranes:

Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 36, p. 289–324.

Ramos, V.A., 2009, Anatomy and global context of the Andes: Main geologic features and the

Andean orogenic cycle, in Kay, S.M., Ramos, V.A., and Dickinson, W.R., eds.,

Backbone of the Americas: Shallow Subduction, Plateau Uplift, and Ridge and Terrane

Collision: Geological Society of America Memoir 204, p. 31–65.

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Baldo, E., Saavedra, J., Galindo, C., and Fanning,

C.M., 1998, The Pampean orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: evidence for Cambrian

continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba, in Pankhurst, R.J., Rapela, C.W., eds.,

The Proto-Andean Margin of Gondwana: Special Publication, Geological Society of

London, v. 142, p. 181–217

Rapela, C.W., Pankhurst, R.J., Casquet, C., Fanning, C.M., Baldo, E.G., González-Casado, J.M.

Galindo, C., Dahlquist, J., 2007, The Río de la Plata craton and the assembly of SW

Gondwana: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 83, p. 49–82.

118

Restrepo-Pace, P.A., Ruiz, J., Gehrels, G., Cosca, M., 1997, Geochronology and Nd isotopic data

of Grenville-age rocks in the Colombian Andes: new constraints for Late Proterozoic-

Early Paleozoic paleocontinental reconstructions of the Americas: Earth and Planetary

Science Letters, v. 150, p. 427–441.

Rino, S., Komiya, T., Windley, B.F., Katayama, I., Motoki, A., and Hirata, T., 2004, Major

episodic increase of continental crustal growth determined from zircon ages of river

sands; implications for mantle overturns in the early Precambrian: Physics of the Earth

and Planetary Interiors, v. 146, p. 369–394.

Rino, S., Kon, Y., Sato, W., Maruyama, S., Santosh, M., and Zhao, D., 2008, The Grenvillian

and Pan-African orogens: World’s largest orogenies through geologic time, and their

implications on the origin of superplumes: Gondwana Research, v. 14, p. 51–72.

Rossel, P., Oliveros, V., Ducea, M. N., Charrier, R., Scaillet, S., Retamal, L., and Figueroa, O.,

2013, The Early Andean subduction system as an analog to island arcs: Evidence from

across-arc geochemical variations in northern Chile: Lithos, v. 179, p. 211-230.

Rubatto, D., 2002, Zircon trace element geochemistry: partitioning with garnet and the link

between U–Pb ages and metamorphism: Chemical Geology, v. 184, p. 123–138.

Ruiz, J., Tosdal, R.M., Restrepo, P.A, and Murillo-Muñeton, G., 1999, Pb Isotope evidence for

Colombian-southern Mexico connections in the Proterozoic, in Ramos, V.A., Keppie,

J.D., eds., Laurentia and Gondwana Connections before Pangea: Geological Society of

America Special Paper 336, p. 183–198.

Salfity, J.A., and Marquillas, R.A., 1994, Tectonic and sedimentary evolution of the Cretaceous-

Eocene Salta Group basin, Argentina, in Salfity, J.A., ed., Cretaceous tectonics of the

Andes: Vieweg, Braunschweig, p. 266–315.

119

Santos, J.O.S., Hartmann, L.A., Gaudette, H.E., Groves, D.I., Mcnaughton, N.J., and Fletcher,

I.R., 2000, A new understanding of the provinces of the Amazon Craton based on

integration of field mapping and U-Pb and Sm-Nd geochronology: Gondwana Research,

v. 3, p. 453–488.

Santos, J.O.S., Rizzotto, G.J., Potter, P.E., McNaughton, N.J., Matos, R.S., Hartmann, L.A.,

Chemale, F., and Quadros, M.E.S., 2008, Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás

Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U–Pb geochronology:

Precambrian Research, v. 165, p. 120-152.

Scherer, E., Münker, C., and Mezger, K., 2001, Calibration of the lutetium-hafnium clock:

Science, v. 293, p. 683-687.

Shackleton, R.M., Ries, A.C., Coward, M.P., and Cobbold, P.R., 1979, Structure, metamorphism

and geochronology of the Arequipa Massif of coastal Peru: Journal of the Geological

Society, v. 136, p. 195–214, doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.136.2.0195.

Slama, J., Koaler, J., Condon, D.J., Crowley, J.L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J.M., Horstwood,

M.S.A., Morris, G.A., Nasdala, L. Norberg, N., Schaltegger, U., Schoene, B.,Tubrett,

M.N., and Whitehouse, M.J., 2008, Plesovice zircon a new natural reference material for

U-Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis: Chemical Geology, v. 249, p. 1-35.

Söderlund, U., Patchett, P.J., Vervoort, J.D., and Isachsen, C.E., 2004, The 176 Lu decay constant

determined by Lu–Hf and U–Pb isotope systematics of Precambrian mafic intrusions:

Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 219, p. 311-324.

Speer, J.A., 1982, Zircon: Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 5, p. 67-

112.

Stern, C.R., and De Wit, M.J., 2003, Rocas Verdes ophiolites, southernmost South America:

120

remnants of progressive stages of development of oceanic-type crust in a continental

margin back-arc basin: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 218, p. 665-

683.

Strecker, M.R., Cerveny, P., Bloom, A.L., and Malizia, D., 1989, Late Cenozoic tectonism and

landscape development in the foreland of the Andes: Northern Sierras Pampeanas (26–28

S), Argentina: Tectonics, v. 8, p. 517-534.

Tassinari, C.C., and Macambira, M.J., 1999, Geochronological provinces of the Amazonian

Craton: Episodes-Newsmagazine of the International Union of Geological Sciences, v.

22, p. 174-182.

Teixeira, W., Tassinari, C.G.,. Cordani, U.G., and Kawashita, K., 1989, A review of the

geochronology of the Amazonian Craton: tectonic implications: Precambrian Research,

v. 42, p. 213–227.

Teixeira, W., Geraldes, M.C., Matos, R., Ruiz, A.S., Saes, G., and Vargas-Mattos, G., 2010, A

review of the tectonic evolution of the Sunsás belt, SW Amazonian Craton: Journal of

South American Earth Sciences, v. 29, p. 47-60.

Thomas, W.A., Astini, R.A., Mueller, P.A., Wooden, J.L., and Gehrels, G., 2004, Transfer of the

Argentine Precordillera terrane from Laurentia: Constraints from detrital-zircon

geochronology: Geology, v. 32, p. 965-968.

Valeriano, C. M., Pimentel, M.M., Heilbron, M., Almeida, J.C.H., and Trouw, R.A.J., 2008,

Tectonic evolution of the Brasília Belt, Central Brazil, and early assembly of Gondwana.

Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 294, p. 197-210.

Vervoort, J.D., and Blichert-Toft, J., 1999, Evolution of the depleted mantle: Hf isotope evidence

from juvenile rocks through time: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 533–556.

121

Vervoort, J.D., and Patchett, P.J., 1996, Behavior of hafnium and neodymium isotopes in the

crust: Constraints from crustally derived granites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v.

60 (19), p. 3717-3733.

Vervoort, J.D., Patchett, P.J., Blichert-Toft, J., and Albarède, F., 1999, Relationships between

Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd isotopic systems in the global sedimentary system: Earth and

Planetary Science Letters, v. 168, p. 79–99.

Vervoort, J.D., Patchett, P.J., Soderlund, U., and Baker, M., 2004, Isotopic composition of Yb

and the determination of Lu concentrations and Lu/Hf ratios by isotope dilution using

MC-ICPMS: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 5, no. 11.

Voice, P.J., Kowalewski, M., and Eriksson, K.A., 2011, Quantifying the timing and rate of

crustal evolution: Global compilation of radiometrically dated detrital zircon grains: The

Journal of Geology, v. 119, p. 109–126.

Willner, A.P., Gerdes, A., and Massonne, H.J., 2008, History of crustal growth and recycling at

the Pacific convergent margin of South America at latitudes 29–36 S revealed by a U–Pb

and Lu–Hf isotope study of detrital zircon from late Paleozoic accretionary systems:

Chemical Geology, v. 253, p. 114-129.

Windley, B.F.,1995, The Evolving Continents: John Wiley and Sons, New York, 526 p.

Woodhead, J.D., and Hergt, J.M., 2005, A preliminary appraisal of seven natural zircon

reference materials for in situ Hf isotope determination: Geostandards and Geoanalytical

Research, v. 29, p. 183-195.

122